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Activity 1
Aim Draw the magnetic field pattern due to a current in a 1.straight wire,
2. coil 3. solenoid
Determine the direction of the magnetic field.
Procedure
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Coil
Solenoid
Note:
The right hand grip rule for a
solenoid:
The thumb points towards north
pole of the magnetic field while the
other fingers indicate the direction
of the current in the solenoid.
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State the
factors that
affect the
strength of the
electromagnet.
Telephone Ear-piece
• The varying current from the
microphone flows through
the coils of an electromagnet
in the earpiece.
• This pulls the iron diaphragm
towards the electromagnet
by a distance which depends As a result, the diaphragm moves in
on the current. and out and produces sound waves that
are replicas of those that entered the
microphone.
Circuit Breaker
• Acts as an automatic switch
that breaks open a circuit
when the current becomes
too large.
• In a household circuit, the
current may become
excessive when there is a
short circuit or an overload.
• The strength of the magnetic • This results in the spring pulling
field of the electromagnet apart the contacts. The circuit is
increases suddenly. broken and the current flow stops
• The soft iron armature is immediately.
pulled towards the • After repairs have been made, the
electromagnet. reset button is pushed to switch on
the supply again.
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Conclusion
Current is induced in a straight conductor when it moves and cuts the
magnetic field lines.
Current is induced in a solenoid when there is relative motion between
the solenoid and a magnet.
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Magnet is
moved
towards the
solenoid
Magnet is
moved away
from the
solenoid
Lenz’s Law
for solenoid Relative motion between Polarity at the end of the
magnet and solenoid solenoid facing the magnet
Toward each other Same polarity as the magnet
Show the correct direction of the induced current when the magnet is
moved in the direction shown.
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Direct Current
Generator
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Describe how does a direct current generator work. Show the direction
of movement of the coil AB and CD. Mark the direction of the induced
current in the coil and the galvanometer.
The induced
current varies from
a maximum to
zero, it flows in
one direction only.
Hence, the induced
current is called a
direct current.
Alternating
Current
Generator
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Both the direct current and alternating current have a heating effect on
the filament of a bulb and can light up the bulb.
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8.4 TRANSFORMERS
Why does the • A current is induced in the secondary coil only when
transformer there is a changing magnetic flux due to a changing
not work with primary current. (changes direction and magnitude)
a d.c power • A d.c. power supply gives a constant current in the
supply? primary circuit
• A constant direct current whose magnitude and
direction is constant does not create a changing
magnetic flux in the secondary coil.
• Therefore electromagnetic induction does not take
place.
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Ns > Np Ns < Np
Vs > Vp Vs < Vp
Magnetization and
demagnetization of the core Use cores made from soft-iron as
• the alternating current flowing soft-iron core can be easily
through the transformer magnetized and demagnetized.
continually magnetizes and
demagnetizes the core
• work has to be done to change
the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field in the core
which contributes to energy
loss
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2. Electric power is
transmitted from a power
station to a town by a
transmission cables with a
total resistance of 50 Ω. If
the power station
generates 8 MW of power,
calculate the power loss in
the cables if power is
transmitted
(a) at 80 kV
(b) at 400 kV
Transmission issues
Alternating • An alternating current is used in the
current, a.c transmission of electrical energy at a high
voltage because its voltage can be easily
increased or decreased with transformers.
• A transformer cannot function with a direct
current.
High voltage or Electrical power is transmitted at a high voltage
low voltage? so that
• The current in the cables is smaller
• The loss of power due to heating of the cables
is minimized.
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