NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

Bethesda, Maryland

Z^.\,-^

<3w^

^'e^Tr.M.>,

THE

AMERICAN

POCKET lilBRARY
OF

USErUL KNOWLEDGE.

^cr/vn/
COMPILED BY THOMAS

^^-^^r-.
C.

CLARKE, PHILADELPHIA.

SECOND EDITION.

GRIFFITH & SIMON,

No, 188, Norjh Third
St.

and No. 384, North Second

St.

PHILADELPHIA.

\hH\

THE
Geoige WuhiagtOB.

AMERICAN

Jvha AdiimB.

POCKET LIBRARY

NilioDjl Gallery and Patent OBSce

at

Washington. Principal Hall 273

feet long, 63 feet wide,

and 30

feet high.

OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
COMPILED BY THOMAS
0.

CLARKE, PHILADELPHIA.
,

Price 50 Cents.

1841.
Bn^amngi
Entered according
to

by T. H. Mumford.

in the year 1841, by THOMJlS C. CLARKE, District of Pennsylvama. in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern

^ctof Congress,
Stereotyped by J.

f gan,

18 St. Jajnej Street

The small type used

gives matter 'equal to five hundred

John duincr Adams.

AMERICAN POCKET LIBRARY

OF

USEFUL KNOWLEDGE;
CONTAINING

Ageiculture. Flowers.
Birds.

U. S. Constitution.

Health.

Law.
Education. Silk and Sugar Culture. Temperance.
Statistics.
WILLIAM HENKY HARRISON.

Phrenology. Canals and Rail Roads.

Dentistry.

Army Navy.
Cookery.
&c., &c., &c.

Religion.

WITH UPWARDS OF

100

VALUABLE RECEIPTS.

*3JBSJ3dB<IsAV3u isoui UBqt saAa aqt ot Suiaji ssaf

si

3ui

AMERICAN POCKET LIBRARY.

AGRICULTURE
Ptddcr, ./ttd^-e BueU Sir Humphry Davy, Professor Caiman, AoTHORiTiEs. Biddle, J, Quincv^ J* S, Skinner, and others; Papers of the Philadelphia Agriculday. the magazines papers and of Agricultural principal tural Society, and the

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE.
Tlie task of working improvement on the eirth is much more delightful than all the vainglory which cao be acquired by ravaging it with the most uninterrupled
career of conquests." H^ajAing-fon.
The, great business

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL
PAPERS.
A
cal

and

good agricultural paper, contributed to by practiscientific faimers, will be of service in many

It is

points of view.
is

a storehouse of agricultural

know-

of oiir country
to

a^icultun.
our

ledge,
thins;

from which farmers

may always draw someFor

its

Becnuse

it

feeds U3, and furnishes Hie materials for our

it
;

new and

serviceable.

contents are

made

clothing;

gives
it is

employment
is

five-sixths of

up of

the best opinions

tfie

and best practices, and accurate

population
tures

the primary source of individual and

it

experiments of
hincd.

best

farmers of the world com'

national wealth;

The leading object, indeed, in the publication of an worthy the most liberal agricultural piper, is to afford to frmers a common it patronage of our governments, state and national medium through which to impart and receive instrucought to be enlightened by a better (and thorough) edu- tion. Amongst the most intelligent farmers in (he cation of the agricultural class. Agriculture, manufac- land are always found the best patrons of agricultural but they stand toge- newspapers; where the land is in the highest state of tures, commerce, stand together ther like pillars in a cluster, the largest in the centre, cultivation, and where the domestic economy is all and that largest is agriculture. We live in a couutry regulated in perfect order, you will invariably find agof small farms; a country, iu which men cultivate ricultural newspapers, and intelligence to appreciate with their own handi, their own fee-simple acres; them but they are seldom met with, where neglect drawing not only their subsistence, but also their spirit and ignorance prevail Some farmers may fail for of independence, and manly freedf)m from the grounil want of sufficient capital, but more for want of suffiThey are at once its owners, its culti- cient knowledge. There is no class who place more tliey plough. vators, and its defenders. And whatever else may be entire reliance on their skill than farmers, yet no one undervalued, or overlooked, let us never forget, that who is acquainted with the general agriculture of the
pt'ndence.

and commerce;

the nursing mother of manuficit is essential to national indeis

Ap'icuUuro

the cultivation of the earth

is

the most important

la-

country, will assert that

tion of tion

it

bour of man.
earth,
is,

Man, without the

cultivation of (he

which
;

it is

susceptible.

in all countries, a savage.

When

tillage be-

is to

obtain the greatest possible

has yet reached the perfecThe intent of cultivaamount of produce

The farmers, therefore, are from the soil the farmer's object being to raise it by human civilization. If there lives the such means as will afford him the largest profit with man who may eat his bread with a conscience at peace, (he least labour; and there can be no doubt, that the it is the man who has brought that bread out of the more scientifically he proceeds, the more effectually earth by his own honest industry. The profession of will both objects be gained.
gins, other arts follow.

the founders of

agriculture brings with

BioQS

even of the

none of those agitating pasenjoyment it presents few temptations to vicious induigcnce; it is favourable to hexlth and to long life; to h:bits of industry and fruit

which are

fatal

to peace, or to the

common

blessings of life:

There is not a subject which abtnlutely admits of a improvement than the cultivation of the soil improvements are in progress, and will yet be made to an almost infinite extent the slumbering energies of the farmer are awakening up, and agriculgreater
vast
;

tempei-ance and self-government ; to the cultivation of the domestic virtues; and to the calm and delicious enjoyments of domestic pleasures id all their
gality
;

to

ture, the broad foundation of a nation's prosperity,

is

unniantling
glory
!

some of the

brightest features of her hidden

purity and fulnesa!

Encourage your Agricultural Papers^

Measures (a Substitute). A box 24 inches by 16 in. squire and 28 in. deep, will contain a barrel. A box I^ inches by It) 8-10 in. square, and 8 inches deep, will contain a bushel. A box 8 inches by 8 4-10 in. square, bi and 8 inches deep, will contain one peck. II inches by 4 in. square, and 4 2-10 inches deep, contain one quart.

Musty Grain is made sweet by putting it in boiling water, (double (he quantify of gnin;, letting it cool in the water, and then dry it well. Skim the water.

A single Weed may draw out the nourishment that would have given fulness to half-.i-dnzen ears. To be free from taxes, is far less important than to be free from weeds.
(2)

AGRICULTURE.
From
Nichdaa Biddle.Esq., before the Philadelphia AgricuUural Society, Oct. 1840.
*'

the Jiddrtus of

IMPORTANT FACTS.
A
spot of land which,

when

pastured upon, will

Besides lime and other enriching subslances, the

cost of the

yield sufficient food for only one head, will abundantly

mere animal manures applied to the soil of maintain four head of cattle in the stable, if the crop England, amounts to three hundred millions of dol- be mown at a proper time and given to the cattle iu lars; being more than the value of the whole of its proper order. The soiling yields at least three times foreign commerce. Yet the grateful soil yields back the (juantity of manure from the same number of catwith interest all that is thus lavished upon it. And so tle ; and Ihe best and most efficacious summer nianure stable, and carried to the fields at the it \vouId do here, if we would only trust the earth is made in the
with any portion of our capital. But this we rarely A farmer who has made any money spends it not

do.

most proper period of its fermentation. The cattle, when used to soiling, will yield a much greater quantity

in his business, but in some other occupation. He buys more land when he ought to buy more manure ; or he puts out his money in some joint stock company, to convert sunshine luto moonshine or he buys shares in some gold mine or lead mine. Rely upon it, our richest mine is the barn-yard, and that whatever

of milk, and increase faster in weight while fatten-

ing than
insects,

liable to accidents

when they roam the fields, and they are less do not suffer by the heat, Hies or and are not affected by the weather, escaping

also

many

disorders to

which

cattle

always abroiid are

if

liable.

Each head

of cattle fed in thest^tble,

plenti-

fully littered, yields annually sixteea large

double cart-

temptations stocks or shares

nteat for a farmer
is

may

offer, the best invest-

loads of dung.'^

live stock

and plough-sfiares.

A visiter to the farm of Josiah Quincy, quoted in the and instead of letting it lie fallow in order to recruit Farmers' Cabiuet, says from its exhaustion, as was the old plan, the belter His farm is extensive, and surrounded by a flourishpractice now is to plant in the same Held a crop of ing hawthorn hedge, but there is not an interior fence roots. These draw their nourishment from a lower on the premises; the whole presents a single field, deNo
soil

can withstand a succession of grain crops;

region than the grain crops do

pirt of their food
leaves,

they derive a great

their large

from the atmosphere, by

the

part of

voted to all the various purposes of agriculture; no it is allotted to pasture, properly speakit;g, as

and are never suSered to roam over the fields and the advantages of this syskeep a tem are thus given fornterly, there were seven miles large stock, which, in addition to the pro6t on them, of interior fences to be kept in repair, but by keeping the cattle up, the whole of this expense is saved formerfurnish abundant manure with which to return to the ly, sixty acres of this farm were devoted to pasturage, grain crops. Now this should be our effort more but now, a greater number of cattle by one-third, are roots more cattle more manure then more grain. kept on the products of twenty acres, and I never saw

which

at

same lime

shelter (he soil

from

his cattle are fed in their stalls,

;

the extreme heats

they provide a fresh and juicy food

for cattle during the winter, thus enabling us to

All these improvements which

may

adorn or benefit

cattle in better condition.

is
it

our farms, are recommended to ua not only by our own individual interests, but by the higher senlimeot of our
duty to the country.

This

is

essentially a nation

of

farmers. No where else is so community engaged in farming

large a portion of the

;

The saving by these means enormous, and the immense advantages arising from During the summer, the cattle are fed upon grass, green oats or barley, cut Ihe day before, and suffered to wilt in the sun, and tlie
too apparent to be dwelt upon.

manure which
cultivated,

is

no where else are the cultivators of the earth more independent or so power-

Ihus saved will

more than pay

for the

extra expense and trouble.

One would think that in Europe the great business of life was to put each other to death for so large a proportion of men are drawn from the walks of proful.
;

The farm is most highly and every kind of grain and vegetables have
it

a place.

Near London,

is

the custom to

sow

large quantities

ductive industry and trained to no other occupation except to shoot foreigners always^ and their own coun-

of oats, to be cut green for stall-feeding the

milk-cows;

these are always

sown on laud most highly manured

for the purpose, with four, and sometimes five bushels ; while here, the whole energy of of seed per acre ; the yield is prodigious, and is found all the nation isdirected with intense force upon peacelo be one of the most valuable crops that can be grown, ful labour. A strange spectacle this, of one, and one coming off the land iu time for a full crop of turnips There only, unarmed nation on the face of the eirth for the winter, or of late potatoes. is abroad a wild struggle between existing authorities and popular pretensions, and our own example is the

trymen occasionally

common theme

of applause or denunciation.

It is

the

more important then

to be true to their

for the farmers of this country

theirs the government is theirs and on them depends mainly the continuance of their system. That system is, that enlightened opinion, and the domestic ties are more
principles.
soil is
8t;*ble

own

The

Fencex. Around each post hill the earth, to carry off the water, and charr the end a few inrhes above the surface. Cedar fences last about 15 years, which should lead owners to inquire where the fences are to

come from

bereafter.

guarantees of social tranquillity than mere force,

and that the government of the plough is safer, and, when there is Dt:ed, stronger than the goveronieDt of the sword.

Manure, T.V try farmer can double the quantity of his domestic or yard manure, with scarcely any additional expense. At least lifty per cent, of Ihe nutritive properties of yard manure are lost by drenchingof rains, excessive fermentations, and injurious application (o soil.

AGRICULTURE.
MANURES.
Under the improved system of
root culture,

suffering a rotation of crops,

and alternation of grass and grain, com'

them to remain for a few months, their decomposition would impregnate the soil with soluble matters, so as to render it an excellent manure, and by mixing a little fresh quick-lime with it at the time of
its

bined with yard and slalUfeedin? of sheep and cattle, the quantity of manure produced on the farms has in

great measure destroyed; and

removal, the disagreeable effluvia would l* in a it might be applied in

many

instances been quadrupled, and the amelioraiion

the

same way

as any other

manure

to crops.

of the soil has been in the

same proportion.

Ship loads of bones have been carried from thi country to Europe to be crushed and used as bone-dust
ill

Oreeii vegetables^ when put under the soil and submitted to the process of decomposition, are cflicicioui* Buckwheat and clover in restoring exhausted soils.

fertilizing their soils;

and

we have

been compelled

are striking instances of this

fertilize soils,

power

in

green crops to

to

purchase, at exorbitant prices, of those nations, the

and both have been extensively uted for

wheat and other grain, that this same manure w have produced at home, and at the same time have lost to our farms the fertility it would have imparted. Scrapings of streets, leached ashes, lime, refuse from
skin, leather

this purpose.

bones, weeds,

and soap boilers' shops, slaughter houses, salt, and any kind of animal or vegetable

PLOUGHING.
Much
time and labour
is

substances, by the addition of earlh,

may

be largely in-

saved in ploughing long ininstance, suppose the ridges

creased in quantity and

soil.

made to

enrich aud fertilize the

stead of short ridge*.

For

are 78 yards long, four hours and thirty-nine minulee are spent in turnings in a day's

Rut whatever improvements or discoveries may be whereas, if the ridges are 274 yards long, one hour and made, it seems clear that the fanner for manure must nineteen minutes are sufficient in the same length of rely mainly on his stables and yards, and his study should be to render these most efiicient and available. Plough deep. Lei a fanner examine the extent and One main object should be to prevent the escape of the depth to which the roots of grain, in a loose and liquid and volatile parts of the manure, as experience favourable soil, will spread, and he will cease to wonproves that these are the most active in exciting or der at the failure of a crop where the subsoil has never supplying plants with food and thus accelerating their been stirred by the plough. growth. The yards and the stables should be proSmall fibrous roots of vegetation extend to a depth, vided with litter, such as straw, hay, leaves, weeds, where the soil is loose and deep ; and w here vegetables &c., with vegetable mould or muck, with the wash of thus take root they are much less affected by drought. roads or the overflowing of streams, in sufficient quanThe soil being turned up to the action of the sun and tities to absorb and retain the urine and other liquid air, becomes enlivened, and better fitted for producing p;irls of the manure, and where these cannot be obvegetation. An acre of land yielding a ton of bay, at sand will be found of great tained, common earth or drj* the usual season of ploughing greensward contains utility in preventing the loss which must ensue where more than twelve tons of vegetable matter, consisting these parts of the mahure are allowed to escape from of the roots and lops of grass, and other vegetable rethe yard. If when the farmer cleans out his yards, he 13 upon the surface. Such a method of ploughing, Were to cover them with a hundred loads of vegetable
or absorbent earth, he would
find in

work

of eight hours

the following

then, as will be best calculated to secure for the benefit

of the crop, this
er

year a greater number of loads of the most valuable manure, the greater part of which, without such precaution,

mass of enriching substance, the farm-

should not hesitate to adopt.

By

completely invert-

would have been wholly

loat.

Rotted manure

m:iy atford at limes

more

benefit to

a particular crop, or
to

may

be more conveniently applied

ng the sward, and laying it as flat and smooth as the nature of the ground will admit, and then cultivating thoul disturbing the sod, with the application of a
in
heart, but wonderfully

some crops; but

as a general rule,
it

manure should dressing of compost, land may not only be kept

wanted.

be rotted in the ground where

is

Some
;

improved.

crops are rarely Injured by any quantity that can be

given them, as corn, potatoes, and roots generally

course such should have the advantage of the
cess of
ciVffM
first

of

The PIoif^Aside, the

By 80 placing

the coulter as to form

proafter

acute angle with the plane of the share, on the land

decomposition in the manure, while ia reserved for the grains and gr:sses.

its

be, to

The great object in the application of manure should make it atford as much soluble matter as possi;

brought more directly over the centre of the plough, as is the case with Prouty & Mears' improved plough, and thereby the power necessary to
is

beam

ove

it, is

applied

more

ble to the roots of the plant

and

gradual manner, so
in

that

it

may

that in a slow and be entirely consumed

tance,

and the force required

directly to the centre of reto move it, and over-

come

this resistance, is of course less

than

when

ap-

foiming

its

sap and organized parts.

plied, as in other ploughs,

on one

side.

All p-ti niccidcnt plants contain saccharine niucil.iginous

The
,n

matter, with

woody

fibre,
if

and readily

fer-

difference in the force required for ploughs now use, has been ascertained to be 100 per cent. ahow;

ment.

They

cannot, therefore,

intended for mafive or stx

nure, be used too soon after their death.

ng the great importance of its structure. The wort which one team of horses or one yoke of oxen can
perform at one plough, will require Iwo yoke at
another

By

covering dead

animals with

limes

their bulk of soil,

mixed with one

part of lime,

and

; ;

'

AGRICULTURE.
GRAINS.
Gtiicral

duction of wheat on

soils,

and under circumstances

which are
grains.

better suited to the production of the other

Remarks.
really nutritive, are
Diafter of starch, glu-

The compounds
very few
;

in vegetables

farina, or the pure

No wheat, however clean or beautiful, should be sown without being soaked 12 hours in a pickle of
strong ley, brine strong enough
to float

and extract. Of these the most nutritive is gluten, which approaches nearest in its nature to animal matter, and which is the subbf.ince that gives to wheat its superiority over every
ten, sugar, vegetable jelly, oil
olht;r grain.

an egg, or lime

water, and after being drained, should be rolled in pow-

dered lime.

As
the
sible.

the

wheat crop generally receives no

after-culture,

soil

should be brought into as fine condition as pos-

There

is

a particular period at
to be

which each

species

Manuring and thorough

it

culture are indispenafter a fallow crop of

of seed ou^ht

joicn, in order to bring the plants

sable.
If

to a perfect state of ripeness.

be desirable

to

sow wheal

The
for, if

condilion of the
it

Imd

is,

in fact, the best guide

rye, oats, &c., the land should be

be in a mellow state, between drought and

ed or thoroughly harrowed after

it

moisture, the seed

may

be put

in

with confidence.

good ploughing with sufficient harrowing

preparation for the seed.

immediately ploughis cleared then one is a good

Some

kinds, however, prefer a dry and

warm

soil

others, that

which

is

more humid and

tenacious. Thus,

As a
late.

large crop cannot be

sowed

in

a few days,

it is

barley, rye, and buckwheat, succeed best on the for-

better to begin a fortnight too early than a

week

too

mer; and wheat and oats on the latler. Tlir depth at which seed should be stywn
of nicety, as well as of imiiortance.
ried,
If too

is

a matter

deeply bu-

bushels of seed to the acre of winter wheat, is not too much : less than six or seven pecks should never

Two

germination

is

impeded, and

may

be altogether

be sown.

prevented; while,
ure
is

if

sown

too shallow, sufficient moist-

By sowing
raged
to

too thin, the

growth of weeds

is

encou-

not left in the surface to afi'ord nourishment to

the great detriment of the growing crop and

the loss of the owner.

the roots of the plants.

The
stilii

depth at which seed ought to be placed must, be regulated by the nature of the
soil.

therefore,

If
if

Ploughing in wheat is best, especially on worn land. The depth at which the seed is buried is more regular, and gives the young plants a stronger bold on the soil.

more moderate covering should be used than

li^ht

As a general rule it may be laid down that any crop from one and a half to three inches, is in every which matures so large a quantity of seed, must exhaust case, the lowest to which it should be carried. the fertility of a soil much more than a crop which Setd should be selected from the earliest and most does not produce seed, such as the root crops. Too mucli atperfect growth of the preceding year. There is probably no other crop that produces so tention cannot be bestowed on this part of the opera- much nourishment for man and beast as this does. It Late was the opinion of *' Arator," that it was '* meal, meation, as every kind of seed will produce its like.
stances,

more than rye or buckwheat

and porous; wheat, barley, and oats also require but, except in a few in;

Com,

sowing requires one-third more grain to the acre, than dow, and manure." And the manure which might be Land, naturally very rich and loo mnde from the fodder that is produced, if returned if put in early. highly manured, is apt to cause during the hot season again to the soil from which it was taken, would keep
of

summer

a too rapid

growth of the straw, Wheat.

at the ex-

it

in a constant stite of fertility, to year.

and

in fact increase

it

pense of the seed.

from year

The white
duce
;

are superior In the quality of their

the red are the

more hardy

and

in general, the

To Plant, plough well in the fall and early in spring. Manure and harrow well. Select from prohost stalks large sound ears throw out the small,

the the
ill-

thin and

smoolh-chatfed are preferred to the woolly

and thick chaffed. The produce of wheat sown in spring acquires the habit of coming much sooner to maturity, than the

shaped grains from each end. Soak in strong liquid of Put four grains in hills four rich manure 12 hours. Cover one and a half inches feet apart each \v^y. deep, and press down with foot or hoe. Apply leached Use the cultivaashes or plaster, after the corn is up.
I i

produce of that sown in autumn. Hence the farmer, when he sows wheat in spring, should sow the produce of that which had been already sown in spring, and not the produce of that which had been sown in

tor inste:id of the plough, which cuts the roots and makes them bleed^besides, all that is now needed is
to keep the ground from weeds.

loote,

well pulverized and free

autumn. This change in the habit of ripening, though it may at first view appear somewhat singular, takes place in all the cereal gnsses, and also in many other cultivated The minor varieties of any species of wheat, plants. under given conditions, will remain unchanged for an indefinite period; under other circumstances, however, they degenerate and hence, particular kinds that were
once valued, have

The
! j

ravages of the

wire-worm may be stopped by

slacked stone lime.

into

'

Of all the grains, corn is the most valuable, taking view quantity and price. Soaking the seed in a

solution of saltpetre keeps off the

worm

and largely

increases the crop.

Topping
fodder.

the stalks diminishes the grain from

bu-^hels the acre,

6 to 8 without a corresponding increase of

now

ceised

to

be so.

The
wheal
;

soils of

and

it

is

the lighter class are the best suited to an error in practice to force the pro-

Grind corn in the ear for feeding. Pure com mc:il does not appear sufficiently to distend the stomach to

AGRICULTU
bring into exercise
j
I

RE.
iayn
:

its

digestive faculties fully, without

The
eties.

best potatoes are heavier than Ihe inferior vari-

[I |,
'

takiog so
eventually.

much
For
is

as to clog and
this reason, a

impair ilw functions mixture of leas nutrius, that

The American Farmer

I

For some seasons

past,

live materials

desirable; and one of our most suc-

cessful feeders of

pork

lias

assured

he ahva)8
of onefind

mixed

oa!i with his corn, in Ihe proportion

have only planted the top eyes, and 1 li;*ve Ihe best crop and the driest potatoes in the country. After the top is cut oft", the lemainder beeps belter aud longer
fit

fourth, previous to grinding, and thicks

he should

for use.

