03 - UMTS Radio Path and Transmission - Emad

UMTS Radio Path and Transmission
2005 Nokia
V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials
Topics
Quick review of air interface technologies The WCDMA (Air/Uu) interface and its properties Radio resource management introduction (RRM Nokia Smart Radio Concept (optional topic) RNC Functions) Briefly about issues related to network planning (optional topic)
2005 Nokia
Module objectives
After completing this module, the participant should be able to: Explain the terms carrier, spreading, power, FDD, cell characteristics, channelisation code, and scrambling code. List and identify the structure of the UMTS air interface. The student should be capable of following a model and explaining what is happening to data at every phase in the Uu interface for the UMTS-FDD implementation. List and clearly explain the key functions and tasks in radio resource management (6 functions)
2005 Nokia
Radio path basics (review) f

f1 - Ch 1 Frequency f1 - Ch 2 1 - f1 - Ch 3 1 f1 - Ch 4 Channel f2 - Ch 1 Frequency f2 - Ch 2 2 - f2 - Ch 3 2 f2 - Ch 4 Channel f3 - Ch 1 Frequency f3 - Ch 2 3 - f3 - Ch 3 3 f3 - Ch 4 Channel f4 - Ch 1 Frequency f4 - Ch 2 4 - f4 - Ch 3 4 f4 - Ch 4 Channel Power (P) (spreading) codes Time FDMA - Frequencies are allocated one per user. TDMA - Several users share the same frequency, only divided by time.
Now, imagine if all the users shared the same frequency, at the same time. How do you determine the different users? By allocating each channel a unique code, known as the spreading code.
Frequency (f)
2005 Nokia
Basic WCDMA theory (review)

Originating Bit WCDMA Received Bit
Power
Frequency Band
Power
Spreading Factor
Power Power
Frequency Band
5 2005 Nokia V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials
+1
Frequency Band
Frequency Band
Variable slices are allocated (review)
Power Frequency
5MHz
High bit rate user Users Separated by Codes Time Low bit rate user
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IMT-2000 frequency allocations

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
ITU
IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
Mobile Satellite
GSM 1800
UMTS (FDD)
Europe
UMTS (FDD)
IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
Japan
PCS unlicensed
PCS
PCS
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Mobile Satellite
USA
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
PHS
Mobile Satellite
DECT
Mobile Satellite
UMTS-FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

t Bandwidth 5MHz Uplink Bandwidth 5MHz Downlink
f Separation 190MHz t
UMTS-TDD (Time Division Duplex)

Bandwidth 5MHz Downlink
Guard Period
Uplink f
2005 Nokia
Basic WCDMA terminology

3.84 MHz
f 5 MHz
WCDMA Carrier (in one direction)

Frequency
Time DS = Direct Sequence
CDMA Sequencing Principles

WCDMA frame structure
Middlepoint of WCDMA Carrier WCDMA Frame 10 ms t
15 slots, each of them 2/3 ms
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2005 Nokia
Air interface structure

The specifications define the UE actions SMS SMS The user data is coded, depending on the application
1 2 3
The signal is now scrambled
Signalling
Data Different channels carry different information
Channel Coding Channels Radio Framing Spreading & Channelisation Scrambling
Data is coded, framed, spread and channelised
4
The UE uses a special receiver to RAKE through the air interface
Modulation RAKE Tx
The signal is modulated on a frequency to represent binary values
Air interface
5
Simplified structure of air interface
Call set-up, SMS, etc. messages Signalling
Voice, video and other user data Data
Modulation RAKE
Tx
Air Interface
Channel coding, rate matching

1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional channel coding and turbo coding will be implemented. Rate matching is used to "fit" the data bit rate so that it corresponds to the pre-defined fixed bit rates of the air interface. Also puncturing can be used.
Baseband data (n kb/s)
- Convolutional coding - Interleaving
Rate Matching
- 30 kb/s - 60 kb/s - 120 kb/s - 240 kb/s - 480 kb/s - 960 kb/s
Simplified structure of air interface
Call set-up, SMS, etc. messages Signalling
Voice, video and other user data Data
Modulation RAKE
Tx
Air Interface
Channelisation and scrambling

