NOVEL NON-ISOLATED HIGH-VOLTAGE GAIN DCDC CONVERTERS BASED ON 3SSC AND VMC

ABSTRACT
This project introduces a new family of dcdc converters based on the three-state switching cell and voltage multiplier cells. A brief literature review is presented to demonstrate some advantages and inherent limitations of several topologies that are typically used in voltage step-up applications. In order to verify the operation principle of this family, the boost converter is chosen and investigated in detail. The analyzed converter can be applied in uninterruptible power supplies, fuel cell systems, and is also adequate to operate as a high-gain boost stage with cascaded inverters in renewable energy systems. Furthermore, it is suitable in cases where dc voltage step-up is demanded, such as electrical fork-lift, audio amplifiers, and many other applications. The presented converter is implemented in MATLAB SIMULINK and the results are presented.

CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES 1. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCOPE OF TE PROJECT 1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 1.3.1EXISTINGSYSTEMDISADVANTAGES 1.3.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 1.4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES 2. CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT DESCRIPTION PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 METHODOLOGIES 2.1.1 MODULES NAME 2.1.2 MODULES EXPLANATION 2.2 TECHNIQUE OR ALGORITHM

i v vii xi xii

3.

CHAPTER 3 : SIMULATION THEORY 3.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 3.2 Introduction to Matlab 3.2.1 What is Matlab? 3.2.2 Introduction to Simulink CHAPTER 4 : SIMULATION RESULTS 4.1 OPEN LOOP CIRCUIT 4.2 CLOSED LOOP CIRCUIT 4.3 VARIOUS SNAPSHOTS CHAPTER 5 :

4.

5.

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL

Depending on the application nature, several types of static power converters are necessary for the adequate conversion and conditioning of the energy provided by primary sources such as photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, and fuel cells. Besides, considering that the overall cost of renewable energy systems is high, the use of high-efficiency power electronic converters is a must. Due to the importance of the conventional boost converter in obtaining distinct and improved topologies for voltage step-up applications, some techniques have been developed and modified with the aim of improving the characteristics of the original structure. Basically, two strategies are adopted for this purpose: voltage step-up with and without using extreme values of duty cycle. Cascading one or more boost converters may be considered to obtain high voltage gain. Even though more than one power processing stage exists, the operation in continuous conduction mode (CCM) may still lead to high efficiency. The main drawbacks in this case are increased complexity and the need for two sets that include active switches, magnetics, and controllers. Besides, the controllers must be synchronized and stability is of great concern. Due to high power levels and high output voltage, the latter cascaded boost stage has severe reverse losses, with consequent low efficiency and high electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels. A hybrid boostfly back converter is introduced in the past. The efficiency of the conventional fly back structure is typically low due to the parasitic inductance. A possible solution lies in connecting the output of the boost converter to that of the fly back topology, with consequent increase of voltage gain due to the existent coupling between the arrangements. In this case, the boost convert behaves as an active clamping circuit when the main switch of the fly back stage is turned OFF. a topology for voltage step-up applications based on the use of multiplier cells constituted by diodes and capacitors. The converter is able to operate in overlapping mode (when a duty cycle D is higher than 0.5) and non over lapping mode (when a duty cycle D is lower than 0.5), analogously to other 3SSC-based structures. However, the study carried out in this paper only considers the operation with D > 0.5.

1.2

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

A new family of dcdc converters based on the three-state switching cell and voltage multiplier cells. A brief literature review is presented to demonstrate some advantages and inherent limitations of several topologies that are typically used in voltage step-up applications. In order to verify the operation principle of this family, the boost converter is chosen and investigated in detail. The behavior of the converter is analyzed through an extensive theoretical analysis, while its performance is investigated by experimental results obtained from a 1-kW laboratory prototype and relevant issues are discussed. The analyzed converter can be applied in uninterruptible power supplies, fuel cell systems, and is also adequate to operate as a high-gain boost stage with cascaded inverters in renewable energy systems.

1.3

EXISTING SYSTEM
Cascading one or more boost converters may be considered to obtain high voltage gain.

Even though more than one power processing stage exists, the operation in continuous conduction mode (CCM) may still lead to high efficiency. The main drawbacks in this case are increased complexity and the need for two sets that include active switches, magnetics, and controllers. Besides, the controllers must be synchronized and stability is of great concern. Due to high power levels and high output voltage, the latter cascaded boost stage has severe reverse losses, with consequent low efficiency and high electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels. Typical examples of such topologies are the single-switch quadratic boost converter and the twoswitch three-level boost converter.