If

housekeepers

in

towns were

to

preserve

a profit in exchanging corn for oats, bushel for bushel,

rather than feed the former to his pigs clear.

possessing nutriment in
site
itnelf,

The

cob,

the cuttings of the tops of their potatoes, there would be sufficient to plant all the country, without the cost
of a cent for seed
!

makes about
is

the requi-

mixture with the grain, and hence

of great value

for the purpose of feeding.

dry weather.
for

Preserving Po(a(oej. Potatoes should bedug-during They should be exposed as short a lime
it always injures their quality whatever use they are intended. They should be

In any district where Indian com is extensively grown, a miller would find it for his interest to attach a cob-cracker lo his machinery, as the farmers would
find themselves well repaid

as possible to Ihe light, as

kept in a state similar

that
is,

tii

thai

before they are

dug,

by the great s,\viDg aud

secure from air and light, with a slight degree

superiority of the meal so made, for feeding.

of moisture to prevent witherinj?, and a tcmptiature so

low

as to

SEEDING.
are

in the quality caused by

keep tliem from vegetating. The difference good and bad keeping is very

Of all the practices constituting good husbandry, none more replete with beneficial effects, and which betthan that of seeding.
It

rarely appreciated.

ter repay the outlay,

has be-

come an established

practice with good farmers to seed

In planting, have a good supply of rich earth around ; but elevate the hills as litlle as possible after planting, in order to leave the tubers to grow at the
depth which they choose for themselve'i.
Besides, a

frequently with clover and timothy.

The

natural grasses yield less of quantity and nutri-

more even

surface

is

better adapted to obI;iin a suppi)

ment than either clover or timothy, and some more recent introduction.
Independent of
soil

others of

of moisture, by admitting (he rain, &c.

The

distance

of the hills should be governed by the spice occupied

this, its fertilizing

properties to the

must be considered.

Whereas, grounds not seed-

by the tops ; for much of the nutriment of vegetabler is taken from the air, and the tops should iherefure b.
allowed
to

ed, by being loo

much

exposed, soon become of so com-

expand.

pact a nature as to render

to either

them

in a

degree impervious

heat or moisture, without

which they cannot

Treat Domestic

be capable of the

leust productiveness.

STOCK. AnimaU kindly and tenderly.

all

Autumn

is

deemed the
for clover.

best time for

sowing timothy,

Domestic animals of
ness

kinds, from a horse

down

tc

and the spring

a chicken, should be treated with gentleness

;

and mildto

ALTERNATE CROPS.
The summer and
exceed the
fields of

men
v%

or boys vvho are nibh and b;ul-'f.mpered,

ought not
interfere

to

be permitted
their

to

have charge of them or

winter food must have a due promeliorating crops, rAje preserve

;

ith

management.

Animals

thiit

are

portion to each other, and the fields of grain are not to

kept in constant fear of suffering never thrive well,

the soil, as well as produce crops

but grain reduces

at

and they often become vicious and intractable by unkind and cruel treatment.

the soil in producing the crops.

livt stock,

income from which improves^ rather than from grai/i,

land.

Aim

Keep Stock in good condition.

which impcvtrishcs your

An

animal

may

part of the fall or

be kept short of food in the latter first of winter, a' a small saviit:; of
It is

SAVING CLOVER SEED.

The
difficulties of
is

food, but at a loss in the condition of the animal.

like salting a
salt

saving the seed are imaginary;

After the clover
field

the process

simple and easy.

hae been cut or grazed, let the second crop

come

hog with a pound of salt a saving of but lafs of bacon. One dollar saved by short keeping of animals, will be a loss of five dollars. It will

on.

second crop produces more seed than the first, and hence the economy of first cutting or grazing the field ; though from that cut for hay, a careful

The

more through the winter, and the profit from the animals, either in growth or milk, will be lost Provide comfortable sheds and stables. Remember
cost that a

is always a waste of flesh. and drink, with great regumeal ten minutes later than the usual time heads have turned brown, because, if cut sooner, too causes the animal to fret, and fretting lessens flesh. many seeds are unripe, and if later, too many bhatler Most animals will drink several times a day, and out of the beads io cradling and handling. should therefore have it as often as they want it. They should have plenty of clean litter as often as

wa7it of cornfm-t

husbandman might

easily

sav.e

sufficient

seed

for

his

own

use.

Mow

Give a
larity.

sufficiency of food

when

about two-thirds of the

POTATOES.
Potatoes in general afford from one-fiflh to one-se-

venth of their weight of dry starch.

One-fourth part of the weight of the potatoe at least

With such management there will be an almost incredible saving of food. Tight stables should always be ventilated. Jhe breath and manure from animals always causes impure
needed.

may

be considered as nutritive matter.

AGRICULTURE.
and straw are reaJily eaten by cattle, brine is >prinkled upon them. Coni-stalk fodder should ahvays be cut or chopped, othciniae Ihc body of the stalk i wasted. This is the best jnrt. It is sweetebt and inosf nutritious. And it is the chief part in bulk. Chop it fine, and cattle will eat il, if the fodder h-s been well cured. Quantiry.Au acre of corn-stilks, cut and well secured, and chopped when fed, h (^uite as good as an acre of hay. Currying. Nothing conlribu'ea more to the health and appearance of cattle, than fretjuent curryiogs and rubbings; and nothing enjoys currying more, or shows gre iter improvement from it, than hogs. Hovtn CaUle.~-A band of straw, the size of the wrist, placed in the nmuth, drawing it ii?hl, and m:ikiii^ fast the ends over the head, just behind the horns, \viU came the bens' to endeavour to rid itself, by chewing the band ; :iiid the act of moving the tongue and jaws will permit the pent-up air to escipe. Ooer-Fccditii; Administer a pint of cider and half a pouud of old cheese, grated and mixed.
Coarse hay

when

substances from the bowels moist, light, and easily dige^ted food, that his weakened digestion may not be oppressed cool drinks, to allay his thirst, and, to some rest and nt, compensate for diminished secretions but quiei, to prevent undue excitement in his system, might .sum nothing to be done without a reason. Treat your Lrules like all in one general direction:

We

men.
Cuts should be cleaned, laid smooth in the natural isilion, and allowed time to cure. Sores, when large, should be protected from the air and external irritation. Bruises and Sprains should be kept quiet, or inflammation will ensue endcvour to reduce the heal, cure-alls.' if more than natural, and avoid the certain Colic. The horse rolls and is in pain. Adniinister
: '

a lable-spooiiful of strong mu'tard, dissolved

Remarks on Neat

Cattle.

I. The head BUiall and clean, to lessen the quantity of offal. 2. The neck thin and clean. 3. The carcass lar^e, the chest deep, and the bosom broad, with the ribs standing out full from the spine. 4. The shoulders should be light of bone, and round off at the lower point 5. The back ought to be wide and level throughout ; the qnarters long; the thighs thin, and standing

narrow ;il ihe round bone; Ihe udder targe when full, but thin and loose when empty with large dug-veins, and long elastic teats. 6. The boucs, in general, light and clean. To Select. Adopt the practice of selecting best limbs every ye.ir, for stock. In a few years you have firstrale sheep. The same course will produce the same effects in every kind of animal.

THE HORSE.
There U
nr>

more danger of injury to the horse than by eating a hearty meal when warm. And who ever heard of a man killing himself with a hearty dinner, because he ate il when he was fatigued or heated It is hard driving immediately after eating grain Not an instance can be shown in that kills the horse. which he has sustained injury from eating grain merely because he was warm. have known men, prudent in most matters, yet guilty of stuffing their hoi'ses wjih grain in the Dioroing just before Stirling on a journey How absurd to let your horse stand for hours, after a violent exercise, to chop up his own fodder and attempt and a half. Mix. to appease his hunger on hay. A'paut'ns. Blister, same ;<s Ring Bone, adding oil of Give the horse half a bushel of oats or one peck of origanum half an oi nee. Apply. First fire the part. been used to grain as soon as you lead corn if he has Sand Cra^kSy owing to excessive diyne?s of the him into the stable, and he will fill himself in an hour crust. Moisten in stable, or turn him out into moiist or two, and be willing to lie down and enjoy a nap, ground. Verdigris is useful in some cases of soreness or ineven before you retire to rest yourself. In any part of the country, if you see the grain put flammation of Ihe foot. into The manger you may be pretty sure the hostler has Conu. Remove the shoe and cut out the corn. not f'trgotlcn his duty. Tack CD the shoe after applying some tow dipped in IVatcrin^. If you ride moderately, you ouglil to tar. The Frog should never be cut away, n(T raised by let y 'ur horse drink at any time on Ihe way ; but if he has been long without water, and Is hot, a load of cold Ihe ^hne above pressure wiih the ground, as it then water, greedily swallowed, will chill and deaden the loses its function of exiianding the quarters of the foot, lone of the stomach: but (wo or three swallows are and will also become diseased. Canker. Cut the diseased part away ; apply each really necessary to coot his mouth, and may be allowed day a fresh liniment of oil of turpentine 1 1-2 oz., sulhim at any time. Spavins are seldom cured : though cures arc made phuric acid half an oz., mix slowly j tar 3 oz. FresRigler, at Frankford, Pa. sure is one of the best remedies. by Shoes should nowhere be in contact with the horny Heaves. Mix ashes in his food, and lime>water for
to ourselves
I

We

in a black Wrap the neck of the bottle or junk bottle of water. indammalion with twine, to prevent its breaking. is suspected, breathe a vein. .4 damp stable produces more evil than a damp house ; it is there we expect to find horses with bad eyes, coughs, greasy heels, swelled legs, man^e, and a long, rough, dry, st'aring coat, which no grooming can cure. Lock-Jaw. Throw two or three hogsheads of water on the spine. The skin beconies loose, then wrap in blankets feed with gruel and nourishing diet. Botts are said to be too deeply buried in the mucous coat of the stomach, for any medicine that can be Symptoms. Th^ safely ministered, to affect them. horse hangs his head, is drowsy, and bites himself. Try a mixture of molasses and warm fresh milk, and rub externally with sjiirifs of turpentine; all of which may loose the botts then work them off with a large dose or two of oil. Lampas (the roof) sometimes grow level with the Touch with a front teeth, and impede the feeding. lancet gently, and allow to bleed freely, instead of the usual painful cure of burning. .^g-e. From 5. black cavity, like Ihe eye of a bean, At 6, in two middle teeth of lower jaw. is filled up. the two second are tilled up, and at 7 until S, the black marks of corner leeth of lower jaw fill up and disappear, and the tushes are no longer concave on the surface next the tongue, but become round or convex. irks being now obliterated, the age cannot be The exactly known ; though exireme length of upper fore teeth, their yellow or brov%nish colour and projecting over the under teeth, disappearing of bars in the mnuth, and sinking in of the eye-pits, are proofs of great age. Ring ^OMM.- Blister of oil turpentine 1 oz., to which add, blowly, vitriolic acid two and a half drachms, lard 4 oz., powdered ISpauish flies one ounce

his drink.

sole,

Prevent Botts by cleanliness, and giving salt often and regularly and, occasionally, a few potatoes. When your animal has fever, n:\1ure would dictate that all stmiulating articles of diet or medicine <hould be avfiided. Bleeding may be necessitry to reduce the
;

Pole Em/. Open and apply ointment, hot, of oil of turpentine 1 oz., verdigris half oz., yellow resin 3 oz. mix. After disease is destroyed, dress as a common
abscess.

force of the circulation purging, to

remove

irritating

exercise.

Staggers produced by too high feeding and little Bleed largely and give aloes 7 drachms,

AGRICULTURE.
Castile soap

2 drachms^ water

pint

mix

at

one

i I

draught,

SHEEP.

Lobelia for Indian tobacco) has been found good Cropping or Docking manifests a want of feeling and n want of tasle, which should subject the operator where the symptoms of disease are a dmoping, running at the eyes, weakness in the back and loins, and losing lo (he loss of
a tinger by the Banie uselesa and dangerous
|

Foul Noses.Bip a smi^ll mop on the end of a stick Glanders is so difficult of cure as to require a sur- in t.-ir, then roll it in salt, and bold it in your sheep's geon, and is so fatal and contagious that he should by mouth. ijii means be allowed to go into the neighbourliood of Tar. During the season of gjaziog, give (ar, at the other horses, nor feed from the same bucket or rack, Sprinkle rate of a gill a day for every twenty sheep.
nor use the same harness.

process.

the use of their hind legs, &c.

Symptoms

are,

discharge

at the nose, and swelling of glands under the ihro.it. Soon as removed, putify the stall by lime, washing, &c,

little

fine salt

over

it.

This promotes their general

health.

5/mn^/ej. Inflamm.ition
cou^h.
nionial powder 5 drachms, for (liree doses.

of under-jaw glands, wit^

Being well-mated, oxen are more easily trained and more easily to effect this, much self-denial on the part of the driver, much coolness of temper, more Change from grass to hot stable is injurious. Chronic Cc/u^-A. Blister throat, keep moderately training by motion and less by voice, may be highly advantageous to man and beast. warm, re^ulir exercise, and each d.^y tarlarized ant"
;

Give, once a day, Fever Powder, viz., anticamphor 2 drachms. Mix

OXEN.
the

mony

1-2 dr.,

aloes

1-2 dr., Castile

soap

1-2 di

Syrup to foim ball. HOGS. Fever. 'li\eed. Give pint castor oil, keep modeFood. It pumpkins, roots, apples, or any of them warm, feed warm bran mashes, and adininis'er, be fed to fattening hogs with corn, the advantage will once or twice a d.iy, this Fever Powder: camphor 1 be salutary. Most of the food for sxvine should be dr., aniimonial powder 2 1-2 dr. Mix. cooked. Swine fatten mnch faster on fermented, than Excessive. Purging creates inflammation and is on uufermented food. Salt, charcoal, and once in a highly pernicious. Give opium, half a drachm, twice while sulphur, are excelleut for hogs under all circuma day, Kub well, keep warm and perfectly quiet. If stances. Good Medicine. When your hogs get sick, you necessary, blister, and rub with turpentine. know not of what, give them ears of corn, first dipped Jaundice. Give, daily, opium 1 dr., calomel 1 dr., in tar, and then rolled in sulphur. and syrup to form a ball. ^ Fact. The first liiter of pigs from a young sow Diabetes. Give animal food, at first as broth, until are naturally feeble and difficult lo raise, and never perhe will feed upon liesh, and omit vegetables and all haps acquire the size and weight that litiers of the same lluids as far as possible. sow do afterwards. The Mange is occasioned by low feeding, want of
rately

cleanliness, or by contagion. Rub with oil turpentine 2 oz., sulphur vivum 3 oz., lard 5 oz., mixed.

BEES.
Every farmer should keep bees a few swarms to honey for his own use, if no more. They toil with unremitting industry, asking but a full sweep of the ~ing. and no monopoly. Everyman, in either tovyn or country, can keep bees to advantage. Dr. Smith of Boston has an apiary on his house top, from
;

Wind Galls about the fetlock are from hard labour. Cure by blisters and repose. Saddle Galls.ApiAy cold water, sugar of lead, and water or vinegar.
salt,

furnish

Brandy ajvd Salt, two thirds brandy and one third good for all kinds of galls, wounds, bruises, and ioflammatory sores.

COWS.
Currj/mg-. Cattle are well known
better
lo thrive

much

where

this operation

is

thoroughly performed,

and Dr. B. Rush,

in a lecture

upon the advantages of

studying the diseases of domestic animals, stales that

there ia an improvement in the quality of the milk, and an iucrease of its quantity, which arc obtained by currying the cow. Be a-sured by experience of the truth of the saying, that "one cow well milked is worth two badly milk-

whence his little winged labourers traverse the air eight or ten miles in seaich of food. What a delicious banquet they afford, from the rich nectar gathered collect honey and bread from most kinds of forest trees, as well as garden flowers; orchards, forests, and trees all contribute to their wants, and their owner is Ratified with a taste of the whole. Sweet mignonette IS especially mentioned as easily cultiv.ated by drills in a garden, and is one of the finest and richest flowers in the world, from which the honey-bee can extract its

They

food.

The cobwebs must

moved. " Never

he kept

away from

ale vicinity of the hive,

and

all

the immedi* other anuoyances re-

Curweii, from three acres of grass, cut and fed thirmilch cows with 28 lbs. each dty, for 200 days. Their health was excelieot, and their milk supeiit
ty

the second

Milk clcn.n.~The first dnv/n milk conta 8, and the fifth 17 per cent, of cr

only

6,

Kicking.lf the milker will keep not one cow in a hundred will kick.

his nails short,

Driv -Thosf vish their cows to give large iiiiiK lu me winter season, should give them drink. The extra trouble will be more than reMtd in the increased quantity of milk. In milking, be kind and noothiog: the cow will :ive down her milk more freely. Crcrtrn. Do not milk so far from the dairy as lo let
iit>:M-3 ui

varm

lilk

cool before

it

put in the creaming dishes.

kill a bee." The smoke of the frnigus mnximus, or common pufl' ball, when dried so as lo hold fire, has a stupifying effect on the bees, and renders them as harmless as brimstone does, without any of its deadly effects. By means of this, weak swarms, ^vhich would not live through the winter, may be united to strong stocks. It is a fact, borne out by expenment, that a hive thus doubled will not consume more honey in the winter than a slock in its natural state. This was discovered by a Swiss pastor, De Gelior. The additional heat seems (o serve instead of additional food, to keep up the vitality of the half-torpid bees. add, dry, dark room, is the best winter quarters for bees. They will consume less honey than if left on their summer stands, and will not be weakened by the toss of thous;inds, which, tempted out by the premature warmth, are caught by the cold winds, fall to the ground and never rise again. Di-yiiess is essential ; and venrilation, or proper airing of the hives in summer, is the most valuable improvement in bee keeping.

'

AGRICULTURE.
Pears are greatly improved by grafting on the mountain ash. Nearly every family can, with very little (rouble, Rais and other vermin are kept away from grain by have CR^ in plenty du'rina: the while year and of all the antniiN dometic.ited for (he use of imn, Ihc com- a sprinkling of garlic when packing the sheaves. mon dunghill foivl Is capable of yielding the grt:atesl Wet Zanrf. Money skilfully expended in drying possible piofit to the owner, land by draining or otherwise, will be relumed with

POULTRY.

The Hen-House should be warm in winter, well ventilated in summer, wbiiewasljpd and kejal clean. Roosts of sassafras poles are Itss infested with lice. Have no eround floor. Supply slacked lime, fine gravel, or ane, or burnt oyster shells, &c.
FccdiTis-. They will sinjf over Indian com with more animalion than any other grain. The hen must
,

ample interest. GroJi. Sweet and nutritious grass gives a richness and flavour to milk, attainable from do other source.

have secrecy and mystery about her nest; watch her, and she wilt forsake her nest, and stop laying.

Curing Fodrfer. Bundles may be so placed around centre-poles as to form a hollow stack, having a fouud.-ttion of brush, sticks, &.C., admitting a circulation of air that will thoroughly cure fodder in the shade.

'

Turnips of small size have double Ihe Dutritious They eat less, if alluwe.1 to help themselves to what matter that targe ones have. Rtita Baga is the only root (hat increases tn nutrithey want, than if fed in the usual way j for in the latter case each tries to i;et as much as it can, and thus tious qualities as it increases in size. burdens itself, but fuidiug in the former case tliat they In transplanting trees, the hole should not be prohave abundance, thty eat but little and that generally portioned to the extent of the roots as they are, but to In the morning early, and in the evening going to roost. their extent as they may bt and should be. A farmer may keep an hundred fowls in his bam, Toads are the very best protection of Cabbage* may suffer ihr.m lo trample upon and destroy his mows of wheat and other grain, and still have fewer eggs against lice. than the cottager who keeps a single dozen who proPeach Trees are protected from hard winters by covidi-8 secret nests, chalk egg-i, pounded brick, plenty vering the roots a foot deep with siiaw, in January, of Indian corn, a few oats, linie, water and gravel, for after the ground has become thoroughly frozen, which them; and who takes care that his hens are not dis- keeps the froat in the ground, and so prevents the sap turbed about their nests. Three chalk eggs in a nest from starting until the Spring ib fairly opened. are better than a single neat egg, and large eggs pieaie The Udder of a beef cow, sailed, smoked and dried,

them

A single dozen fowls, properly attended, will furnish a family with more Ihan 2.000 eggs in a year, and 100
full-grown chickens for fall and winter stores. The expense of feeding the dozen fowls will not amount to 18 bushels of Indian corn. They may be kept in cities as well as in the countr>-, and will do as well shut up the year round as to run at large, with proper care.
Fact.F.st^s the nearest to roundness produce females, and those pointed at one end always produce

is

rich, delicious eating.

Lard never
enough

spoils in

warm

weather

if

It

is

cooked

in frying out.

in cold water, work out all the buttermilk, pack it in a stone jar, stop the mouth air tight, and It will keep sweet for ever.

Wash your Butter

Tomatoes make au excellent

preserve.

Swut

or Olive Oil

is

a certain cure for the Jt( of a

RattltsnaU

For Fattening. Boiled Indian, wheat and barley,

better than oati, rye or

is

Apply it internally and externally. To cure Sa-atckes on a Horse.Wmh (he lege with

buckwheaL

One-third

is

gain-

ed by boiling.

warm strong soap uds, and then with beef brine. appUcatious will cure the worst case.

Two

MISCELLANEOUS HINTS.
IVild Onioii may be destroyed by cuUivatii ploughing and leaving the field
all

of Sal eratus or Pearlash. crowded into the pipe of Poll Evil or Thistleows, two or three times, rable disease.

A lump

Corn Meal should never he ground very

rnjui

fine.

the richness of
is

it.

winter.
:

Remember. -'The great rule in relal; breed holds perfect in its application to vezetables only from the best animals ; dcfe-cts and imperfections have always a tendency tu projpa^ate thcmseloeSy and are always, in a ^eatcr or less degree, transmitted.
IVheat shoots strongest when there is an interval between the time of ploughing and sowing, but barley
is most vegetative when sown immediately after the plough. Grease TVhecU.hO parts, by weight, of pulverized black lead. .50 of lard, 50 of soap, and 5 ot quick-silRub the lard and mercury fint together, then the ver. If well mixed, it is invaluable. lead and 3(^>ap. Plants, when drooping, are revived by a fesv grains

It should be boiled but 10 often over-boiled. and in no more wafer than it will absorb while boiling. Put two cups of riee in three cups of

Rice

..Diitei,

Sulphur

is

valuable in preserving grapes, plants, &c.