Channelisation Code Scrambling Code
Data
Bit rate Chip rate Chip rate
Data (Baseband, Channel Coded & Rate-Matched)

Data is Spread...
Downlink Example
ch,4,0=(1,1, 1, 1) ch,2,0 = (1,1) ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) ch,1,0= (1) ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) ch,2,1 = (1,-1) ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
by a certain factor. The channelisation code is selected based upon how much the data is spread
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
Spread and Combined with Channelisation Code

Channelisation code tree

ch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) ch,2,0 = (1,1) ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) ch,1,0 = (1) ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) ch,2,1 = (1,-1) ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
WCDMA terminology - Chips & Symbols

Symbols (In this drawing, 1 Symbol = 8 Chips)
Rate matched baseband Data
+1 -1
Chip
Chip
+1 -1
Code
Data x Code Scrambling
+1 -1
Uu
Code
Despreading
+1 -1
Data
+1 -1
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Spreading Factor = Processing Gain
Gp =
BUu System Chip Rate = = Spreading Factor BBearer Bearer Bit Rate
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Where are codes used?

Dedicated User Channel
C all se t-up, SMS etc. mess age s Signalling
V oice , video an d oth er us er da ta Data
C hannel Coding C hannels Radio F raming Sprea ding & Channelisation Sc ramblin g
Modu lation RAKE Tx A ir interfac e
In the Uplink (UE BTS), the user's data and signalling information is separated by Channelisation Codes In the Downlink (BTSUE), cells are seperated by Scrambling Codes In the Downlink (BTS UE), user connections are separated by Channelisation Codes In the Uplink (UE BTS), terminals are separated by Scrambling Codes
signalling data
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Channelisation and scrambling codes
Channelisation code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data and control channels from the same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink dedicated user channels Length Number of codes Variable (depends on the user allocation) Depends on the spreading factor (SF)
Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of terminals Downlink: Separation of sectors (cell)
Fixed Uplink: Several millions Downlink: 512
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Modulation
BTS UE QPSK Data QPSK Rx Tx Data
Bit combinations in Radio Path: '10' 135 '00' 45
'11' 225
'01' 315
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Channel Organisation in UMTS UE Node B
RNC
Logical channels content is organised in separate channels, e.g. user data, paging information, radio link control information
Transport channels logical channel information has to be organised (e.g. in time) before it is physically transmitted Physical channels (frequency band & spreading code)
Frames transmission organised based via the Iub interface
Channels DS-WCDMA-FDD
Downlink
BCCH PCCH CCCH CTCH DCCH DTCH CCCH
Uplink
DTCH DCCH
Logical Channels
BCH
PCH
FACH
DCH
DSCH
RACH
DCH
CPCH
Transport Channels
CCPCH-1
CCPCH-2
DPCH PDSCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
PRACH DPDCH DPCCH PCPCH
Physical Channels
CCPCH-1 : Primary Common Control Physical Channel CCPCH-2 : Secondary Common Control Physical Channel DPDCH/DPCCH : Dedicated Physical Data/Control Channel PDSCH : Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PRACH : Physical Random Access Channel PCPCH : Physical Common Packet Channel
Channels DS-WCDMA-FDD
Downlink Logical Channels
No Logical and Transport Channels
Transport Channels
SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
Physical Channels
SCH : Synchronisation Channel CPICH : Common Pilot Channel AICH : Acquisition Indication Channel PICH : Paging Indication Channel
FDD-mode: Logical and Transport Channel DL

Logical Channels (content) BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel, (system information)
Transport Channels BCH

Broadcast Channel,
PCCH
Paging Control Channel (paging & notification)
PCH
Paging Channel
CCCH
Common Control Channel (control information without RRC connection)
FACH
Forward Access Channel
common transport channels
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel (power control, TFI, etc.)
DSCH
Downlink Shared Channel
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel (user data)
DCH
Dedicated Channel
dedicated transport channels
FDD-mode: Logical and Transport Channel UL

Logical Channels (content) CCCH
Common Control Channel (control information without RRC connection)
Transport Channels RACH

