Primary Sources: And The Band Played On. HBO Films, 1993. Youtube. Web. 10 Sept. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIHy4_31Db4>.

This documentary was an in depth exploration into what AIDS and its causes were among other things. It takes a very factual stance on the issue of AIDS and tackles everything known at the time related to the disease as well as political implications that the disease held such as policy making and the various stances that the Reagan Administration took as well as shifting political stances. Beegan, Daniel. Studds Says Reagan Has Shown Little Concern over AIDS. Associated Press 19 Sept. 1985: n. pag. Print. On 17th September 1985 President Reagan publicly mentioned AIDS for the first time, when he was asked about AIDS funding at a press conference. I have been supporting it for more than 4 years now. Its been one of the top priorities with us, and over the last 4 years, and including what we have in the budget for 86, it will amount to over a half a billion dollars that we have provided for research on AIDS in addition to what Im sure other medical groups are doing. Critics were quick to ask why, if AIDS had been a top priority among the government, the president had not mentioned it in public before. Boffey, Philip M. Surgeon General urges frank talk to Young on AIDS. New York Times 23 Oct. 1986: n. pag. Print. The then Surgeon General is urging parents to be more open with their kids and teenagers as to what AIDS is and the risks associated with it. This demonstrates a more proactive stance by some parts of the government to reach out to the public about AIDS. Clymer, Adam. House, Like Senate, Votes To Ban H.I.V. Immigrants. New York Times 12 Mar. 1993: n. pag. Print. In voting to keep out immigrants who tested positive for HIV/AIDS, this demonstrates how politics was influenced by the AIDS crisis and epidemic. This gives an interesting insight into the policies that the government enacts and one must sometimes wonder if for the right reasons. Executive Branch. White House. National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States. By Barack Obama. Issue brief. N.p.: White House, 2010. Print. This is a comprehensive plan laid out by one of the highest positions in our government today. It gives a very good view into what the governments mindset is and what its goals are in relation to HIV and AIDS. It is a clear indicator that the government today has a keen interest in seeing the issue of HIV and AIDS being addressed. Fay, Roxanne M., and Anne Stockton. AIDS Policy. Arlington, VA: Educational Research Service, 1988. Print.

This is an ERS Information folio: a collection made of separate articles, propaganda/advertisements and opinions on AIDS. Some of the articles and advertisements will be used to compare them to those published after the strike of White. School and Medical policies will be compared to current school policies regarding handicapped kids and The Ryan White Act. Hymes, Kenneth B, et al. "Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual mena report of eight cases." The Lancet 318.8247 (1981): 598-600. Kaposis sarcoma is a form of skin cancer that only appears in people with very weak immune systems. This report highlights the incidence of Kaposis sarcoma in a group of eight homosexual men in San Francisco. It was the first inklings of AIDS, and contributed to a false belief that only homosexuals got the disease. Institute of Medicine, and National Academy of Sciences. Confronting AIDS. Update 1988 ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1988. Print. This report was released early in the epidemic in 1988. It discusses the science behind AIDS and the economic implications of AIDS. This book gives me information about how people at the time thought AIDS would be dealt with and what effects it would have. Moberly, William J. When AIDS HIts Home. N.p.: National Association of Elementary School Principals, 1987. Print. Propaganda starts to focus in the prevention and caring of AIDS victims. Modern media leaves behind the attacks against AIDS and starts a new period of prevention campaigns. They start to focus on how the disease affects the lives of a regular individual. Obama Honoring the Legacy of Ryan White. The White House. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/10/30/honoring-legacy-ryan-white> President Obama's speech describes the perception journey that Americans have traveled regarding AIDS; a journey that went from complete negligence to more tolerance and strict reforms. Public Health Service. Approval of AZT. AIDS Info. N.p., 20 Mar. 1987. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/news/274/approval-of-azt>. The FDA approved of a drug in this press release. This means that as a part of the government, the FDA and the government are becoming more keen at trying to seek a solution to solving the AIDS crisis. It was one of the first steps towards releasing drugs that would help patients afflicted with the disease. Shilts, Randy. And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic. New York: St. Martin's, 1987. Print. Primary focus of the book: inform the reader about the AIDS prejudice and discrimination seen