Old Briru If sweet and good, and has kept your old pork good, it will keep the new without boiling.
If

the brine

is

full

of matter

which

if

has received

from the old pork, il cannot extract the beat juices of the new, and is quite as sweet. fialt U really necessary to horses, cattle, and sheep, and thev should be supplied with it at regular stated
iutervali throughout all seasons of the year.

of camphor.

Manure, on a wet soil, produces but half its effect: and gypsum, that grand stimulant of dry soils, on a Flowers beginning to fade, can b restored by put- wet one is useless. ting the stems in scalding water. Save your Fire Wood. "Mr. Madison, in his Notes our rural J}acon flams in summer. Psck in a barrel, in of Agriculture, says, " Of all the errors in regretted, beclean dry ashes or charcoal ; he:\d up the barrel ajid economy, none perhaps is to be -*o much cause none so difficult to be repaired, as Ihe excessive put it where it is dry, and as cool as possible. fire wood." of destruction injudicious aud weaTimber cut in the spring and exposed to the Sm-rel may be killed out by lime, while ashes has no ther uttM the bark on, decays much sooner than that effect on it. cut in the fall. Shumac or Sumac, a poisonous shrub or plant, In Feeding with com, 60 lbs. ground goes as far as which grows wild in abundance, and freqi nlly whe 100 lbs. in the kernel. viil, is used for dyeing in England, at the Doihingel j?jjp/e*. Experiments show apples to be e^jnal to annum. It might be per annu thousand tons Pr aud decidedly profitable for rate of thirteen potatoes to improve hogs, '
!

fattening cattle.

made

a source of profit to our farmers.

10
iim*. A PeonsylvanU

AGRICULTURE.
'

will be made on half the weight of corn, ground and made into mush instead of being fed whole. In SnioJiing Hams, &c., be careful not to have the Sunflower yields 140 bushels per acre, and each fire too nigh, or the smoke-house too tight. Il is best bushel of seed one gallon of good oil. Cost of ex- done in an upper story to which the smoke is conveyed In Its leaves furnish pro- in tubes, from oak or maple chips in the cellar. pressing, 25 cents per gallon. vender, and its seed is capital food for poultry, cattle, passing this distance, the vapour which snmke usually and hogs. It is a profitable crop od poor soils, re- holds, IS deposited, and the hams are perfectly dry and during whole process. cool the quiring but little labour.

farmer raised 400 bushels of wheat from a field of laud which five years age produced but thirty bushels. He spread fifteen hundred bushels of lime on said land. Barley is becoming more an article of diet. It makes the finest of cakes when prepared like buck' wheat. Farmers are findiug it as poor economy to turn barley into beer to make paupers and criminal: for Iheni to support, as to convert apples inlo cider to create an appetite in their children for stronger drink. Ground, it is a most valuable food for all kinds of stock.

Pork Cured.
it

freezes,

Soon as cool enough to cut, and before pack a clean cask full, wiih plenty of salt on

Fill up with water, taking sides of each uiece. care, by means oi^ a Urge stone, to keep the pork under the pickle, and covered from flies, in a cellar. Never boil pickle.
all

Pork Fteding.

It

is

a well ascertained fact thai

more meat

if

treat your cattle kindly in food and shelter. on soil of a dry, sandy or graTimber. To preserve, soak in lime and water, long velly texture, if well manured, and winters better the enough for the lime to penetrate. earlier it is sowed. It is the least healthy of all the Sh&ep must be fed well, kept dry, have salt often, grains. Sown early for winter a bushel per acre, and in spring a bushel and a half, wilt generally be suffi- and pure air, and be grazed in hilly stony pastures. cient The earlier harvested, the whiter the flour; For packing Plants, use saw-dust. later, the grain may be heavier from the thickness of As a general rule, with but few exceptions, square the skin, causing more bran but no increase of flour. large fields are more advautsgeuus than small irregular

Hollow Horn. Where supposed All Emetic may be made id emergency by taking peck potatoes twice a week, aud two teaspoousful of mustard mixed with water.

to exist, feed

half

Rye

is

most

thrifty

Roofs well thatched with rye straw

last

20 years.
will

Ccfni. Sprinkling with

the Wevil.

Bait

and water

check

ones, requiring Je^s fence, and being more easily watered, manured, ploughed, aud harvested.

Keeiping Fruits.~-1\\e three best, of eight different modes, fairly tried, are, I, covering in pure dry sand j 2, in dry fern ; 3, in a deal box buried lu the earth j in all cases placed in a cool situation.

SUCCESSFUL FAKMTNG,
he Farmers' Cabinet relates an instance of a farmi

Orchards of pear or apple trees are more subject to bliglit and destruction, if open and sloping to the West, than in any other exposure. Either ashes, iron or soap suds, applied to the roots, have cured blight in
pear trees.
Caterpillars and other insects are effectually destroyed by a drenching of tobacco juice,

the neighbourhood of Amherst, N. H.,

in the

menced

who comworld as a day labourer, and who, notii

ithstanding he has at various times sustained heavy

pecuniary losses in the investment of his funds,

orth at least one huridred

now

thousand

dollars.

" This man, when

thirty years of age,

by the avails
to

Jiidter. Heating the milk in winter, after straining, to 130 degrees, improves tlie quantity and quality of butter, and reduces the lime and labour of churciDg.

of his industry added to a small legacy,

was enabled

^orer. Kill this insect's eggs in apple and quince trees by a solution of potash, applied with a brush about the foot of the tree, occasionally, from April to is altogether upland, with a soil composed of loam, June. clay, and sand, in the chief of which the la'ter preDraining is important, and covered drains are ponderates, the former being least considerable. When more lasting and valuable than open ditches. Cut he commenced farming, he adopted a particular sysdrains three or four feet deep, place a row of poles at bottom, then a layer of brush to within ten inches of tem of rotation, to which he has implicitly adhered the top, then a few inches of straw or dry leaves, and from that lime to the present, which is forty years, and cover with earth well rammed down. his success is the best comment on the worth of the Bone Dust, An English proverb says, "One ton of experiment. His mode was as follows: having dibone dust saves the importation of ten tons of grain." vided his farm into eight fields of equal size, as near AsJieSf although leached, form an excellent manure. as possible, three of those fields were sowed with Pumpkins m:*y be kept a year, sound and well flawheat each year, one with rye, one planted with corn, voured, if carefully gatliered and hung up in a dry cellar. Or, take out the soft parts, slice, and dry in the two in clover, and one an open fallow, on which crn sun or oven. Keep dry, and boil ; a rich good food. had been raised the year previous. One of the tno

purchase and pay, in part, for a farm of one hundred and thirty acres of land, one hundred of which was under cultivation, but in a very low state. The farm

Ducks, when young, should have but little water, and be fed exclusively on boiled food, potatoes, &c.

clover fields

is

kept for

mowing,

the other for pasture,

Hominy

for fattening

is

good.

both of which are ploughed as soon afler the harvest

as possible, and prepared for

" Salt is health to a gosling, but death to a chicken," is an old and true saying. Cider. Cleanse barrels with lime, then rinse well out. Half a pint mustard seed will preserve it good a long lime. Filtering through a hair sieve and racking off improves it. Roots. Feeding with roots, especially with sugar-

wheal in the fall. All the manure which is made on the farm for one year is hauled in the spring on the field intended for open fallow, which is then ploughed, and, afler one or two cross ploughings through the summer, is also sowed wheat in the fall. The field on which the rye is sown is that from which a crop of wheat has been beet, cannnt be too highly prized, being rich, juicy, taken the same year, and which had yielded three fattening, and economical, Turnip Fly may be expelled by the use of fish oil, crops. Corn is planted on the field from which rye le or two gallons to the acre. had been taken the year previous, the stubbles of which

THE SUGAR BEET.

are ploughed
e.irly io (he

11

dowo

in the fall.

Clover seed

is

sown

spring on two of the wheat fields, those Are easily broken in pieces by building a which have been uiost recently manured. By this and throwing od water while hot. method, each field yields three crops of wheat, two of clover, one of rye, and one of corn, every eight years. FARMS.

ROCKS

fire

on them,

SMALL

E:ich field, in the mean time, has lain an open fallow, and received a heavy dressing of manure, perhaps at an average of fifteeu four-horse loads per acre. His crop of wheat is seldom less Ihau fifteen hundred bushels, but often much more. His average rye crop is

In conclusion, we desire to impress on the commonsense reasoning cf every man, the paramount importance of having no

will cultivated.

than you can manage well.

more land in culture than can be By no means attempt to manage more Be a FARMER, not a

about four hundred Mid

fifty bushels, and his corn crop mere earth-scraper, lazily scratching up sufficient earth annually about five hundred bushels; all which grain, to destroy the face of the soil, and throw seed away, at the present low prices, would amount to more than or you will always have to scratch hard for a living. two thousaml dollar-t annually, and al former prices But make your farm a source of pride, and it will

to

double that amount, and bis farm

Is

withal very
I

surely

become a source
to

of profit.

Make
acres.

the object to

highly improved."

be not

have

manyy

but

RICH

THE SUGAR BEET.

BY JAMES RONALDSON, PHILADELPHIA.
In the feeding cattle, milk cows, and stock of all every farmer who his tried the Sugar Beet, that it is equal to any, and su{>erior to most of the feeds that are used. Its culture is aiteoded witt little expense, and in our dry climate is more certain of making a good crop than any other of the roots grown for Ihe purpose of feeding stock. gentleman interested in the growing of sugarin Louisiani, slates that a crop of Sugar Beets is found to be superior to all other cmps as a refresher and renovator of the land after Ihe fourth crop, that is, the fourth yeir of sugar-cane. If it proves suitable for making sugar from io Ihe cane latitude, the muking of fuear will assurae an entirely new character; and in Louisiana, th boiling season will commence with the beet, and close with the cane, whereby the same capita! lltat is invested in Ihe works, mrichinery, &c., con necled with the boiling house, will prove a great sav ing on this portion of the planter's capital. As yet the process of extracting sugar from beets has not been made sufficiently perfect to obtain the whole iMCCharine matter as in the case of the sugar-cai therefore the residue forms excellent food for cattle.
kinds,

knows

much of the poor clay or gravel bottom, and where the substrata is an open sand, deep ploughing is not required. Manure in which the process of fermentaliun has not advanced far, will answer best for beets, nevertheless all kinds are useful ; but the half-rotten best divides the soil and suffers the roots freely to exthe seed

OfSovjing in Seds.Jiy this method the whole of is sown on a small portion of land compared

with what it is intended to occupy; these plants will be fit to pull up and plant out where they are finally to remain, in a month or six weeks from the time of sowing ; this planting is performed by means of a dibble with which boles are made in the ground, always a little deeper than the length of the plant that is to be put into them, and with this dibble the earth must be carefully pressed close to the root. This mode of sowing should be thought of only where seed is scarce, the qu^intity to be sown not great, and labour easily procured.

Broadcast. Th\i manner is the simplest. Six pounds of seed will be required where two and a half or three would have been enough when planted in thrives in the soil suited drills by the hand, and the produce is never as great as In the .ibsence of manure Ihe roots will (o the potato. by the following method be small, but where they grow fre^h and healthy, it has been found that smalt plants yield a large proportion Rows or Brills.The little furrows into which the of sug.ir J but this by no means makes up for the want seeds are to be dropped are made by a harrow, having of mus. the teeth at the distance one from another that the rows Land essentially ttlffclay is not suitable for beels, of beets are intended to be from each other, and the beciuse the seed germinates badly, and the rool be- seed is dropped two or three into the drills at the discomes forked an^ rises too much above tlie surface, tance of twelve to eighteen inches apart from each where it becomes hard and reedy. One of the evils other. After the planting is finished, the seeds are attending forked roots is, that stones, gravel, and earth covered by having a light harrow with plenty of teeth get enveloped in the interstices, and injure the ma- in it drawn over the ground. In this way there is a chine, when the object is to make sugar. Clay soils great saving of seed and the plants are regularly spaced. are improved by deep and frequent ploughing and har- Four boys will plant an acre in a day. By using a drill rowing: the manures best suited to this kind of grounJ, drawn by a horse, Ihe labour is very much abridged and the work will be expedited. This machine is are half-rotled straw, fresh stable dung, leaves, &c. ,'ery important to those who plant large fields. In fixPreparation of the Ground. Here, as in all other ng the distance that is to be between the rows, referdepariments of the farming business, much of the sucence should be had to the kind of horse-hoe that is to cess depends on the skiil and judgment of the farmer. be used in keeping the crops free from weeds. When In many cases three ploughings will be necessary, and the plants are far from eich other the roots will grow one of these ploughings should, be before winter, that to a large size, and the contrary will result from plantthe turned-up soil may be mellowed by the frost; the The seed should be planted at the g them close. last ploughing his to lie in the spring immediately bedepth of from one to two inches. fore planting the seed ; two ploughings in this country will be found suHicient ; in all cases it should be well Time of Scnmng. This depends on the posilion of harrowetl, and rolling will be an improvemeut that the pl;ce and the nature of the soil ; as a general rule, amply relays the expense. Deep ploughing is gene- the earlier the better. Provided the land is dry and in rally useful, but the farmer has to consider the nature proper order, early sowing is particularly important of the substrata. It would be improper to turn up, when the object is to make sugar, because the roots arChoice of

Ground. TiceS.

13

VEGETABLES.
m
corn-stalk! cessary to spread a little straw put luoutside of the heaps, to keep out the froM } if iiJ it may be ght rot and spoil the beet; side, it might * pits from (pen the pi.. ,eful to open to spoil, thej? are observed any if fresh, and them keep The preserving of Bh"uld be ^.refully taken out. couneded beets is the moat difficult of all the branches
i '

cnishrive sooner at maturity aod allow the process of iDg to commeDce e&rly. than the beet more suffer plants Tew Hoeing. Of ttie from neglect, and the baneful influence of weed-, therefore has stages of its vegetAtioa. The ground
first

mellow be kept free of weeds, and it should be kept during the plant's developement. Beets require one The or two hand thinnings, and as many hand hoemgs. when four or hve first of the hoeings should be about of the leaves have put out, the second in from three to All the pl.iutj sate one must five weeks afterwards. be pulled up at the time of boeiup; if not properly thinned, there will be a cluster of leaves, but very small rools ; where there are blanks, they should be filled up with those pulled up from where there arc too many. After the rows have been carefully freed from weeds and properly thinned, the Iwrse-hoe, cultivator, or drill harrow can be advantageously run between the After each horse-hoeing, remove the earth rows. If any of the beets thrown on by the harrow, &c. shoot out into the seed stalk, cut oil' these stalks, because this growth would be at the expense of the root.
to

with them.
that

Harvest mg-. The evidences of the plant being ripe are a fiilliug down of the leavei, and those of a bright The influence of green, turning yellow and brown. drought may brin5 on these appearances; the observing farmer will uoderslaod when this change is caused indeed he his to attend want of moisture; heat, or by to the we.ilher, and the appearance of the approach of winter, that he may take advantage of all the crowing season, and at the same time not be too late in harvest- seed. ing, and thereby expose the crop to be injured by frost. Gerural Remarks. The Beet is found, under some The roots should be pulled by hand, or assisted by the circumstances, to degeuerate, the seed of the white spade when necessary. Shake the earth oft" them, and plant producing yellow and red roots: this tendency another one against or in any to strike careful Dot be checked by chant^ing the seed from ciay to way bruise them : bruising disposes them to rot. Cut may be The seed, if careThe sandy, and from sandy to clay soils. oflT the tops, being careful not to cut the beet. fully preserved from moisture, insects, and vermin, leaves being cut ofl' lei^sens (he disposition of the root for several years; but after f'ur years, it keep The will to vegetate, and it prepares them to be housed. the object is to sow When it. will not be prudent lo beets should lay on the ground until they are dry bemake sugar, care should be taken to have seed that fore they are housed. will produce white roots; and early sowinsj will alFord /*rejo*ua(ion. The roots must not be left long on the opportunity of commenciog the crushing and boilThe early bruisings produce the ground exposed to the air. heat and moisture; ing at an early period. much heat or cold are both found detrimental, as a heat the largest proptTtion of sugar. of fifty-six to sixty degrees Fahrenheit, in damp weaWhen ihe Beet is employed in feeding cattle, one of ther, will produce a fermentation suflicienl to reduce the effects will be, lo produce more and riclur ni.ithe quantity of saccharine mailer; and on the other Dure, and this will place in the farmer's power the enhand, beets freeze very readily, so that only a few de- tire command of his farm; he c.m do with it hatgrees below thirty-two will dispose them to rot. ever he pleases. Every encouragement is held out for The best aired cellar is not better for securing the the culture of bee'. It being a green crop, draws much It is most prudent beet than a judiciously made pit. of its nourishment from the atmosphere; and in place to make them large, because if a part of the contents of exhausting the land, leaves it in fine onler, lor any t'f a pit begins to spoil, the disease will spread through crop the farmer niay choose lo put on it. Beets in no the whole mass. They may be made from four lo five way interfere with the cultivation of wheat, clover, One lo two barley, Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, &.r.. With the feel wide, and eight, ten, or twelve long. feet is deep enough ; this hole is to be filled with beets, aid of a few beets, the profitable effects of that most and piled up until they form a ridge, and the whole is useful grain, Indian corn, will be greatly increased in to be covered with the earth dug from the pit ; a drain Calves fed with beefs or roots in their feeding cattle. should be cut round the heap, to carry oflf all water, it first winter, will generally be as good animals at tlie being of importance thai the beet be kept dry, and for end of two years, as tho-e that have been fed the first this reason, ground natur.illy dry should be ^elected for winter on dry food and corn, will be at the end of the pits perhaps in our severe climate it may be ne- three years.
:

the Sccrf. It is only in the second year produces need. The proper lime for choosing which the seed is to be pniduced next year is when taking up the crop; these should tie healthy, somewhat above the medium si/e in length and thickness well formed and no ways furked, and of a fine light colour (if for sugar, perfectly white); they should be kept through winter in sand or dry earth, and placed in a temperate barn or cellar equally guarded from the influence of heat and cold. They should be planted out in March, or so soon as 'he land two or three is in good order, and at the distance of feet apart: the branches being liable to spW off, and break down, have to be supported by slicks or frames. generally be in SepWhen the seed is ripe, which will tember, the stalks are to be cut off and tied inio bundles to dry, and then the seed is beaten off or removed fiom the sterna by hand. The small seeds towards the outer end of the branches do not ripen well. The next process is to expose the seed to the sun, nid then it is put into sacks ajid kept in a dry jjlace. where mice and vermin shall not have access to it. The average yield of plants in France is from four lo six ounces of good

Orawing of
it

the roots from

VEGETABLES.
JlrUchoke.So\v early In Ihe Spring, In rows three
inches apart, or plant muckers.
(

^sparagiu.Sow
,.T.T^ BEANS
1

in April, in
i-

good rich

soil.
1

.- t T. T^ T,, Englif Diwr/. -Plant

as early

.L m the

'

Spr.ng as the ground w.ll work.

|

Becls.Soiv in drills, rrnm early In the Spring (ill the middle i.f Suniiiicr. Leave Ihe plants 6 lo S inches *P""' '" ">' drills. Borecole is an excellent green. Sow in Fall, either broadcast or in drills, as for \Vinler Spinach.
'

^_._^^^^^

^^^^^^^ ^^^
in

^^^^.^^^^^^

Kidney Cmar/s. Plant from end

20lh August.

of April to about
;

which are allached

Sprinsr, -nd treat as
|

Ihe slem.

Sow

^^ _^ ^^^^,1 ^^^^ in the middle of

Winter Cabbage.

Pote or flimninf. Plant beginning of May, and at

intervals through the season.

Brocoli produces heads like Cauliflower. .Sow in seed bed about Ihe middle of Spring. I'raiieplaiit in

HORTICULTURE.
rich ground

13

wheu 8

or 12 inches high, and treat as

alalk, are

gathered whilst green, and pickled aa a sub*

is one of the best of vegetable seed >hould be sown thick, as it ground. Very rich ground is rei

Winter Cabbage.

stituie for capers.

Cabbage Fnr early cabbage, sow in Autumn, in seed beds. Protect during Winicr; tran-plaul early in (he Spring. Fur late cabbajje, sow in seed bed, niiddle of Spring. Tiansplant early in Suiimier.

Okra, or Gombo,
Plant in

May.

The

liable to rot in the

quired.

Cardoon

is

much

used for salads, soups, and slews.

for early, in seed beds, in
in

Treated much

like Celery.

Cauliflower.

Sow,

Au-

tumn

protect from plant in rich ground nage as Brocoli.

:

frOst,

cold frames, and

tr.ins-

after froat ceases.

For Ute, ma-

Carrots should be sown eirly Id the Spring, in deepdug and well-manured ground, iu drills twelve or eighteen inches apart.
Celery should be sown early in the Spring, in light soil. Tran^iplant in trenches, highly manured, when about b inches high. Blanch by earthing up as they advance in growth.
rich moist

Onions should be sown in drills, early in the Spring, ground, thin, to stand 2 or 3 inches apart. Parsley should be sown early io the Spring. Soak warm water before sowing. Parrni;j. Sow in drills 18 inches apart, io good and deep-dug ground, early in the Spring. Peas. The best soil for Peas is a li^hl loam.
in rich in
'

early sorts require rich ground. Sow in drills as early in the Spring as the ground will work.

Pepptr.Sow
border; or

late

in

Spring, in

drills,

on a w;
set out

in a frame or hot-bed, in plants 18 inches apart.

March:

Pmnpkin. The Mammoth Pumpkin

to the

has

been
Plant

Cheroil.A small

salad.

Sow

early in the Spring,

grown

enormous weight of 225 pounds.

and after heat of Summer. Crcjy. Used as a salad. Sow very thick, in shallow drills, at intervals through the season. Com Salad Used as a salad during the Winter and Spring. Sow thick, in drills, about Ist of September, and cover with straw on the approach of cold. Cttcumbers should be planted first week in May, in hills 4 leet apart prepare the ground by incorporating a shovelful! of rotten dung in each hill.
:

early in

May,

in rich soil, in hills, 8 to lO feet apart

each way.