Random AccessChannel
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel (power control, TFI, etc.)
CPCH
Common Packet Channel
common transport channels
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel (user data)
DCH
Dedicated Channel
dedicated transport channels
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FDD-mode: Physical Channel DL RNC Node B
SCH-1
Primary Synchronisation Channel (chip & timeslot synchronisation)
how to get synchronised ?
SCH-2
Secondary Synchronisation Channel (frame and scrambling class synchronisation)
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel (for power measurement and scrambling code determination; channelisation code is CCH,256,0)
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Scrambling Code group into Code sets
Primary Scrambling Code

Channelisation Code Set (256 Codes)
Primary Scrambling Code

Secondary Scrambling Code #1






- 512 Code Sets x 16 Scrambling Codes = 8192 Codes numbered from 0 ... 8191 available
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FDD-mode: Physical Channel DL RNC

BCCH BCH
Node B
CCPCH-1
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (UE knows scrambling code from CPICH, channelisation code always CCH,256,1, system information)
how to get system information?
PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH
PCH FACH
CCPCH-2
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (for paging and notification; channelisation code delivered as system information)
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2005 Nokia
FDD-mode: Physical Channel RNC Node B

reamble PRACH P reamble PRACH P AICH art essage P PRACH M
how to make the first contact?
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
CCCH DCCH DTCH

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RACH
AICH
Acquisition Indication Channel
Example of channel usage

SMS SMS
Downlink
SCH BCCH PCCH CTCH CCCH DCCH DTCH CCCH
Uplink
DTCH DCCH
Logical Channels
SCH
BCH
PCH
FACH
DCH
DSCH
RACH
DCH
CPCH
Transport Channels
SCH1/2 CCPCH-1 CCPCH-2
DPCH PDSCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
PRACH DPDCH DPCCH PCPCH
Physical Channels
User Data to Network User Data to Terminal Signalling to Network Signalling to Terminal
Receiving signals at the UE
UE listening to several BTS's
Attached BTS
Path of user
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2005 Nokia
Simplified diagram of the RAKE Receiver
Cell-x Rx Cell-x Rx Cell-x Rx Cell-y Rx t Code used for the connection Delay Delay Delay Finger Finger Finger Output Finger
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Radio Resource Control (RRC) states
Connected Mode Idle mode

Cell DCH Cell FACH URA PCH Cell PCH
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Management of channels in RRC

1. Logical Channels
RRC signalling RLC
CS RAB (speech)
PS RAB (data) Iu
Segmentation Retransmission across the air Ciphering of NRT data Buffering
RLC
RLC
MAC MAC for Common Channels
Iub/Iur
2. Transport channels
Selection of the data to be inserted in the Radio Frame Selection of common or dedicated channels Multiplexing of logical channels into same transport channels Ciphering for RT
L1
RLC: Radio Link Control MAC: Medium Access Control
3. Physical Channel(s) (Radio)

Radio Resource Management

Iub I n t e r f a c e U n i t s Control Units I n t e r f a c e O&M Interface U n i t s Iu
to/from the BSs
(Wideband) Switching
to/from Core Network
Iur
to/from other RNCs
to/from Network Management
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2005 Nokia

It is responsible for utilisation of the air interface It is needed to guarantee QoS, to maintain the planned coverage area and to offer high capacity.
Management of Traffic
Network Based function (Cell Resource Management)
LC RM
PS AC
network based functions
Load Control (LC) Admission Control (AC) Packet Scheduler (PS) Resource Manager (RM) Power Control (PC) Handover Control (HC)
Connection Based function
PC HC
connection based functions
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2005 Nokia
Trainer comment The RRM deals with means of establishing, maintaining, balancing, modifying, and releasing the basic means of communication on the radio interface and through the RAN. It provides procedures during system information broadcasting, connection establishment, connected session, and connection release session. It is needed to guarantee QoS, to maintain the planned coverage area and to offer high capacity. In addition, the RRM performs actions to prevent the overloading of the radio network according to the interference measurements. To be more specific, we can list the following functions: Cell resource management functions (LC, AC, PS, RM) HC and PC
RRM Function in Brief