in multiple social aspects (politics, health care, religion). Speakes, Larry. Press Briefing at White House with Reagan. Washington DC: Office of the Press Secretary, 15 Oct. 1982. Print. This shows that the government was actively avoiding the topic of AIDS and HIV until they had a better understanding of the situation. The government wanted to avoid what could have been a potentially sticky situation and thus claimed ignorance. Steel, C. M., et al. "HLA haplotype A1 B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease." Lancet 1.8596 (1988): 1185. Hemophiliacs lack the clotting agent Factor VIII and often need blood get the factor. This report found that batches of Factor VIII contaminated with HIV could cause the receiver to test HIV-positive. This showed that there were multiple ways of getting HIV. This is how Ryan White contracted the disease. The Gay Rights Movement and the Moral Majority . 1981. Videocassette. The Gay Rights Movement and the Moral Majority . The Open Mind. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. <http://www.thirteen.org/openmind/public-affairs/the-gay-rights-movement-and-themoralmajority/377/>. TV Show from 1981 that talks about the problems and discrimination homosexuals faced in the 70's. The video contains multiple short clips from the 70s Club as evidence. Robert Paterson shows up in multiple one as a voice against homesexuals and AIDS. The video is compared to modern video reports of Ryan White's, showing the transition of perceptions. It will also compared current and former society leaders and their take on AIDS. (Example: Robert Paterson and President Barack Obama). The White House. US Government, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/onap>. This is the website of the White House and this particular section is dedicated towards the White Houses policies on AIDS/HIV. They release many updates as to what they are doing and accomplishing. By having a section dedicated towards AIDS policy making, this demonstrates that the government has a keen interest in AIDS as an issue. TIME 12 Aug. 1985. Print. This magazine includes several articles written as the AIDS epidemic was still in its early stages. The key cover article includes a lot of information about the early findings behind AIDS, including contribution of Montagnier and Gallo. It also mentions the dispute between the two over who got the credit.

Secondary Sources: Action on AIDS." Against The Odds:The Global Response. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://apps.nlm.nih.gov/againsttheodds/exhibit/action_on_aids/global_response.cfm>. Following public notice of Ryan Whites condition, local and world organizations evoked a global response. The World Health Organization devised a plan that would lay the groundwork for global participation. Jonathan Mann directed the Global Programme on AIDS and succeeded in involving more than 160 nations in the fight against AIDS. AIDS Action. Senate Committee Approves $1.4 Million for Development of National AIDS Strategy. AIDS Action. AIDS Action, 17 July 2008. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. <http://www.aidsaction.org/communications/press-releases/071708.htm>. Though it is not a big amount of money, the $1.4 million dollars of funding is significant. The formation of a coherent plan of action would be quite effective in a strategy to conquer AIDS. This represents a realization that dollars used to find AIDS need to be put to good use. Andriote, John-Manuel. "Breaking the Cycle of Prescription Drug Costs." The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 9 Oct. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This article demonstrates the Ryan White programs importance in creating healthy, normal lives for those with HIV. Bright, Gina M. Plague-making and the AIDS Epidemic: A Story of Discrimination. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print. This book attempts to repudiate the social stigma associated with HIV/AIDS. The author, Gina M. Bright, discusses the Gay Mens Health Crisis foundations attempt to receive aid for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in New York City in the early 1980s. Little help was given to the cause until striking cases like Ryan Whites lessened the homophobic and ignorant social stigmas associated with the disease. The Ryan White case inspired a notional transformation and revolution. Burkhalter, Holly. The Politics of AIDS: Engaging Conservative Activists. Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Affairs, Feb. 2004. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. <http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59526/holly-burkhalter/the-politics-of-aids-engagingconservative-activists>. American evangelicals have put the fight against AIDS on Washingtons map, even while clashing with other activists over strategy. Now they must unite behind a comprehensive approach stressing effective practices in prevention and treatment. Busby, Joshua W. Global AIDS Policy in the Age of Obama. Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services (2009): 120-26. University of Texas. Web. 12 Oct. 2012.

