Quiz 6 Bayliss and Miksis

November 11, 2010

1. Question 1 Consider a mixture problem with tanks 1 and 2. Suppose that pure water is fed into tank 1 and that tanks 1 and 2 contain a certain amount of solute x1 (t) and x2 (t). Solution ows out of tank 2. Characterize the long time behavior, i.e. the most slowly decaying component of the solution, for the cases of V2 < V1 and V2 < V1 / In particular, for each case determine the ration between the amount of solute in tanks 2 and 1 for the most slowly decaying eigenvector. Solution Assume that solution ows into tank 1 with rate r. The problem is then to solve the following system of equations x1 dx1 = r dt V1 x1 dx2 x2 =r r dt V1 V2 In matrix form, equations (1) and (2) are
r V dX 1 = r dt V1

(1) (2)

0 r V 2 r V2

x1 x2

(3)

The eigenvalues of the above matrix are found by solving Therefore, =

r V1

r V1

=0

(4)

r and 2 = V . To nd the eigenvector associated with 1 , solve 2 r V 1 1 r V1

0 r V 1 2

a1 0 = a2 0

0
r V1

0
r (V2 V1 ) V2 V1

a1 0 = a2 0
V1 V2 V2

0
r V1

0
r (V2 V1 ) V2 V1

0 0

To nd the eigenvector associated with 2 , solve

r V 2 1 r V1 r (V1 V2 ) V1 V2 r V1

0 r V 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 = 1 0

a1 0 = a2 0

Using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, the solution is X (t) = c1 et V1 or equivalently, x1 (t) = c1 V1 V2 V2
r r

V1 V2 V2

+ c2 et V2

0 1

(5)

et V1
r

(6) (7)

x2 (t) = c1 et V1 + c2 et V2

If V1 > V2 then 1 is the slowest decaying eigenvalue. The ratio between the amount of solute in tanks 1 and 2 2 for the most slowly decaying eigenvector is V1V V2 .

If V1 < V2 then 2 is the slowest decaying eigenvalue. The ratio between the amount of solute in tanks 1 and 2 for the most slowly decaying eigenvector is then innite. 2. Question 2 Find the general solution to the system

x1 = 3x1 2x2 x2 = 9x1 + 3x2 Bayliss Solution (Bayliss) In matrix form, the problem is dX 3 = 9 dt The eigenvalues of the matrix are found by solving

x1 = 3x1 4x2 x2 = 4x1 + 3x 2 Miksis

2 3

x1 x2

(8)

det(A I) = 2 + 9 = 0 Therefore, = 3i. The eigenvectors are found by solving 3 3i 2 9 3 3i Find that V = 2 v1 0 = v2 0

(9)

(10)

3 + 3i . The corresponding solution is 2 2 e(3i)t = [cos(3t) + i sin(3t)] 3 + 3i 3 + 3i = 2 cos(3t) 2i sin(3t) 3 cos(3t) 3 sin(3t) + 3i[cos(3t) + sin(3t)]

The real and imaginary parts constitute the nal solution. X (t) = c1 Solution (Miksis) In matrix form, the problem is dX 3 = 4 dt 2 4 3 x1 x2 (12) 2 cos(3t) 2 sin(3t) + c2 3 cos(3t) 3 sin(3t) 3 cos(3t) + 3 sin(3t)] (11)

The eigenvalues of the matrix are found by solving det(A I) = 2 6 + 25 = 0 Therefore, = 3 4i. The eigenvectors are found by solving 3 (3 + 4i) 4 4 3 (3 + 4i) Find that V = 1 i . The corresponding solution is 1 (3+4i)t 1 3t e = e [cos(4t) + i sin(4t)] i i = e3t cos(4t) i sin(4t) i cos(4t) sin(4t) v1 0 = v2 0 (14) (13)

The real and imaginary parts constitute the nal solution. X (t) = c1 e3t cos(4t) sin(4t) + c2 e3t sin(4t) cos(4t) (15)