1. Admission Control
Admit or reject request of Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Ensure the system is not overloaded and remains stable Ensure availability of air interface and select Transport Channel for packet data Keep interference level minimum and maintain QoS Code management for Channelisation code and Scrambling code Handover action
2. Load Control 3. Packet Scheduler 4. Power Control

5. Resource Manager 6. Handover Control
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2005 Nokia
1. Admission Control (AC) Admit or reject request of Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
SIR - Allowed Range Admission Control
fa er Int Uu
h idt dw n a eB
Interference Margin (dB) and Load Factor 25
Interference Margin (dB)
Radio Access Bearers in Uu Interface
20 15 10 5 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 I = 10 Log 1 Load _ Factor
Load Factor
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2005 Nokia
Uplink Admission Control

UL interference power
Defines the limit (the first UL overload threshold) for the UL interference power, after which the BTS starts its load control actions to prevent overload.
Marginal load area Prx_offset
Prx_target_BS Prx_target TRHO_threshold
planned uplink interference power

Planned load area
Load
Prx_target defines the optimal operating point of the cell interfernce power, up to which the
Admission Control of the RNC can operate.
2. Load Control (LC)

The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell and prevent overload situation. Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC), which updates the load status of the cell based on resource measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.
Load change info Load status
AC
LC
NRT load
PS
The restriction of CDMA system is interference
The further away users are connected The more users that are connected
The more transmission power is required to achieve certain quality
Finally the capacity is filled
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Capacity
The traffic can be divided into two groups: Real Time (RT) and Non-Real Time (NRT). Thus some slide of capacity must be reserved for the RT traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time.
Overload Load Target
Overload Margin Estimated capacity for NRT traffic.
Power
Measured load caused by non-controllable load
Time
Load Control Description

Load Control's (LC) task is to make sure that the system is not overloaded and remains stable. LC can be divided into two functions:
1. Preventive control = Guards the system from overload. 2. Overload control = Returns the system from a overload state to normal state in a fast and controlled way.
Since interference is the main resource criteria for CDMA, the load control measures:
UL total received wideband interference power DL total transmission power Periodically under one RNC on cell basis.
Radio Resource Manager (RRM) acts according to these measurements and parameters set by Radio Network Planning.
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Relation of AC, PS and LC

Power
Admission Control
Load Control
Packet Schedule
Threshold Offset Target
Overload action Not admits new bearer Not admits new bearer Admits RT normally Load Load preventive No Action No Action
Decrease NRT bit rate and Drop Decrease NRT bit rate Not Increase NRT bearer Increase amount of NRT bearer
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How does the packet scheduling work during a soft handover? Let us assume that there are three cells in the active set. There is now one UE specific part, but three cell specific PSs interacting with each other. The scheduling procedure is mostly the same as in the single cell case, except that now all three cell specific parts generate independent responses to the capacity request from the UE specific PS. In this case the lowest scheduled bit rate of the three is selected. This may require the downlink spreading codes to be reallocated in some cells in the active set; and, for this purpose, an additional requestresponse round is needed. A key point to remember here is that cell specific parts of the PS function as independent entities.
3. Packet Scheduler (PS)

Ensure availability of Air Interface capacity for all packet data users Select which transport channel is used for the packet data transmission ( I.e. Common Ch, Dedicated Ch, Shared Ch, Common Packet Ch)
packet service session packet call
time reading time
packet size
packet arrival interval
4. Power control (PC)

1. UL Open loop PC 2. Fast closed loop PC 3. Outer loop PC ( For Initial Tx power of UE) (DCH; DL UE, UL BTS) (DCH; DL UE, UL RNC)
BTS RNC
Without Power Control system, Cell capacity will decrease.
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access) Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
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UL Outer Loop PC during Soft Handover
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5. Resource Management (RM)

Code Management
Downlink Channelisation - Allocate Code Code - Re-arrange of
the code tree
Uplink
Assign UL Code to UE Assign UL Code to UE
Scrambling Code
Cell ID allocated by O&M
1. Scram bling codes
SUB S1
CELL 1
SUB S2
CELL 2
CELL 3
2. Channelisation cod es
full code set / cell
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Tree of Channelisation Code in downlink