<http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/faculty/busby/wpcontent/uploads/busby2009aidssocialservices.pdf>. This article helps give insight into what AIDS policy making is like under the Obama presidency and what turns it will take in the future. It also describes the situation as it is and some hurdles that Obama will have to cross in order to enact effective policies. "Cultural Competency and HIV/AIDS Care: The Legacy of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program." The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. <http://hab.hrsa.gov/livinghistory/issues/competency_5.htm>. This web page discusses the prevailing misconceptions about HIV/AIDS that surfaced in the midst of the Ryan White testimony. The article explored the fallacious and often harmful cultural and social misconceptions of Western medicine and HIV prevention/treatment. It discussed a series of declarations that relieved HIV stigmas, including the prevention of Proclamation 64, the American Medical Associations assertion that patients could not be denied HIV treatment on an ethnic basis, and the Ryan White Case. The primary source document sheds considerable light on the difficult era AIDS victims were forced to cope with. Densham, Andrea. Politics as a Cause and Consequence of the AIDS Pandemic. Perspectives on Politics (2006): 641-46. Aspanet. Web. 4 Oct. 2012. <http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/POPDec06Densham.pdf>. The article covers a lot of breadth when it comes to governments and AIDS. It covers anywhere from policies to implementation to said policies. The article delves into reasons why governments may or may not ignore the issue until later and what they will do once they recognize it as an issue. It examines the difficulties AIDS presents to governments not only in its complexity as an issue, but also as a complicated social and politically charged issue as well. Derlega, Valerian J., and Anita P. Barbee. HIV & Social Interaction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998. Print. This book discusses the impact of AIDS on social relationships and medical progress; it presents the two as twin and interrelated studies. The book provides a piece of information that is applicable to the medical industry segment of my research. It outlines the increased discussion of AIDS cures in the years following the Ryan White Act. In 1996, physicians gathered at the IX International Conference on AIDS in Vancouver, Canada. Where previously the government and authorities had ignored the AIDS epidemics in New York City, the same and new institutions now work for its eradication. Dietrich, John W. The Politics of PEPFAR: The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Ethics & International Affairs 21.3 (2007): n. pag. Carnegie Council. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/journal/21_3/essay/001.html>. The article gives a modern example of AIDS receiving attention from one of the highest position in government in the US. It talks about how President Bush had made AIDS one issues to tackle

