 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

٢١١
    ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?   ?  ?  ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬KKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 .١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫• א‬

Areas of using steel in structures ‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬ .2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bridges ‫ א‬.١٫٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Trusses
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫ א‬.2.٢

 W١٫١‫א‬

‫א‬،1.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Skyscrapers‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Cranes ‫ א‬.3.2

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Halls‫ א‬.4.2

 :٢٫١‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(2.1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Tunnels ‫ א‬.5.2

 ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Power Transmission Towers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.6.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Tanks‫א‬‫ א‬.7.2
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pipe line‫א‬ .8.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Piles and Sheet Piles ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.9.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬screw piles ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Cofferdams‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬sheet piles
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.10.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Structural Analysis and Design ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٣
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KGeneral Layout of Structures ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

SI UNITS ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EKilogram, KgFEF‫א‬‫א‬،EMeter, mFEF‫א‬W‫א‬
1.1‫א‬K‫א‬ENewton, NFEF،(Seconds, S) EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{١‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:١٫١ ‫א‬

E٢F‫א‬  ‫א‬
Square meter (m2) Area

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
2
Meter per Second squared (m/s ) Acceleration
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
2
Kilogram-meter per second squared (Kg-m/s )=Newton (N)  Force
 ‫א‬Z‫א‬  ‫א‬
Newton per squared meter (N/m2) = Pascal Stress


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:٢٫١ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 in. = 25.400 mm = 0.25400 m

  1 in2. = 645.16 mm2 = 6.451600 x 10- 4 m2

 1 ft. = 304.800 mm = 0.304800 m

 1 lb.  Z4.44822 N

 1 Kip = 4448.222N = 4.448222 KN
1 PSI (Pounds per square inch) =6.894757 Kn/m2=0.006895 Mn/m2=0.006895 N/mm2
 L
1 PSF (pounds per square foot) = 47.880 N/m2 = 0.047800 Kn/m2
 L
1 KSI (Kips per square inch) = 6.894757 Mn/m2= 6.894757 MPa
 L

 Steel structures characteristics ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ductility‫• א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Elastic Limit‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫• א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬١٢٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.3%0.1%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢L37(Fu)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬37‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wrought Iron E‫א‬WF‫א‬‫• א‬
0.1% ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Pig IronE‫א‬F •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪4٪2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cast IronE‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬4%2%‫א‬

 Steel‫א‬‫• א‬
 K2%‫א‬‫א‬

  .٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Web Plate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Gusset Plate
 W

KE٣٫١‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WWeb ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: Flange ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WGusset Plate‫א‬ •
KAngle‫א‬‫א‬WLeg ‫• א‬
K‫א‬WPitch‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WClearance‫• א‬
K‫א‬PlateWFiller‫• א‬

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:٣٫١‫א‬

AISC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10‫א‬W 10 x 49 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E73.1F49E25.4F
 K‫א‬

EWide Flange BeamF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
( ٤٫١ ‫)ا‬MEMiscellaneousFWEWideF




 Wide flange Beam ‫א‬‫א‬:٤٫١‫א‬

-١٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

American Standard Beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

(٥٫١ ‫ )א‬S (Standard) 



 American Standard Beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:٥٫١‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
American Standard Channel and Miscellaneous Channel

MC  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬C (American Standard Channel) 
 
.(٦٫١ ‫ )א‬‫א‬‫( א‬Miscellaneous Channel)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:٦٫١‫א‬
 American Standard Channel and Miscellaneous Channel

-١١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Angles ‫א‬‫א‬ •
.( ٧٫١ ‫ )א‬L 


 Angles L Shapes(LF‫א‬‫א‬:٧٫١‫א‬


  Structural Tees T‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

.( 8.1 ‫( )א‬ST, WT, MT) 



Structural Tees T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:٨٫١‫א‬



-١٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Plates and bars ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

.( ٩٫١ ‫ )א‬BAR ‫ و‬PL 






Plates and Bars ‫א‬:٩٫١‫א‬

Pipes and Structural Tubing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬ TS 
.( ١٠٫١ ‫ )א‬


 Pipe and Structural Tubing ‫א‬:١٠٫١‫א‬

-١٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Built up Sections  •

 .( 11.1 ‫)א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬:١١٫١‫א‬
Structural Sections ‫א‬‫ א‬.٩
‫א‬Rolled Steel Sections‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢٫١‫א‬

 Standard I-Beam ‫א‬‫א‬ EA
Channel‫א‬ EB
Tee Section T EC


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬:١٢٫١‫א‬


Plates ‫א‬‫• א‬
 K(13.1‫א‬F

Plate  
‫ﻟﻮح‬


  :١٣٫١‫א‬

-١٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Angles‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(15.1 ‫א‬ 14.1‫א‬F


60

6
60

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬:١٤٫١‫א‬


60 
7 
80
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ :١٥٫١‫א‬  

Channels (‫א‬‫ )א‬‫• א‬

 K(١٦٫١‫א‬F40080‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬ :١٦٫١‫א‬

-١٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Standard I Beam I‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60080‫א‬‫א‬
 .( ١٧٫١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




: ١٧٫١‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬I Standard I Beam

 Broad (Wide) Flange I Beam ‫א‬‫• א‬
١٨٫١‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٨٫١‫א‬
E‫א‬F A :depth •
E‫א‬FB: Web thickness •
E‫א‬FC: flange width •

-١٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K( 19.1‫א‬F Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




Z‫א‬W١٩٫١‫א‬
 Cold Formed Sections‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٠٫١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 


‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬: ٢٠٫١‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Elastic ‫א‬،proportional Limit ‫א‬،Yield Point E ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Limit

-١٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫ أو ﻗﺼ ﻔﺔ‬Ductile  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .Brittle
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ASTM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ (  1.28 )  0.505  ‫א‬
‫א‬ 10
Mild Steel ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫ﻗﻄﺮهﺎ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K21.1‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬ 0‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ σ P EProportional LimitF‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. σ e ‫א‬ P‫א‬
Residual F(Permanent DeformationF‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EPK ‫א‬EDeformation
 KE


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W21.1‫א‬

-١٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬YY1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K E ‫א‬‫א‬1510‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
U‫א‬ Strain Hardening‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ U‫א‬ . σ u Ultimate Strength ‫א‬‫א‬
.R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Elastic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Range
W‫א‬‫א‬ .Plastic Range ‫א‬

Elasticity ‫ א‬-‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F/E‫א‬F= ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬/E‫א‬F= ‫א‬
Young‘s Modulus of Elasticity ‫א‬ -‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬200000 Mpa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬210000 Mpa200000 Mpa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬P.S.I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2LN/m2
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 E=F
e
 W
 ‫א‬J E
 ‫א‬J F
 ‫א‬J e
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 e= ∆L
L
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬- ∆L
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-L
 W
 E= F = FL
∆L ∆L
L
Poisson’s ratio ‫א‬ -‫ﺟـ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬Transverse‫א‬
‫א‬Longitudinal Strain‫א‬‫א‬Lateral Strain‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.26