Hierarchical selection of short codes from a "code tree" to maintain orthogonality. Several long scrambling codes can be used within one sector to avoid shortage of short codes.
C8(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] C4(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 ] C8(1) = [ 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ] C8(2) = [ 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ] C4(1) = [ 1 1 0 0 ] C8(3) = [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] C8(4) = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ] C4(2) = [ 1 0 1 0 ] C2(1) = [ 1 0 ] C8(5) = [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ] C8(6) = [ 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ] C4(3) = [ 1 0 0 1 ] Spreading factor: SF = 1
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... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Example of code allocation
C2(0) = [ 1 1 ]
C1(0) = [ 1 ]
C8(7) = [ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ] SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
6. Handover Control (HC)

BTS
Frequency f1
BTS
Frequency f1
Multipath Signal through Sector 1
Sector 1 f1
BTS Sector 2
f1
Sector 3 f1
Multipath Signal through Sector 3
Soft Handover
BTS
WCDMA
BTS
RNC
GSM900/1800
Softer Handover
Iur
RNC
BTS
Frequency f1
BTS
Frequency f2
Inter-System Handover
Iub
Iub
BTS
Frequency f1
4
BTS
Frequency f1
Hard/Inter-Frequency Handover
Handover types
BSC MSC Inter-System GSM900/1800
RNC CN
Intra-System
WCDMA FDD Inter-System
WCDMA TDD
Active Set and Soft Handovers
CN
RNC
selection /
duplication frame
info liability frame re
fra
me
rel iab ilit
yi nf o
1) Connection to BS1 2) Add BS2
4) Connection to BS2 3) Drop BS1
Active Set is list of cell(s) that UE has connection to network. Maximum 3 cells / active set
Soft handover window
BS1
BS2
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Handover control
Procedure: Measurement Reports Functional Split: Created & collected by the UE and the BTS
Measurement Phase
- Signal Strength - Quality - Interference Handover Algorithm: Criteria fulfilled? YES
NO
Decision Phase
Investigated by the RNC
- Activate new BTS - Update Active Set
Execution Phase
Commanded by the RNC, performed by the UE
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Iur-Interface & Soft Handover

I can be connected to several cells Node B simultaneously
Iub Node B Iur Uu Node B Iub Node B RNC Iu-PS 3G SGSN RNC
UTRAN
(RNS)
CN (Core Network)
3G MSC/VLR
circuit switched (cs) domain
Iu-CS
Uu UE
Duplication of DL traffic, selection of UL traffic
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
packet switched (ps) domain
RNC UE
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Radio Network Controller User Equipment = Mobile Equipment (ME) + UMTS SIM (USIM)
Micro Diversity Combining

Uplink Direction
BTS
(Micro) Diversity Point
BTS Receiver (RAKE)
Same signal propagating different ways in the Radio Path
Summed signal
Sum up of received signals at BTS by RAKE receiver

Macro Diversity Combining (MDC) RNC

Active Set
BTS
RNC evaluates the frames from all BTSs and choose the best one send to CN
Macro Diversity Point
BTS
RNC
Core Network
BTS
RNC
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Intersystem handover from GSM

UE GSM BSS MSC UTRAN Node B
GSM BCCH or SACHH System information
GSM900/1800
GSM SACHH Measurement Report Resource Reservation Resource Reservation acknowledge and Handover command GSM DCCH Inter-system Handover command DCCH/DCH Handover to UTRAN complete Release resources
Intersystem handover from UTRAN

UE UTRAN Node B
BCCH system information or DCCH measurement control
GSM900/1800
RNC
MSC
GSM BSS
DCCH/DCH measurement report Resource Reservation Resource Reservation acknowledge and Handover command DCCH Inter-system Handover command GSM DCCH Handover Access Release resources
Differences between WCDMA and GSM