during his presidency and the reasons behind it, both political and personal. Not only was he personally involved in fighting AIDS, the drive to end AIDS enjoyed massive political support. Finkel, Madelon L. Truth, Lies, and Public Health: How We Are Affected When Science and Politics Collide. N.p.: Praeger, 2007. Print. In 1982 GMHC (Gay Mens Health Crisis) distributed 50,000 free copies of its first newsletter about the syndrome to hospitals, doctors, clinics and the Library of Congress. This was during a time of a largely inactive government when it came to AIDS/HIV. Many activist groups took it upon themselves to rise to a call of action. Many activists groups actively campaigned to make AIDS a more widely known issue in the hopes the government would finally do something. Frontline: The Age of AIDS. 2006. WGBH, 2006. DVD. President Reagan refused to advocate safer sex and other preventative practices. He instead choose to press for a ban on HIV positive immigrants. Only later did he turn to the policy sexual abstinence rather than the banning of immigrants as the key to preventing the epidemic. Grigg, Bill. FDA News Making Drugs Available for Life-Threatening Diseases. FDA News 19 Oct. 1988: n. pag. AEGIS. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.aegis.org/DisplayContent/?SectionID=369995>. After a mass protest because the government was taking too long to approve the AIDS drug AZT, the FDA shortened the amount of time needed to approve a drug for a life-threatening disease. The government realized that it needed to proceed with a sense of urgency in tackling the AIDS epidemic Hilts, Philip J. Drug Said to Help AIDS Cases With Virus but No Symptoms. New York Times 18 Aug. 1989: n. pag. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/18/us/drug-saidto-help-aids-cases-with-virus-but-no-symptoms.html>. AZT was the first drug that would help people who had AIDS. It was a turning point in the cure for AIDS because now, people could at least live longer and reduce the impact of the disease. It was the first step to a cure. It showed me the sense of accomplishment people had after the announcement of approval. Horn, Tim. "Comprehensive Care, Ryan White Funding, Means Survival Benefits at Inner-City Clinic." www.aidsmeds.com. CDM Publishing, 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This article shows that todays clinics get benefits because of Ryan White Infectious Diseases Society of America. "Effective HIV Care Benefited All HIV Patients, Regardless of Demographics and Behavioral Risk." Medicalxpress.com. Medical Xpress, 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This article proves that all demographics are benefited by the Ryan White Program.

Jacobs, Ethan. Activists Recall Reagans Record on AIDS. Bay Window 18 June 2004: n. pag. Web. 4 Oct. 2012. <http://www.aegis.org/DisplayContent/?sectionID=35994>. What I was able to glean was a good understanding of some of the motivations behind early AIDS activist movements due to governmental inactivity. The silence of the Reagan administration led to the growing of political movements as they adopted the silence equals death as their call to action due to the fact that the silence of the administration was leading to the death of many afflicted citizens. Kher, Unmesh. 80 Days That Changed the World: A Name for the Plague. Time. Time, 31 Mar. 2003. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1977881_1977895_1978703,00.ht ml>. By giving the disease a name, they were giving credence that HIV was indeed an issue. The name was given during a meeting where gay-community leaders, federal bureaucrats and the investigative team from the Centers for Disease Control were present. Lazin, Malcolm. "Specter's Courageous Stand." Articles.philly.com. Philadelphia Media Network, 16 Oct. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012 This article tells us that the Ryan White Act helps politicians choose a clear stance on sexual orientation. Long, Thomas L. AIDS and American Apocalypticism: The Cultural Semiotics of an Epidemic. Albany: State University of New York, 2004. Print. The book's main idea is to illustrate the objections and fears that AIDS posed to the Christian faith in the 1970's to 1980's. A second part of the book reflects on how AIDS impacted social media; thus, bringing to popularity people and shows such as the 700 Club hosted by Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell: two men who fortified the false theory that AIDS was a punishment for homosexuality. "Matthew Shepard Online Resources - Hate Speech - Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson."Matthew Shepard Online Resources - Hate Speech - Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www.wiredstrategies.com/robertson.html>. This website composed of quotes will serve as additional evidence to support prior claims extracted from Thomas Long's book. Out History. OutHistory, 14 June 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://outhistory.org/wiki/AIDS_and_Politics_-_1980_to_1989>. Gay Rights groups felt a strong belief that the U.S. government was failing to adequately address the AIDS crisis, and ongoing discrimination. Pierce, Christine, and Donald VanDeVeer. AIDS: Ethics and Public Policy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub., 1988. Print.