Radish. The early kinds should be sown as soon as the ground can be worked, in a sheltered siluitit

Rhubarb should be sown in Autumn or early in Spring when in the Kvter, transplant in the ensi Spring to desired situation. The slems are used for tirts, and are fit for use before green fruit can be obtained, being a very desirable substitute.
:

Salsify, or Vegetable Oyster should be sown during April. The roo;s boiled, made into cakes, with paste,

hot-beds early in the Spring; transplant in rich warm ground late in the Spring, about 30 inches apart. Egg-plant seed will not vegein tate freely

Egg-Ptant.5rt\v

without a substantial heat.

and fried like oysters, much resemble them. Spiiiach should be sown as soon as the ground can be worked. The soil cannot l>e too rich for Spinach. 5(/uas/i. Cultivate same as Cucumber. Tornalo. Sow in hills 3 feet apart, on a warm border, early in the Spring.

Lettuce should be sown in seed bed, in the middle of protect the plants throut^h the Winter, and early in the Sprim; transplant in rich ground ; or sow in hot-beds in March, and at intervals throughout the

As

the plants advance id

September

growth, give them support,

runup. For summer use sow early in the Spring. For main crop sow close of summer. The Ruta Baga
requires

more lime

to

mature, and should be sown

at

A/eZon. Plant
the
first

in

hills, in light

sandy earth, about

in hot-bedi of

week

in

May.

Aromatic and Sweet Herbs. Anise,

Pot,

Brazil (sweet).

Mushroom Spawn should be planted dung, covered with earth.

Mustard.

Caraway, Coriander, *FKnneI, *Lavender, Maryeold

Marjoriim (sweet), ^Sage.

Summer Savorj-, Wii

Sown like Cress,

in

Nasturtium. Sow

ter Savory, Thyme, *Mint, *Rosemary, Dill. Those marked with a * are perennial, and when May. The (lowers and young once obtained may be preserved for years. The others

and used

for a salad.

leaves are used as a salad; the seed-pods, with fool-

are annuals.

HORTICULTURE.
BY HENRY
FLOWERS.
General Directions for their Cultivattcn.

A.

DREEU.

The Flower Garden

admiration:
its

has always been the object of

refinement and delicacy have never

its

been questioned, while

proper cultivation and

at-

Annual seeds may be sown from the Ist April to the Those sown ear1st June, with variation- of success. liest, flower sooner and more profusely. Sow eithe small beds or in drills from one-fourth to one inch depth, according to the size of the seed. In a mnnih to six weeks they will be ready (o Iran-plant. Be careReful to do this during cloudy and rainy weather.

tention are universally considered as evidences of laste

and

intellect.

The first requivile to ensure the heallhy 6'mT growth of flowers, is soil. That most suited to the cultivation of earden flowers, is a rich mellow loam, which should be well manured and pulverized late in When the fall, or as early as possible in the spring. ground is of a hard and clayey nature, the addition of sand will tend to render it less adhesive, and thus enable your tender varieties to strike their roots deep in Ihe earth when Ihey might otherwise perish with drought. The garden should have a regular supply of every fill.

move your plants carefully; set (he larger flowering kinds in the rear, the smaller in front. Above all things, be careful not to crowd them, as one heallhy plant is more beautiful in a garden ihan fifty sickly and
attenuated. 'I ie your taller-growing kinds to painted rods; this gives an air of ne^tlness, indispensable in a garden. If the weather, at (he time of transplanting, is dry and warm, water them well for a week, and keep them entirely shaded from the sun. Do not set all out at once, but from time to time, lest a hot season should prematurely arrive. Many tender annuals, that do not vegetate freely in the open ground, and which, after vegetation, a slight chill might destroy, may be brought forward in the following manner :

14

HORTICULTURE.

Cultivators desirous of obtaining an eirly bloom, Canterbury Bells, Wall Flower, Foxglove, Pinks, may commence by sowing; their seed early in March, Dwarf Evening Primrose, and their varielios. in pots or buxes of earih in the hou^e, givinst them a; Peren7iial herbaceous plants are those which die much sun as possible during the warmth of the day, down to Ihe root yearly ; the roots of which remain and protecting them from the influence of a chill dur- many years. There is no class of planis more deserving night. This operilion must, however, be per- ing general culture in the flower garden than perenformed with great care, 1o scarcely cover the more nials; for when once introduced Ihey require but tridelicate kinds, while the stronger-growinjc may be fling atiention their increase is also of the most envery dehcate couraging nature, being, in most varieties, efl'ecled sown a quarter of an inch in depth. w;ttering-not, which sutlers the water to fall like a by simply dividing or parting the roots in the autumn shower of dew over the earth without washing away or spring. Herbaceous plants may be divided i"to the most delicate seed, should be used. Give only a three classes, vi/. Bulbous, as the Tulip, Hyacinth, suiiicient quantity of water ; the greatest fault with the and most Lilies ; Tuberous, as the Dahlia and Paeony ; inexperienced is their propensity to drown every plant, and Fibrous, as the Phlox and Perennial Aster. These which is equtlly injurious with depriving the plants may again be divided into hardy and tender. Among entirely of sustuuance. Preserve each kind distinctly the bulbs, Tulips and Hyacinths are hardy; the Jalabelled. cobean Lily, Tiger Flower (Tigridia), and Gladiolus. However, the most proper method, and that most are tender. In tuberous roots, the Pieony is hardy ana generally practised by families having large gardens, the Dahlia tender; and in fibrcjus, most kinds are IS to "throw up" a small hot-bed, in which the pots hardy, although in many cases they are killed by the containing ^eed may be plunged to their rims, or sown winter aud by wet saturating their crowns, on which in shallow drills on earth previously placed over the account il is necessary ihey sliould be partially covered manure, and should then be bt)elled to prevent mis* '- winter to protect them from being injured in Ibiti take. The Cyprus Vine, Scarlet Morning Glory, and other species of the Convolvol.icex, should be iioaked a few hours in warm water before being placed in the ground. They will then vegetate much earlier and VINES. more regularly, and will blo?som sooner. Muiy variPrune hardy kinds in the Spring, by cutting out all eties will vegetate much sooner by covering them wifh a hand-glass, which should be taken off shortly after dead or ^superfluous branches, regulating the remainder equal di^tance apart, when they are nailed with their appearance above ground, lest they should be shreds of woollen or leather, or lied up neatly. In rendered weak and sickly by coiifinenieDt. nier, prune so that (he branches may not be too Cover the bed up carefiilty at night, for fear of sud- thickly crowded. den cold chilling the plants. Give Ihcm air by raising by taking off joints where they have Propagate the sash on every fine day this will render them more rooted, and planting in the same manner and soil as the h:irdy, and capable of enduring transplanting wiih less parent, in September. Cover the roots with fine earth, danger. and keep moist. Some varieties, as the Honeysuckle spot, and in a half-shady should Lupins deli'ht and Clematis, are readily propagated by layen and never be transplanted the seed may be sown early in cuttings. (See Plaots.) March, in the open ground, and, when in city culture, kept moist af<er ve.getation. Leaf or peat soil to mix will prove advantageous.

PLANTS.

AWuui, or Rose of Sharon, Snowballs, Honeysackles, and most kinds of soft-wooded plants, may be propagated in the Fall or Spring, by sticking cuttings one foot long, hall-way down, ten inches apart, in moist hady ground, well dug and pulverized, with a norih!rn aspect. Press the ground hard round the cutting. Larkspur, Branching Larkspur, Strawberry Spinach, To propagate by layers, bend the plant down, making 'ncision to the under part of Ihe shoot or joint about Eveniiig Piimrose, Coreopsis Tinctore-i, Sweet Wilpress perpendicularly two or three inches half an inch liams, Pmks, all kinds of Poppies and Gillias. deep, and secure it in the ground, which must be well There are many kinds that do not endure the frost, prepared. but which vegetate much earlier by the seeds passing Inoculate by taking well-ripened buds, say in July the winter in the earth. Among these, the Marvel of make an mcision m the rind, taking care Peru, Double Balsamine or Lady's Slipper, Cypress or August Vine, Euphorbias, Sweet Peas, Convolvolus, &c., stand not to cut through the albumen nor into the wood cut pre-etninent. These, however, answer nearly as well half an inch below and half an inch atmve the bud, press the rind h about half Ihe wood and bark by planting in March, April, and May ; and indeed, we have seen seeds of all ihe varieties, sown in June, gently back and insert the bud, carefully closing all flowering beautifully wlien the others were nearly around and binding with bars or other btriugs. The ended. As soon as a flower begins to fade, pinch it off, plants must be perfectly healthy. and you will have several more equally as fine, to take Cold, late in (he season, must be guarded against; its place, besides always having your plant neat. The (he tender plants removed fo their winter quarters, and strength given by the plant, to ripen leed, would then those that remain out through the winter. About the be thrown into the production of fresh flower buds. middle of November, protect all herbaceous plunts by Biennials are such as are of two years' duration ; covering them on their crowns and roots with long being sown one year, they flower, seed or Iruit the manure and leaves, tying the branches up neitly, and Sow the seeds during covering with straw so as to turn off ihe rain and frost. next, and soon after decay. April, either in spots where they are to remain, or in Insects may be removed by a strong decoction of toto be trans- bacco juice, or one made of soft snap, sulphur, and Ijeds by themselves, distinctly marked planted to desired situations early in Ihe Fall. I'he tobacco: sponge or baihe over three or four limes. following are among the most free-blooming and de- Keep the ground, fences, &c., clean about the flowers* * Rose Campion, Holyhock, Snap Dragon, by painting, whitewashing, &c. gjrable sorts
seed sown every ye;ir. Many varieties of hardy annuals (lower much larger and liner in the spring, if sown Ihe preceding summer or fall, so as to vege'ale previous to frost. Among these, the Dwarf Rocket
; ; ; ; ; :

Hardy perennial and biennial seeds may be sown about the same time as the annuals. These do not blossom the fir;.! year ; they may therefore be thinned out or removed from the beds in which ihey have been planted : when their roots acquire sufficient first slrengih, set out in the places they are to occupy for the succeeding year. They must be kept free from weeds, and Ihe ground occasionally loosened to facilitate their growth. Biennials are generally raised from

Roses should be pruned in the Spring: if allowed to straggling they neither thrive nor flower well. The rose always flowers from the young wood, and by being well trimmed more are thrown out The rose Lsily propagated in a deep rich soil. The Moss Rose will thrive on a clay twttom.

grow

MANUAL FOR PRODUCING

In roomt, plants should enjoy as much of the light anJ BUii from the window as potgible, be oOeti turned, iCiving them a suiiply of fresh air in fine, soft weather divest them of all dead leaves, and water them as nature indicaies by (he c.trth dryiii(< in the pots. Too much waler sours and rots, loo little dries up the plant, and breeds iiisecis^ ic. Flants \a a growing stale re;

SILK.

15

Budding' should only be done with fresh buds, on Biiiail slocks of vigorous growth. Begin after sap starts, until 1st June. Later will do. M.^ke inciMon like a T ; raise the corners and insert the bud with as little of the wood as possible, and babd.ige, not too
very
tight, for three

weeks.

quire

more water.

Seeds should be saved from the plants in the healthiest stale, and those first ripe are the best. Clean the seeds, and preserve only those that are full and plump,

throwing out those of a light quality. Leaves are the principal organs of respiration, sy* nonyiiious with the lungs of animals. Dead or decaying le^ve-s are apt to breed insects.

Scions may be cut in February or March, before or time the buds begin to swell ; or take grails si^e of a pipe-stem, from bearing branches, not from side shoot? nor the rank growth of the top. Put in earth one third their length, keep from frofit, and occasionally sprinkle to prevent shrivelhug, but not so wet as to sprout them.
at the

Plants of all kinds should be so situated that the sun and air may h.ive free access to any part of the leaves, fruit, and all parts as far as possible.

Composition. Rosin 8 oz., beeswax 3 oz. melt up with lard, and work tt like shoemakers' wax: for wounds made in priming or grafting.
;

The Dahlia thrives best in a deep, rich, loamy soil, with the full benefit of ^un and air. In winter, the roots should be cleared of decaying parts, dead stalks or tubers, and kept in a temperature a few det;rees above freezinj;. For Inte flowers, plant 1 ile. Soseed in May, in open grounds but in a pot of light, .* ^ ". and tran^^plant rich. first dv soil, as early April, . about middle of May. Divide the roots :ind plant in March as soon as the eyes begin to push out, in pots green-house, and traDsplant when the weather is set;
I

Split the stock, drive in a wed^e 6 or 8 inches long, open the split so as to admit the graft freely, sharpen end of gi-aft and in^icrt, matching the wood of graft and Wood of the stock ; remove the wedge carefully, cover smooth over with composition, tight, to exclude air, and the sap will force its way to the graft.
Secrf. Select from healthy trees, sound, ripe and fair fruit, and place in sand, in a cellar or other cuol, place, until time to plant. If kept too diy, they seldom vegetate. Let the wil be go-xl, well worked, not too wet J cover up and press the ground mode^ rately over. Plant in Fall, t)eiore the ground is frozen, or in Spring soon as the ground can be worked. Soil. Low, wet or marshy ground is not suitable.

damp

FRUIT TREES.
Fjiiits, in a ripe

and perfect

state,

are beneficial to

Soil appropriate for crops ot grain is also adapted to the cultivation of fruit Irees, shrubs or vines. Occasional digging, mellowing the ground, keeping down

health, if not eaten to excess.

underbrush and weeds, and manuring, are beneBcial.

Cleanliruss is essential. Destroy all caterpillars, noxious worms and insects, and prune off all affected In Graftins;, 2.5 well placed are belter than 100 parts. Scrape off rough ragged baik and moss, and gnifts pl.ical at random, and ten placed injudiciously wash well with soap suds or cover with a co>tt of limewill change the whole lop of a tree in a few years, wash. Remove all suckers from the rooifi, side when 200 grafts may be so scillerod as not materially branches and excrescences. to change the top of the tree or its fruit. Graft only Grubs, which occasion disease, may be prevented by on such as are sound and vigorous. coating the roots and lower trunk, about July 1, with Has^^lin^ off limbs and branches and leaving tar, tr;iin oil, or whitewash, and sprinkling a little stumps on the trees, which rot off and let the water lime, ashes, or soap suds, on the ground around the into the trunk, soon destroys the Iroe; therefore al- tree. When seriously affected, dig the earth from the ways cut or saw off smooth, when the wound will heal roots near the burface, and ^earcb thoroughly in the and the bark gro%v over. bark for Ihe grub ; cleanse off the gum, &c., wash with Sound vigorous trees, and no other, should be set ley or soap suds, or rub dry ashes over ihem, and close Doing this as occasion reout, as they take do more trouble or space than tlie uj) with good fresh earth. quires, will eoaure health and vigour. worthless ones.
long crowded ia nurseries.

Stunted

trees

never become vigorous, nor

whea

too

MANUAL FOR PRODUCING

com, observing
a dry, sandy
trees.

SILK,
loam: sandy,

Containing Directions for growing the Mulberry Tree, managing the Eggs, feeding the Worms, securing the CiKoons, and reeling the Silk ; comprising the whole process of Silk M>king. Compiled from authentic sources, by the Secretary of the "National As.<octalioo for Promoting the Silk Culture in the United SUtes." Philadelphia, January, 1840.

li^ht gravelly, or stony soils, produce the sweetest leaf and Ihe finest silk. An acre will hold 14 500 trees, the rows three feet wide, and trees one foot apart in the row ; or it will contain, if three feet each way, 4840

the morus multicaulis from the 15th of April to Ihe 15th of May a little later or earlier, according to Ihe aea>on. The ground to be made fine; furrows three or four feet apart ; distance in the furrow altout the s;ime. Some plan! one, and others one foot and a half apart. The more distant, the more the tree will branch ; but the increase of surface to cultivate, increases Ihe labour. Plant Ihe layers or branches entire, or cut them into (wo bud cuttings, and bury then* as vou would corn, but not too deep. Be careful the first 'weeding. Hot. uiifermented manure, is bad. This part of the busii requires about the ; skill ana management as
Slates, plant

Plantin^.~Xn

the Middle

Preserving Eggs. Rev. Mr. M'Lean says he folded his eggs in a small tcachesl, lined with lead, and covered with flannel. This box wns placed in one a size larger, and the space between filled with charcoal, covered with a loose board. Place in an ice-house or cool cellar, where the heat will not rise above^5 degree!". Dennis says, put eggs in a gla-s jar, covered, and set in the ground two-thirds of its heiglit in a cool
Roberts says, use tin box or glass, not stopped and keep in a dry, cool cellar, or any other cool where water will not freeze. Some experienced Silk-growers think the retarding process is unnatural and improper, and that hatching
cellar.
tight,

place

may
|

lie

regulated to

uit, at

the

same time,

Ihe require-

of

ments of nature and the supply of for)d. (See Journal Am. Silk Society. By G. B. Smith, Esq., Baltimore.)

16

MANUAL FOR PRODUCING

I

SILK,

best, [done before the chrysalides arc killed and the cocoons airy siluarioi dden become dried. The heat of the water may be rai5ed guardiDgas far as possible against exiren Cobb, to near the boilitig point, when a handful or two of hciit or cold, dimpness, or too great dryness. Smith, Terhoven, and olhers, agree in three tiers of cococns may be thrown into the basin, which must be pine boards fixed on upright po>ts, four feet wide, and gently presed under the waler for a fe The heat of (he h made of broom corn. two and a half feet above one anolher, with room to pass all around the fiaiue so as easily to reach any part water will soon soften the gum of the silk, and thereby loosen the ends of the filaments ; you then stir the coof it. until some The, Hatching. Hztch theeg:gs in a pasleboard box, coons as gently as possible with the bru>:h, or on sheets of p:per, a table, or shelf. An ounce will of the fil:tmenis adhere to it; they are tlien separated ((ive about 30,000 worm*, and upwards. Those that from the brush, which is laid aside, and the hlamen s appear red when hatched are worthless, and s-hould be raised up and trie cocoons gently combed down between thrown away. Give ihe worms young leaves, to Ihe fingers, as they are raised out of the water; thi' is

The Cocoonery. ~Coq\^

which they will adhere j then raise the leaf, and thus to their proper places. Keep otf rats, mice, roaches, and spiders, and especially ants, which guard against bv smearing the upright posts, end:;, &c., wiih tar or molasses, or set the ends in a cheap pan, which fill with water. Hat^h when your leaves are sufficiently forward to insure a supply.
convey them

The Feeding. Give the young worms as many cut leaves as they will eat, and no more, feeding eight or ten times a day, and as late at night as you can. Neither stmt the worms nor waste the leaves. The leives should be fresh, clean, and not wet. (Since this
Manual was compiled, an important invention has been natented, by Mr. Edmund Morris, Burlington, N.
J., which in its simple, lapid and ecomimical onera(ion, not only promises to supersede al! other modes of feeding, but to eflect a revolution in the business itself

forming a new era in Ihe history of Silk Culture.) Mr. M'Lean fed his worms without hurdles, removing the litter every third day. Keep the worjos quiet, well ventilated, and do not handle or kill them by too much cire. Air-sl.*cked lime sprinkled over the shelves, and lightly over the worms themselves, once in two or three days, during the latter pari of the feeding, is found highly advaut.tgeous. Some have produced a pound of silk from only 50 or GO pnunds of leaves, but 150 pounds is a fair and ample allowance.

The W^iwdm?. Straw tied in small bundles and set on the shelves will do, but green oak bushes seem more natural to them, which they like to conceal them,d off in burrs. As fast as the silk is reeled off, Ihe selves among. chrysalis should be taken out of the basin. Have your Preserving Cocootw. Gather the cocoons from the fingers smooth. When the water becomes discoloured it should always seventh to the tenth day, and spre;id them to dry. changed, two be say or three times diiiy. Select those intended for seed, strip ott the floss,
spread

floss and false ends are all drawn off, and the fine silk begins to appear, the fibres are then broken off and laid over the edge of the basin ; Ihe floss Is then cleared from the brush and laid aside as refuse silk, and the operation continued until a sufl^cient number of fibres are thus collected to make a thread of Ihe size required ; you then unite the fibres, and passing the thread through the eye-; or guides, attach it to one of the arms of the reel. When two skeins are intended lo he reeled, another thread is prepared iu like mannd passed through other guide wires and attached to the reel. The threads being faslei.ed to the reel, it turned with a steady motion, until the threads run freely and easily, for it will happen that some of the ends taken to compose the thread will prove false, and require to be again added anew to keep up the ill tuber designed for the thread. II is necessary lo put more cocoons than is intended to continue. While i reel is turning, the reeler must continually be gathering fresh ends to add to the thread as they may be required, because Ihe internal fibres ai e much finer than those composing the external layers. In adding fresh ends, Ihe reeler must attach them to the thread that is ling, by gently rolling them between the thumb nnd finger. handful of cocoons must occasionally be "nto the basin, and wholly immersed in the water, to be ready as wanted, to keep up the thread of required; care, however, should be taken not to add cocoons fisler than is necessary for this purpose, by being loo long soaked in the hoi ^vater, Ihev will

continued, until the

them out thin, and in two or three days the moths eat out. Each female lays about 450 eggs, on muslin or paper hung vn. The moth in your silk cocoons, imeither by exposing to a hot sun under by hiking in an oven not too hot, or suffoin a close room ; in each c.ase omitting the operation as soon as the worm is dead, which ascertain by opening a cocoon. Generally from a half to one or two hours will answer.
kill,

mediately

glasses, or

cate the

moth by burning charcoal

Reeling. The Piedmonfeae Reel

is

the best, and

is

sold for about 15 dollars. For the double operation of reeling and twisting, Brooks' machine has received Ihe highest commendation price 40 dollars. To transpor'

cocoons, pack them in dry boxes or barrels, shaking them down, but be careful not to mash or inden' them'. In measuring, the bushel is heaped if the floss is on, or
e!

with

it

off.
I

Those who prefer reeling themselves 'y readily do so by observing the foUoiving Z)iVcc(iom. Before the reeling is commenced, the cocoons must be stripped of their flo-ss, and sorted into separate parcels, according lo qualiy. The fine coare strong, hard, and of a fine close grain -- -,; the The millions of dollars annually exported specit rfi #;<., I .^. and .r,A e demi-hne are larger, of a more loose open gran ' grain ; -., -* * ^ i- ; ., ^ .. ' S''^ "'^ superiority of the silk grown double cocoons ae the e those formed by two worrfis, worms, the fibres cross each other, and renders them difficult to United Stales, and the ease with which, by proper ma1; thesofi, thin, and coarse cannot be reeled. nagement, it isproduced the adaptation of our soil
.

