Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.

mcd

Torsion and bending

Page 1 of 9

Bending and torsion of beam with asymmetric thin-walled cross section z

b l := 42 mm b t := 38 mm h := 98 mm c := 18.5 mm t0 := 2.5 mm Length Material Load, characteristic value L := 2800 mm 5052 - H18 q := 0.8 kN m
1

kN 1000 N
6

Section

MPa 10 Pa

bt 3 5 4 c
2

M1 := 1.1

fo := 240 N mm

at center of bottom flange

q
c 0 2 bl 1

Nodes, coordinates and thickness

0 1 2 i := 3 4 5

bl bl 0 y := 0 bt b t

c 0 0 z := h h h

t := t0
i

L
100

0 80

Comment 1: Local buckling is checked after stress calculations Comment 2: The following expressions are applicable to open cross sections. Nodes Area of cross section elements Cross section area i := 1 .. rows( y) 1 dA := t
i i z mm 40

60

( yi yi1) + (zi zi1)

2 2

rows( y) 1

20

A :=

dA

A = 537.5 mm

2 0 0

i= 1

First moment of area, gravity center

rows( y) 1

S y :=

i= 1

(i

z +z

i 1

dA 2

zgc :=

Sy A

20 y mm

40

60

rows( y) 1 Second moment of Iy := area of effective i= 1 cross section

z 2 + z 2 + z z i i i 1 3 ( i) ( i1)
y + y
i i 1)

dA

zgc = 48.088 mm Iy := Iy A zgc Sz A

2

First moment of area, gravity center

rows( y) 1

S z :=

i= 1

dA 2

ygc :=

ygc = 14.344 mm

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd
rows( y) 1

Torsion and bending

Page 2 of 9

Second moment of area Second moment of area Principal axis

Iz :=

i= 1

y 2 + y 2 + y y i i i 1 3 ( i) ( i1)
2 y z + 2 y z + y
i i

dA

Iz := Iz A ygc

rows( y) 1

Iyz :=

2 Iyz 2 Iz Iy 1 2 2 I := Iy + Iz + ( Iz Iy) + 4 Iyz 2 1 2 2 I := Iy + Iz ( Iz Iy) + 4 Iyz 2

:= if ( Iz Iy) = 0 mm , 0 , atan
4

i= 1

i 1 i 1

i 1 i

z + y z

i i 1

dA 6

Iyz := Iyz

S y S z A

180

= 1.678

Sectorial coordinates mean = mean of sectorial coordinates Sectorial constant Sectorial constant Sectorial constant

0 := 0 mm
I :=

0 := y
i

i 1 i

z y z dA 2
i

i i 1

i := i1 + 0 i mean :=
dA 6
i

rows( y) 1

( i1 + i)
2 y

I A S z I A S y I A I
2

i= 1 rows( y) 1

Iy :=

i= 1 rows( y) 1

( (
i= 1

i 1

i 1 + 2 y i + y
i

i 1

i + y i 1
i

Iy := Iy

Iz :=

2 i1 z

i 1

+ 2 i z + i 1 z + i z
i i

i 1

i= 1 rows( y) 1

dA 6

Iz := Iz

I :=

( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + i i 1 i i 1 i 3
zsc := Iy Iy + Iz Iyz Iy Iz Iyz
2

dA

I := I

Shear center Warping constant Torsion constant

ysc :=

Iz Iz Iy Iyz Iy Iz Iyz
2

ysc = 21.774 mm zsc = 43.649 mm

i

Iw := I + zsc Iy ysc Iz
rows( y) 1

It :=

i= 1

(ti) dA
i

to := if t > 0 mm , t , 100 mm
i

(i

Iw = 3.642 10 mm It = 1.12 10 mm Wt = 447.917 mm

3 3 4

Wt :=

min ( to)