High bit rates
W CDM A Carrier spacing 5 M Hz 1 1500 H z Radio resource m anagem ent algorithm s 5 M H z bandw idth gives m ultipath diversity w ith Rake receiver Load-based packet scheduling Supported for im proving dow nlink capacity G SM 200 kH z 118 2 H z or low er N etw ork planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping
Spectral efficiency
Frequency reuse factor Pow er control frequency
Different quality requirements Efficient packet data
Q uality control Frequency diversity
Packet data D ow nlink transm it diversity
Tim e slot based scheduling w ith G PR S N ot supported by the standard, but can be applied
Downlink capacity
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UMTS & GSM network planning (Optional Topic)
GSM900/1800:
3G (WCDMA):
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Characteristic of a cell
Cell Breathing
is phenomenon of cell shrink when more capacity is apply to the cell
Common Channels
Dedicated Channels
Coverage and capacity are related. The more capacity used, the cell shrinks. This is known as cell breathing.
Coverage & Capacity
128 kbps
144 kbps
'Cell breathing'
64 kbps
144 kbps
f1 144 kbps
f1
64 kbps
8 kbps
64 kbps
The size of cell varies according the traffic load
64 kbps 64 kbps
Low load 200 kbps -> large coverage
High load 800 kbps smaller coverage
Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell. More traffic means more interference cell breathing
WCDMA Cell Coverage

Factors affecting cell size include: Frequency band - 2000MHz much higher than GSM networks. Traffic types - WCDMA user data rates drop off as the user moves further away from the Node B User levels - Demand for mobile services will increase, leading to much greater user densities
Area type Dense Urban Speech 92 144 kb/s NRT 85 GSM1800 speech 85 Cell range 1
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Voice and Slow Data Users
Fast Data Users
Urban Suburb Rural 93 85 85 1.6 95 85 85 2.3 95 85 85 5.2 % % % km
average projected coverage
Processing gain
Voice user (12,2 kbit/s)
R
Unspread narrowband signal Power density (W/Hz) Processing Gain G=W/R=25 dB Spread wideband signal
(User data rate) x (spreading ratio)= const.=W=3,84 Mcps
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (384 kbit/s)

R
Spreading sequences of different length Processing gain is dependent on the user data rate
Processing Gain G=W/R=10 dB
Power density (W/Hz)
Unspread "narrowband" signal
Spread wideband signal Frequency (Hz)
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Different UMTS cells and BTS

1 - 10 km
F3 F2 F2 F3
200 - 500 m 50 - 100 m
F1
Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
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Power control in network planning (Near-Far example)

S
BS
MS2 MS1
If the power of MS1 is not properly controlled it will jam the weaker signal of MS2.
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Physical layer bit rates (Downlink)

Spreading factor Channel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880 Channel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760 DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616 Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 128 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes
The number of orthogonal channelisation codes = Spreading factor The maximum throughput with 1 scrambling code ~2.5 Mbps or ~100 full rate speech users
Uplink coverage of different bit rates
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RNC capacity planning

Circuit Switched Traffic: Erlangs [Kbit/s]
BS Data Traffic: Kbit/s /Cell & Code Channel Amount
RNC
Concentration Packet Switched Traffic: BS Speech Traffic: Kbit/s /Cell & Code Channel Amount Kbit/s
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Smart Radio Concept (SRC)

Beam steering: optimal baseband combining of 4 uplink signals forms the beam can utilise both space and polarisation diversity estimated uplink improvement is 6 dB compared to single antenna operation
WCDMA Receiver
Combined received signal
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Increase uplink coverage by SRC

Coverage
Downlink
Estimated average gain 2.5-3.5 dB compared to 2-way diversity
Uplink
UPLINK relate to Coverage