Plasticity ‫ א‬- ‫د‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ -‫هـ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  (37) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L37 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE52F‫א‬‫א‬44‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
7.2 t/m3 (Cast Iron)    ‫א‬J 
 7.7 t/m3 (wrought Steel)  EE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
 
7.8 t/m3 (Steel Rolled or cast) EF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ASTM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ASTM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬: 3.1 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ F‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E2LF EL  ‫א‬  ELF ‫א‬
Tensile Stress E2LF Minimum Yield Stress
(K.S.I) (K.S.I)
3999J 5515 58-80 2483 36 A36
4137 60 2758 40 
4344 63  2895 42
4620 67 3172 46 A441
4826 70 3447 50 
4344 63  2895 42 
4620 67 3172 46 A242
4826 70 3447  50
4344 63  2895 42 
4620 67 3172 46 A588
4826 70 3447 50

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 21

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Loads‫א‬٢K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Dead Loads ‫א‬‫ א‬.1.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬KKKK،،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Live Loads ‫א‬‫ א‬.2.2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ECranesF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EMoving LoadsF‫א‬
K‫א‬KKK، ،
 ‫א‬EMovable LoadsF
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Snow and Ice Loads ‫א‬‫א‬ .3.2

‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K L 23.94ELF 0.5PSI ‫א‬E 2.54F
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E L F40  10‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
45E L F10‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬E L F40
KE L F40
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Traffic Loads for Bridges   ‫א‬ .4.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Impact Loads ‫א‬ .5.2
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

Lateral Loads () ‫א‬‫ א‬.6.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Wind Loads ‫א‬ -‫أ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬;‫א‬‫א‬; ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬; ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 q = C. V 2

 W
 E2LF‫א‬J q
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Shape CoefficientF‫א‬J C
 K‫א‬
 ELF‫א‬J V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L75 •
‫א‬100J 20 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L100 •
 ‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L120 •

Earthquake Loading‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬EStiffnessF EMassF‫א‬
‫א‬W ،(١{٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



‫א‬



‫א‬




 ‫א‬:١٫٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬ V
 V = Z. I. K. C. S. W
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬-Z
 ‫א‬J I
 ‫א‬J K
 ‫א‬‫א‬J C
 ‫א‬‫א‬J S
 ‫א‬-W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬٣K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫أو‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،EWorking StressF‫א‬‫א‬EAllowable StressF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
(Hook's LawF‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Load and resistance F‫א‬‫א‬ELoad factor designF‫א‬
 K(Limit States DesignF‫א‬‫א‬،Efactor design
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 American Institute of Steel Construction, AISC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ م‬1.4 •
(‫ )س أو ث أو ط‬0.5 + ‫ ح‬1.6 + ‫ م‬1.2 •
( ‫ ر‬0.8 ‫ ح أو‬0.5) + (‫ )س أو ث أو ط‬1.6 + ‫ م‬1.2 •
(‫ )س أو ث أو ط‬0.5 + ‫ ح‬0.5 + ‫ ر‬1.3 + ‫م‬1.2 •
( ‫ ث‬0.2 ‫ ح أو‬0.5) + ‫ ز‬1.5 + ‫ م‬1.2 •
( ‫ ز‬1.5 ‫ ر أو‬1.3) - ‫ م‬0.9 •
-٢٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

W
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫م ـ א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ح ـ א‬
.‫א‬‫س ـ א‬
 K‫א‬
.‫א‬ ‫ز ـ‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬4K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢٫٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
( ‫)ب‬ (‫)أ‬
 EFEFW٢٫٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬

 ،EM=P.eF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(P/AF‫א‬‫א‬

 EM/ZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e
 K(٣٫٢‫א‬F‫א‬Z

-٢٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬W٣٫٢‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 f = P + Mc
A I
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
fa fb
 + ≤1
Fa F
b
 W‫א‬

 P A + Mc I ≤ 1
Fa F
b
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J Fa
 K‫א‬‫א‬J Fb
 K‫א‬‫א‬J f a
 K‫א‬J f b 

 
-٣٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Tension Members‫א‬.5
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥{٢‫א‬K٢4



 ‫א‬W٤٫٢‫א‬



‫א‬W٥٫٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
A L‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦{٢‫א‬

E,A


P
P 
L

e

 W٦٫٢‫א‬


-٣١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

P  ‫א‬ e  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( f = P ) f  ‫א‬ ( ε = e )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
A L
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 e = PL
EA
 W
 Young's Modulus of Elasticity ‫א‬‫א‬ -E

Yield Stress‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KYield Load ‫א‬

 Py = A.Fy
 W
 ‫א‬-A
 ‫א‬J Fy
 ‫א‬J Py

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Strain HardeningF‫א‬

 Pu = A. Fu


 W

Ultimate Load ‫א‬‫ א‬- Pu
Ultimate Tensile Stress of the Steel ‫א‬‫א‬ -Fu


-٣٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

P‫א‬ENecks downF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFractureF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEAnetF

 σ t = N ≤ σe
A net

 W‫א‬

 A net = N ≤ σ e
σt
 W
 (Tension StressF2L‫א‬W σt
 ETension LoadF‫א‬EFW N
 ENet AreaF‫א‬‫א‬W Anet
(Elastic Stress Limit) ‫ ﺣﺪ إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬: σe

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rivet Holes‫א‬
 K‫א‬

A net = A Gross - ∑ d.e

: ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن‬

(Gross Area) ‫א‬‫ א‬: A Gross

(Diameter of the Rivet) ‫א‬ : d
(Thickness of the member) ‫א‬ : e

-٣٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Compression Members‫א‬.٦
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧{٢ ‫א‬F‫א‬


 ‫א‬W٧٫٢‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Slenderness RatioF‫א‬‫א‬EBucklingF‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬FL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨{٢‫א‬FERadius of gyrationFr‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W٨٫٢‫א‬

Elastic Buckling‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٩{٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ (Slenderness RatioF

-٣٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

P 

P

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٩٫٢‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 Euler Formula  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WCrippling Load‫א‬K
π2 E I
 P=
L2
 W
 ‫א‬W  I
 ‫א‬‫א‬W  L
 I = A.r 2 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

π2 E A r2
 P=
L2

2
P =f = π E
A c (L/r) 2
 W
Crippling Stress ‫א‬‫ א‬: fc
L
 Slenderness Ratio ‫א‬W
r

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬

F 2
y π E
=
2 (L/r) 2

2
L 2π E
 =     W
r F
y
، Cc  L/r 
2
2π E
 Cc =
F
y

126.1 A36   Cc  ‫א‬،‫א‬ Cc  
 K107.6E50 K.S.IF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KL/r ≥ C c  ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KL/r < Cc ‫א‬
:  Fa  AISC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 InelasticBuckling ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ 2⎤
⎢1 − (KL/r) ⎥ F
⎢ ⎥ y
⎢⎣ 2C c2 ⎥⎦
Fa =
Fs
Factor of Safety ‫א‬FsW
 W‫א‬‫א‬