1.4

EXISTING SYSTEM ALGORITHM/TECHNIQUE

Converters with magnetically coupled inductance such as flyback or the single-ended

primary inductance converter (SEPIC) can easily achieve high voltage gain using switches with reduced on-resistance, even though efficiency is compromised by the losses due to the leakage inductance. An active clamping circuit is able to regenerate the leakage energy, at the cost of increased complexity and some loss in the auxiliary circuit.

1.5

LITERATURE SURVEY

Title: An improved maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic grid-connected

inverter based on voltage-oriented control. Author: R. Kadri, J.-P. Gaubert, and G. Champenois, Publish: IEEE, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 6675, Jan. 2011. An improved maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) with better performance based on voltage-oriented control (VOC) is proposed to solve a fast changing irradiation problem. In VOC, a cascaded control structure with an outer dc link voltage control loop and an inner current control loop is used. The currents are controlled in a synchronous orthogonal d, q frame using a decoupled feedback control.

INTRODUCTION
In order to generate the correct MPP reference voltage under rapidly changing irradiation, a robust MPPT controller has been proposed. In this algorithm, the d-axis grid current component reflecting the power grid side and the signal error of a proportionalintegral (PI) outer voltage regulator is designed to reflect the change in power caused by the irradiation variation. Hence, with this information, the proposed algorithm can greatly reduce the power losses caused by the dynamic tracking errors under rapid weather changing conditions. The superiority of the newly proposed method is supported by simulation and experimental results.

CONCLUSION
In order to avoid possible mistakes of the classical P&O algorithm due to the fastchanging irradiation, this paper has proposed an improved MPPT controller without PV array power measurement. Our control scheme uses the d-axis grid current component and the signal error of the PI outer voltage regulator. This MPPT method permits one to differentiate the contribution of increment perturbation and irradiation change in power variation, hence identifying the correct direction of the MPP. In the simulation and experimental results, the robust tracking capability under rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance has been proved. The steady-state and dynamic responses illustrated the perfect desired reference tracking controller. Moreover, the output power losses caused by the dynamic tracking errors are significantly reduced, particularly under fast changing irradiation. Furthermore, one can see that the control algorithm is simple and easy to implement in real time.

Title:

Class-D audio amplifiers in mobile applications.

Author: M. Berkhout and L. Dooper, Publish: IEEE, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 9921002, May 2010. A comparative system-level overview is given of alternative class-D amplifier architectures. The theory behind pulse width modulation and different modulation schemes is discussed. Topological alternatives such as open-loop versus feedback and fixed-carrier versus self-oscillating are analyzed and compared in terms of relevant characteristics, such as distortion, power supply rejection, efficiency, and electromagnetic interference. The combination of digitalto-analog conversion and class-D amplifiers is discussed.

INTRODUCTION
The outline of this paper is given as follows: In Section II, the basics of class-D amplifiers are presented. In Section III, a comparative overview of different class-D amplifier architectures is given. In Section IV, the combination of analog feedback with digital input that revolves around the question of where to do the digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion is discussed. Finally, in Section V, experimental results of an integrated circuit that is based on a simple architecture that combines the benefits of digital input with an analog feedback loop are presented.

CONCLUSION
Class-D amplifiers for mobile applications need high power supply rejection and require digital input capability. The most attractive architecture for this combination of requirements is a digital PWM modulator, followed by a one-bit D/A conversion and a direct PWM feedback loop in BD-modulated BTL configuration. Measurements on a prototype IC demonstrate the feasibility of this architecture.

Title: Highly efficient high step-up converter for fuel-cell power processing based on threestate commutation cell. Author: S. V. Araujo, R. P. Torrico-Bascope, and G. V. Torrico-Bascope, Publish: IEEE, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 19871997, Jun. 2010. The modification of a boost converter operating with a three-state commutation cell

that is already well suited for high current stress in the input due to the current sharing between the active switches.