It

Sectorial i := 0 .. rows( y) 1 coordinate with respect s := i mean + zsc y ygc ysc z zgc mi := min s i i i to shear center 3 2 max := if mi > ma , mi , ma max = 2.064 10 mm

( )

ma := max( s)
Ww := Iw

max

Sectorial moment for the elements

i := 1 .. rows( y) 1 S :=
i

( s
j= 1

+ s dA j j 1

0.0 129.2 106.0 4 S = 1000 mm 125.7 139.8 0.0

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd
A = 537.5 mm Gravity center
2

Torsion and bending

Page 3 of 9
i := 1 .. rows( y) 1

ygc = 14.344 mm zgc = 48.088 mm

120

Shear center

ysc = 21.774 mm zsc = 43.649 mm

100

Second moment of area

Iy = 8.246 10 mm Iz = 1.452 10 mm
4 5

4 4 4

80

Iyz = 1.993 10 mm Torsion constants It = 1.12 10 mm Wt = 447.917 mm Warping constants

8 3 3 4

60

40

Iw = 3.642 10 mm
5

6 4 2

20

Ww = 1.764 10 mm
3

max = 2.064 10 mm
Principal axis

= 1.678 deg
I = 8.252 10 mm
5 5 4 4 20 40 20 0 20 40 60 80

I = 1.447 10 mm

Comment: If the load is acting below the shear center (the point) there is no torsional moment acting on the beam.

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd

Torsion and bending

120

Page 4 of 9

Sectorial coordinate with respect to shear center 0

100

1 2 i= 3 4 5

0.806 s 1.027 i = 1.107 2 mm 1000 0.958 2.064

1.986

80

60

40

20

L
0

Torsion
Serviceability limit state Say Load

1 := 0.6
q SLS := q 1 q SLS = 0.48 kN m

20

20

20

40

60

80

sectorial co-ordinate cross section

Span Torsion moment From handbook

L = 2800 mm me := q SLS ysc + 0.5 y

)
1

me = 0.0205 kN

E := 70000 MPa

G := 27000 MPa

:= :=

L 2

G It E Iw

= 1.525
1 +

cosh( ) 5
4

24

= 0.513

Angle of rotation

3 :=

5 me L

384 E Iw

3 = 0.331 rad

3 = 18.96 deg

Ultimate limit state Bi-moment Warping stress St Venant shear force St Venant shear stress B3 :=

F := 1.5 F me L 1 8
B3 Iw s
i

G It

F 1

B3 = 0.0253 kN m

w :=
i

:=

sv :=

( tanh( ) )

Tsv :=

F me L 2 1 2
3

Tsv = 0.029 kN m

Tsv max( t) It

sv = 64.7 MPa
aluMATTER 2007-08-27

Torsten Hglund

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd

Torsion and bending

Page 5 of 9

Rotation of cross section

Rotation around Ro := origin of coordinates

cos( 3) sin( 3) sin( 3) cos( 3)

yri y := Ro i zr zi i

100

50

0 0

50

50

50

100

Cross section Rotated cross section

Displacement of shear center Rotation of cross section around shear center

ys := Ro ysc zs zsc yri := zr i

100

ys = 6.4 mm zs 48.4

ysc 21.8 = mm zsc 43.6 0.86 18.35 zr 4.71 = mm 87.98 75.63 58.13

yri ys + ysc zr zs + zsc i

30.37 24.36 yr 15.36 = mm 16.48 52.42 46.41

50

0 0

50

50

50

100

Cross section Rotated cross section

The rotation is not acceptable in the serviceability limit state. Increase the thickness or change shape of cross section.