3 (K.L /r) (K.L/r) 3
 F.S = 5 + -
3 8 Cc 8 C3c

(KL/r) =Cc،Fs = 1.67(KL/r) = 0 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Fs = 23/12 = 1.92

Elastic Buckling ‫א‬‫• א‬
Euler Equation ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π2 E
 Fa =
(L/r) 2 . Fs
 W‫א‬
3 (K.L /r) (K.L/r)3
 F.S = 5 + -
3 8 Cc 8 C3c

L/r‫א‬Slenderness ratio ‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C c 
W‫א‬
،(KL/r) <Cc‫• א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Effective length factor ‫א‬‫א‬KF،(KL/r) ≥ Cc‫• א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 FPb ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:
 K14 ft.‫א‬W 12 x 72‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KA36‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬
radii F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬AISC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Eof gyration
Fy = 36000 P.S.I،E = 29000 K.S.I،ry= 5.31 in. ،rx= 5.31 in. ،A = 21.1 in.

 W‫א‬‫א‬ C c 

2 2
2π E 2 π 2900
 Cc = = = 126.1
F 36
y


1 (14) 12
(KL/r)= 55.3 = ،‫א‬
3.04

 W‫א‬‫א‬Fs‫א‬


3 (K.L /r) (K.L/r)3 5 3 (55.3) (55.3)3
 F.S = 5 + - = + − = 1.82
3 8 Cc 8 C3c 3 8 (126.1) 8 (126.1)3


-٣٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬


⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
(KL/r) (55.3)
⎢1 −
⎢ 2
⎥F
⎥ y ⎢1 − 2 ⎥.36000
2C c ⎦ ⎢ 2 . (126.1) ⎥⎦
 Fa = ⎣ =⎣ = 17900 P.S.I 
F s 1.82
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = Fa . A = 17900 . (21.1) = 377000 Kips
 KEAISCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEAISCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٢‫א‬


-٣٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 Bending Moments ‫א‬٧K
‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
AB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE١٠٫٢‫א‬FCD
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٫٢‫א‬FKE١٠٫٢‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 K‫א‬CDAB‫א‬WEF١٠٫٢‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
،NS‫א‬Neutral Surface ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KNeutral Axis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF١٠٫٢‫א‬


CDAB‫א‬WEF١٠٫٢‫א‬

-٤١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ENeutral SurfaceF‫א‬‫א‬-R
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-Y
 K‫א‬‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬J  ε

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 R = R+Y
L L+εL

R (L + ε L) = L(R + Y)

R L+RεL= R L+LY

 RεL= LY



Y
  ε = W
R

f
 ε = W
E

-٤٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
 ‫א‬J f
 ‫א‬-E
EY f Y
 f = ، =
R E R
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 M= f I
Y
 W
 E I = ∑ Y 2 dA F‫א‬ -I
 ‫א‬-A
 ‫א‬-M
 ‫א‬J f
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 M = f I W‫א‬،Y=CC
C
 M ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f ‫א‬‫א‬
R b
f
 M R = b I W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C
 Section Modulus ‫א‬ I ‫א‬
C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f I
 M = b ‫؛‬ f b = M C ‫؛‬ I = M
C I C f
b

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

: ١ 
‫א‬W 16 x 36  ‫א‬‫א‬
KA36 ‫א‬ f = 0.6 f ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١٫٢
b Y
1000 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬lb/ft


1000 lb/ft



28 in



 W١١{٢‫א‬

 I = 56.5 in 3 W 16 x 36
C

 f = 0.6 F Z0.6 (36000) = 22000 P.S.I
b Y
M = f . S = 22000 x 56.5 = 1240000 in-lb
b
M = 103 000 ft-lb
 1000 + 36 = 1036 lb/ft :‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W L2 1036 . (28) 2
M= = = 102000 ft-lb
8 8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

M 102000 x 12
f = = = 21700 P.S.I
b S 56.5
‫א‬21700 P.S.I ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K22000 P.S.I
Bending members about two axes‫א‬‫א‬.8
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢{٢‫א‬
 K١٣{٢‫א‬‫א‬




 W١٢{٢‫א‬

‫א‬W١٣{٢‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

M x Cx M C
 f = ± Y Y
Ix I
Y
 W
X-X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J M x
X-X‫א‬‫א‬J  I x
X-X‫א‬f‫א‬X-X‫א‬‫א‬J C
X
Y-Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J M
Y
Y-Y‫א‬‫א‬J  I
Y
 Y-Y‫א‬f‫א‬Y-Y‫א‬‫א‬J C
Y

‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤٫٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ETorsionF‫א‬ETwistingF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WY ( Load ComponentF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ WX ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K W ‫א‬EFlexural StressF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X
‫א‬،Y-Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K I ‫א‬
Y

M C M C
f= X X± Y Y
I I /2
X Y

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 I ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

C
C C
 KE Y  X F
I I
Y X

‫א‬‫א‬W١٤{٢‫א‬

: 
‫א‬K EGirdersF14‫א‬‫א‬W 8 x 18 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬300 lb/ft ‫א‬
‫א‬F f = 23800 P.S.I  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
b
 KE١٦٫٢١٥٫٢
: ‫א‬
X-X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KY-Y
290 lb/ftZ15300Z WX
 77.6 lb/ftZ15300Z WY
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،X-X‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

WX L2 290 x 14 2
 MX = = = 7110 ft - lb
8 8



 W١٥{٢‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Y-Y‫א‬‫א‬

WY L2 77.6 x 14 2
 MY = = = 1900 ft - lb
8 8
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
M M 7110 (12) 1900 (12)
 f = X+ Y = +
b SX SY 15.2 1.52
2
 f = 20613 P.S.I < 23800 P.S.I
b

-٤٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

EA‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 KEGirdersFW١٦{٢‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 f =± P ± Mc
A I
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬–P
 ‫א‬ J A
 ‫א‬-M
 ‫א‬ J I
 ‫א‬f‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J c



-٤٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

M

 P

 ‫א‬W17.2‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P Mx MY
 f = ± A ± Z ± Z ≤1
x Y

 f Tot. 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 f = f a + f bx + f by < f Tot.