INTRODUCTION
A cross current sensorless control allows the parallelism of multiple UPSs without compromising the power quality required to supply the utmost critical system. Thus, by realizing high reliability and high efficiency at the same time, the proposed UPS is hoped to effectively contribute to greening information technology facilities. To discuss the main features of the proposed UPS system, this paper is organized as follows. Section II shows the advantages of the multilevel concept for UPS systems. Section III introduces a custom insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module that further boosts the benefits of the multilevel topology. Section IV devotes to the control circuit of the proposed UPS. Section V introduces the cross current sensorless control for parallel operation. Section VI presents some test resultsto demonstrate the performance of the proposed UPS as a single-module system as well as a multiple-module system. Section VII concludes this paper.

CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed a UPS using a multilevel circuit topology, resulting in higher efficiency and significant size/weight reduction. A cross current sensorless control enables parallel operation of multiple modules and, hence, a redundant uninterruptible power system configuration. Test results confirm the high efficiency and the high power quality of the proposed UPS, the high performance of the digital controller, the reliability and the redundancy to meet the requirements of the utmost critical system. 1.5.4 Title: Impedance specifications for stable dc distributed power systems. Author: X. G. Feng, J. J. Liu, and F. C. Lee, Publish: vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 157162, Mar. 2002. A new forbidden region for impedance ratio on the -plane is proposed as the system stability margin requirement. Based on this proposed forbidden region, the impedance specifications of individual loads are established.

INTRODUCTION

This paper will first classify the possible groups of circuits capable of providing such voltage gain, giving an overview of their characteristics. Afterward, a circuit based on a boost converter with a three-state commutation cell having an additional winding for operation at high gain will be presented. Focus will be given here for a more detailed explanation about the principle of operation and theoretical analysis. New experimental results of an optimized design will be presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of the circuit.

CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed a topology based on a boost converter with a three-state commutation cell that achieves high voltage gain through an additional winding on the original autotransformer. Due to the capability of voltage gains superior to ten, the circuit is well suited for fuel-cell applications with low input voltage that require high output levels like 400 V, which is necessary to feed a single-phase full-bridge inverter to generate a 230-V rms voltage. Other features seen in the experimental results are the lower blocking voltages across the controlled switches compared to similar circuits, which allow the use of MOSFETs with lower RDS_on values. In addition, since the input current is divided between the switches, conduction losses can further be reduced.

1.6

PROPOSED SYSTEM
This paper presents a topology for voltage step-up applications based on the use of

multiplier cells constituted by diodes and capacitors. The converter is able to operate in overlapping mode (when a duty cycle D is higher than 0.5) and non-overlapping mode (when a duty cycle D is lower than 0.5), analogously to other 3SSC-based structures. However, the study carried out in this paper only considers the operation with D>0.5. The generic structure, which is valid for any number of cells, is initially presented, while the analysis is focused on structures with three cells, aiming to determine the stress regarding the elements that constitute the aforementioned configurations.

1.7

PROPOSED SYSTEM ALGORITHM/TECHNIQUE

For good operation of the VMC, ac input voltage is required, which is an important

requirement of this cell. Due to this fact, the use of the 3SSC depicted in is considered because it

generates such ac voltage across the terminals of the autotransformer and the drain terminals of the controlled switches. By using the proposed cell, it is possible to generate the six novel nonisolated dcdc converters, i.e., buck, boost, buckboost, Cuk, SEPIC, and zeta

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1

GENERAL
A boost converter using switched capacitors is proposed in, where high voltage gain can

be obtained, but it is restricted to low-power applications. In this case, the dc output voltage can be increased as desired by adding a given number of capacitors. Low duty cycle is used, alleviating the problem of the boost diode reverse recovery. However, the high component count with distinct ratings is an inherent drawback.

2.2

MODULES NAME

Module 1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE Module 2 STATIC GAIN Module 3 DESIGN PROCEDURE Module 4 PRELIMINARY CALCULATION Module 5 SIMULATION RESULTS 2.3 MODULE DESCRIPTION

For good operation of the VMC ac input voltage is required, which is an important requirement of this cell. Due to this fact, the use of the 3SSC depicted is considered because it generates such ac voltage across the terminals of the autotransformer and the drain terminals of the controlled switches. In the resulting cell, the controlled switches can be represented by MOSFETs, junction field-effect transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors, bipolar junction transistors, etc. All the generated topologies present bidirectional characteristics. the use of the voltage multiplier
technique applied to the classical non-isolated dcdc converters in order to obtain high step-up static gain, reduction of the maximum switch voltage, zero current switching turn-on. The diodes reverse recovery current problem is minimized and the voltage multiplier also operates as a regenerative clamping circuit, reducing the problems with layout and the EMI generation. These characteristics allows the operation with high static again and high efficiency, making possible to design a compact circuit for applications where the isolation is not required. The operation principle, the design procedure and practical results obtained from the implemented prototypes are presented for the single-phase and multiphase dcdc converters.