Capacity
Parameters :
Uplink: Bit rate 144 kbps Eb/N0 = 1.5 dB Base station noise figure = 4.0 dB i=0.65 (3-sector macro) Antenna gain 18.0 DBE No cable loss = MHA used Fast fading margin = 4.0 dB + Soft handover gain = 2.0 dB 30% loading -> Interference margin = 1.5 dB Max. path loss = 154.4 dB with SRC and 156.9 dB with SRC Downlink Eb/N0 = 5.5 dB Mobile station noise figure = 8.0 dB i=0.65 Orthogonality = 0.60 Base station antenna gain 18.0 DBE Mobile antenna gain 2.0 DBE Cable loss = 4.0 dB Max./average path loss = 6 dB Soft handover overhead = 40%, Soft handover gain = 2.5 dB
Using downlink diversity
Open loop
Closed loop
No feedback, time switched transmission
Feedback used for phasing transmitted signals beam steering
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Parameters :
Uplink: Bit rate 144 kbps Eb/N0 = 1.5 dB Base station noise figure = 4.0 dB i=0.65 (3-sector macro) Antenna gain 18.0 DBE No cable loss = MHA used Fast fading margin = 4.0 dB + Soft handover gain = 2.0 dB 30% loading -> Interference margin = 1.5 dB Max. path loss = 154.4 dB with SRC and 156.9 dB with SRC Downlink Eb/N0 = 5.5 dB Mobile station noise figure = 8.0 dB i=0.65 Orthogonality = 0.60 Base station antenna gain 18.0 DBE Mobile antenna gain 2.0 DBE Cable loss = 4.0 dB Max./average path loss = 6 dB Soft handover overhead = 40%, Soft handover gain = 2.5 dB
Estimated achieved gain

Coverage
Downlink
Estimated capacity gain as high as 75%
Uplink
DOWNLINK relate to Capacity

Capacity
3G-UMTS Radio Path & Transmission Key Points 1

UMTS FDD & TDD WCDMA Carrier 5 MHz (3,84 MHz) Direct Sequencing Codes: Channelisation Code:
Spreading Separation of user connections Scrambling Code: Separation of users (UL) Separation of cells (DL)
SF= Spreading Factor

If SF=low => Bit Rate=high + Power=high If SF=high => Bit Rate=low + Power=low
3 layers of channels: Logical, Transport & Physical
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2005 Nokia
3G-UMTS Radio Path & Transmission Key Points 2

Receiver in UE and BS: Antimultipath RAKE receiver Radio Resource Management in RNC:
Packet Scheduler => For NRT traffic Admission Control => Load target Power Control => Open Loop, Closed Loop & Outer Loop Load Control => Load target, Interference level Resource Management =>Code Allocation Handover Control and Macro Diversity => Soft, Softer, Hard & Inter System
Cell Breathing:
Cell capacity and coverage are related.
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3G/UMTS Radio Path & Transmission
Review Questions
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2005 Nokia
Review (1/8)
1. In UMTS, there are two methods used for transport through the air interface. The first is UMTS-FDD. What is the second one?
a. TDD, Time Doubled Division b. CDD, Code Division Duplex c. TDD, Time Division Duplex d. CDD, Code Divided Data
2. Which of the following sentences best describes the phenomenon called cell breathing?
a. When more capacity is used, the cell spreads in size. b. When more capacity is used, the cell shrinks in size. c. The cell will adjust its size in line with the furthest users. For example, if the user is 5 km away, the cell is 5 km. If the user is 2 km away, the cell is 2 km. d. Cell breathing is the height of the cell: from 2 - 3 km towards the atmosphere.
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2005 Nokia
Review (2/8)
3. There are two types of codes used in WCDMA. These are the channelisation and scrambling codes. Why are the scrambling codes used?
a. To separate downlink physical channels in a cell. b. To separate user data and signalling in the network. c. As security to check if the User Equipment (UE) is not stolen. d. To separate different cells in the downlink direction.
4. In UMTS, there are three layers of channels (logical, transport and physical). Which of the following is not a physical channel?
a. BCCH b. CCPCH c. DPCH d. DPDCH
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2005 Nokia
Review (3/8)
5. Which of the following statements about channelisation is true? a. The lower the bit rate, the more data can be spread. b. Before spreading, an error-protection code needs to be added to the baseband data to ensure a safe path through the air interface. c. The channelisation code is added as part of the spreading function. d. The channelisation code depends on the spreading factor used. e. All of the above. 6. What type of modulation is used in UMTS? a. GMSK b. QPSK c. 8PSK d. BPSK
Review (4/8)
7. For which of following tasks is the RAKE receiver not responsible? a. Multipath Propagation Delay b. Listening to surrounding BTSs c. Channel coding d. Speech coding 8. Which of the following is a true statement about Admission Control? a. The UEs handle resource allocation. b. The RNC makes the decision of resource allocation, based upon interference. c. The RNC will not limit the number of the users on a cell. d. As more users are allocated a code, the load on a cell remains the same.
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2005 Nokia
Review (5/8)
9. The RNC is responsible for the allocation of codes. Which of the following sentences (only one) is true? a. Each cell has a scrambling code that acts like a cell ID. b. Channelisation codes are dependent upon the subscribers' identity. c. Scrambling codes are generated randomly. d. Scrambling codes are used in channelisation. 10. When a mobile is in idle mode, which of the following power controls is used? a. Closed loop power control b. Outer loop power control c. Internal loop power control d. Open loop power control
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2005 Nokia
Review (6/8)
11. Select the right handover type.
1. Soft 4. Inter-system 2. Softer 5. Not possible 3. Hard
a. Sector 1 to Sector 2 (same BTS) b. BTS x to BTS y c. RNC to RNC with Iur interface d. RNC to RNC with no Iur interface e. UMTS-FDD to UMTS-TDD f. WCDMA to GSM g. WCDMA to IS-95
2 1 1 3 4 4 5
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2005 Nokia
Review (7/8)
12. What is the difference between micro and macro diversity?
a. There is no difference. b. Micro diversity is the combination of signals between the BTS and the UE, whereas macro diversity is the combination of signals from many BTSs in the RNC. c. Macro diversity is the combination of signals between the BTS and the UE, whereas micro diversity is the combination of signals from many BTSs in the RNC. d. Macro and micro diversity are UE-specific functions.
13. In WCDMA, what is meant by the active set?