This books focuses on AIDS and its effect on school and work. The support and critics from famous people and different members of society is seen as well. It will be used as background information and to help show how Ryan White changed these negative perceptions. Sampson, Christine. "Stony Brook Receives Federal Grant to Advance, Expand HIV and AIDS Treatment." Threevillage.patch.com. Patch, 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This article proves there is now better care for victims of HIV who dont have adequate financial resources. Shaw, John. "US BudgetWeek: Obama, Romney Sharpen Fiscal Disputes in Debate." Mninews. Deutsche Boerse Group, 19 Oct. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This article proves that the Ryan White HIV/AIDS program is an issue of debate in the current presidential election. Shepard, Benjamin Heim. White Nights and Ascending Shadows: A History of the San Francisco AIDS Epidemic. N.p.: Cassell, 1997. Print. Was able to glean first hand accounts from people interviewed by author that described what the atmosphere was like during the height of the panic about AIDS. Those interviewed often said the government did not immediately take action and the populace was often left to make its own assumption as to what AIDS was and its causes. Sherfinski, David. "Wait List for Virginia AIDS Program Eliminated." The Washington Times. The Washington Times, 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This article tells us that Virginia can eliminate its waiting list for AIDS care almost solely because of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act. Steiger, Jamie. "AETC Map." Map. Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center. Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center, 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012 This article demonstrates the amount of AIDS education centers that have been created because of Ryan White. Thirty Years of a Disease: The End of AIDS. The Economist: n. pag. The Economist. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.economist.com/node/18774722>. This article highlights the progress that has been made in controlling and conquering AIDS and what needs to happen to find a cure and stop the epidemic. It gives us a view into the cooperative efforts of government of the medical industry in conquering AIDS. Van Iquity, Dana. "Sister Dana Sez." SF Bay Times. San Francisco Bay Times, 18 Oct. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012 This article tells us that the Ryan White Care Act helps LGBTQ members rally for a common cause.

Photos and Images: AIDS Kills: What Will You Take Home with You. N.p.: n.p., 1989. Print. Altman, Lawrence K. "Rare Cancer Found in 41 Homosexuals." The New York Times [NY] 3 July 1981: n. pag. Print. Boe, David. "AIDS Student In Hospital." n.d.: n. pag. Print."AIDS Cases By Risk Factor." Chart. HIV Surveillance Report. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. "Banned! AIDS- Fear Clubs Outs Gay Couple." n.d.: n. pag. Print. Bush Signs Ryan White Modernization. 2006. Photograph. Whitehouse.gov. 19 Dec. 2006. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This picture shows Bush signing the Ryan White modernization. CARE Act. 2006. Photograph. Aids.immunodefence.com. Immunodefence.com, 30 Nov. 2006. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This picture is an image of the CARE Act. Examiner. Obama Ryan White Act. 2009. Photograph. Examiner. Clarity Digital Group, 30 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. This article shows Obama signing the Ryan White Extension Act. Gospel TV, Religion, Politics and Moy Ne. 1983. Photograph. TIME Magazine. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. How Heterosexuals Deal with AIDS. N.d. Photograph. TIME Magazine. N.p.: 1989 n.d. N. pag. Print. "I Have AIDS. Hug Me I Can't Make You Sick." Cartoon. Phi Delta Kappa. St. Tiburon: n.p., CA. K2. Print. Kappan Special Report. Poster from early 80's. Poster represents the transition of feelings towards HIV victims. Perspective shift from rejection to a more accepting attitude. "It's Clear to Me That You Have AIDS." Comic strip.Washington Post. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. "Local Youth Faces AIDS."Kokomo Tribune[Kokomo] n.d.: n. pag. Print. Mcneil, Christopher M. "School Doors Still Closed For Local AIDS Victims."Kokomo Tribune [Kokomo] n.d.: n. pag. Print. N.pAmazing Grace. People Magazine. 1988. New York. Web 28 Oct. 2012.

Article from People magazine that shows white as a hero and human rights activist. Photo will be used to contrast it to other articles of 1980s. There Is Nothing Gay with Gay Cancer. N.p.: n.p., 1982. Print. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Signing. 1996. Photograph. Health Resources and Service Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2012 This picture shows Bill Clinton signing the Ryan White CARE Act. "U.S Orphan Drug Tax Credit By Year." Chart. U.S Food and Drug Administration. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N.pag. Print. Whitow, Hugh. "AIDS Is the Wrath from God Say Vicar." n.d.: n. pag. Print.