-٥٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
 E P = F‫א‬‫א‬J f a
A
X‫א‬‫א‬J f bx
Y‫א‬‫א‬J f by


 Shear Stress Members‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨٫٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ . 2-21-1‫א‬‫א‬
 Kdx‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬WEF١٨{٢‫א‬

2-2 1-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KEF١٨٫٢‫א‬
 Kdx‫א‬‫א‬

-٥١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬WEF١٨{٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬M2M1‫א‬‫א‬2-21-1‫א‬
 KEF١٨{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨‫א‬
M1
 M2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ C 2  C1 
b.dx‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C 2 - C1 = H = v (b) dx

 W‫א‬

M 2 - M1
 C 2 - C1 = ∑ y dA
I

-٥٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 V = dM
dx
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∑ y dA ‫א‬

V.Q
fv =
b.I
 W
٢b١٩٫٢‫א‬‫א‬
 
WNA،٣،٢،١‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ :١٩٫٢ ‫א‬

Q1 = 2(1) .3.5 = 7 in.3

Q2 = 2(2) .3 = 12 in.3
Q3 = 2(3) .2.5 = 15 in.3
QNA = 2(4) .2 = 16 in.3

‫א‬٨٥{٥in.٤Ebh3L١٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠kipsV‫א‬ v = V . Q ‫א‬
I.b
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١٩‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

-٥٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 v = V.Q = V(b) (h/2) (h/4)

b.I b (bh 3/12)
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ bh = A ‫א‬

 v = V.Q = V(b) (h/2) (h/4)
b.I b (bh 3/12)
3/2
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
AW‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Fv = V
Aw

  ‫א‬‫א‬Fv‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
EFy= 36 k.s.iFA36‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬Fy٠{٤Fy
 K٠{٤ Fy= 14.4 k.s.i‫א‬‫א‬

-٥٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 Fv‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،S 10 x 25.4‫א‬
 KA36١٤٥٠٠p.s.i

 W‫א‬
F Z١٤٥٠٠p.s.i، V = Fv . A w 
  v

S 10 x 25.4‫א‬ AISC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬10 (0.311) = 3.11 in.2

V = 14500 (3.11) = 45100 lb.

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P V.Q Mx
 f =± ± ±
A b.I Zx
 f Tot. 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 f = f a + f bx + f v < f Tot.
 W
 E P = F‫א‬‫א‬J f a
A
X‫א‬‫א‬J f bx
V.Q
( =) ‫א‬J f v
b.I
‫א‬20.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬


-٥٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

q 

P
P
0.8 m 

V 
V

 K‫א‬W٢٠٫٢‫א‬


-٥٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 .١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Riveted Connections ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Bolted Connections ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Welded Connections  ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Pin Connections  ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 Rivets‫א‬K٢
‫א‬Mild Steel،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEShankF‫א‬EHeadF‫א‬
‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E F،Button HeadEFW
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬١{٣‫א‬K K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬










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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Button Countersunk Flat Truss Pan

head head head head head

‫א‬‫א‬W١٫٣ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

Types of Riveted Joints ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.1.2

 , Lap JointE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

. Butt JointE‫א‬‫א‬F

Lap Joint (‫א‬‫ )א‬‫א‬ (‫أ‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Single   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  riveted lap joint
‫א‬K‫א‬ Double riveted lap joint‫א‬
 KPitch‫א‬

Butt Joint E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ( ‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫( א‬‫א‬) ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٢

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF،،
K‫א‬ Punching ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 DrillingE‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KAISC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDriller‫א‬

(STD)  Standard Hole ‫א‬‫أ – א‬




 EOVSFOversized Hole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ESSLF Short Slotted Hole‫א‬‫א‬J 





(LSL)  Long Slotted Hole ‫א‬‫د – א‬


(NSL) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫هـ‬
 Short or Long Slotted Hole Normal to Load Direction





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Bolts in Tension ‫א‬ .٣٫٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (‫א‬) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٣‫א‬KAnet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K


 W٢{٣‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
P
 ft = t
A
 W
 E2LF‫א‬J f t
EF‫א‬‫א‬ J Pt
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J A
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNet Section ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K٣{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٣‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A net = t (W - d)
 W
 ‫א‬J d
‫א‬J t
‫א‬J W
EF‫א‬‫א‬  •
K٤{٣‫א‬not Staggered

 ‫א‬W٤{٣‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 A net = t (W - n . d)
 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬J n

‫א‬     ‫א‬     AISC ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
85% ( A net F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬85%‫א‬
 15% ‫א‬ ( A φ ) ‫א‬‫א‬ ( A gross F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 A gross = T  A net = T
0.85 . Ftp Ftp
K‫א‬‫א‬J Ftp
‫א‬ - T
‫א‬‫ א‬- A net
‫א‬‫ א‬- A gross

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Efastener PitchF‫א‬
 Kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S

 Staggered Rows EF‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K٥{٣‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٣‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬

S2
 A net = t (W - n.d + ∑ )
4g
 W
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J S
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J g
 K‫א‬J d

Gusset F‫א‬‫א‬(SplicesF‫א‬ A net ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٥Eplates

Shear Strength of Rivet ‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Single Shear‫א‬‫• א‬
 K٦٫٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  






 W٦٫٣‫א‬
Double Shear ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٧٫٣‫א‬


 W٧٫٣‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬   •
   ‫א‬     (Single ShearF ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬
Vs = Fv . A
 W
‫א‬ -Vs
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J Fv
2
 E π d F‫א‬ J A
4
Double F   ‫א‬        ‫א‬    •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EShear
Vs = 2. Fv . A
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Vs = n. Fv . A
 W1
 K12‫א‬٨٫٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 W٨٫٣‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Vs = Fv . A
 35= Vs
2 2
 A = π . d = 3.14 x 12 = 113.04 mm 2 ،‫א‬
4 4
2
113.04W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Vs 35 x 103
Fv = = = 309.62 N/mm 2
A 113.04
 309.62 N/mm 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W2
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   15    ‫א‬     K ٩{٣ ‫א‬     
  N/m 2 210 x 106 ‫א‬‫א‬


Vs Vs

 ‫א‬W٩٫٣‫א‬
 W‫א‬
EDouble ShearF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vs = 2. Fv . A
 ،‫א‬
2 2
 A = π . d = 3.14 x 15 = 176.625 mm 2
4 4
 A = 176.625 x 10- 6 m 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vs = 2 . Fv . A = 2 x 210 x 106 x 176.625 x 10- 6 = 74182.5 N

 W
K ¾ in.  A307 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K¾in.‫א‬A325‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬

2 3.14 (0.75) 2
 Av = π d = = 0.4418 in. 2
4 4

 W‫א‬‫א‬Fv= 10 k.s.iA307‫א‬‫א‬
 Vs = Fv . A v = 10 x 0.4418 = 4.42 Kips
 A325‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π d 2 3.14 (0.75) 2
Av = = = 0.4418 in. 2 W‫א‬
4 4
‫א‬ ‫א‬        Fv =17k.s.i   A325   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 Vs = 2 Fv . A v = 2 x 17 x 0.4418 = 15.0 Kips