As was mentioned before, the use of high-voltage gain converters is of great interest, even though many approaches are based on isolated

topologies. It is worth to notice that the use of non isolated converters particularly dedicated to applications regarding renewable power systems has been the scope of recent works. The efforts leading to the development of such non isolated topologies are then well justified in the literature.

Fig.2.1. (a) Voltage multiplier cell. (b) Three-state switching cell. (c) Resulting cell.

Module 1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

OPERATION MODES Mode 1 explained in Fig.2.2. Switches S1 and S2 are turned ON, while all diodes are reverse biased. Energy is stored in inductor L and there is no energy transfer to the load. The output capacitor provides energy to the load. This stage finishes when switch S1 is turned OFF.

Fig.2.2. Mode 1

Second stage in Fig.2.3, switch S1 is turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD5 is forward biased. There is no energy transfer to the load as well. Inductor L stores energy, capacitors C1 and C3 are discharged, and capacitors C2, C4, and C6 are charged.

Fig.2.3. Mode 2

Third stage in Fig.2.4, switches S1 and S2 remain turned OFF and ON, respectively. Diodes D3 and D7 are forward biased, while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D7. The inductor stores energy, and capacitors C2 and C4 are still charged. Capacitors C1 is discharged, and so are C3 and C5.

Fig.2.4. Mode 3

Fourth stage in Fig.2.5 explains the switch S2 remains turned ON, diode D3 is reverse biased, and diode D1 is forward biased. Energy is transferred to the load through D7. The inductor is discharged, and so are capacitors C1, C3, and C5, while C2 is charged.

Fig.2.5. Mode 4

Fifth stage [t4, t5 ] [see Fig. 4(e)]: This stage is identical to the first one.

Fig.2.6. Mode 5

Sixth stage [t5, t6 ] [see Fig. 4(f)]: Switch S2 is turned OFF and switch S1 is still turned ON. Diode D6 is forward biased. The inductor is charged by the input source, although capacitors C2 and C4 are discharged instead.

Seventh stage [t6, t7 ] [see Fig. 4(g)]: This stage is similar to the third one.

Eighth stage [t7, t8] [see Fig. 4(h)]: Switch S1 is turned ON, while S2 remains turned OFF. Diodes D2 and D8 are forward biased, while D4 is reverse biased as well as the remaining diodes. Energy transfer to the load occurs through D8, and capacitor Co is still charged. The inductor is discharged, while capacitor C1 is charged and capacitors C2, C4, and C6 are discharged.

B. Static Gain The static gain for the generic structure of the boost converter can be obtained from the inductor voltsecond balance. The voltage area multiplied by the time interval that corresponds to the inductor charge is equal to that regarding the inductor discharged.

Modules 2: DESIGN PROCEDURE

The static gain of the proposed non-isolated boost converter can be further increased by adding VMCs as necessary, with consequent reduction of voltage stress across the main switches. However, this practice may lead to high component count and also compromise robustness considering that additional diodes and multiplier capacitors are included in the original topology.

Even though a simpler arrangement with two VMCs could be considered instead, a design example of the proposed 3SSC boost converter with three cells is presented as follows. It will be also shown that the converter achieves high efficiency over a wide load range. A. PRELIMINARY CALCULATION The maximum input power is

The maximum duty cycle is obtained using (3) as follows B. INDUCTOR Besides, the normalized ripple current as a function of the duty cycle is given by

where it can be seen that for curve mc=3 and duty cycle D=0.75 the maximum normalized ripple current is = 0.03125. The respective inductance is calculated.

CHAPTER 3 3.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS MATLAB 7.14

MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory) is a fourth level programming language. Simulink is an environment for multi domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems, including communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing.

