Experiment : Determination of Wave Length of given monochromic

light (Na light) using the Fresnel Biprism On the

optical Bench.


Apparatus : Biprism, optical bench, Glass tube, Slit, Eye piece,
Monochromic light source (Na lamp), Convex lens


Theory : The formation of an interference pattern from a
monochromatic light together with a Biprism is
illustrated by the ray diagram in figure 1. Here, the
light source is a thin slit which is illuminated with Na
light.









S
1
and S
2
are the images of S due to the light refraction through the
Biprism, Which act as virtual monochromatic light sources to from the
interference pattern as shown in figure1. Details of how the interference
occurs are given in Figure 2.



Screen

S1
S2
Biprism
Interference
Pattern
Figure 1
n
th
fringe




Optical path phase difference of light rays coming from S1 and S2 to
point P on the screen is ) (
1 2
x x
The corresponding phase difference ) (
2
1 2
x x =

t

Here, is the wavelength of light used.
The condition for bright fringes or maximum intensity is given by

) 1 ( 2 ) (
2
1 2
= t

t
n x x
Where n is the order of the selected bright fringe.
Also from figure 2, one can write

) 2 ( ) ( ,
1 2
<<

= u
d
X X
D
Y
n


From equations (1) and (2),

) 03 (
) 1 (
2
. 2
1
1
= A
=
+
=
=
=
+
+
d
D
Y
d
D
Y Y
d
D n
Y
d
D n
Y
n
D
Y
n n
n
n
n

t

Screen S
2

S
1

d
x
2

x
1

y
n



D
P
Figure 2
Here y A is the separation between any two adjacent bright. d is the
distance between S
1
and S
2
virtual. Sources, can be determined using
an optical method illustrated in figure 3.






Two positions of the convex lens can be found between the Biprism and
the screen as shown in figure 3, which gives clear images of S1 and S
2
on
the screen. If d
1
and d
2
are the separations of two images of S
1
and S
2

on the screen for the two different positions of the convex lens, then the
magnification of image for the first position is;

) 04 (
1
=
u
v
d
d



Similarly, for the second position one can write,

) 05 (
2
=
u
v
d
d




. S
2

d
D
v
v
u
v
u
v
S
1
2
u
v
.
d1
v
d2
Figure 3
Thus, (4) and (5) result in;

) 06 (
2 1
= d d d

The distance D between the screens can be determined using a method
as described in figure 4.






l
1
= length of the glass tube (~100cm).
l
2
= distance between the slit and the eye piece.
(as observed from the optical bench)

Then cm l l D ) ( 100
1 2
= distance is the separation between the slit and
the eye piece on optical bench during the experiment.















Glass Tube~100cm
l
1

l
2

*
Source
Touching
Glass tube
Eye piece
Figure 4
Procedure :

(a) The slit and the eye-piece were installed on optical bench.
Separation between the two is ~100cm.
(b) The Biprism was placed the slight and the eye piece such that
the Biprism is about 15 cm away from the slit as shown in figure
1. The slit, Biprism and the eye-piece were laid on the bench in a
horizontal line.
(c) We were observed through the eye piece while adjusting the eye
piece and the Biprism to obtain a clear and sharp pattern. The
eye piece position was fixed on the bench so that the distance
between the slit and the eye piece was about 100cm.
(d) Eye piece position was recorded when the cross wires passed
every live fringes.
(e) As illustrated in figure 3, the two positions of a convex lens was
found ,between the Biprism and the eye piece to observed two
sharp images of S
1
and S
2
for each location. Readings for d
1
and
d
2
was recorded in order to determine d as equation (6) was
explained.
(f) Figure 4 describes a method which gives an accurate value for
the distance D between the slit and the screen. The glass tube
was placed as shown in the figure and the eye piece was focused
for its free edge. Distance l
1
and l
2
was recorded where l
1
was
measured by a meter rule while l
2
can be directly red from the
optical bench.

















Calculations:



n
Y
1
(10
-3
m)
n
Y
2
(10
-3
m) Y (10
-4
m)
(Y
2
-Y
1
) / 30
0 1.67 30 5.35 1.227
5 2.30 35 6.03 1.243
10 2.94 40 6.67 1.243
15 3.58 45 7.27 1.230
20 4.18 50 7.87 1.230
25 4.75 55 8.48 1.243


Mean value of Y = 1.227+1.243+1.243+1.230+1.230+1.243
6
Y = 1.236 x 10
-4
m

d
1
= d
12
d
11
= ( 10.06 3.40 ) x 10
-3
m = 6.66 x 10
-3
m
d
2
= d
22
d
21
= ( 4.00 3.17 ) x 10
-3
m = 0.83 x 10
-3
m

) 06 (
2 1
= d d d

d = 5.527 x 10
-3
m
cm l l D ) ( 100
1 2
= = [ 100 - ( 96.1 95.1 ) ] x10
-2
m
D = 99.00 x 10
-2
m


d
D
Y

= A

= 690.04 10
-9
m











Error Calculations:

= yd
D

ln =ln y +ln D +ln d



= ( y) + d + D
y d D

y =a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+a
4
+a
5
+a
6
= 1.236 x 10
-4
m
6

ln y = ln ( a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+a
4
+a
5
+a
6
)

6
y = ( a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+a
4
+a
5
+a
6
) = 6 a
y 1.236 x 10
-4
1.236 x 10
-4

= 6 x 1 x 10
-5

1.236 x 10
-4

= 0.4854

also ln d = (ln d1 + ln d2 )

d = (d1 + d2 )
d d1 d2

d1 = (d12 + d11) = 2d = 2 x 1 x10
-5
= 3.003 x10
-3

d1 ( d12 - d11) d12 - d11 6.66 x10
-3


d2 = (d22 + d21) = 2d = 2 x 1 x10
-5
= 0.024


d2 ( d22 - d21) d22 - d21 0.83 x10
-3


d = (d1 + d2 )
d d1 d2
=1.3501 x10
-2



D = A-(l
2
l
1
)

D = A + l
2
+

l
1 =
1x10
-4
+1 x10
-3
+ 1 x10
-3

=2.121 x10
-3
D A-(l
2
l
1
) 99.00x10
-2



= ( y) + d + D
y d D
= 0.4854 + 1.3501 x 10
-2
+ 2.121 x10
-3

= 690.04 x10
-9
m x 0.5010
= 345.71 x10
-9
m


Conclusion:


Specific value of wave length of Na light=(690.04 345.71)10
-9
m





Discussion:

- In this experiment we have to move the cross wire within 5 bright
lines. After we switch off other lights, we can see those lines
sharply. But then we cannot see the cross wire. So that we have to
switch on a light on the environment. But then the bright lines
cannot see well. This is very difficult to see and count to a human
eye.

- In this part I got more clear bright lines by adjusting slit.

- In part II it was very difficult to find two images of convex lens.we
did it several times.finally got more clear two images.

- My calculations error was high. y/ y was took more high
value.i think that was the reason for my high error value.

- In this experiment light rays are not much parallel which occurs
from Na lamp. If we have to find the wave length of, something
like a laser beam it is much correct result, by using these
diagrams.