Bearing E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.٥٫٢
stress Failure
F ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   Bearing Stress E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Yield Stress ‫א‬ (١٠٫٣
 ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠٫٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Fp‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Vb‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Vb = Fp . A = Fp . d . t
 ‫א‬،  19 (A36F‫א‬14‫א‬‫א‬
Fp= 477.11 x 106 N/m2
 W‫א‬ Fp
Vb = Fp . A = Fp . d . t = 477.11 x 106 x 0.019 x 0.014 =126911 N
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
Welded Connections ‫ א‬‫ א‬.٣
 Welding Process‫א‬ .١٫٣
‫א‬EMolten State )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Electric F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
EWeld RodF‫א‬EOxyacetylene FlameF‫א‬‫א‬Earc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Metal Arc Welding ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFluxF ‫א‬  EShielded ElectrodesF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EShield -metal arc weldingF ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬١١{٣‫א‬Submerged arc welding
Gas-metal arc welding‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : ١١٫٣‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ١٢٫٣‫א‬
 Resistance Welding (‫א‬) ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Advantages of Welding ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EGusset PlatesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
 Disadvantages of Welding‫א‬ .٣٫٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Types of Welded Connections‫א‬‫א‬ .4.3
 W‫א‬
 Butt Joint •
Tee Joint  •
Lap Joint‫א‬ •
Corner Joint‫א‬ •
 Edge Joint  •
K‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٫١٣ ()١٣٫٣‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

BUTT TEE LAP

CORNER EDGE

 ‫א‬‫א‬W()١٣٫٣‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Flat  •
Vertical  •
Horizontal •
Overhead  •
 W‫א‬
 Groove Weld EF •
Fillet Weld   ‫א‬ •
Plug Weld  ‫א‬ •
Slot Weld    •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  





















 ‫א‬‫א‬W()١٣٫٣‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W (١٥٫٣‫א‬FFillet Weld ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ١٥٫٣‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 WE٣٫١٦‫א‬FGroove Weld E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:١٦٫٣‫א‬

Allowable Stresses of Welding ِ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥٫٣
‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

  Butt Weld  E
‫א‬ •
 f t = 0.7 f pt
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- f pt
١٧{٣‫א‬ Groove Weld ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٧{٣‫א‬

 ft = P
L. Te
 W
 ‫א‬J P
 ‫א‬J L
 ‫א‬‫א‬J Te

 W‫א‬‫א‬،١٨٫٣‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٨{٣‫א‬


- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 f= P2
L. Te


‫א‬ •
Fc = 1.0 f pc
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- f c

‫א‬ •
q = 0.55 f pt


  Fillet Weld‫א‬E
 0.4 f pt  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٣‫א‬

٢
L‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
1420 EF‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٧٥  EF‫א‬
١٠٢٥ E‫א‬F‫א‬


 Pin Connections (‫ )א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٤
٩‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Forged Steel Pins ‫א‬ J 

 EF‫א‬‫א‬
Undrilled Pins J 

 (Pilot nutF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Driving nutF
 Drilled Pins J 
‫א‬K ٢٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Bolted Connections (‫א‬) ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬.5
‫א‬،١٩٫٣‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
EThreadsF‫א‬‫א‬K(HeadFEShankF‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬KENutF
 K‫א‬‫א‬(WasherF‫א‬



- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Black Bolts ‫א‬‫א‬ (‫أ‬
‫א‬     A307  EASTMF ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 60 P.S.I‫א‬
 K4
‫א‬‫א‬ASTM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A325
 ‫א‬E
 .120 p.s.iK105 p.s.i
150 ‫א‬‫א‬ASTM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A490
 ‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p.s.i

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W.١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١{٤‫א‬‫א‬

M 
W 
W



B B


 P


Pmax



 EFEF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٤‫א‬


-٨٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

١{٤‫א‬EF‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P= W
B
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬J W
 K‫א‬J B

 W‫א‬١{٤‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

 Pmax = W + M = W + 6 M
A Z B B2

 Pmin = W − M = W − 6 M
A Z B B2
 W
 E١x BF‫א‬‫א‬-A
 ‫א‬-M
2
 E B F‫א‬J Z
6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 .Broad (Wide) Flange I Beam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Standard I Beam

 ‫א‬.٢
 W‫א‬


-٨٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Single Rolled Steel Sections :  .١٫٢

Broad (Wide) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Standard I Beam
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Flange I Beam

Built up Sections :  .٢٫٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
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 Lacing Bars‫א‬ •
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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
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 ‫א‬I‫א‬ •
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-٨٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Web Plates ‫א‬I‫א‬ •



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 ‫א‬‫א‬ •

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
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 Standard I Beam •
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
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 ‫א‬ •
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  •





-٨٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
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

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 K‫א‬‫א‬Welded Box  •
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
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

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Base Plate without Gusset Plates‫א‬E1
 Gusseted base‫א‬(2
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEBearingF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KGusseted base‫א‬
 KGussets‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ .1.3
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 

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 ‫א‬W2.4‫א‬
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،‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢٫٤‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

2
 t = 3W (A 2 − B )
F 4
b
 W

 ‫א‬-t
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-P
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-B
2L1890‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J Fb
 

-٨٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 P= W    
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬

 ‫א‬
2
 = PA   WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2

2
 = PB   WB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


PA 2 1 PB 2
 MA = −
2 m 2

 Poisson`s Ratio‫א‬ 1 
m

2
P 2 B
 M A = (A − )
2 m

 M = f.z

2
 P (A 2 − B ) = F × 1 × 1 × t 2
2 M b 6
    


-٨٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

2
 t 2 = 3P (A 2 − B )
F m
b


 t= 3P (A 2 − B2 )
F m
b
 W،٠٫٢٥‫א‬

 t= 3P (A 2 − B2 )
F 4
b

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(cap)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(column shaft) ‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

9W D
 t=
16F D − d
b
 W
 ‫א‬J t
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -D
 ‫א‬‫א‬J F
b
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J d
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K25
 K‫א‬‫א‬1,5‫א‬

-٨٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Gusset bases‫א‬.٢٫٣
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣{٤‫א‬F




‫א‬W3.4‫א‬

 Design of gusset plates ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫٣
 KE٤{٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

L B−b
= 2P ( )
 2 2
PL
= (B − b)
2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
(Gusset plate) ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

-٩٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:٤٫٤ ‫א‬

P L (B − b) ⎛⎜ B − b ⎞⎟
4 ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

P L2 (B − b)2
16


 ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K١

 Design of Cleat Angle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫٣

KBearings‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1890 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Design of Base Plate ‫א‬ .٥٫٣

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫٣
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬e‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬bl
 KE٥٫٤‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  = 3 ⎜⎜ l - e ⎟⎟ . b
⎛ ⎞
⎝2 ⎠

p
  P = W‫א‬‫א‬
1 . 3 ( l - e).b
2 2

 W
 p = 4P 
3 (l - 2.e).b
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 :٥٫٤ ‫א‬