3.2 Introduction to Simulink

Simulink is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamical systems. It supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in continuous time, sampled time, or a hybrid of the two. Systems can also be multirate, i.e., have different parts that are sampled or updated at different rates. For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building models as block diagrams, using click-and-drag mouse operations. With this interface, you can draw the models just as you would with pencil and paper (or as most textbooks depict Them).Simulink includes a comprehensive block library of sinks, sources, linear and nonlinear components, and connectors. You can also customize and create your own blocks Models are hierarchical. This approach provides insight into how a model is organized and how its parts interact. After you define a model, you can simulate it, using a choice of integration methods, either from the Simulink menus or by entering commands in MATLAB's command window. The menus are particularly convenient for interactive work, while the command-line approach is very useful for running a batch of simulations (for example, if you are doing Monte Carlo simulations or want to sweep a parameter across a range of values). Using scopes and other display blocks, you can see the simulation results while the simulation is running. In addition, you can change parameters and immediately see what happens, for "what if" exploration. The simulation results can be put in the MATLAB workspace for post processing and visualization. And because MATLAB and Simulink are integrated, you can simulate, analyze, and revise your models in either environment at any point.

3.3 Building a Simple Model

This example shows you how to build a model using many of the model building commands and actions you will use to build your own models. The instructions for building this model in this section are brief. The model integrates a sine wave and displays the result, along with the sine wave. The block diagram of the model looks like this.

To create the model, first type simulink in the MATLAB command window. On Microsoft Windows, the Simulink Library Browser appears.

On UNIX, the Simulink library window appears.

To create a new model, select Model from the New submenu of the Simulink library window's File menu. To create a new model on Windows, select the New Model button on the Library Browser's toolbar.

Simulink opens a new model window

To create this model, you will need to copy blocks into the model from the following Simulink block libraries: Sources library (the Sine Wave block) Sinks library (the Scope block) Continuous library (the Integrator block) Signals & Systems library (the Mux block) To copy the Sine Wave block from the Library Browser, first expand the Library Browser tree to display the blocks in the Sources library. Do this by clicking on the Sources node to display the Sources library blocks. Finally, click on the Sine Wave node to select the Sine Wave block. Here is how the Library Browser should look after you have done this.

Now drag the Sine Wave block from the browser and drop it in the model window. Simulink creates a copy of the Sine Wave block at the point where you dropped the node icon. To copy the Sine Wave block from the Sources library window, open the Sources window by double-clicking on the Sources icon in the Simulink library window. (On Windows, you can open the Simulink library window by right-clicking the Simulink node in the Library Browser and then clicking the resulting Open Library button.) Simulink displays the Sources library window.

Now drag the Sine Wave block from the Sources window to your model window.

Copy the rest of the blocks in a similar manner from their respective libraries into the model window. You can move a block from one place in the model window to another by dragging the block. You can move a block a short distance by selecting the block, then pressing the arrow keys. With all the blocks copied into the model window, the model should look something like this.

If you examine the block icons, you see an angle bracket on the right of the Sine Waveblock and two on the left of the Mux block. The > symbol pointing out of a block is an output port; if the symbol points to a block, it is an input port. A signal travels out of an output port and into an input port of another block through a connecting line. When the blocks are connected, the port symbols disappear.

Now it's time to connect the blocks. Connect the Sine Wave block to the top input port of the Mux block. Position the pointer over the output port on the right side of the Sine Wave block. Notice that the cursor shape changes to cross hairs.

Hold down the mouse button and move the cursor to the top input port of the Mux block. Notice that the line is dashed while the mouse button is down and that the cursor shape changes to double-lined cross hairs as it approaches the Mux block.

Now release the mouse button. The blocks are connected. You can also connect the line to the block by releasing the mouse button while the pointer is inside the icon. If you do, the line is connected to the input port closest to the cursor's position.

If you look again at the model at the beginning of this section, you'll notice that most of the lines connect output ports of blocks to input ports of other blocks. However, one line connects a line to the input port of another block. This line, called a branch line, connects the Sine Wave output to the Integrator block, and carries the same signal that passes from the Sine Wave block to the Mux block. Drawing a branch line is slightly different from drawing the line you just drew. To weld a connection to an existing line, follow these steps: 1. First, position the pointer on the line between the Sine Wave and the Mux block.

Press and hold down the Ctrl key (or click the right mouse button). Press the mouse button, then drag the pointer to the Integrator blocks input port or over the Integrator blocks itself.

Release the mouse button. Simulink draws a line between the starting point and the Integrator block's input port.

Finish making block connections. When you're done, your model should look something like this.