When the cocoons are first put into the water, if the comes off in bunches upon the brush, it is a si^n the water is too hot; or if in reeling it runs off jn burrs, is too hot ; when the ends cannot be caught, or when ught, do not run freely, the water is too cold. pail of cold wnter should always be at hand, lo be added to Ihe basin as occasion may require. When the their threads freely, the reel may be turned with a quicker motion, for the quicker the motion the better the silk winds off. Intrinsic valiu of Trees. good tree will yield from three to five cents worth of silk, more or less, according to Ihe skill and care in its management. The capital which will yield this percentage is perhaps Ihe only correct criterion by which to fix the value of the article. In Italy, each full grown mulberry tree nays the government an annual tax of sixteen cents. Let the early friends of the silk cause persevere in their efforts to introduce this important branch of national industry and wealth into the country.
silk

THE SILK CULTURE.

-

P^

and

best quality will require a greater degree of beat than those of a loose and more open texture. Cocooos also requ.re less heat, and reel belter, when

Cocoons of the

''>'

^""nittees

legislatures
I

the fact that the actual produce of silk in 1840 exceeded twenty-five thousand pounds-the recent

Cougress, and in several Slate

BIRDS.
American improvements by which the
is

17

cost of feeding

Further information will be abundantly supplied in the

and the probability of aduly being laid on foreign silk the fact that a farmer may raise a few pounds of silk without neglecting his oiher crops or any additional expense, and that were each farmer
to in

o greatly reduced,

moDlhly Journal on Silk, by G. B. Smith, Baltimore, Md., or by E. Morris, Burlington, N. J.

do 80, the balance of trade would be turned so largely our favour, and a stop put to the incessant DRAIN

DUTY ON
dollars

SILK.

of

SPECIE,

are

among

the private and public reasons

In 1839 the imports of Silk amounted to 22,838,028 of which nearly 22,000,000 dollars was free of ;

(hat should dispose all to give the silk culture at least a

fair trial.

duty.

Had a fair duty been imposed on this Silk, the impoverished treasury of the country would have gained

Governor Seward, of

New

York,

in his recent

mes-

sage, presents the most cogent reasons for the advance*

5.000,000 dtillars, and the country itself would have been benefited many million dollars more, in aiding
the

home productmn

mentof theSilk culture, and the important fact, that two small districts in Italy, posse-^ing less natural advantages than that State, export silks annually to the

of the article.

It

may

well be

imposing duties on all our produce, other countries evince a determination to protect their own
said, that in

industry, to encourage their

own

citizens, in short, lo

amount of twenty-five millions of dollars.

take care of themselves, leaving us to argue about the

doctrine of free trade,

which

is/rc only
far,

upon one

side,

The
is

instruction condensed in the foregoing

Manual,

and whose only tendency, so

country of
its

has been to drain our

believed to be eufficient for any intelligent mind.

precious metals.

BIRDS.
DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
Sick Birds may have boiled bread and milk with Canaries become delicate and feeble from improper Th^ir docility, beautiful plumage, and canary seed boiled in it ; lettuce seed, and when moultsweetness of notes, render them general favourites. ing, or renewing i's feathers, indicated by droopitig, putiing its head under its wing, dropping small feathers, When young, feed on a paste nude by bruising rape seed, blowing the chaff away, mixed with pieces of give nourishing food, as hemp seed, sponge, biscuit, &c. bread powdered. Gi<.e a tea spoonful with a little keep warm and iquiet, and keep much iu the sun. hard egg and a few drops of waier, when turning sour, cold air or draft is injurious. Put in the water a little mix fresh. Add as ihey grow older, scdded rape seed refined liquonce. without bruising, chopped almond and chickweed, in Shy Larhs,Feei on seeds, but rarely on insects. hot weather twice a day. If sick, give milk of hemp Give salad leaves, gravel with a bit of green sod. seed, made by bruising clean seed and straining it through linen into water, taking the wa'er glass away Red Bird. Teed on seeds of all kinds, whortlefrom the sick. As they advance in age, give rape and berries, cherries and other fruits, insects, &c. canary, and occasiun^illy brui:ied hemp seed, taking the American Yellow ^trd. Beautiful plumage and soft food away by degrees. Cuttle-tish bone is preThey are hardy, and the cage should be fine song. ferable to loaf sugar. Cakes, apples, berries, bread often hung out. Give plenty of water, gravel, rich soaked, the water squeezed out and milk added, are oily seeds, with occasional sunHowerand lettuce seeds ; good, and cabbage occasionally, when in season, is exleaves of beet, salad, apples, and other fruits.
trealniuiit.

cellent,

Gold ftTicA. Treat similar to American Yellow Pcrchet should be round and strong without crevices or shoulders for insects to breed or harbour, and every Bird. corner of the cage stioutd be brushed out and kept thoCardinal Grosbeak. Of splendid plumage and exroughly clean. quisite song. They are hardy and may be kept withThe CUiws are sometimes so long as to occasion ac- out fire in a room most of the winter, except in the cidents by catching in the wires, in which case trim northern states. Allow frequent air and sun. Feed them. on rough unhulled rice and hemp, wheat, brown gravel, Murtar placed in the cage facilitates the production cracked corn, and millet occasionally, with plenty of of eggs. water for bathing. These birds are long lived, the Teach singing by separating the bird from the others, Philadelphia Museum having one which died when 80 that he may heir no sineing, cover his cage for a twenty-one years old. few days with a thin cloth, then play your fligeolct or Java Sparrow. Very delicate, with pretty plumage, bird organ several times e^ich day, without harshness. At the end of fifteen djys, change the thin cloth for a but little mu^ic. Feed on unhulled nee and canary thick green or red serge, and keep covered till perfect seed, with plenty of brown gravel.

you wish to teach. Feed once a day and Purple Finch or Linnet.~A delightful songster. It is belter to teach one good tune well thin Give canary, hemp, millet, and sun-flower seeds, with several imperfectly. The bird will copy all imper- juniper and cedar berries through the winter, salad and fections. beet tops in summer. Bad or dull singers are improved by hearing the Any other of the Finch tribe may be fed on seeds more spirited and perfect. Perfect cleanliness of the generally, as the preceding. Surfeit indicated by swelling of lower part of body, cage, and a constant supply of fresh water and gravel and occasioned by too much chickweed, salad, or soft food. Put alum in the water for three or four days, or bird of delightful plumage Baltimore Oriole. put a rusty nail in the water, or common salt. Put the repaying the utmost care. bird, if bad, in lukewarm milk a few minutes, then and rich brilliant music, well Give They eat fruit of all kinds, seeds, insects, and dry gently.
in the air

night.

wash with water, wipe

&c

18
(hem a

NEWSPAPERS.
worms
quiel.
;

large cage, protection from frost, and an abundance of insects. Rear same as Mockinr; Bird. Possesses greater musical East India Oriofe. powers, and is to be treated same as the Baltimore. ^mericayi Mocking Bird. The sweet "Bird of many Voices," imitating almost every variety of notes and sounds imaginable. Feed regularly every morning with Indiin meal mixed with milk, not very stiff. Give wild cherries, cedar, elder, poke and whortleberries. An occasional egg, boiled hard and grated ; a little raw minced beef, water for washing as well as drink, with plenty of insects, grasshoppers, spiders, particularly during moulting, when they should be kept quiet and away from cold drafts of air. Regular Feeding is important. Adopt a regular hour, say eight in the morning for feeding and watering,

gravel the bottom of the cage and keep very

a regular line of while fea'hers in the wing, forming almost a regular curve from tip to

The Male has

shoulder.

American
Treat similar

floli'n. Sprightly, beautiful and musical. to Mocking Bird.

Red Bird

or Bob-o'link.U apt Iodic in

November,

Give oals, bockwheit, and cmaiy if too well fed. At other seasons seed, and abundant water lor bathing. feed same iiidiscrimiDately, as the Finch tiibe.
lied Ifing or Bob-o'link.

Swamp
salad,

Blackbird.
in

Treat same as
is

Chickwced or

which

proper season

ex-

and

strictly

adhere

to

it.

cellent, are absolutely poison if given ton early, before the bitterness is off, aud the cold acrid juicee are dissi-

If Sickly,

treat kindly, give spiders daily,

and meal

pated by the sun.

NEWSPAPERS.
The importance of good newspapers cannot be over-rated. The following hijfh testimony in their favour, in an extract of a letter from the "Father of his Country," to the late Mathew Carey, Esq. was written June 25, 1788. "For myself I entertain a high opinion
of the ntility of periodical publications. I consider such easy vehicles of knowledge more happily calculated than any other, to preserve the LIBERTY, stimulate tlie industry, and meliorate the morals of an enlightened and free people." [Signed] George W.\shington. JVo Family should be without one or more newspapers. It cultivates in children a desire for reading, and a disposition to learn and improve, renders them
considerate, intelligent, and

papers, as indulge in personal abuse and immoralities, which make some new.spapers as great a curse to the commu-

nity as others are blessings.

press

always in advance.

The Knccmragement bestowed on the should be prompt, liberal, and Advance payments

are rendered essential to the welfare, if not existence of a newspaper, from the
sinalhiess of the sums, the distance to which they are scattered, and the didiculty of collecting, arising from t!ie absence of subscribers when called upon, the want of preparation when found, and the various delays, vexations, and expenses, always attending the collection of many small sums. Besides the impositions to which publishers are exposed, should make their real friends willing to concur in the only rule which
atibrd protection against dishonest delinquents. A person receiving a newspaper is bound by law as well as custom and justice, to pay for it so long as he may continue to receive it, notwithstanding any agreement or direction that may have been made for its discontinuance. " A newspaper can drop the same thought into a thousand minds at the same moment. A newspaper is an adviser who does not require to be sought, but comes to you of its own accord, and talks to you briefly ever}' day of the connnon weal, without distracting your private aflairs. Newspapers, therefore, become more necessary in proportion as men become more equal, and individuals more to be feared. To suppose that they only serve to protect freedom, would be to diminish their importance; they

more
in

easily

governed.

The number of newspapers

is 230,

England can

and the annual average number of convictions for murder is thirteen. The number of newspapers in Spain a few years ago was one, and the annual number of convictions for murder was upwards of twelve hundred.

How many

tlioughtless

young men

have spent their evenings in a tavern or grog-shop, which ought to be devoted to reading! how many parents who never spent twenty dollars for hooks or for papers for their families, vvoulit gladly have given tlmusands to reclaim a son or a daughter who had ignorautly and thoughtlessly fallen into teijii)tatioii Jin Editor's position is one of great responsibility, too often misunderstood or unappreciated, and too frequently assumed by the vicious and incompetent. The only correction is in the people's
!

withholding patronage from such news- maintain civilization."

HEALTH.
ADMONITION. The
tavern-Iiaunter drioks

19
Admit do
rival here.

the Fireside.

Let your chief

(ill he feels himself ball-ruined; he isi wrciched he joys be shared by her who has forsaken all other ; Jriuks to drowo his wretcheduwwi bedoesdiovvu it, hearts and hopes for you ; by those who must inherit and his soul along with it! honour or disgrace from your course of life. Shun the

To young men, beginning life, especiilly to newly married meu, tbe counsel is seasonable Jlcvtujtce
:

bar-room and the purlieus of intoxication. lo thousands, the avenues to infamy.

Tbey

are,

HEALTH,
Fish are not so noun>hing as the flesh of land ant). imals. The white fish are less apt to disagree with has been well said, by a recent writer, that if part itie stnmach than the red. of the large sums expended on over-fed Hospital pa7. Roasted meat is more nourishing than boiled, but
I

PUBLIC ECONOMY AND HEALTH.

PUBLIC

sauces. The latter are rendered addition of breid.

more

digestible

by the

It

and pampered nurses, on rents and Dispensaries, much more stimulating. 8. Bread should be perfectly raised, fully baked, and and outlay of medicine, were ap},ropriatcd to tfie preone day old. vention of diseases among the poor, it is probable ihat 9. Salt, and a moderate quantity of pepper, are than en safe beyond this, all seasoning becomes injurious. more extensive benefits would be conferred, 10. Dili'erenl dishes at one meal, interfere with di* beaiTrirded in the limited and local range of Infirmatients,
:

ries.

If half the

chase of liquors
tions,

amount annually spent iu the purand medicines, for charitable institu*

gestion.

All excess in eating should be avoided. The best guide is to be found iu the calls of a healthy ap11.

were early and judiciously laid out in precau12. Health, and strength of body, depend upon the tionary means of preventing diseases among the indihealth of the slomaclt and consequent perfection of the gent, the hospital would have fewer inmates, and the digestive powersasylums for orphans would not be so crowded. Among 13. Waier is the most wholesome drink. Toast and Ihcae pieventive means be it added, Ihat the chief are water, sweetened water, or water with a slight addito ward olF the eviU of intemperance, and to protect tion of a vegetable acid, are useful diluents during the
the system against atmospherical inclemencies.
14. Distilled

and ftrmenled liquors impede diges-

The expense of an establishment in every village, tion ; and, when drunk to any extent, invariably defre& to the your, or at least at a small nominal rate, sirov Ihe tone of the stomach, and of the system genewhere they could enjoy Ihe advantages of warm and rally. 15. When Ihe stomach is weak, but litHe fluid should be taken during or after eating. such other auxiliary means as humanity mighl suggest, 16. Exercise should be used in the intervals between would be a minor consideration, when put in competi- meals, but not immediately before or after them.
tepid baths, with a drying stove for their clothes, and
tion with the benefits resulting to the

iu

warding

oft'

impending
almost

diseases,

working classes, and Ihe inevitable

ruin which
train.

is

invariably atieudant in their

ACCIDENTS.
coiiiniil

to which people the proper assistvillage has its ance to be rendered to individuals to whom an accibe displayed in preventing the necessity for dental injury has occurred. In that of a wound atsuch buildings. Now we hazard little in asserting tended with a profuse discharge of blood, the paiient's that, if under tlie same roof were to be found public life would be destroyed by a few moments' delay ; while in every case a trifling injudicious interference baths, a public library, and a hall for a temperance asin the otfret, may add greatly (o the sub.-equent danger sociation, the poorer inhabitants of our towns and viland sutlering: it is important therefore that the public lages would be healthier than at present, and in place generally be made aware of Ihe proper course to be of being a burden, would contribute their share to the pursued, when an accident occurs, pieviousty to the arrival of the physician. support of the slate. Wounds. The only proper dressings for these accidents are such as are best calcuUled to keep the wounded surfaces in coulact, and to defend (hem from DIETETIC the air and external injury. The milder and softer the 1. heillhy appetite is to be acquired by eirly materials of whicli they are composed, the beiter: rising, regular exercise in the open air, and abslineucu above all, everything of a heating or irritating nature should be avoided. A simple cut, which mighl have front {[itoxicaling Iii|Uors. 2 The food should be eaten slowly, and well masti- been healed perfectly iu a few days, has often been converted into a serious, painful, and tedious sore, by cated. 3. Animal food Is sooner digested in Ihe stomach such applications as brandy and sugar, turpentine, balthan vegetable; but it is more stimulating or healing sams, and the like; or by having crammed between Flesh long salted, tried hams, beef, iti edges a quantity of lint, low, soot, charcoal, or coblo the system. &c., are less easily digested and le^s nutritive than fresh webs; all of which are frequently resorted to. They invariably induce a degree of inflammation, which inmeat. 4. Farinaceous and vegetable food, generally, is slow- terrupts the healing process of nature. When a wound has been received, the first thing er of digestion ihan animal, but ii is less heating. presence of any foreign 5. Solid food, or food of a certain fibrous or pulpy that claims attention is the consistence, is more titted for digestion in the stomach substance, as splinters of wood, portions of stone, glass, than rich 5ou|, jellies, and all highly concentrated or bits of cloth, &c. These should, if possible, be at

Almost every
ought
to

alms-house. True char-

There are few things in relation more egregious errors, than

ity

MAXIMS.

20

HEALTH.
TREATMENT OF DROWNED PERSONS.
As soon as the body is recovered, wipe it dry, and wrap it up in blankets, and place it in some convenient place, with the head slighrly elevated; having free vtntilation in hot weather, and allowing no persons to be present except those employed in operating. Let thehead be wiped dry, and covered with a woollen cip. Several attendants should be employed in rubbing the body with slinuilating articles, such as mustard, hot brandy, &:c., and bags of hot sand, hot bricks, &c., ap"While plied to the feet and other parts of the body. this is being done, the mucus should be removed from
Ihe mouth and imsirils, and other persons should be employed in inflating the lungs, as follows: Insert the
is

once extracted, and the wound washed with a sofl sponge or rag and water. But when 'he exhaustion of
considerable, or llie flnv of blood profuse, whatever foreign substances may be contained in the wound, must be sutfered to remain until, in the judgment of Ibe physician, it may be sjift: to attempt their extraction.
the patient

The

bleeding from a wound, even though at

first

profuse, will often in a short time cease spontaneously, and. if the injured part be kept ai perfect rest, will not Should tliis, however, not be the case, again return. and the flow of blood is very considerable, especially if it be in a continued stream or in jets, it should be arrested without delay, by making pressure upon the divided vessels, between (he heart and the wound. When the injury has been received in either of the limt>3, a firm broad ligature or bandage should be ajiplied a short distance above the wound. The best plan IS to place around the limb a strong broad garter, sufficiently slack to allow of a short siick being introduced under it, and by which it is lobe twisted until il is tight enough to arrest the bleeding. Of course, this is merely a temporary expedient, as the coolinuance of such a bandage for any length of time would be productive of injury. In wounds situated in a [>art of Ihe body where the atwve means cannot be resorted lo, the bleeding may be arrested by applying ihe hand firmly over the wound ; or, by the finger passed within the wound, }>re5sure may be made directly upon the orifice

pipe of a common pair of bellows into one nostril, close the other nostril and the mouth, then blow gently, and cause the air to escape by pressing on the chest, having first removed the finger from the nostril. This is lo be continued for a long lime, the object being to Let this plan of imittte the pncess of brejlhing. treatment be pursued until the arrival of a physician.

CAUSES OF DISEASE.
Insufficient Exercise. He who does not spend sevehours everyday in some active exercise, must inevitably suffer from a diminution of bodily Etrengh, defect of appetite, and imperfect digestion, and be* comes sooner or later the subject of disease.
ral

from which the blood proceeds.

Id slight wounds, which do not penetrate much deeper than the skin, nothing belter can be applied than the common sticking-plaster. Thi-^, by keeping the edges of the cut together, and preventing the contact of the air, &c., permits Ihe process of union to go on without interruption.

Persona who have received a severe wound, or indeed a severe injury of any kind, ought always to be kept at rest, and perfectly composed. The part especially in which the wound exists, should be prevented from any degree of motion, and be kept as elevated as possible without its being placed in any constrained posture. Quiet and cheerfuloe^ of mind are also of importance.

Late .rising and late retiring. There are few things which contribute more to shorten life, Ihan the habit of keeping late hours, and consequently of rising from bed late in the morning. The advances of weakness and disease from this cause are, il is true, by very gradual steps, but not the less certain to be ultimately
felt.

Breathing imf-urc air, A constant supply of fresh The air is rendered impure is highly import3nt. by being loaded with animal and vegetable exlialainns, by its free circulation being prevented by a nuniber of persons breathing it when confined in a close chaniber, and by the proce&ses of fermentation and combustion.
air

It is not enough Insufficient ablutions of the body. Sprains and Bruises. The part in which these ac- for the preservation of health, that merely the hands, cidents have been received must be kept at perfect rest, Ihe feet, and the fice be washed frequen ly, but thit eievalt^d, and compleely free from any heavy dressiogs the whole surface of the body be repeiledly purified. or tight bandages. The best immediate applications To all, the frequent u^e of the bath is an important are cloths wet with cnld water or cold vinegar and means of preserving health. Means for bathing should water. It is a very common error, whenever any se- be afforded in every city, and in every extensive manuvere accident of this kind occurs, to have the indivi- factory. dual immediately bled. In alt cases of accident, much Inattention to the cleanliness of clothing and evil is liable lo be produced by tlie loss of blood before Independently of the injury which the duiellingi. the sys'em has in some degree recovered from the de- health of individuals suffers from a neglect of strict pression into which it is invariably thrown upon (he personal and domestic cleanliness, the contamination receipt of aoy seveie injury; it is better always to deof the air, from the decomposition of filth accumulated lay bleeding until (be advice of a physician can be

procured.

and Scalds. When of moderate extent, and occasioning only a redness of the skin, the best immediate application to a burn or scald is cold water or cold vinegar. The application or immersion should be continued for some considerable time, and without a moment's intermission. When Ihe skin is raised in large blisters, these should be punctured; after which a mixture of one part of linseed oil and two of limewater, smeared over the burnt surface, will be found a very soothing application. The burnt part may then be wrapped in raw cotton. When the burn is extensive, and has completely destroyed the skin, the application of spirits of turpentine is attended with the best effects: care should be taken to confine it to the injured parts, not allowing it to come in contact with the sound ekin. As the ulcer consequent on a burn is always tedious in healing, and, when mismanaged, liable to be attended with an unsightly scar, or even extensive deformity, the atlendance of a physician should be procured.

Bums

Repeatedly white-washing the walh of a house, and scrubbing the floors, is not merely, therefore, a source of t;steful comfort, but a direct means of preserving health.

Food rendered "pern icious I/y modern cookery ; .Adulteration in foods and drtnks, and abuse of appetite. WhWe a moderate quantity of plain wholei food is essential to the maintenance of life, all ss in its use, all complicated processes of conkerv keeping up the appetite beyond the wants of the systemare decidedly injurious. The health and strength of Ihe body are not supported by the quantity of food consumed, but only by so much as is capable of being converted, by the powers of the stomach, into pure chyle and blood.
The unnecessary or imprudent use of medicine. Domestic quackery has ruined many consiitulions. dose of medicine lakcn with Ihe view of preventing an attack of disease, not unfrtquenily invites one which otherwise would not have occurred.

HEALTH.
Defective and improper clothiti^. injury to healih may be caused either by the clothts beiufi inadeqii;te to defend the wearer from tlie cnld. or from sudden changes in the weather, by their iinpediu? the free millions of the limbm, or by iheir coiupreeiiug or binding too firmly some part of the body.
T/u: itifiuejice of cold.-~l)'nte:ise Is produced by exposure to rhe niglii air or iuclemeiit we;tiier, afiei being heated in crowded apirlments, or by exercise, as la (he poorer and improvident classes, d.incin^, Sic. cold, duriDg winter, is a coutiuued and fruitful source
to bed, Io

21
procure sleep^
let
it

he half a pint of hot witer: mind! as hoi as it can be sipped. But ihc true cure will be by omitting tea or coflee, whichever has been used, in the evening; by taking plenty of exercise in the open air ; working at something Io produce
little fatigue ; aud finally, rising e.irly in Ihe morning, whetlier inclined to do so or not. Be up by times; and retiring in good lime to sleep not during the ; htdj there is no danger but you will sleep soundly during the night.

dj

of sutt'uiiug and disease.