a. A group of UEs. b. A group of active RNCs. c. A group of cells communicating with a UE. d. It is the same as a location area.
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2005 Nokia
Review (8/8)
14. Which of the following sentences is true about WCDMA radio network planning?
a. Capacity is linked to the number of time slots. b. Power should be as high as possible to ensure good quality. c. Coverage and capacity are linked. d. The size of a cell remains constant.
15. When planning the Iub Interface in UMTS, which of the following sentences true? a. Cellular transmission is based upon ATM. b. GSM and UMTS sites cannot be co-located. c. Radio links cannot be used to connect BTS together. d. It is easy to plan the capacity requirements.
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2005 Nokia

03 - UMTS Radio Path and Transmission - Emad

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UMTS Radio Path and Transmission

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Radio path basics (review) f

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Basic WCDMA theory (review)

Variable slices are allocated (review)

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

UMTS-FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

UMTS-TDD (Time Division Duplex)

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Basic WCDMA terminology

WCDMA Carrier (in one direction)

Time DS = Direct Sequence

CDMA Sequencing Principles

WCDMA frame structure

Middlepoint of WCDMA Carrier WCDMA Frame 10 ms t

15 slots, each of them 2/3 ms

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Air interface structure

Data Different channels carry different information

Channel Coding Channels Radio Framing Spreading & Channelisation Scrambling

Data is coded, framed, spread and channelised

The signal is modulated on a frequency to represent binary values

Simplified structure of air interface

Call set-up, SMS, etc. messages Signalling

Voice, video and other user data Data

Channel Coding Channels Radio Framing Spreading & Channelisation Scrambling

Channel coding, rate matching

Baseband data (n kb/s)

- Convolutional coding - Interleaving

Simplified structure of air interface

Call set-up, SMS, etc. messages Signalling

Voice, video and other user data Data

Channel Coding Channels Radio Framing Spreading & Channelisation Scrambling

Channelisation and scrambling

Data (Baseband, Channel Coded & Rate-Matched)

Spread and Combined with Channelisation Code

Channelisation code tree

WCDMA terminology - Chips & Symbols

Data x Code Scrambling

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Spreading Factor = Processing Gain

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Where are codes used?

C all se t-up, SMS etc. mess age s Signalling

V oice , video an d oth er us er da ta Data

Modu lation RAKE Tx A ir interfac e

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Channelisation and scrambling codes

Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of terminals Downlink: Separation of sectors (cell)

Fixed Uplink: Several millions Downlink: 512

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

BTS UE QPSK Data QPSK Rx Tx Data

Bit combinations in Radio Path: '10' 135 '00' 45

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

Channel Organisation in UMTS UE Node B

Frames transmission organised based via the Iub interface

DPCH PDSCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)