Now, open the Scope block to view the simulation output. Keeping the Scope window open, set up Simulink to run the simulation for 10 seconds. First, set the simulation parameters by choosing Simulation Parameters from the Simulation menu.On the dialog box that appears, notice that the Stop time is set to 10.0 (its default value).

Close the Simulation Parameters dialog box by clicking on the OK button. Simulink applies the parameters and closes the dialog box. Choose Start from the Simulation menu and watch the Traces of the Scope block's input.

The simulation stops when it reaches the stop time specified in the Simulation Parameters dialog box or when you choose Stop from the Simulation menu. To save this model, choose Save from the File menu and enter a filename and location. That file contains the description of the model.

Running a Simulation
After building your model in Simulink , you can simulate its dynamic behavior and view the results live. Simulink software provides several features and tools to ensure the speed and accuracy of your simulation, including fixed-step and variable-step solvers, a graphical debugger, and a model profiler.

Using Solvers
Solvers are numerical integration algorithms that compute the system dynamics over time using information contained in the model. Simulink provides solvers to support the simulation of a broad range of systems, including continuous-time (analog), discrete-time (digital), hybrid (mixed-signal), and multirate systems of any size.

These solvers can simulate stiff systems and systems with state events, such as discontinuities, including instantaneous changes in system dynamics. You can specify simulation options, including the type and properties of the solver, simulation start and stop times, and whether to load or save simulation data. You can also set optimization and diagnostic information for your simulation. Different combinations of options can be saved with the model.

Debugging a Simulation
The Simulink debugger is an interactive tool for examining simulation results and locating and diagnosing unexpected behavior in a Simulink model. It lets you quickly pinpoint problems in your model by stepping through a simulation one method at a time and examining the results of executing that method. (Methods are functions that Simulink uses to solve a model at each time step during the simulation. Blocks are made up of multiple methods.) The Simulink debugger lets you set breakpoints, control the simulation execution, and display model information. It can be run from a graphical user interface (GUI) or from the MATLAB command line. The GUI provides a clear, color-coded view of the model's execution status. As the model simulates, you can display information on block states, block inputs and outputs, and other information, as well as animate block method execution directly on the model.

Simulink debugger GUI used with a multirate control system. You can step through the simulation one method at a time or run to breakpoints.

Executing a Simulation
Once you have set the simulation options for your model, you can run your simulation interactively, by using the Simulink GUI, or systematically, by running it in batch mode from the MATLAB command line. The following simulation modes can be used: Normal (the default), which interpretively simulates your model Accelerator, which speeds model execution by creating compiled target code while still letting you to change model parameters Rapid Accelerator, which can simulate models faster than Accelerator mode but with less interactivity by creating an executable separate from Simulink that can run on a second processing core You can also use MATLAB commands to load and process model data and parameters and visualize results.

Profiling a Simulation
Model profiling can help you identify performance bottlenecks in your simulations. You can collect performance data while simulating your model and then generate a simulation profile report based on the collected data that shows how much time Simulink takes to execute each simulation method

3.4 Introduction to Matlab 3.5 What is Matlab?

Matlab is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, programming and visualization in a user-friendly environment where problems and solutions are expressed in an easy-to-understand mathematical notation. Matlab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows the user to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector operations, in less time than it would take to write a program in a scalar non-interactive language such as C or FORTRAN. Matlab features a family of application-specific solutions which are called toolboxes. It is very important to most users of Matlab that toolboxes allow to learn and apply specialized technology. These toolboxes are comprehensive collections of Matlab functions, so-called Mfiles that extend the Matlab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Matlab is a matrix-based programming tool. Although matrices often need not to be dimensioned explicitly, the user has always to look carefully for matrix dimensions. If it is not defined

otherwise, the standard matrix exhibits two dimensions n m. Column vectors and row vectors are represented consistently by n 1 and 1 n matrices, respectively. Matlab operations can be classified into the following types of operations: arithmetic and logical operations, mathematical functions, graphical functions, and input/output operations.

In the following sections, individual elements of Matlab operations are explained in detail.