 K1
70 tonnes‫א‬ISHB 300 x 58.8 Kg/m ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 40 Kg/cm2،Ebearing capacityF

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
  Z(PF‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬

 2
 1750 = 70000 = W  =‫א‬
40 P
 
  40x45‫א‬‫א‬

  38.9Kg/cm 2 = 70000 W‫א‬‫א‬
45x40
 7.5 = B = AW
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3P 2 B 2
  t = (A − )
F 4
b

3 x 38.9 (7.5) 2
 t= ((7.5) 2 − )
1890 4

 1.614= t
 ١٨=t ‫א‬
20‫א‬‫א‬6 x65x65‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 ،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E2.54F1‫א‬Cement Grout
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬Anchor Bolt ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A= P
f
b

-٩٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
 (Column loadF‫א‬J P
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J fb

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
0.95Equivalent Rectangle‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬0.80‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٦٫٤‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kmn
 .AISC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W٦٫٤‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
A = N x BW‫א‬K L6040‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬J N
 EF‫א‬-B
 EF‫א‬J P
 EF‫א‬J bf
 Ep.s.i2LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J Fp
 E،2F‫א‬J A

-٩٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

( f P = P ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -fP
N.B
 EF‫א‬J t
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -Fb

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BN‫א‬، A = P ‫א‬
F
b
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬
 WEquivalent Rectangle ‫א‬

2
m fP m
 M = f P (m) =
2 2


n f n2
 M = f (n) = P
P 2 2
 WSection ModulusS‫א‬

2
 S= M =f . m
F P 2.F
b b

2
 S= M =f . n
F P 2.F
b b
 I/C ‫א‬
 W t 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P

1 (t )3 t
 I= P = P
12 12



-٩٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

t
  C = P W‫א‬C
2
 W
t3 3 2
P
I 12 t P 2 t P
 S= = = . =
C t P 12 t 6
P
2

2 2
I M t P fP . m
 S= = = =
C F 6 2F
b b

2 2
I t f .n
 S= = P = P
C 6 2F
b

2 2
3. f . n 3.f . m
 t 2P = P  t 2P = P 
F F
b b
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AISC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W Fb = Fy Bearing Plates

2
3. f . m f
t = P = 3.m P
P F F
y y

f f
 t P = 2 . n P  t P = 2 . m P WAISC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F F
y y



-٩٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 :1 
KN)383000 lbW 14 x 90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٧٫٤‫א‬(١٧٠٣٫٥
 ‫א‬
 K(٣٤٤٫٧KN/m2F50 p.s.i. 



 W٧٫٤‫א‬

: ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 A = P = 383000 = 766 in.2 ( ٠٫٥٠ m2)
F 500
P
 K‫א‬28 x 28‫א‬ 27.7 in.‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 f b = P = 383000 = 489 p.s.i. (٣٣٧١٫١٦Kn/m2)
N . B (28) 2

 W‫א‬

d = 14.5 in. (36.8 cm) ; bf = 14 in.(35.5 cm) ;
m = 8.2 in.(20.8 cm) ; n = 7.35 in.(18.7 cm)

-٩٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬m m > n

 
f 489
 t = 2 . m P = 2. (8.2). = 1.91 in. (4.85 cm)
P Fy 36000

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F٢‫א‬
 K٥x٧١x٧١

 W2
 250 Kips‫א‬W 12 x 58A36‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١١١٢KnF
K٨{٤‫א‬ (١٢ Mpa) 1.8 ksi‫א‬

 W٨٫٤‫א‬


-٩٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

 ،
 ‫א‬J N
 ‫א‬J B
 ‫א‬J t
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J n

 WA‫א‬‫א‬

A = P / Fp

A = 250 kips / 1.8 ksi


2 2
A = 138.9 in. (0.09 m )

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 N = B = 11.8 in.( ٣٠ cm)
 Km=n

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢{١٩in.‫א‬‫א‬J d
 ١٠٫٠١٤in.‫א‬J b

 K‫א‬m = n 
N = 2m + 0.95 d
2 m = N - 0.95 d = 11.8 - 0.95 x 12.19
2 m = 11.8 - 11.58 = 0.22 in.
 m = 0.11 in. 

-١٠٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m = 1.21 in.‫א‬

N = 2m + 0.95 d = 2 x 1.21 + 0.95 x 12.19

N = 2 x 1.21 + 0.95 x 12.19 = 2.42 + 11.58 = 14 in.

 ١٢in. B

 Kn
B = 2 n + 0.80 b
2 n = B - 0.80 b = 12 - 0.80 x 10.014
2 n = 3.99 in.

n = 2 in.

250 kips
 fP = = 1.49 k.s.i W‫א‬‫א‬
12 x 14
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Fb = 0.75 FY = 0.75 x 36 = 27 k.s.i

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

3. f . n2 3 . f . m2
 t= P = P
F F
b b

3 . f . m2 3 x 1.49 x 1.212
 t= P = = 0.50 in.
F 27
b


-١٠١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

3 . f . m2 3 x 1.49 x 2 2
 t= P = = 0.81 in .
F 27
b

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
t = 0.81 in.

 K٩٫٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:٩٫٤‫א‬






-١٠٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
٢٤٠٠٠lb‫א‬ ‫א‬،A 36‫א‬W 10 x 22
‫א‬‫א‬١٠{٤‫א‬٨ in. ‫א‬
 KFP =225 P.S.I ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 A = R = 24000 = 107 in. 2
F 225
P
B = 13.5 in. C = 8in. ١٣٫٥ x ٨= ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 f P = 24000 = 222 P.S.I
8 x 13.5
 ٠٫٧٥in. KAISC‫א‬
 Wn١١{٤‫א‬



 K‫א‬:١٠٫٤‫א‬

 n = B - K = 13.5 - 0.75 = 6.0 in.
2 2
-١٠٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬E١٢٫٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،١in.‫א‬

f . n 2 222 .(6.0) 2
 M= b = = 3996 in - lb
2 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Fb = 0.75 (36) = 27 K.S.I

 W‫א‬
 S = M = 4.0 = 0.148 in.3
F 27
b
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

3
 S=bt
12 c
 W
 E C = t F،‫א‬J c
2
 ‫א‬J t
 W‫א‬،C

b t3 b t3 b t2
 S= = =
t 6 t 6
12
2
 Kt،١in. (bF‫א‬‫א‬



-١٠٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬:١١٫٤‫א‬

2
 S=t ⇒ t = 6.S = 6. (0.148)
6

 t = 0.94 in.،

8 x 13.5 x 1 in.W‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬W١٢٫٤‫א‬

AISC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

3 . f . n2 3 (222). 6 2
 t= b = = 0.94 in.
F 27000
b

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3 . f . n2
 6.S = b
F
b
 KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٦-
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EW Shape (Wide flange shapes

d b t1 t2 Ix Sx Iy Sy
106 103 106 103
Designation
mm mm mm mm mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3

