Electronusa Mechanical System

[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

The Impedance Matching in The Audio Signal Processing Umar Sidik.BEng.MSc* Director of Engineering Electronusa Mechanical System (CTRONICS) *umar.sidik@engineer.com 1. Introduction Commonly, impedance is obstruction to transfer energy in the electronic circuit. Therefore, the impedance matching is required to achieve the maximum power transfer. Furthermore, the impedance matching equalizes the source impedance and load impedance. In other hand, the emitter-follower (common-collector) provides the impedance matching delivered from the base (input) to the emitter (output). The emitter-follower has high input resistance and low output resistance. In the emitter-follower, the input resistance depends on the load resistance, while the output resistance depends on the source resistance. In addition, this study implements the radial electrolytic capacitor 100 25 . 2. Analytical Work In this study, and (figure 1). form the Thevenin voltage, while and deliver ac signal as and

(a)

Figure 1.

(a). (b).

(b) The concept of circuit analyzed in the study The equivalent circuit

2.1 Analysis of dc First step, we have to calculate the Thevenins voltage in figure 1: = +

For this circuit,

is 5 , then:

24 5 10 + 24 = (0.71) 5 = 3.55 24 5 34

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Actually, in this circuit = , so

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= 3.55 . : =

The second step, we have to calculate

= 3.55 0.7 The third step, we have to calculate : = 2.85 = =

2.2 Analysis of ac In the analysis of ac, we involve the capacitor to pass the ac signal and we also involve the internal resistance of emitter known as (figure 2).

= 19

2.85 150

(a)

Figure 2.

(a). (b).

(b) The ac circuit The equivalent circuit for ac analysis

The first step, we have to calculate

in the figure 2: = = 25 25 19

The second step, we have to calculate

(

( )

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= (200 + 1) (150 + 8.2)1.32

= ( + 1) (

):

= 1.32 + )

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( ( ( )

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) )

= (201)

= (201) (158.2)1.32 1 1 + 158.2 1.32 159.52 208.824

= (201)
( ( ( )

= (201)
) )

1.32 158.2 + 208.824 208.824

= (201)(0.764) = 153.564

The third step is to calculate

= =

= 0.0065 The fourth step is to calculate : = 6.5 =

1 153.564

= (200)(0.0065 The last step is to calculate : = 1.3 =

= (1.3

= 0.9932 = 993.2

)(0.764)

3. Simulation Work The simulation work can be classified into the dc analysis and the ac analysis. 3.1 Analysis of dc In the simulation, is 3 (figure 3), while in the analytical work The different of the analytical work and the simulation work is: (%) (%) =
( )

is 3.55 .
)

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3.55 3 100% 3.55

100%

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(%)

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= 0.55 100% 3.55 = 18.33%

(%)

Figure 3.

in the simulation is 2.85 . The different of the 100%

In the simulation, is 2.25 (figure 4), while in the analytical work analytical work and the simulation work is: (%) (%) (%) =
( ( )

2.85 2.25 100% 2.85 = 0.6 100% 2.85 = 21.05%

(%)

Figure 4. In the simulation, is 15

in the simulation is 19 . The difference is:

(figure 5), while in the analytical work = (%) (%)

( )

(%)

19

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(%)

15 19 4 19

100%

100%

= 21.05%

100%

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Figure 5. 3.2 Analysis of ac In the analytical is 6.5 difference is: (%) (%) (%) (0.0065 =

in the simulation is 0.07 (figure 6). The

), while in the simulation

( ( )

0.07

(%)

0.0065 0.07

100%

0.0635 100% 0.07 = 90.71%

100%

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 6.

(a). (b). (c). (d). (e).

in in in in in

the the the the the

simulation simulation simulation simulation simulation

(e) at 1Hz at 10Hz at 100Hz at 1kHz at 10kHz

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In the simulation, is 14.9

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is 1.3
)

(figure 7), while in the analytical = (%) (%)

( )

. The difference is:

(%)

14.9 =

1.3 14.9 13.6 14.9

100%

100%

(%)

= 91.275%

100%

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7.

(a). (b). (c). (d). (e).

in in in in in

the the the the the

simulation simulation simulation simulation simulation

(e) at 1Hz at 10Hz at 100Hz at 1kHz at 10kHz at 1kHz, 9.61 at

In the simulation, is 0 at 1Hz, is 0 at 10Hz, is 0.05 10kHz, and 15.2 at 16kHz (figure 8). The difference is: For 1Hz, (%) (%) (%) (%) = =
( ( )

at 100Hz, is 0.94
( )

1.30000 =

1.3

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(%)

1.29947 1.3

0.00053 1.3 = 99.959%

0.53 1.3

100%

100% 100%

100%

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For 10Hz, (%) (%) (%) (%) For 100Hz, (%) (%) (%) (%) For 1kHz, (%) (%) (%) (%) For 10kHz, (%) (%) (%) (%)

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1.3000 =

1.3

(%) =
(

1.29563 1.3000

0.00437 1.3000 = 99.66%

( )

4.37 1.3

100%

100% 100%

100%

1.3000 0.0389 1.3000 = 1.2611 1.3000 = 97%

( )

1.3

38.9 1.3

100%

100% 100%

(%) =
(

100%

1.3000 0.0833 1.3000 = 1.2167 1.3000 = 93.59%

( )

1.3

83.3 1.3

100%

100% 100%

(%) =
(

100%

1.3000 0.0848 1.3000 = 1.2152 1.3000

1.3

84.8 1.3

100%

100% 100%

100%

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(%) = 93.47%
( ( )

For 16kHz, (%) (%) (%) (%)

1.3000 0.0848 1.3000 = 1.2152 1.3000 = 93.47%

1.3

84.8 1.3

100%

100% 100%

(%)

100%

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 8.

(e) (a). (b). (c). (d). (e). (f).

in in in in in in

the the the the the the

simulation simulation simulation simulation simulation simulation

at at at at at at

(f) 1Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz 16kHz at 1kHz, is 53.8

In the simulation, at 10kHz, and 85.3 For 1Hz,

is 0 at 1Hz, is 0 at 10Hz, is 0.32 at 16kHz (figure 9). The difference is: (%) (%) (%) =
( )

at 100Hz, is 5.36
( )

993.2 2.97 993.2 = 990.23 993.2

100%

100%

(%)

= 99.7%

100%

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For 10Hz, (%) (%) (%) For 100Hz, (%) (%) (%) For 1kHz, (%) (%) (%) For 10kHz, (%) (%) (%) For 16kHz, (%) (%) (%)

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993.2 24.6 993.2 = 968.6 993.2

100%

100%

(%) =
(

= 97.52%
( )

100%

993.2 218 993.2 = 775.2 993.2

100%

100%

(%) =
(

= 78.05%
( )

100%

993.2 466 993.2 = 527.2 993.2

100%

100%

(%) =
(

= 53.08%
( )

100%

993.2 475 993.2 = 518.2 993.2

100%

100%

(%) =
(

= 52.17%
( )

100%

993.2 475 993.2 = 518.2 993.2

100%

100%

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100%

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[Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]

(%) = 52.17%

In this study, the simulation shows that the

and

became stable started at 1 kHz.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 9.

(e) (a). (b). (c). (d). (e). (f).

in in in in in in

the the the the the the

simulation simulation simulation simulation simulation simulation

at at at at at at

(f) 1Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz 16kHz

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