3.6 Expressions
Like most other programming languages, Matlab provides mathematical expressions, but unlike most programming languages, these expressions involve entire matrices. The building blocks of expressions are Variables Numbers Operators Functions

3.7 Variables
Matlab does not require any type declarations or dimension statements. When a new variable name is introduced, it automatically creates the variable and allocates the appropriate amount of memory. If the variable already exists, Matlab changes its contents and, if necessary, allocates new storage. For example >> books = 10 creates a 1-by-1 matrix named books and stores the value 10 in its single element. In the expression above, >> constitutes the Matlab prompt, where the commands can be entered. Variable names consist of a string, which start with a letter, followed by any number of letters, digits, or underscores. Matlab is case sensitive; it distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters. A and a are not the same variable. To view the matrix assigned to any variable, simply enter the variable name.

Numbers
Matlab uses the conventional decimal notation. A decimal point and a leading plus or minus sign is optional. Scientific notation uses the letter e to specify a power-of-ten scale factor. Imaginary numbers use either i or j as a suffix. Some examples of legal numbers are: 7 -55 0.0041 9.657838 6.10220e-10 7.03352e21 2i -2.71828j 2e3i 2.5+1.7j.

Operators
Expressions use familiar arithmetic operators and precedence rules. Some examples are: + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division Complex conjugate transpose ( ) Brackets to specify the evaluation order.

Functions
Matlab provides a large number of standard elementary mathematical functions, including sin, sqrt, exp, and abs. Taking the square root or logarithm of a negative number does not lead to an error; the appropriate complex result is produced automatically. Matlab also provides a lot of advanced mathematical functions, including Bessel and Gamma functions. Most of these functions accept complex arguments. For a list of the elementary mathematical functions, type >> help elfun Some of the functions, like sqrt and sin are built-in. They are a fixed part of the Matlab core so they are very efficient. The drawback is that the computational details are not readily accessible. Other functions, like gamma and sinh, are implemented in so called M-files. You can see the code and even modify it if you want.

Graphics
Matlab offers extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. This section describes some of the most important graphics functions and gives some examples of some typical applications.

Creating a Plot
The plot function has different forms, depending on the input arguments. If y is a vector, plot(y) produces a piecewise linear graph of the elements of y versus the index of the elements of y. If two vectors are specified as arguments, plot(x,y) produces a graph of y versus x. For example to plot the value of the sine function from zero to 2, use >> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi; >> y = sin(x); >> plot(x,y)
y = sin(x) 1

0.5

-0.5

-1

3 x

Figure.1.1 Sine Plot The xlabel, ylabel and zlabel functions are useful to add x-, y- and z-axis labels. The zlabel function is only necessary for three-dimensional plots. The title function adds a title to a graph at the top of the figure and the text function inserts a text in a figure. The following commands create the final appearance of figure 1.1. >> xlabel(x); >> ylabel(y); >> title(y = sin(x))

Multiple x-y pairs create multiple graphs with a single call to plot. Matlab automatically cycles through a predefined (but user settable) list of colors to distinguish between different graphs. For example, these statements plot three related functions of x1, each curve in a separate distinguishing color: >> x1 = 0:pi/100:2*pi; >> y1 = sin(x1); >> y2 = sin(x1 - 0.25); >> y3 = sin(x2 - 0.5); >> plot(x1,y1,x1,y2,x1,y3) The number of points of the individual graphs may be even different. It is possible to specify the color, the line style and the markers, such as plus signs or circles, with: plot(x,y,color style marker)

y = sin(x) 1

0.5

-0.5

-1

3 x

Figure.1.2 Multiple graphs with a single call to plot A color style marker is a 1-, 2-, or 3-character string. It may consist of a color type, a line style type, and a marker type: Color strings are c, m, y, r, g, b, w and k. These correspond to cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, blue, white, and black. Line style strings are - for solid, -- for dashed, : for dotted, -. for dash-dotted and none for no line. The most common marker types include +, o, * and x.

For example, the statement plot(x1,y1,b:*) plots a blue dotted line and places asterisk sign markers at each data point. If only a marker type is specified but not a line style, Matlab draws only the marker. The plot function automatically opens a figure window to plot the graphic. If there is already an existing figure window, these windows will be used for the new plot. The command figure can be used to keep an existing figure window and open a new one, which will be used for the next plot. To make an existing window the current window, type figure(n) where n is the number in the title bar of the window to be selected. The next graphic will be plotted in this selected window. To add further plots to an existing graph, the hold command is useful. The hold on command keeps the content of the figure and plots can be added. So the above example could be done with three single plot commands and the hold on command. hold off ends the hold on status of a figure window. hold can be used to toggle between on and off.