W920 x 446ً ٩٣٣ ٤٢٣ ٤٢٫٧ ٢٤٫٠ ٨٤٥٠ ١٨١١٠ ٥٤١ ٢٥٦٠

W920 x 201 ٩٠٣ ٣٠٤ ٢٠٫١ ١٥٫٢ ٣٢٥٠ ٧٢٠٠ ٩٣٫٧ ٦١٦

W840 x 299ً 855 400 ٢٩٫٢ ١٨٫٢ ٤٧٩٠ ١١٢٠٠ ٣١٢ ٩٠٫٤

W840 x 176ً 835 ٢٩٢ ١٨٫٨ ١٤٫٠ ٢٤٦٠ ٥٨٩٠ ٧٧٫٨ ٥٨٫٩

W760 x 257ً 773 381 ٢٧٫١ ١٦٫٦ ٣٤١٠ ٨٨٢٠ ٢٤٩ ٨٧٫١

W690 x 217ً ٦٩٥ ٣٥٥ ٢٤٫٨ ١٥٫٤ ٢٣٤٠ ٦٧٩٠ ١٨٤٫٤ ٨١٫٥

W610 x 155 611 324 ١٩٫٠ ١٢٫٧ ١٢٩٠ ٤٢٢٠ ١٠٧٫٨ ٧٣٫٩

W530 x 150 543 312 20.3 ١٢٫٧ ١٠٠٧ ٣٧١٠ ١٠٣٫٢ ٧٣٫٤

W460 x 158 476 284 23.9 15.0 795 ٣٣٤٠ ٩١٫٦ ٦٧٫٦

W410 x 114 420 261 19.3 11.6 462 2200 57.4 ٦٢٫٧

W360 x 551 ٤٥٥ ٤١٨ ٦٧٫٦ ٤٢٫٠ ٢٢٦٠ ٩٩٣٠ ٨٢٨ ١٠٨

W360 x 39 ٣٥٣ ١٢٨ ١٠٫٧ ٦٫٥ ١٠٢٫٠ ٥٧٨ ٣٫٧١ ٢٧٫٤

- ١٠٧ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

EW Shape (Wide flange shapes

d b t1 t2 Ix Sx Iy Sy
106 103 106 103
Designation
mm mm mm mm mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3

W310 x 143ً 323 309 22.9 14.0 347 ٢١٥٠ ١١٢٫٤ 728

W310 x 60 303 203 ١٣٫١ ٧٫٥ ١٢٩ ٨٥١ ١٨٫٣٦ 180

W310 x 23.8ً 305 101 6.7 5.6 42.9 281 1.174 23.2

W250 x 167ً 289 265 31.8 19.2 298 2060 98.2 741

W250 x 58ً 252 203 13.5 8.0 87 690 18.73 184.5

W200 x 86ً 222 209 20.6 13.0 94.9 855 31.3 300

W200 x 52 206 204 12.6 7.9 52.9 514 17.73 173.8

W200 x 35.9 201 165 10.2 6.2 34.5 343 7.62 92.4

W150 x 37.1 162 154 11.6 8.1 22.2 274 7.12 92.5

W130 x 28.1 131 128 10.9 6.9 10.91 166.6 3.8 59.4

W130 x 23.8 127 127 9.1 6.1 8.87 139.7 3.13 49.3

W100 x 19.3 106 103 8.8 7.1 4.7 88.7 1.607 31.2

- ١٠٨ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

ES Shapes (American Standard Shapes

d b t1 t2 Ix Sx Iy Sy
106 103 106 103
Designation
mm mm mm mm mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3

S610 x 149ً 610 184 22.1 19.0 995 3260 19.9 216

S610 x 134 610 181 22.1 15.8 937 3070 ١٨٫٦٩ ٢٠٧

S510 x 141ً 508 183 23.3 20.3 670 2640 20.69 226

S510 x 112ً 508 162 20.1 16.3 533 2100 12.32 172.1

S460 x 104ً ٤٥٧ 159 17.6 18.1 385 1685 10.03 126.2

S380 x 74ً 381 ١٤٣ 15.8 14 202 1060 6.53 91.3

S310 x 74 305 ١٣٩ 16.8 17.4 127 833 ٦٫٥٣ ٩٤

S250 x 52 254 126 12.5 15.1 61.5 482 3.48 55.2

S200 x 34 203 106 10.8 ١١٫٢ 27 266 1.794 33.8

S180 x 30 178 97 10 11.4 17.65 198.3 ١٫٣١٩ ٢٧٫٢

S130 x 22 127 83 8.3 12.5 6.33 99.7 0.695 16.75

S100 x 14.1 102 70 7.4 8.3 2.83 55.5 0.376 10.74

S 75 x 11.2 76 63 6.6 8.9 1.22 32.1 0.244 ٧٫٧٥

- ١٠٩ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

EC Shapes (American Standard Channels

d b t1 t2 Ix Sx Iy Sy
106 103 106 103
Designation
mm mm mm mm mm4 mm3 mm4 mm3

C389 x 74ً 381 94 16.5 18.2 188.2 883 4.58 62.1

C389 x 60 381 89 16.5 13.2 145.3 763 3.84 55.5

C310 x 45ً 305 80 12.7 13 67.7 442 2.14 34

C250 x 45ً 254 76 11.1 17.1 42.9 338 1.64 27.6

C230 x 30ً 229 67 10.5 11.4 25.4 222 1.01 19.29

C230 x 22ً 229 63 10.5 7.2 21.4 185 0.80 16.69

C200 x 27.9 203 64 9.9 12.4 18.31 180 0.82 16.6

C180 x 22 178 58 9.3 10.6 11.32 127 0.57 12.9

C150 x 19.3 152 54 8.7 11.1 7.24 95.3 0.44 10.67

C130 x 13.4 127 47 8.1 8.3 3.7 58.3 0.26 7.54

C100 x 10.8 102 43 7.5 8.2 1.911 37.5 0.18 5.74

C75 x 8.9 76 40 6.9 9.0 0.862 22.7 0.13 4.47

- ١١٠ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

Angles (Equal Legs)

Mass per
Designation Meter Area I Sٍ x or y
٦ ٣
١٠ ١٠
2
Kg / m mm mm
4
mm
3 mm
L 203 x 203 x 25.4ً ٧٥٫٩ ٩٦٨٠ ٣٧ ٢٥٩ ٦٠٫٢