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd

Torsion and bending

Page 6 of 9
q

Deflection due to biaxial bending

Loads Principal axis load q z := 1 q q y := 0 kN m
1

cos( ) sin( ) R := sin( ) cos( ) q Deflection in 4 v principal axis 5 L I := direction v 384 E q I Deflection in vy T v vertical and := R horizontal direction vz v

q qy := R q qz v 0.19 = mm v 37.92 vy 0.92 = mm vz 37.91

qy 0 1 = kN m 0.48 q z q 0.014 1 = kN m 0.48 q

qz

vz = 37.9 mm

vz

v vy v

Vertical deflection due to torsion

vt := 3 0.5 y ysc
1

vt = 14.2 mm

Resulting deflection
The deflection should not be larger than Translation of cross section

v := vt + vz L 200 = 14.0 mm

v = 52.1 mm Not acceptable

yri := zr i

yr i vy zr vz i

100

80

60

40

20 0 0

20

40

60

20

20

40

60

Cross section Deflected cross section

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd

Torsion and bending

Page 7 of 9

Stresses of biaxial bending

Bending moment My := F q L
2

Mz := 0 kN m

My 1.176 = kN m Mz 0 M 1.175 = kN m M 0.034 ygc ygc := R zgc zgc

Principal axis bending Rotation of coordinate system

R :=

cos( ) sin( ) ( ) sin cos( )

M My := R M Mz yi y := R i zi zi

i := 0 .. rows( y) 1

Bending stresses

:=
i

M z zgc i I

:=
i

M y ygc i I

Sum of warping and bending stresses

Sum of stresses Max stresses

:= + + w max := if ( mi > ma , mi , ma)

mi := min ( ) max = 145 MPa

ma := max( )

Principal axis

100

sum := augment( w , , , ) w
43 70 68

80

6 4

60

40

0 1 2 i= 3 4 5

138 56 sum 71 = 77 MPa 67 143

6 101

72 3 70 6 44 6

143 145 10 94
7

20

max = 145 MPa

0 0

20

40

20

20

40

60

Cross section Axial stress

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd

Torsion and bending

Page 8 of 9

Shear stresses due to warping torsion and combined stresses

Vlasov torsion moment at center of beam Vlasov shear stress T :=

F me L 1 2
T S i I t i ( )

i :=

0.00 3.73 3.07 = MPa 3.63 4.04 0.00

max = 4.04 MPa
2

T = 0.072 kN m

B Tsv T Tw

max := max
[1] 6.2.7.2 (3) von Mises stress
2

vM :=

+ 3

vM.max := max vM

vM.max = 145.6 MPa

Compare above

max = 145.5 MPa < vM.max M1

fo

fo

M1

= 218 MPa C := 1.2

[1] 6.2.1 (5)

= 0.667 <

C = 1.1

for

St Venant shear stress at ends of beam

St Venant torsion moment St Venant shear stress [1] 6.2.7.1 (1)

:= sv :=

( tanh( ) )

Tsv :=

F me L 2 1 2
3

Tsv = 0.029 kN m

Tsv max( t) It < fo 3 M1 = 126 MPa

sv = 64.7 MPa

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27

Ec9_ex84_Torsion_Thin walled.mcd

Torsion and bending

Page 9 of 9

Local buckling according to EN 1999-1-4

Compression flange b p := y y
4 4 3

b p = 38 mm

fo = 240 MPa E = 7 10 MPa k = 7.356

4

:=
k :=

3
16

= 0.065

( 1 + ) 2 + 0.11 ( 1 ) 2 + (1 + )
bp t
0

p := 1.052

fo k E 0.9 1 0.22

p = 0.345

:= if p > 0.517 ,

, 1

=1

No local buckling

The edge fold of the top flange is in tension

The edge fold of the bottom flange is in compression .

b p := z z

:=
EN 1993-1-5, Table 4.2

1 0

b p = 18.5 mm

= 0.073
2

k := 0.57 0.21 + 0.07

k = 0.586

p := 1.052

bp t
0

fo k E 0.9 1 0.22

p = 0.595

:= if p > 0.517 ,

, 1

= 0.953

0 = 101 MPa

is less than fo = 229 MPa so there will be no buckling

Torsten Hglund

aluMATTER

2007-08-27