Controlling Axes
Usually, Matlab finds the maxima and minima of the data to be plotted by it and uses them to create an appropriate plot box and axes labeling. The axis function overwrites this default by setting custom axis limits, >> axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]). The following example illustrates the use of the functions presented above. >> t = -pi:pi/100:pi; >> s = cos(t); >> plot(t,s) >> axis([-pi pi -1 1]) >> xlabel(-\pi \leq t \leq \pi) >> ylabel(cos(t)) >> title(The cosine function) >> text(-2, -0.5,This is a note at position (-2, -0.5)) \leq is used to generate the less-equal sign.

The cosine function 1

0.5

cos(t)

-0.5

This is a note at position (-2, -0.5)

-1

-3

-2

-1

0 - t

Figure.1.3 Example for controlling the axes To take a closer look at an interesting part of a plot, the zoom command can be used. Afterwards it is possible to zoom by marking this part with the mouse. The grid command is used to turn a grid on and off.

3.8 Working with Matlab

For simple problems, entering requests at theMatlab prompt in the command window is fast and efficient. However, as the number of commands increases, or whenever a change of value of one or more variables with a reevaluation is desired, typing at the Matlab prompt becomes tedious. Matlab allows to place Matlab commands in a simple text file, and by telling Matlab to open this file, the stored commands are evaluated one-by- one as if they were just typed in. Those files are called M-files. There are two kinds of M-files: Scripts, which do not accept input arguments or return output arguments. Functions, which can accept input arguments and return output arguments. Internal variables are local to the function. The only difference in the syntax of a Script-file and a Function-file is the first line. The first line in a Function-file starts with the keyword function followed by the list of output arguments, an equals sign, the name of the function and ending with the list of input variables enclosed in parentheses and separated

by commas. If the function has multiple output arguments, the output argument list must be enclosed in square brackets, e.g.: function [x,y,z] = cosytrans(theta, phi, rho) In a Script-file there is no predefined syntax for the first line. To create or edit an M-file in the environment of Linux the command nedit can be used to start a text editor. The command nedit must be typed at a Linux command window. The use of this editor is very simple and the most important commands can be found in top-down-menus. Another important aspect concerning the work with Matlab should be mentioned here. The commands presented in this paper were introduced without a concluding semicolon. Therefore, a response to the commands occurs at the command prompt. So entering a new variable causes a repetition of the variable name and its values. Sometimes it is much better to avoid this repetition especially in large M-files since a load of information would appear on the screen and the really interesting data might get lost within this load. To suppress this response a concluding semicolon must be entered after the command, e.g.: >> a = 0:5 leads to the response a=012345 while >> a = 0:5; generates the same array, but does not display it. Whenever there is a question about Matlab, the best way to solve it, is to use the Matlab help command which is a powerful tool searching within a huge data base. Just type help at the command prompt. A list of the main topics will be listed. By typing help topic the help can be specified. Additionally the cross-references help to find the interesting command with its options.

CHAPTER 4 : SIMULATION RESULTS 4.1 OPEN LOOP CIRCUIT

OPEN LOOP OUTPUT

CLOSE LOOP

CLOSE LOOP OUTPUT

ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Reduced No of switches Increased efficiency Control Logic Reduces Reduced losses

CONCLUSION
Six generalized non isolated high gain voltage dcdc converters. To verify the principle operation of the generated structures, the boost converter was chosen. The topology is adequate for several applications such as photovoltaic systems, fuel cell systems, and UPSs, where high voltage gain between the input and output voltages are demanded.

REFERENCES
[1] R. Kadri, J.-P. Gaubert, and G. Champenois, An improved maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic grid-connected inverter based on voltage-oriented control, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 6675, Jan. 2011. [2] M. Berkhout and L. Dooper, Class-D audio amplifiers in mobile applications, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 9921002, May 2010. [3] S. V. Araujo, R. P. Torrico-Bascope, and G. V. Torrico-Bascope, Highly efficient high stepup converter for fuel-cell power processing based on three-state commutation cell, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 19871997, Jun. 2010. [4] X. G. Feng, J. J. Liu, and F. C. Lee, Impedance specifications for stable dc distributed power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 157162, Mar. 2002.

[5] Y. Jang and M. M. Jovanovic, Interleaved boost converter with intrinsic voltage-doubler characteristic for universal-line PFC front end, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 13941401, Jul. 2007.