L 203 x 203 x 19.0 57.9 7360 29 200 ٥٧٫٩

L 152 x 152 x 25.4 55.7 7100 14.78 140.4 47.2

L 152 x 152 x 15.9 36 4590 11.74 92.8 43.9

L 127 x 127 x 9.0 35.1 4480 6.53 74.2 38.6

L 127 x 127 x 12.7 24.1 3070 4.7 51.8 36.3

L 102 x 102 x 19.0 27.5 3510 3.19 46 32.3

L 102 x 102 x 6.4 9.8 1252 1.265 17.21 27.7

L 89 x 89 x 12.7 16.5 2100 1.515 24.4 26.9

L 76 x 76 x 12.7 14 1774 0.924 17.53 23.7

L 64 x 64 x 12.7 11.4 1452 0.512 11.86 20.5

L 51 x 51 x 9.5 7 877 0.1994 5.75 16.15

- ١١١ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

Angles (Unequal Legs)

Designation Ix S xٍ y Iy Syٍ x
٦ ٣ ٦ ٣
١٠ ١٠ ١٠ ١٠
mm
4
mm
3 mm mm
3
mm
3 mm
L 203 x 150 x 25.4ً ٣٣٫٦ ٢٤٧ ٦٧٫٣ ١٦٫١٥ ١٤٦٫٢ ٤١٫٩

L 203 x 150 x 19.0 ٢٦٫٤ ١٩٢ ٦٥٫٠ ١٢٫٧ ١١٣٫٤ ٣٩٫٦

L 152 x 102 x 19.0 10.2 102.4 52.8 3.61 48.7 27.4

L 152 x 102 x 9.5 5.62 54.4 49.3 2.04 26.2 23.9

L 127 x 76 x 12.7 3.93 47.7 44.5 1.074 18.85 19.0

L 127 x 76 x 6.4 2.13 25.1 42.2 0.599 10.06 16.7

L 102 x 76 x 12.7 2.1 31 33.8 1.007 18.35 21.0

L 102 x 76 x 6.4 1.15 16.36 31.5 0.566 9.82 18.7

L 89 x 76 x 12.7 1.35 23.1 30.5 0.566 12.45 17.9

L 89 x 76 x 9.5 1.06 17.86 29.5 0.454 9.7 ١٦٫٨

L 64 x 51 x 9.5 0.38 8.96 21.1 0.214 5.95 14.8

L 64 x 51 x 6.4 0.27 6.24 20.0 0.1548 4.16 13.4

- ١١٢ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

Round Tubingٌ

Mass per
Size and Thickness Meter Area I Sٍ
٦ ٣
١٠ ١٠
2
mm Kg / m mm mm
4
mm
3

12 x 2 ٠٫٤٩ ٠٫٦٢٨ ٠٫٠٨٢ ٠٫١٣٦

16 x 2 0.687 0.879 0.22 0.275

16 x 3 0.956 ١٫٢٥٥ ٠٫٢٧٣ ٠٫٣٤١

20 x 4 1.569 2.01 0.684 0.684

25 x 4 2.06 2.638 1.508 1.206

25 x 5 2.452 3.14 ١٫٦٦٠ ١٫٣٣٦

30 x 5 ٣٫٠٦٥ ٣٫٩٢٥ ٣٫١٩٢ ٢٫١٢٨

42 x 5 ٤٫٥٣٦ ٥٫٨٠٩ ١٠٫١٣ ٤٫٨٢٥

50 x 4 ٤٫٥١٢ ٥٫٧٧٨ ١٥٫٤٠٩ ٦٫١٦٤

50 x 5 ٥٫٥١٧ ٧٫٠٦٥ ١٨٫١١٨ ٧٫٢٤٧

- ١١٣ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

Square Tubing

Square Side Mass per

Meter Thickness

mm Kg / m mm
٢٠ ٠٫٨٧ ١٫٥

١٫١١ ١٫٥
٢٥
١٫١١ ١٫٥

١٫٣٤ ١٫٥
٣٠
١٫٧٦ ٢٫٠

٣٥ ٢٫٠٧ ٢٫٠

١٫٨٠ ١٫٥
٤٠
٢٫٣٩ ٢٫٠

٤٥ ٢٫١٢ ١٫٥

٣٫٠٢ ٢٫٠
٥٠
٣٫٧٣ ٢٫٥

٦٠ ٣٫٦٤ ٢٫٠

٧٠ ٦٫٣٢ ٣٫٠

٨٠ ٧٫٢٦ ٣٫٠

- ١١٤ -
   ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

Rectangular Tubing

Width , W Mass per Height, H Thickness

Meter

mm Kg / m mm mm
٢٠ ٠٫٦٧ ١٠ ١٫٥

٢٥ ٠٫٨٧ ١٥ ١٫٥

٠٫٨٧ ١٠ ١٫٥

٣٠ ١٫١١ ٢٠ ١٫٥

١٫٤٥ ٢٠ ٢٫٠

١٫٣٨ ٢٠ ١٫٥

١٫٧٦ ٢٠ ٢٫٠
٤٠
١٫٥٨ ٣٠ ١٫٥

٢٫٠٧ ٣٠ ٢٫٠

٤٥ ٢٫٠٦ ٢٥ ٢٫٠

٢٫٠٧ ٢٠ ٢٫٠

٥٠ ٢٫٢٥ ٢٥ ٢٫٠

٢٫٣٩ ٣٠ ٢٫٠

٦٠ ٣٫٠٢ ٤٠ ٢٫٠

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

1. Stanley, W. Crawley & Robert, M. Dillon (1993), Steel Buildings, Analysis and Design,
4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2. Vazirani, V. N. & Ratwani, M. M. (1984), Steel Structures, Analysis. Design and

Deatails of Structures, Vol. III, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.

3. Edwin, H. Gaylord, Jr. , Charles, N. Gaylord & James, E. Stallmeyer (1992), Design of
Steel Structures, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

4. Russell C. Hibbeler (1995), Structural Analysis, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall International,
Inc.

5. Robert Englekirk (1994), Steel Structures, Controlling Behavior Through Design, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 K،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٨٦FK٦

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E ١٩٨٧ F    K٧
 K،

 K‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠٠١FK٨

- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢  
٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬K٨
١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬K٩
١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤  K١
٢٤  ‫א‬K٢
٢٨  ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K٣
٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬K٤
٣١  ‫א‬K٥
٣٤  ‫א‬K٦
٤٠  ‫א‬K٧
٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬K٨
٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩
٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١١
٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢

 ‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٧  
٥٨  ‫א‬
٥٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢
٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢
٦٢  ‫א‬ ٣J ٢
٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢
٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٢
٧٠  ‫א‬‫ א‬.3
٧٠  ‫א‬ ١J ٣
٧١  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
٧٢  ‫א‬ ٣J ٣
٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٣
٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٣
٧٨  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K٤
٧٩  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٢   K١
٨٣  ‫א‬ K٢
٨٤  K١{٢
٨٤  K٢{٢
٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
٨٧  ‫א‬K١{٣
٩٠  ‫א‬K٢{٣
٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٣
٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٣
٩٢  ‫א‬K٥{٣
 ‫א‬  ٢١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦{٣
٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
١٠٧  ‫א‬
١١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS