CHL

471: Tutorial Sheet 3

Background Questions on Fluid Mechanics
1. In general, does viscosity of a gas increase or decrease with temperature? Why? How about liquids? Transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow occurs at a Reynolds number of about 2100. Under what conditions is this statement true? What is the distinction between steady state and fully developed flow? Turbulent flow is typically dynamic (thus velocity at a point is time-dependent). Can it be steady? How is the boundary layer formation different in straight tubes and around submerged objects? How is eddy viscosity different from molecular viscosity? Which is larger, typically? In what kind of materials do you encounter compressible flows? Under what conditions can incompressible flow equations be used to model or characterize flows that are in reality, compressible? What is meant by potential flow? What do the Navier Stokes equations reduce to in potential flow? How is this simplified equation to be physically interpreted? Using the simplified equation in Q. 7, how does one derive the Bernoulli equation? Is the information contained in Navier Stokes equation and Bernoulli equation the same? What corrections are typically required in the Bernoulli equation for application to real systems? How are the f-Re curves different for the CD-Re curves? What does f represent physically? How is the Fanning friction factor different from the Blasius or Darcy friction factor? Why do we have two definitions? In the f-Re curves, in turbulent flows the friction factor depends on wall roughness while in laminar flows it does not? Why? What is the different between skin friction and form friction (and skin drag and form drag)? How does pressure drop scale with velocity and voidage in a packed bed?

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What is a stuffing box? How is a gate valve and a globe valve different in construction? What is cavitation and how can it be avoided? Is it always beneficial to avoid cavitation? Sketch the characteristic curves of a typical centrifugal pump indicating the various curves, parameters and efficiency lines. Fundamentally, how is a compressor different from a pump. How are the design equations different? How are vacuum pumps and jet ejectors different? What is their purpose?