Intense application of the mind. Alternate rest and activity, as well of the body as of the mind, are Long continued evtential to the support of health. mental application, whether io s'udy or the cares of business, wears out the sysiem, and exhausts the powers of life even more rapidly than protracted manual
labour.

The Nervousness, luto spirits, sick head-ache. C'uses are, bad habits, (al^t indulgences. Leave them Neglect this adoif, and Ihe cure will be complete. vice, and you may be physicked until you are a shadow, and your pncke's empty, ;ind you will still be, if a fera:>le, h>sterical; if a male subject, hypochondriacal miserable yourself, aud the cause of misery to

others.

Experience fully to the passions. Giving proves that nothing coniribuies more eliectually to gu-*rd the system from di-'ca^e, and to prolong lite, ihau In cultivating a a calm and contented slate of mind. not ouly iopeaceful tnd virtuous disposition, a sureii his liappiaess but promotes his health also.

way

TOAST AND WATER.

infusion of toasted bread in water, is one of the that can be taken by the sick and distinguished physician says, five or valetudinary. six cups of this water, with or without sugar, were more lefreshing, and sooner took off any faligue or uneasiness, than any strong wine, strong ale, small beer, warmed coffee or tea (fof he tried them all), or any other liquor that he knew of.
.1

most salutary drinks

mm

Heart-Bum^ Acidity of Stomach, Water Brash. The.se arc some of the symptoms of indige^'ion. Ascertain whe:hur the sloiua^h does not suffer most in this way. ;if(cr eating pirlicular articles of animsl food, ^uchasdiied and saliud meals and fish; and vegetables, such as sahds, radishes, tomatoes, cabbtge, and even potatoes. If no fault is fnund from the-e causes, let the inquiry next be m:ide intodrinlf?, and whelher the accidental omission of a favourite bevurase has not given relief. Has fresh bre.^d or hot toast been habitually usetl with plenty of butler? and if so, has stale bread ever been substituted in its place? Is the complainer a smoker or user of tobi^cco in any way ? If so, he ou^ht to abandon entirely the use of this weed. t)i:.turbed slate of digestion oming on during Ihe regu|.r and moderate use of proper food, the next question Is it properly cois, docs the skin perform its duty ? vered with clothes? are Ihe feci kept dry and warm? are the pores kept free by regular ablutiou and fiiclion ?

It

is

seldom that

toast

and water
:

is

properly made,

therefore think it proper to furnish our readers following recipe a slice of fine and stale loaf bread, cut very thin (as thin as toast is ever cut), and let it be carefully toas'ed on both sidos, until it be completely hruxv7ica all over, but not blackened or burned in any way ; put this into a common deep stone or china jug, and pour over it, from the tea-kettle, as much clear boiling water as you wish Io make into drink. Much depends on Cover the the water being actually in a boiling state. pitcher wilh a saucer or plate, and let the drink become quite cold. It is then fit to be used the fresher made, the better, and of course the more agreeable. In dyspepsia, and a disordered state of the bowels, (uast aud water ought to be the habitual driok.
id

we

iih the

Take

Indi^ticm

or Dijspepsia, which includes Ihe fore-

mepiioned disiorders, aud numerous others, as well of Ihe stom'Ch as of the heart, is shown by irre^ubr palpitation of the lungs, by asthmatic breathing of the bri^iii, by head-ache, ill-nature, :ind strange fantasies. Here the dyspeptic must a-(k of him or herself the snme questions as in the preceding paragraph, with the
; ;

TIGHT DRESSING
The
tects the

CORSETS.
is

only rational form of dress

that

which pro-

wearer from the vicissitudes and inclemency of the weather, and allows to the limbs their natural additional ones respecting regular d tily exercise in the movements, and to all the parts and organs of the sysopen ir, regular hours of sleep, e:irly to bed and early tem tiie free performance of their appropriate funcEvery kind and article of dress which has a to rise, mastery of the passions, and an especial avoid- tions. contrary elfect, is absolutely injurious to health, and ance of anxious cares, envy, orjcilousy. oueht at once Io be abandoned. BiHou-f disorders. U a person is bilious, it is genemotions of the body, as well as its erect posiThe Let these t>e rerally owing to errors in regimen tion, depend upon the action of numerous masses of formed, and the compUin's will cease. But if a person flesh, endowed with tlie properly of active contracwould be always bilious. let him be often taking caloThe perfection with tion, and denominated muscles. mel, or blue pill, or active purges, Lee's antibilious, these perform their office in either of the above &c and he will certainly succeed the soundest liver which respects, is always in proportion to Iheir strength or will not be proof against such remedies for bile. tone, and their freedom from everj^ artiiiciil restraint. Cw(iL'EnM.9. Accidental or occisional costivene^s Now it is an invariable rule, that if constant pressure may retdiiy be rendered h'bi'ual by oft swallowing be made on any set of muscles, by means of a tight purgative medicines; the proposed cure will, when dress or a bandage, they will soon diminish in size, and If ihh persisted iii, inevitably bring on the disease. consequently lose both their power of supporting the fatter, by time or imprudence, lias become habitual, body in ils natural position, and their ability to prothe only safe and eflectual mode of relief will be in a duce the easy and natuial, or in other words, graceful sui'able regimen; still trying to get Ihe proper food- movements of those parts to which they belong. This mild nmciiaginous and saccharine substances of the is strongly exemplified by the stale of a limb that has vegetable, and plain, not too much cocked, meats, been confined by the necessary dressings in conseamong the animal kinsdom. Add fo this, suitable ab- quence of a fracture, or by those impostors wlio. in lution, frictions of the skin, and out-door exercise and many "f the European cities, bandage firmly their legs labour, and Ihe cure will be complete. or arms until they are diminished frequently to one purpose of exciting IVakefvlneys.-The ctire for this is not in laudanum half their natural size, for the and extorting alms, or of avoiding miliand opium, which, much used, constitutes a habit as commiseration An unequivocal condcnmatioo should be pernicious to health and morals as drinking ardent lary du'y. therefoic, on all those kinds of dress If something must be swallowed before going pronounced,
;

spirits.

22

HEALTH.

The pressure the great measure, the mu'^cles of the back, by which the upright position of the body is maintained, of their natural action, and the blood being prevented from cirThis disease is, doubtless truly, considered more culating freely through their vessels, they become rethan in former years. There are reasons lor laxed, and allow the body to bend ungracefully either this. in lime, the curvature of the to one side or forwards Half a century ago, people lived on common, simspine which results, becomes permanent, and the indiand were healthy. In But ple, healthful food and drink, vidual is often in this manner deformed for life. those days the dress of men and women was plain, and this is not all the health and vigour of the system, suited to the climate in which they lived, and to the the freshness and brilliancy of the complexion, the At this time, how differvery activity and cheerfulness of the mind, depend in various seasons of the year. The fashions of the pleasure-stekers of Europe ent a very great degree upon the blood undergoing a percountry, and females of all classes fect purification in the lungs. This is effected by its are brought to this endeavour to imitate them, until Consumption follows, being brought in contact, in these organs, with a suffiand death ends the short race. cient amount of pure atmospheric air: whatever imIn addition to a thin dress, their clothes are tight, the pedes the free expansion of the chest ia breathing, and someiimes diminishes (he amount of air inhaled into the lungs, natural ^hape is crowded upon, and it is violent cold prevents this purification of the blood from taking hard for them to stoop or breathe easy. is taken, and a bad cough follows ; symptoms of conNow, the corset, by firmly compressing the place. mentioned, and at last it is sumption are and feared chest and loins, does this to a very great extent; so much so, that in all females who htve been in the seated, and the poor fashionable daughter or wife is habit of wearing it from their youth, the chest has ab- taken away by what is called the Quick Consumption. :.oluteIy a diminished capacity, and loses that fine arched form which constitutes the beauty of the female bust. By numerous experiments it has been found that The practice of wearing thin shoes is too common females thus circumstanced lake into the lungs a much among American women, and cannoi be too strongly less amount of air than those who have never worn a animadverted upon. Let lho?e w ho thus throw themcorset. The vigour of the whole system becomes in selves in the suicide's path reflect upon what Ibey are consequence prostrated ; the skin assumes a sallow doing. hue, and all the functions of life are performed impersay to every one, wear good strong thick shoes, fectly, 'i'he lungs and heart e^ipecially su0er, ana in and overshoes whenever there is water or snow in the many cases become sooner or later the seal of incurastreet. Never mind if your feet do look a little large; ble disease. pressure the corset upon stoThe by he even if they should appear clumsy. liille-looking mach and liver, is also highly prejudicial to health, by foot is not of so much importance to health and liappiimpeding digestion and the free secretion of bile; in ness as a good pair of lungs; and those who act Ihe this manner, independent of the injury inflicted upon part of wisdom will dress to insure health, and let the lungs, it causes discoloration of the skin, and a Fashion and Fashion's fools go to dutructiou in the li^gg'rd, wrinkled appearance of the countenance. way that they love to travel. urge, therefore, upon all, the disuse of this ridiculous and pernicious portion of female dress, which, so far from adding any real grace or beauty to the form, is Fasting^ distinct from religious ordinances, has been the cause of disease, suflering, and deformity. frequently recommended and practised, as a means of laugh at the folly of the Chinese belles, who compress removing incipient disease, and of restoring Ihe body their feet until they are no longer fitted for walking ; to its customary heallhy sensations. Howard, the celeand at the African, who flatten their noses as an indis- brated philanthropist, ust-d to fast one day in every pensable requisite of beauty ; and yet our own fem.iles week. Franklin, for a period, did the same. Napoare equally ridiculous, and even more criminal, when leon, when he felt his system unstrung, suspended his they imagine that they improve the beauty of their wonted repasts, and took his exercise on horse-back. che-its and waists b^' distorting thrm from that form 1 bis list of distinguished names might, if necessary, be which nature ha^ wisely imparled to them ; and thus, incrdsed. by a perverted taste, entail disease and piin upon their B:iglivi, the celebrated Roman physician, mentions, daughters, or hurry Ihem into an early grave. that during Lent, an linusually large proportion of (he sick in Italy recover their health. I( is indisputable, that the fashionable classes in England and this country suffer from the effecis of high living and the want of physician in Albany gives a heart sickening ac- proper occupation. It is one of (he greatest misforcount of the decease of a fine and amiable young lady tunes that can befall human beings, to live without :in who fell a victim to fashion: she laced herself to aim ; to have no noble object constantly to draw forth death Apart from the prevailing infatuation which the powers of Ihe mind and the exertions of tbe body.
etfected.

refined suicide, which compress, in the least degree, any part of (he leads females to commit elegant and uncommonly intelligent trunk or limbs, and which in that manner cramp the she is said to have been an The body presented a dreadful girl. free motion of the muscles, and reduce their size and and promising was narplumpness. Tight lacing, by means of corseis or sight. The ribs were coutracled, the chest was left for the bands, and laces of all descriptions, as well as tight rowed, and not half the natural room inspir.-vtion of air into the sleeves and garters, invariably produce, more or less, action of the heart and the death these effecis; and so long as iheir me is continued lungs. The consequence was there is no means of obviating the injury which results from them: and let it be recollected that this injury is always greater, the earlier in life they are CAUSES OF adopted. The Registrar-General of England reports thai thir\Ve have not yet enumerated all (he evils produced ty-one thousand and ninety English women died in one by firmly compressing the chest. Independetilly of year of that incurable malady, Cujisutnption. Will the uneasiness which this compression inflicts upon the not this impressive fict induce persons of rank and infemale, from the constrained position she is forced by fluence to set their countrywomen right in (he article it constantly to assume, indjcaled by the frequent of dress, and lead them to abandon a practice which shrugging and writhing of her shoulders, and constant disfigures the body, strangles the chest, produces nervrestlessness when In full dress, and which, of itself, ous or other disorders, and has an unquestionable tendoften gives the back an ungraceful twist, and throws ency to implant an incurable hectic malady in the the shoulders out of Iheir natural position, other serious frame? Girls have no more need of artificial bones and permanent inroads upon health and beauty are and bandages than boys. of corset deprivini|, in a
!

DEATH AMONGST WOMEN.

CONSUMPTION.

THIN SHOES.

We

We
We

TIGHT LACING.

^ziJ

; ;

HEALTH.
requires instant attention. It arises from and shows itself in lightness of the breast, difficult breathing and fever. Iinmedinlely soak the feet in warm water, bathe the throat and breast with goosegrea.'^e, to which hartshorn may be added. Give a teaspoonful of Hive Syrup to a child two or three years old, and again in 15 minutes, until it causes vomiting. If very bad, and no Hive Syrup at hand, then use, I. Lsinp Oil. 2. Goosegrease and Molasses, with Onion 4. Apply a plaster of Juice. 3. Wine and Molasses. Yellow Snuff mixed with Lard to the breast: each
colds

23

Croup

After the symptoms are abated, give some mild purgative. These remedies, promptly applied, can be relied on where the physician is not at band.
are good.

Pilei.l oz. Cream Tartar, I oz. Salts Nitre, I oz Jalap, 2 oz. Linitive Electuary. Mix stiff in molasses. Dose, 4 or 5 pills size of a pea.
useful in inflammatory and putrid disorders ; iu weakness, fainiings, or other hysteric affections, baihe, smell, or drink : it cools ihe blood, quenches thirst, cxh-acts the fragrance from flowers,

Brandy and Salt a.s a Medici-ne.li is useful in the reduction of inflammation of fractured limbs or bruises, the alleviation of incurable sores, cure of ringworms, headache, toothache, inflammation in the eyes, ague, colic, pains iu the side, chilblains, bums and scalds, cancers, sprains, open sores, asthmas, and complaints of the lungs. Fill a bottle three-qnarters full with good Brandy, after which add as much Salt as will lill Ihe bottle for corking; shake it together 20 minutes; let the Salt settle to the bottom, and do not shake it up botbefore using. The clearer it is used the better. tle of this preparation should be constantly kept ready When for use, as its virtues have been fully tested. taken inwardly, for asthma, bowel complaints, &c., mix two spoonsful with equal quantity of warm water.

Cancer.

Five

out of six cases have been cured by

Brandy and

Salt, described

above.

The

pain

is

very

Vinegar (good)

severe, but temporary.

is

Poison^ from vines, may be cured by bathing in Whiskey and Cream, and cooling with Bye Flour: if obstina'e, use a strong solution of Copperas.

Reading 3\o\iA^ speaking, and particularly singing, That made from cider or wine is beat. Children allowed to sleep with aged people, lose affDrds a healthful exercise; while wiod-instrumeuts and decline. The same is probably also are injurious. Meat is so little necessary, in fact, that millions of true, where the sick and (he beallby habitually lie in Ihe most robust and healthy popolalion in Asia, Europe the same bed. and other parb of the world, subsist exclusively on Toothache is cured by powdered Alum, 2 drachms articles as rice, wheat, and vegetables, alone. such Srandrachms mix. See Spirit of Ether, 7 : Nitrous Cravats or stocks should not be worn so tight as to dy and Salt. Hair h preserved by Onion Juice and Brandy, rub- compress the many large blood-vessels cf the neck, hich connect wiih the brain. bed well in. Or, Tiixture of Canlharides 10 prts, Impure air of theatres, ball-rooms, and other Hng's Lard 90 parts to be mingled and rubbed into Or, one part of Cantbaridea Powder to crowded and badly-veniilaled buildings and sleepingthe roots. rooms, mixed. is poison to the lungs. carefully eight of alcohol, Eye-Sight is best preserved by a moderate light loo Pvlyjnts of the Nostril is cured by the root of the san^inaria canadcnsiSy or blood root. A decoc- little strains too much dazzles' and injures. Bathing in cold water is of service. tion is applied to the part.
Jfec.

their health

Rheumatism.D'moUe
Spts. Turpentine,

half oz.

Camphor

in

pint

Co7wump(io. Remedies. Vigorous,

daily,

but

then apply Hannel.

and rub well morning and night; Good al^ for Burns, Scalds, and

Bruises. Frost-Sitten Feef. Dissolve half pound gallon warm water, and soak 15 minutes.

Alum

in

Co^wulsion Fits have been cured by drinking salt and water two or three times a day. yegdable Eatiiig, in promoting health and longevhas never yet been overrated. It will prolong and rendtr much more comfortable those afflicted with cancer, aneurism, ossificition of Ihe heart, consumplion,&c.
ity,

not violent, exercise, and free exposure to Ihe air, arc important. As the great difficulty in medicine is in reaching the seat of this disease, frequently inhaling certain fumes may be a means of healing the lungs. Sitting and sleeping in a room through which the fumes of rosin, turpentine, or other similar guias are moderately diffused, may be of service.

Small Pox

is

prevented by vaccination,

if

well done.

Never neglect vaccination.

Oxalic Acid
sia
;

mix

mon whilmg, thrown

Cough.

is neutralized by two ounces of Magnequart of water or, by same quanlity of cominto the itiomach.
:

Brorxyn Afii(ure. Slick Liquorice, 2 oz.

1

In " (rainiJtg-," an English boxer, to acquire the greatest possible vigour, health, and animal spirits, lakes daily four hours exercise in the air, keeps the body nnd mind occupied ; food of easy digestion and uses do ardent spirits, and sleeps i-n small quantities; eight hours, observing strict temperance in all thin^. By these means his appetite and digestion become good,
the miori cheerful, lungs strong, and the

Gum
ful

Arabic,

oz.

Paregoric,
oz.

oz.

Antimonial

whole system

Wine, 1 oz ; Rock C^ndy, 2 3 or 4 limes a day.

Take

a (able-spoon-

wonderfully improved.

Another.--^ spoonfuls Molasses, 1 do. Sweet Oil, I do. good Vinegar, to which may be added a few drops Sweet Spts. Nitre. Take a tea-spoonful occasionally.
:

Bed-rooms heated are pernicious to health. Water is puriBed by- 1, filtration through gravel,
Or, 2, it may sand, or soft porous stone and charcoal. be sweetened and in)proved by charcoal, coarsely pul-

beds be loo hard. Sleeping and beauty, by cleanliness, regular exercise, health. Neither should under the clothes is pernicious; so also, temperance, a plain diet and pure air, and a cheerful with the head confined air caused by curtaios. temper. part of a room, from unhealthiest \9 the The floor M^ormj in children are by no means so perniciou to descend. many of the quack medicines which are advcrtbed to the tendency of impure air UUcrs that proceed from a bad slate of the body, expel ihcm. till the system becomes puriL(m^ life may safely be insured to all who enjoy should never be dried up fied by regimen or medicine. good gifts without abusing any.
softness

Far Tttter, A-c 1 lb. fresh Butter, without salt, 1 oz. verized and thrown into a vessel of water. 3, by boilWhite Precipitate, half oz. good Turpentine mixed ing and distillation. Water is greatly improved id wells or pumps that are frequently used. and heat to an ointment. Distilled Water, after being exposed to the arr, h Friction of the body is one of the most gentle and salutary kinds of exercise, cleaning the skin, dispersing the most salubrious of all drinks, and its daily use is of st.ignating humours, promoting perspiration, strength- the greatest importance iu dyspepsia and similar disenergy warmth and the increasing ening the fibres, and Feather Beibt, especially in ynnth and in warm weaof the whole body. system, destroying its vigour and The Complexion can only be preserved in freshness, thtT, enervate the

24
Midnight Studies ought
liigheot
to

HEALTH.
be avoided, as in the

To

PRESERVE

HEALTH,

to

guard

degree pernicious.

Vinejar, and keep cloth wet If very violent, with Vinegar constantly applied. Poultice of bleeding may sometimes be necessary. Bread, Elder or Camomile Flowers, with equal parts of Vinegir and Water: renevp two or three times a day. See page 20. or Scalds. Tor two or three days anoint Poullires of freely with Lime-water and Oil, mixed. Bread and JMilk, softened with fresh Butter, to abate Diet, and keep the body the heat and inHammatioD. open. See page 20.

imiscs. Bathe with

ums

against disease, should be the object, on the score of economy, comfort, and safety; and this may be accomplished in all cases, unless under rare and very pecuuniliar circumstances of exposure. form state of health may be maintained until old age, by a careful observance of

the rules already set forth.

IVounds. M) externa! application aids the cure in any other way than by keeping the parts soft, clean, and defending from the air. Nature alone eflects the cure. See page 19.

These are
that

briefly

1st.

A PLAIN,
in

WHOLESOME

DIET, bearing

mind
hot

high-seasoned

compounds,

Bieedmg-. Between the heart and intended puncture dougli, under the name of cakes, &,c., apply a baud;ige, an inch or two off, to sivell ihe vein and cause a free flow ; which must be gradually loos- or dough and grease, under tlie name of
ened as the blood flows. lu all topical affections, draw the blo'>d as near as po'.sibie to the atfected part. Have the bandage an inch or two wide and abnul a yard long, and a compress of one or two small pieces of linen, folded two inches square, tr lay over the puncture when the bleeding is stopped. Care must be taken not to cut Though great too deep, or over a tendon or artery. advantage may be had by bleeding in the beginning of some iniiammatory fevers, in apoplexy, and after severe injuries, &c., it should not Le attempted by persons not skilled in anatomy.

pastry, will essentially ruin the best stomach and that intemperance in food,
;

drink, and dress,

is

cause of nine-tenths of

the foundation and all the diseases

afflict

and
race.
2d.

distress

which

the

human

EXERCISE,

observing that while

it is otherwise of the greatest Those who cannot take importance. In regard to receipts and " cure-alls," other and better, may secure much of of exercise by active advantages however promising they may appear, it the should always be borne in mind, that friction of the body on retiring to bed what for one person may have proved a and on rising, and by frequent exertion positive cure in a particular disease, and change of the position.

GENEKAL KEMAUKS
Means

weakly too sudden, too violent, and long-continued exercise, may be into the

jurious,

On

the

of Securing Health,

may

prove

positively injurious

tried by another for the

same

even when repeated

for the

same

when AIR. 3d. CLEANLINESS. 4th. disease, or 5th. To guard against taking COLD, indiwhich may in all cases be done by ac-

PURE

vidual. The reason is obvious. So much quiring the habit of daily washing the depends upon the different habits, con- person in cold water, especially the neck, stitution, state of the humours, blood, breast, arms, feet, &c. This may be rendegree of weakness or strength, &c., in dered easy by habit, and safe at all seadifterent individuals, and at different sons, by commencing in warm weather, periods in the same individual. The and rubbing with a rough cloth until a medicine which to-day would be proper, glow is excited. This will always be by a change in the disease, may to-mor- found, and under any exposure, a means row be the reverse ; and, in short, so of security from cold that fruitful

many

objections will occur to any resource of consumption and death. flecting mind against the indiscriminate 6th. A due regard to the ease and comuse of remedies, that the greatest caufort of CLOTniNG. See articles under tion should be exercised, lest in tamperthese several heads, also, " training," ing with disease you destroy health.

There
so

is so much adulteration in drugs, many quack nostrums, pills and im-

page

23.

positions, that in all cases

Some of these points are of doubt and that we again say

Observe to
sit

so important,

difficulty, the safer rule is to trust the

I.

advice of an intelligent physician.

up

late.

2.

Wash

Rise early and never the body every

THOMPSONISM.
morning with cold water, rubbing well with a rough towel. 3, Sleep In rooms well and thoroughly ventilated. 4. Correct symptoms of plethora and indigestion, by eating less for a few days. 5.

T5I

Never eat late hearty suppers, especial6. Keep the feet ly of animal food. warm, the head cool, and the body open, and tlie physician's aid will be seldom
required.

THOMPSONISM, OR BOTANIC PRACTICE.

A list of
the Simples used, with their names and the
properties ascribed to

them

I, made into tea, sweetened and with milk bowel complaints of children, and bures.

also for

Lobtlia^ or Enietlc Herb, to cleanse the stomach, overpower the cold, aud promote free perspiration ; considered the most important article in that system of This plant ditfers from Indian Tobacco. It practice. IS common in all parts of this country ; e;rowa at first Hat on the ground, but shoots up 12 to 15 inches hiE;h, with branches, and in July has small pointed, pate blue blossoms, followed by small pods, size of a ' white bean," with numerous small seeds. Gather in September, when the leaves and pods turu a liltie yellow, though good at all seasons. Some seasons it is not to he found at all, or in very sm^ill Quantities. Cut, dry powdered, or it in-doors, and use the seeds and leaves make tincture from the green herb, with spirit. Common dose, teaspoonful powder mixed with sugar in half tea cup warm water ; take all at once, or three times at intervals of ten minutes. Water must be only blood warm ; its power is destroyed by scalding. The Tincture is made by the bruised green herb with equal quantity good spirits or vinegar. Squeeze and strain it to extr.ict the juice, which save in a close-stopped botDose, from half to a teasptonful in all cases the tle. dose must be regulated by the judgment. Taken for asthma, complaints of the lungs, and applied internally or externally to counteract poison ; also for lockjaw, spasms, and to bring out small pox, measles, &c., and give warmth, animation, and vigour to the system. Its operation in long-standing disease is sometimes very severe, and will not remove a sealed disease unless its stimulus is followed by some other more nourishing medicine. CayenrUy when good, is used in doses of from half to a teaspoonful, in hot water sweetened, or a teaspoonful in a gl t3 of cider, to promote free perspiration and digestion, and cures ague in face by laying some in a fine cloth between the teeth and cheek, sitting by a fire, covered warm. Ripe Red Peppers are good substitute.
:

fVeed, or meadow scabish, grows four or five use the roots feet high, narrow leaf and blue blossom and top for canker rash, rheumatism, dizziness and nervous afl'ectious. Make into tea.
:

Squaw

Bitter Herb or Balmony, zho\it size of mint, white blossom like a snake's head, sweetish-bitter taste. As lea, good to correct bile, promote appetite aud digestion, and keep the stomach in order. Foj)lar Barky Barberry Bark, Bitter Root or Wandering Milk-weed, Golden Seal or Ohio Kercuma Root ; each used as tea for same complaiutt as Sitter

Herb.

Peach Meats, bark of poplar, meat of cherry stones bitter almonds, pounded and u^ed as tea, for dyseutery

and debility of a'omach and bowels.

Gum
res,

Myrrh, recommended highly in wounds, old and rheumatism: improved by au addition of

Cayenne.
Spirits of Turpentine, to be used externally, with caution, with rheumatic drops, for itch at.d other bad

American Valerian
dug
late

or Ladies' Slipper: the roots,

in

Fall or in Spring, are highly extolled in

nervous affections and hysterical syniptoms, safer and Give half teaspoon, finely powbetter than opium. dered, in hot water sweetened, or put into injections. Grows in swamps, wet land, and high ledges; large clustered fibrous roots matted together and connected with solid root; several stalks two feet high, leaves like poke leaf, female blossoms red, red and while, and while. The male is calt&i yellow umbil. The yellow and red are best.

There are some

others, as pennyroyal, mint, tansy,

Ginger, a powerful stimulant, has a warm, healthful on the stomach. The root is chewed and juice swallowed for consumptive habits.
efTect

for c.inker, tooth

Bayberry or Candleberry roots the bark is used powder, scurvy, and disorders of the
:

bowels.

have arisen among his followers, leading to important IVhite Pond-Lily roots, used as the preceding. changes, principally caused by opinions unfavourable Cleaned and dried in the Fall. to the acquirements and intelligence of the man, whatsome' Hemlock. The inner bark, powdered, though virtues or merit may be ascribed to some of his times used as the two preceding, is not recommended. ever The boughs make a lea gr-tid for gravel and other early discoveries. urinary obstructions, and rheumatis Dr. Thompson lives in Boston. In his account of Marsh Rattmarvy mixed with Bayberry bark, is the system which he claims the merit of, he states used for canker and sore mouth. thai he was born in New Hampshire, in 1769 ; disthe birk, leaves and berries dried when

Dose, a spoonful in hot water sweetened.

&c., which Dr. Thompson pronounces of less consequence; but the preceding are declared by him to be "all the important vegetables and herbs used in his practice." For lobelia and some other medicines he has secured a patent right. The charge for his book and the right of administering medicines is twenty But of late, much contention and division dollars.

Sumach:
for

full

grown and

jection,

guary and urine.

full of sap, are used either as tea or incleansing, complaints of kidneys, stranBetter if used with Bayberry.

covered lobelia
ing for

when
in

cows

four years of age, whilst searcha field: he chewed the plant and

noted

its

eflects.

He commenced

jtractlce in 1805.

White, riazd leaves, as tea, good for bleeding at stomach, for canker, and most complaints of bowels. In jeclion good for piles, bearing-down pains, &c.

He
tion
its

places great reliance on exciting profuse perspiraminerals, especially mercury, in all ; repudiates
is

Red'Raspberry

\ei.ves,

cxceWeui for

forms, and

oppfwed

to bleeding.

26

TEMPERANCE.

TEMPERANCE.
Being satisfied from observation and experience, as Avell as from medical testimony, tliat ardent spirits, as a drink, is not only needless but hurtful; and that the entire disuse of it would tend to promote the health, the virtue, and the happiness of the community: We hereby express our conviction, that should the citizens of the United iStates, and especially all young men, discountenance the use of it, they would not only promote their own personal benefit, but the good of our country and the world.
(signed)

President

JEFFERSON
by men

said,

"The

habit of usind

Ardent

Spirits

tn public office, has

produced

more

Injury to the public service and

more

trouble for

Die, than

aoy other circumstance."

Ardent

spirits

has

made

at least

two hundred thou-

sand miserable paupers in the United States,

w!iim once enjoyed a competence,
It if

many

of

not wealih.

has annually destroyed thousands of our fellow-

ciiizens, consi^nin^

seriously multiplying
It

them to a drunkard's grave, and widows and orphans.

has

filled

the jails, prisons, and penitentiaries of

the United States with criminal, wlio have sacrificed

char:icter, society,
It

and

friends, for strong drink.

awakened an experiment remedy for intemperance has bten sucmade, proving by actual demonstration, that the power to terminate the evils of intemperance rests with the people. More than one million and a half of persons have signed the pledge of total abstinence, and as many more are practising upon the principle without signing. Thousands of merchants, grocers, and inn keeper?, have discontinued the sale of .irdent spirits mmy distilleries! have put out their fires; and everywhere the spirit of freedem from a degrading vice has been aroused. Light and love have awakened every eifort, and they will accomplish the object. This object is distinctly announced to be the total disuse of intoxicating dri7ik in the United Slates and
Public attention haihcen
of a proposed
cessfully
;

has involved a waste of properly to the amount of

millions of dollars.

throughout the world.

Parents, enlist your children on the aide of total abstinence.
It

many
It

of dollars for the support of

It

has burdened the country with a tax of millions its paupers.

lias

can do them no injury, and

may

save
sentj-

palsied the industry, corrupted the morals,

many

of them from ruin.

Ihe following lines.

Let them adopt the

and degraded the character of Americans ; proving itself more injurious to our country than war, or
famine, or pestilence.

meut of

THE PLEDGE.
The pledge we sign, to drink no wine;, Nor brandy red, lo turn our head. Nor whiskey hot, that makes the sot, Nor fiery rum, lo turn our home
Into a hell

And what good

Not One.
It

thing has

it

done, or will

it

do, to

counterbalance these deplorable and alarming ett'ecis?

There

is

not a single redeeming quality.

It

neither prevents nor cures disease.

does not aid

It

labour,

nor promote domestic happiness.

adds

Tes

here we FLEDGE p&rpetuaJ, haU

can
inttyxicate.

whore none could dwell

nothing to national wealth or prosperity.

To

all thai

TEMPERANCE.
FEMALES
Are moat deeply interested in the succeas of the temperance reformation. As it advances, it dries up
the fountain of
biiterness

27
Witness
Itie

formatioD are already realised.

the rate of insurance ou ships
ilors,

reduclion

manned by Temperance

woman's

grief,

and turns her

te.irs

of

e sailor?!

and the improved and comforlable condition of themselves, who, in the wet, cold, and hardnot only unnecessary, but worse than

of temperance.

iiilo tears of joy. Ladies, sign the temperanee pledge, and thus cast your inrtuence on the side You can banish alcohul from the

ships which they undergo, confirm the fact !hit liquor

all

cases

is

leless.

nursery, the sideboard, the social circle, and the festive

hall. Mothers, sisfers, wives, we entreat you to throw your gentle influence around society, to hold it back

THREE MILLIONS who have given the TEMPERANCE PLEDGE to Father Mathew in
Witness the
land
uses,
;

from the cup of death.

w here distilleries have been turned into schoolwhere, instead of crime, quarrelline;, lighting.
rags,

poverty and

now

shine forth the

Temperance
Temperance,

A REMEDY.
Let it be enacted that the expense of supporting all paupers who are made such through the sale of iiiioxic\ting liquors, shall be equally assessed
ers in such liquors
:

essings of peace, jny and con)for(.

And many
tidings,
pist,

are the glorious results of

upon the dealtakes out a

many, (hat a volume ijiight be filled with the glad which urge on the patriot and the philanihn

let

every

man who
and
let

license be required to give

ample

security for the pay-

and all good ork of reform.

men

to perseverance id this glorious

ment of

his share of (he lax;

the pulilic auchiljjut

thorities see that the destitute wives,

widows and
;

THE TREE OF DISSIPATION.

The
sin
exiiels

dren of drunkards be tuell supported. This would

an end

to oine-tenlhs of the groggeries

the sellers

and the fewer became, Ihe heavier would be the tax upon

of
rciison,

them. Friends of suflering humanity! this plan be tried ?

why may

not

drunkenness
flruwns memory, diBtempfra the body, defaces beauty, diminisheg etreiiiith, corrtipta

One cause of

the prevalence of intemperance

is

the

low price of wine, brandy, &c. Put down the spurious compounds, and Ihe genuine will not be so constantly held out as a plausible temptation to young beginners.

May

not all

who

value health join in copyto

it ?

ing the followiiig and obtaining signatures

PETITION
To
the Legislature of

The
That

subscribers respectfully represent.

the blood, inHames the liver, the bruin, turns men causes into walking hospitals. internal, external, and incurable wounds, ia a witch to the senstis, a devil to the soul, a thief to the pocket,

weakens

inferior

nral, &c., flivoured

whiskey, coloured by logwood, cocliito resemble in taste the liquor

oil

imitated and impregnated with spirits of turpen'ine, cochilus indicus,

is

of vitrol and other poisonous dmg-t,

the bcgpar'fi companion, a wife's woe, and makes man become children's sorrow, a beast and a self murderer, who drinks to others' good healih,

sold throughout the country

;

undtr Ihe various namew

and robs

himself of his

of wine, gin or brandy

most injurious
sick to

whom

and whereas this imposition is to health, and especially grievous to (he wine may be prescribed: we therefore

own!
alt
;

Nor
it

is

this

exposes

to

pray your hcnourable body that such penalties may be imposed, by fine and imprisonment, against all who

the Divine

make or sell these or simitar poisonous compounds, as may effectually secure the health of our ci izens from
such wicked and fraudulent practices.
tioners shall, lc. Slc.

And your

peti-

TETOTALISM.
The
form a
objection lo beer, cider, &c.

>s >
that all

Drunkards

B
1-*.^

(^

in Ihe outset

commence

on such mild drinks, and thus

^
t?d

drinking which becomes habituil, and Phis habit becomes a second nature, leading slowly, it may be, but surely, to all the evils and horrors of
taste for

a^m H?3

drunkenness.

popular, the strongest

Besides which, as temperance becomes liquors are mixed with, and

beer, &c.

drunk as cider,

h root of

M
all 19

THE FRUITS
Some

of the great advantages of the

Temperance

re-

DR U

N K E N N ES

28

MECHANICS AND WORKING-MEN.

MECHANICS AND WORKING-MEN.

THE ABLEST MEN WERE MECHANICS.
There never was

now

a doctrine more untrue than the almost obsolete one, derived from the false dis-

an hotir of tranquillity amidst perturbed life, it will be that which is spent with wife and children. I would have the house of the working-man his
most delightful resort. ing, even In Its outside.
to think that

tJDctions of nionarchiefl, that mechanic professions are menial, nnd beneath the station of a true gentle-

To

be

so,

it

should be pleasfor people

slo-

It is too

common

man.
utility.

The

(ruth

is,

they are almost the only profesreality,

because they are poor (hey must be

sions that

have substance, and

and practical

enlie^hten it, and advance the prosperity and the liberties of the human cheerful in a neat than in a disorderly room. When have been mechanics. It is the dirccttuss of work Is over, and everything iu its place, the visiter Is ntind, the plain good sense their pursuits Inculcate, more welcome, the husband's look is brighter, and an which has led to ihose immortal discoveries that have aireclionate glow spreads itself through the circle. enriched and ameliorated the condition of the whole The common law has acknnwledged the principle, human race. Name but an Arkwright, a Fulton, a that every man's house is his castle. It is true in more Watt, a Franklin, a Whitney, Stc,, and where do you cases than one. Home is the citadel of all the virtues find (heir equal ? of the people. For by home we mean something more
race,

the

The greatest mtn in the men who have done most to

annals of the world,

whitewash, a little paint, a little turfing, and a few days of labour about the vines and flowers, will serve to change the whole appearance of the humblest enclosure. Every body is more
venly and dirty.
little

HINTS TO MECHANICS AND WORKMEN.

If

lar

you would avoid the diseases which your particutrades and work are liable to produce, attend to the
if

following hints:

it is the family that makes the home. domain of the wife ; and one circumstance marks it out as human, and as Christian. Sacred wedlock is the fountain not only of its pleasures, but of its moral excellence. The poorest
:

than one^ house

It is

the peculiar abode and

this

Keep,
that

possible,

regular hours.

you have done extra work,

when you

Never suppose ait up till

man who

fectionate wife,

has a virtuous, sensible, industrious and afIs a man of wealth. Home is the

midnight.
spirits, cordials, and malt liLet your drink be, like that of Franklin, when he was a printer pure water.

abode of our children.

smiles and their prattle.
this,

Here they meet us with

their

Abstaiu from ardent

He who
;

unfeignedly enjoys

quors.

cannot be altogether corrupt

can
ter

make men
members

enjoy

it,

Never
to

ing, or snuffing,

By chewing, smok* you spend money which would help clothe you, or would enable you, if single, to make
use tobacco in any form.

them out of harm's way.

of society, or
citizens,

and the more we the further do we remove No men, therefore, are bet-

more

apt to

become

stable

and wealthy and well

than such as are well married

mother or dependent sister; or, if married, to buy your wife a frock, or get books for your children. You also, by any of these filthy practices, injure your health bringing on headache, gnawing at the stomach, low spirits, trembling
;

a useful present to an aged

settled.

HOME
The
rivals of

VS
the

TAVERNS,
are

our
is

Home

many and

fearful.

of the limbs, and, at limes, sleeplessness.

Among
by
re-

the

direst

drinking-place,

whether

known as porter-house, grogshop, or tavern. The gular washing of your hands, and face, and mouth, l>e- man who spends his evenings in these stygian fumes, fore each meal, and of your whole l)ndy at least once grovels, and wallows away half his civili7alion. a week and by combing and brushing the hair daily. Where ought he to be, but by his own warm fireside,
;

Be

particular in preserving your skin clean,

Always have,

if

possible, fresh air in the

room

iu

which you work, but

so that

you

shall not
if

be in a draft.
possible,

Take a

short time In the morning,

and

always in the evening, or towards sundown, for placing your biidy in a natural posture, by standing erect, and
exercising your chest and limbs by a walk
air
is ttie

rewarding his wife for the solitary labours and vexations of the day, and receiving on his own part those cheap but invaluable pleasures, which are as much above (he delirium and ribaldry of the bar-room, as
the light of day

where

the

dle?

am

is above the glimmer of a dipped-canno enemy to tavern-keepers. They are a

purest.

If confined In-doors, let your food consist, in a large proportion, of milk and bread, and well-boiled vege-

men. Their offers of kindness to the stranger and the traveller, ought to be remembered and repaid. The worst effects of ill-conducted taverns
are
felt,
is

useful class of

tables.

Meat and

tish

ought

to be used sparingly.

not by the wayfaring-man, for

instituted, but

the inn

whose behoof by the throng of villagers and

THE working-man's HOME.

Home!
It

neighbours, who have, or who ought to have, homes of their own; who need no tavern, and who resort
thither from idleness, from love of excitement, or from beastly appetite.

marks the sacred

spot to

which the cares

and tumult of the world do not reach ; and where, except in cases of extreme depravity, its vices do not Intrude.
If there are gentle affecliona In the heart, they
;

Ah

if

that bar-room could tell the history of the

drunkards

will break forth around the hearlh-stone

if

there

is

who have dropped off one by one, would the hideous revelation scare the very sot.

how

DENTISTRY THE
The
tavftrn-haunter drinks
till

HAIR.
Admit no
rival

29
here.

he

feels

hiniselT

tfie

Fireside.

Let your chief

hilf-ruined

he U wretched ; he drinks to drown his joys be shared by her who has forsaken all other ; wretchedueas; he does drowu it, aod bis soul along hearts and hopes for you ; by those who must inherit with it I honour or disgrace from your course of life. Shun the To young men, beginning life, specially to newly bar*room and the purlieus of intoxication. They are, mnrried men, the counsel 'n seasooable : Revererice to thousands, the avenues to iniamy.

DENTISTRY,
ON THE AUTHORITY OF HUNTER, KCECKER, HITCHCOCK, COMMON SENSE, AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED SURGEON DENTISTS.
The 7T /A. Attention to the cleansing of the teeth cannot be inculcated at too early an age. The neglect
of brushing and
scraping, taking care not to injure the enamel ; at the same time pre.sK against the point of Ihe tooth to keeji it firm in its socket.

washing the teeth is invariably at* Filing should never be permitted unless to remove tended with both disease and decay, which, by timely portions of rottenness that cannot otherwise be taken and daily ablutions, might have been avoided alto- ouL In iU unavoidable destruction of the enamel, gether. Those who have grown up in the omission of filing is highly pernicious. this sntubrious habit, should lose not an instant in Plu^^ng cavities, either with gold or tinfoil, of av:iiling theni>ietves o[ a pr.ictire so essential in general gomi quality, should never be ncKlecled. Carefully remove all roHen portions; thoroughly cleanse and dry health and cleanliness. The extremes of heat and cold by nie.ins of cotton; then introduce Ihe metal gradutherefore, the water with ally, pres.sing it into all partn of Ihe cavity with as are injurious to the teeth which the teeth are cleansed should be what is termed much firmness as possible, until it becomes a solid lukewarm. They should be well but gently brushed, mass with Ihe exterior surface, even and smooth. Tobacco Juice, whether front smoking or chewing, both night and morning; the bru^h should be neither stains ttie teeth a permanent filthy yellow, and underextremely hard nor extremely soft, but should possess mines the enamel. gums bleed slightly medium quality. Should the a Instrumejit$ are required of such various sizes, during the operation, it will produce a salutary eflfect. 8hI)e->, &c., in most operations, as make the services of a dentist advisable, if not indispensable. One of the The most etl'^ctuat, and indeed the only means of evil consequences of negUct. keeping the teeth and gums in a firm and healthy Children will be saved much future suffering, morThose who possess lificilionand expense, by having their leeih frequentlv s'ate, is by using the brush daily. good teeth should be careful to preserve them. When looked to, and by insisting on the easily-formed liabit and cleansing the teeth afler every meat. they are in good order, ancj free from tartar, the use of of washing
;

a soft brush

once a day, with a

lillle

dentifrice occa-

sionally, will be quite sufficient to

keep them soj and

with

this the

owner should

rest satisfied.

Tooth

Powder

has afforded to quackery and impos-

ture a sp.icious field for their operations,

whereon the
for ye.irs to

M*ny preparations, particularly Tooth Powder. charcoal, are suie to wear away the enamel, and are therefore pernicious. Use I oz. orris-root, 2 oz. prepired chalk, one fourth oz. magnesia. Wildcherrytree lai k is an excellent dentifrice. When once clean, teelh may easily be kept lo by simple water and a

Toothache proceeding from the nerve, may be permtnently cured by cauterizing or burning the nerve. Tliis is done by a %vire filed to Ihe size of the exposed surface of Ihe nerve, bent at the end in a suitable diingredients of its composition, the more beneficial it is rection. The saliva must be discharged, and the cavity I know of none better or more dried by cotton. Then, with the extremity of the wire likely to prove. candle until it acquires a white heat, carewholeaome, eiiher for clemsing the teeth or for held in a fully but r;tpidly and slightly touch the nerve. It may strengthening the gums, than cuttle-fish, prepared be necessary to repeat it. If the wire is merely red in equal chalk, and orris-root, commingled together hot it is painful, but if heated to a while heat the pain perceptible. quantities, which any one may procure separately is scarcely Jiumt Alum, kreosote, oil of clones, laudanum, from any respectable chemist, and mix himself. poultice of ginger, laudanum aud vinegar, applied lo are sometimes of service TVir/ar. This offensive substance, solely the effect the face ; or mustard plaster, toothache; and brandy and salt will remove inin proves ruinof nesli^nce and a want of cleajihness, soreness of the gums. ous to the teeth and injurious to health. Remove by, Aaminalion and
credulity of

mankind has enabled them

It is obvious to all who give reap a golden harvest. theniielves the trouble to think, that the simpler ihe

REVISED BY
of

THE HAIR, MOORE

J.

D.

and brush, ami beanly, is the frequent use of the comb and regular ablution. by a reference lo Ihe It will be rcadilv perceived, lo tendency itruclure of the hair, Ihal whatever has a

onlinnry cirIts Proper Management. Under the cunnUnces of heallli, in cnjuiiction wilh temperance effeciual means anil regular exercise, Ihe only safe and erowih nreservinj Ihe hair and of nromnling ils

luipede the pnsjage of ihe fluids by which it is nnarcentre of ishcd, from Ihe root along the tube in the each hnir. must necessarily prevent its proper growth, render it thin, and deprive il of its soft and glossy appearance. There can be little doubt that this is the practice of twisting effect, to a certain ex'eni, of the plaiting or the hair from its natural position, and of firmly braiding it. The injurious consequences of such

30
modes

THE HAIR.
" Mothers whose vanity may be ahrmed lest repeated cuiting the hair for so many years should make coarse, may be assured they have no cause for this apprehension, provided the hair be kept constantly brushed." When there is any tendency to sores or eruptions on the head of children, fine combs are very apt to promote them. There is no doubt that the heads of young persons which are never touched by Ihem, miy be preserved much cleaner by strict attention, than such If any dirt as are scratched and scraped every day. appears on a child's head, which a brush will not remove, that particular part should be lubbed wilh a the brush bul general, soap and w;tter ; in and lowel will be found quite sufficient lo keep it perfectly clean. The seldomer, indeed, a fine comb is applied lo the head, the better; when, however, those of ivory, tortoise shell, or bone, are used, the greaiest care is necessary lest they wound the skin and produce a sore, or, by unduly irritating it, augment the production of the tcurf they are often intended to remove.
It

of dressing the hair can only be obviated by a daily resort lo the comb and a hard brush, which, by disentangling, restores it to its natural direction, and, freeing it fnim every restraint, enables it to receive a due supply of its appropriate fluids. The growth of (he hiir is not, however, always impeded by arlificial means: this may result, also, from allowlu^ it to become entangled and malted together a condition to which it is extremely liable from ils peculiar form. Hence, under all circumstances, frequently combing and brushing it lhroug;h ils whole length, is absolutely nece>sary lo its proper preservation. Independent of the good effects of these ojeralions in rendering the hair pervious to the fluids which rise from ils roots, they facilitate its development also, by freeing the scalp from accidental impurities, f^cjliUting the circulation through its vessels, and thus euabling the hair lo perform freely its functions. Another means of promoling the growih of this structure and insuring its permanency, is by frequently cutting it. It is in early life, particularly, that frequent culling will be found highly advantageous. When the hair becomes thin and irregular, or ils beauty is o'herwjse imjaired, we know nothing belter cilculated to restore its proper growth than cuiting it

The beauty and permanence of JVashing Hair. the hair are best promoted by the strictest cleanliness.
To prevent
slightly
its becoming greasy and dirty, it ought to be washed frequently with soap and water. Soil and

short.

In children, keeping the hair short is a circumsbnce Objections are made by some to wetting the hair of no little importance, and should not, from any light bul the prejudice against the prac ice is absurd. IVo consideration, be negleclcd. Their he.ilth is preju- [Kissible injury, bu', on the contrary, much good will Nothing is more com- result from frequent washing of the head. diced by a contrary practice. mon than to see a luxuriant head nf hair accompanied The females of the South Sea Islinds, remarkable in children by paleness of cmiplcxion. weak eyes, and for their fine long hair, promote ils silky gloss and frequent cnmplaints of headache. The follov%ing ex- beauty by regular and frequent washing. cellent remarks in a little work entitled "Advice lo Hygiene des Dames, approving the practice of Mothers Grandmother," are recomniendYoung by a washing, observes, in regard lo the length of Ihe hair ed lo the attentive perusal of every parent. " The hair in children should be cut short until they of females, that as the most beautiful hair is the most difficult to keep clean, it is precisely this sort which are eight or nine years old as the cooler the head can retjuires to be waihed cften and carefully, and the baih be kept, the less danger there is of many maladies peis recommended as the njosi convenient means of doing culiar to that part nf the body, especially water on the this. Besides, says the author, the fitiest gloss is imbrain. Besides, there is gocid reason fnr believing, that parted by the water, provided ihe hair be quickly children who have a great quantity of hair, are those dried and immediately combed and brushed. most liible to eruptions, as scald head, &c. It is at least certain, that in them, erupti^'ns are very difficult Headaches complained of by females are often occato remove. The trouble, also, of keeping long h-iir sioned by a deficiency of moisture in the hair, by sufficiently clean, and the length of time necessary for which the comb or brush is prevented from fully detaching the scales that form upon Ihe scalp and clog this purpose, is often a cause of much ill humour and m:iny cross words between children and their attend- up Ihe p ires destined to Ihe passage of the perspiration. ants, which it would be better tu avoid.

warm

water

is

best.

Husbands finding Fault. Some men make

fault

their

wives very miserable by a thoughtless habit of finding with everything which comes in their way. The man who heedlessly finds faull on every occasion, only lays the foundation for his own sorrow, for he takes

THE WORLD:
ITS
lousnesSf

EXTENT AND POPULATION.

with
their

Divisions of the Globe, in the Order of their Popu-

away an important motive which

faithfulness

actuates the wife to

Population

to

a Square

Mile.

and pains-taking; and she must be more

in the face

than a

common woman, who,

of repe,ited

Europe
Asia Africa

-.....--tiS
Pop. to a Sq. Mile.

fault-finding, can
to

findaheait long to exert herself, only

receive again the

same reward.

North Ajnerica
Soulti Ajijerica

.---.-. .-----.2
Population. 600.000,000
215,0(X).00G

28 6 4

ish

commonest and most foolis to quarrel, no matter with whom, man, woman, or child; or upon what pretence, provocation, or occasion whatever. There
Quarrels.
things

One

ORDER OF FOP0LATION.
of the

in

the world,

Asia

Europe
Africa
Nortti

100000.000

America

no kind of necessity in it, and no species or degree No man ever fails to of benefit to be gained by it think less of himself after than he did before one: it degrades him in his own eyes and in the eyes of
is

South America

25,000.000 14,000,000

ORDER OF EXTENT.
Asii Africa

others; and,

what

is

worse, blunts bis sensibility to

disgrace on the one hand, and increases the

pa&sionate irritability on the other.

power

North America
South America

of

Europe

Sq. Mile.,. 16,000,000 12,000.000 9,000,000 6,500 000 3,600^000

PHRENOLOGY.

31

jpssai^
FEELINGS,

2^^a SMnDI^So
INTELLECT,
Or Knowing and Reflecting
',.

Or .iffcttivt FanMia. * AlimenMveneas. appetite for fond. 1. AM A riVENESS, produCM Seiuil Love,
Desire; Phy-icTil Love.
2.

Fcuntllies.

INDIVIDUALITY observes
ces,

Existen-

Simple

Facts,

I,

PIIIL()PflOGENlTIVENES.S, Love of Children, and Youns Dtings.

3. 4.
5.

CONCENTRATIVENESS
ty
;

conlinuej the Min.1 on Emotion or Ideas.

I.

FORM, observe Configuration and the Shape of Bodies generally. SlZE-gives the Idea of Space, Distance,
Dimension.

>.

WEIGHT perceives
COLOURING gives
ours,

Momentum, Reperception of Colidea of Relative

ADHESIVENESS, Friendship, SociabiliAllachmenI

eeneittlly.
5.

si-tancf, Etjuilibrium.

COMBATIVENESS.
stroy,

Coura;e, Opposi7.

and their Harmonies.

6.

DESTRUCTIVENESS,
Torment
;

tion, Intrepi'lity, C^ua^relsolnene^^. Desire In De-

LOCALIlT-giveslhe
Position, Place.
ness in Figures.

Harshness, Cruelty.

3.

NUMBER, Talent forCalculalion, quickORDER, Communicates

7.

SECRETIVENESS.

Concealment, Prui.

& ACQUISITIVENESS,
9.
'

dence, Cunninj, Hypocrisy. Desire to acquire Properly ; Avarice, Selfishness.

nius, desire to build. Self-respect, Personal

CONSTRUCTIVENESS.Mechanical Ge-

^ 2

^
I

30. 31.

EVENTUALITY

the Love of Physical Arrangement. observes and re-

>"

members Occurrences and Events.

Duration iu Nature, Music. 32. TUNE, Sense of Musical Harmony, Melody. I. Memory, Fluency f33. LANGUAGE, Verbal in Speech or Writing, discovers Analogies 34. COMPARISON

TIME perceives
time
in

10.
11.

SELF-ESTEEM,
Fame,

Dienity, Pride, Hauithliness.

*
S H g J a
.

APPROBATlVENESS.Thirst for Praise,

or Glory; Ambition, Vanity.

12.
13. 14. 15. 16.
17.

CAUTIOUSNESS,

Circumspection, TiCharily,

BENEVOLENCE,
VE.NEBATION,
FIRMNESS,

midity, Feir, Despondency. Universal Mildness of Disposition.

linui Adoration, Bigotry,

<

33.
I

CAUSALITY traces
Cause and Effect.

and Differences,

the Relation of

Reverence, SuperstiPersever-

Oi

Determination,

ance, Obstinacy, Resolution.

CONSCIENTlOUSNE.SS.LoveofTrulh,
Sen^e of Justice, Duty. HOPE, Eipects future good ; Cherishes Faith, Love of Scheming. WONDER, Desire of Novelty, Belief in the Supernatural.

Memory, is merely a degree of activity "f '^^ knowing and reflecting organs, each organ enabling served at the mind to recall the impressions which it
first to

receive.
is

^A

Judgment
The

the decision of 34
in

&

35 upon feelings

18. 19.

and ideas furnished by the other

faculties,

faculties.

IDEALITY, Love

of the Beautiful, or Excellent, Poetic Feeling.

SO. 21.

MIRTHFULNESS,Wit. Humour, Glee,

Love of the Ludicrous,

themselves, are mere instincts; higher than the moral sentiments and intellect being good in the animal propensities. Every faculty is but all are liable to abuse their operations are
itself,
:

IMITATION,

Expression in Arts, or Action; Miniiciy.

when they act in harmony with each other, the enlightened intellect and moral sentiment holding
righ' only

supremacy.

reUtive merit, designing to express any opinion upon the mriter which do in the above synopsis, without or demerits of Ihe science.
,

32

CANALS RAIL-ROADS.

CANALS
exceedin; 4000 miles in extent, have improvement. The Erie Canal, com- United Stales, creilcd internal trade, promoted agriculture and busiand finished in 1825; since when Ihe ness generally to an immense extent. canals in this Slate alone have been exicuded 10 950 FRINCIPAL CANALS, liles at an expense of 20,000,000; upon which Ihe Finished or in progress in the United States. tolls collected from 1^9 lo 1836, aniouuled to 9,983,637 In Maine, Cumberland and Oxford, 20. In Massahis

New

KoT-k

was the pioneer

in the introduction of

The

splendid lines of artificial navigation In the

species of

rienced in 1817

dollars.

chusetts, Middlesex, 27.

78.

Blackstone, 45.

Farniin^lon,
Erie,

TABLE, SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES AND RaIL-ROADS. CANALS or

New

York, Delaware, Hudson, &c., 82.

363.

Champlain, 63. Bhck River, 76. Os\ve?o, 38. Chenango, 96. Cayuga, 20. Chemung, 23. Morris, New Jersey, Delaware and Rarian, 43. Penn101.
Lehigh, 66.
Schuyl-

sylvania, Delaware Canal, 60.

^. liii
:=?.!?

'^

fell

:gg-8

-= = ^?-^

sa
h.m.
5 42 5 4 3 20

5-0 5.: 5lg ^^g lill

tons.
9.8

miles.

tons.

Pennsylvania, 312. Little Schuylkill, 20. kill, 108. Northern Western Branch, 66. Susquehanna, 39. Branch, 76. Benvcr, 30. French Creek, 46. Pennsylvania and Ohio. 82. Sandy and Beaver, 73. Dela. ware and Maryland, Chesapeake and Delaware Can il,
14.

AfajT/iand, Chesapeake and Ohio, 186.

KiVfmia
Virginia,
Santee,
22.

2 51

230
2 13 2 1 4S

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

98
9.75 9,64

and North
2 08 2 8
3.87 5 31

Carolina, Dismal
150.

Swamp,

23.

75
4.8 3.33 2 43
1.87

James'
12.

River,

South

Carolina,
37.

9 53
9.42
9.31

Georgia, Savannah and Alalamaha, 60.

Brunswick,

.Alabama, Muscle Shoals, Ohio, Miami, 265. fourche, 85.

1.48
1.2

9.22 9.68

Wabash and
Illinois

Erie, 110.

Louisiana, LaOhio and Erie, 306. IndioTia, Vfb'M Water, 76.

and Chicago, 96.

RAIL-ROAD S.
Rail-Roads, in the
as well as In the
facilities

they furnish of trans*

of

PRINCIPAL RAIL-ROADS,
Finished or in progress in the U. Statts, connecting, Boston and Newburyport, 33 miles; Bnston and Lowell, 23; Boston and Worcester, 160; Providence and Sloiiinglon, 47; Norwich and Worcester, 58; Hartford and New Haven, 40 Ulica and SclienecUdy, 84; Troyand B.all8ton, 25; Motiawk and Hudson, 16; Saratoga and Schenectady, 23 ; Ulica and Syracuse, 50 Auburn and Syracuse, 25; Lockpnrtand Niagara FaIN, 20 B ffalo and Niagaia Falls, 23 Rochester and Attica. 47 ; Ithaca and Owego, 29; New York and Erie, 340; Jersfy City and Pa'erson, 15; Jersey City and 'Irentnn, 58; Camden and Amboy, 61; Phibdelphia and Trenton, 26; Philadelphia and Columbia, 82; Philadelphia and Baltimore, 93 ; Philadelphia and Norristown, 17 ; Philadelphia and Heading, 56 ; Danville and Poltsville, 45; Lancaster and Harrisburg, 37; Westchester, 9; Baltimore and Su^quehannah, 70; Williamsport and Eln.ita, 74 Reading and Port Clinton, 20 ; Little Schuylkill, 20 llarrisburg and Ctiainber-burg, 49; Wrightsvllle and Gettysburg, 42 New. castle and Frenchtown, 17; Baltimore and Ohio. 60; Baltimore and Washington, 40; Winchester and Harper's Ferry, 30; Richmond aid Potomac, 75; Kichmond and Petersbtirg, 21 Petersburg and Blakely, >0; Portsmouth and Wildon, SO Hickford and G-aslon, 18 Raleigh and Gaslon, 86 ; Wilmington and Halifax, 161 Charleston and Hamburg, 135; Savannah and Macon, 200; Macon and For8\lli, 25; Augusta and Dccalur, IfiO; Tuscumhia and Decatur, 45; Montgoniery and West Point, 85; Vickshurg and Jackson, 54; Jackson and Brandon. 8 Grand Gulf, 8 New Orleans and Nashville, 500 Clinton and Porl Hudson, 28 SI. Francisville and Woodville, 28; Memphis and Lagrange, 50; Dayton and Sandusky, 153 ; Louisville and Lexington, 90; Detroit and St. Josephs, 180; Delroil and Ponliac, 30; Toledo and Marshall, 90; Madison and Lafayette, 150; Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis, 90.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; :
:

porting passengers^ produce, and country merchandise,

immense amount

employment

fur-

nished to
others,,

many thousand

of Inbnurers, mechanics,

and

are justly considered

among

the greatest im-

provemenlft of the age.

Prcjits.

On

eight rai1>roada in Massachusetts

in

1840, total receipts

were 1,191,710 dollars; expenses,

634,786 dollars, leaving a surplus of 636,924 dollars.

TABLE, SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OP ANIMAL A.ND MECHANICAL LABOUR.

'5
fc
dii-

""J

Hi
Ions.
50 49 33 49
48.75 48.25 47.06

loco-

lydist.by
orscs.

of
aily cc
ion.

a^ ^11
h.

^^ifel a
ins.

g|

I12 18 21

me.

m. hours
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

miles horses.
48 72 84 96
120 144 168 192 216

2 10 3 6 40 3* 5 42
4 5 5 4 3 20 2 51 2 30 2 13 2
1

20 20 20

6
7

20 20 20
'20 2(1

47 46

H
10
II
1

46.55
45.5

20

48

45

20 20

240 264

24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66

RELIGION.

33

RELIGION.
GENERAL ENUMERATION.
Christians,

Jews,

Mohammedans,
Idolaters of

.... .... ....

-

evils of bigotry, or the hypocrisy of pretenders, alike

2G0 000.000
4,000,000 96,000.000
500,000,(XX)

inimical to true religion without appealing to the long

line of heroes, statesmen,

and philosophers; and the

all sorts,

Total population of

tlie

world,

860,000,000

who have made religion the study of their lives, and sealed it with their deaths; without enquiring if men are so bad with religion,

host of great intellects,

how much

rRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.

B'ptisis,

fer the
let
it

worse would they be without any in short, without the multitude of reasons that urge men to prehope of immortal life, to the death of a brute,
be asked, Is
it

Methodists, Prole.tnnI do, Presbyterians,

Consre^tiomlists,

..... ....
.
. .

not true that the firm

if true,

believers

492,.in6

in

IheGospelhavea great advantage overall othei-s?

simple reason, that
if

850,000 50.000
3.'i8,0'^3

for this

they will have their

reward hereafter; and

be but with the

there be no hereafter, they can

. . -

Catholics, (population), Episcopalians, dn. . llniversalists, do. -

Lutherans,
Cl.riilians,

Dutch Retomied,

German Reformed,
Unitarians,

Mennonites,
Friends,

Jews, Moravians, Mormonisls,

Shakers, New Jerusalem,

..... .... .... ..... .... .....

.

.
.

ICO 000 l,30O,(O

infidel in his eternal sleep, having had the assistance of an exalted hope through life.

600 0(X) 600,000

63,0
22,5.60

Among
the

the great multitude of the wise and good

who

have recoided their testimony

in behalf of Christianity,

.11

180,000 30,000 100,000 15.000 5,800 65,000 6,000 ,009

American citizen may proudly dwell on the memo, 150,000 ryof WASHINGTON. A model of true greatness; 30.000 through his whole life he eihibited an example, in all
the relations of
private,
life,

political

and

social, public

and

which challenges

the admiration of the world.

In his

FAREWELL ADDRESS

he says

together, 4,859,030 professors of religion, and allowing three or four among the familv or friends of each, and the number o ascertained will include very near, the entire popul'tion of the United States as professors, friends, or believers in the eternal truths of

Making

" Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prospprity, reliand morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man

gion

Divine Revelation. It has been truly observed that the Christian is the only religion which will bear the test of a rational investigation ; that it is the only system which can pretend to a divine origin, and the only one to which mankind can look fur a remedy ag.^inst the various moral evils which prevail over the world.

claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labour to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens.

The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish thcin.

A volume

could not trace

all

THE ATHEIST.
The assaults
limes past
of reckless

their
sceptics,

connexions with private and public

men, the cavilling of

felicity.

the sneers of the scoOer, from the most powerful in

down

to the

miserable atheist of the present

day, have accomplished nothing.

Their denunciations,

or morality
lar

" 'Tis substantially true, that virtue is a necessary spring of popu-

and revilings, and labours, have all resulted in creating DO good, in advancing no interest, in defending, or comforting, or elevating none; in administering to the wants, the sufferings, or hopes of no human being.

Their labours, like their minds, are a blank a blank

as cold and conifortless, as destitute of good here or

hope hereafter
void to
eternal

a blank as dark and appalling as the which they would drag down and degrade the and immortal scul.
;

government. The rule indeed extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sinceri; friend to it can look with indiflbrence upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric ?"
,

GEORGE WASHINGTOW.

THE CHRISTIAN.
How wonderful the contrast religion presents ! But without adverting to the fruits of Christian love and enterprize, witness throughout the civilized world, the noon-daylight of Christianity, every where abounding
!

THE CHRISTIAN WORLD.

This is the title of a periodical published in Philadelphia at one dollar and twenty-live cents per annum, without advocating any particular sect. It is devoted
to

the advancement of Christianity" Bible Chrisin

its

in

proportion as the

human

race rises in the scale of in-

tianity

essential,

peculiar,

and incomparable

telligence and civilization;

and without denying the

glory."

Edited by T. H. Stockton.

34

MOTHERS.

INFLUENCE OF WOMEN.
BY JUDGE HOPKINSON.
If

power of society, womcD hope he shall meet them have mainly in their hands the more important moral power. There cannot be a moral community where

men

hold the political

Then he quits the of the fatherless world calm and happy, supported by the all in heaven.
father
!

they are licentious; there cannot be a refined society

A HINT.

It is not (he money earned that makes a man wealwhere they are neglected and ignorant. Upon (hem thy so much as tiat he saves from his earnings. A depend the earliest education and first impressions of good and prudent husband makes a deposit of 'tie fruits

of his labour with his best friend and if that friend be not true to hrm, what has he to hope r If he dare nut place confidence in the companion of his bonom, where wife acts not fur herself only, but IS he to place it ? society depends on them. It is a remarkable his'orical she is the agent of many she loves, and she is bound to fact, that the wife of Oliver Cromwell eadeivoured to act for their good, and nnt for her own gratification. persuade him to recall the exiled king, aud that alt his Her husband's good is the end to which she should aim bis approbation and love is her reward. children save one were loyal. must believe they
:

their children.

They

regulate, or materially iufiuence,

the principles, opinions and

manners

of their husbands

and their sons.

Thus

the sound and herilthful state of

We

derived their feelings and npiniona from their mother.

Alfred, one of the most extraordinary

men

of any age,

THE MOTHER

DUTY.

who

rescued his country from her enemies by his cou-

rage, and by his

wisdom and energy rescued her from

Important as are schools, and invaluable as learning may be, they are nothing, nay, worse than nothing,

extreme barbarism to a high degree of civilization, in unless right habits are formed at home. Without a his youth was given to idleness and pleasure. His moproper training of the mind in early childhood, the ther roused in him the ambiticu and virtue that has

made him
years.

learning of after

life

the admiration of mankind for a thousand bits to evil purposes, and lead the way to greater Napoleon said that to the manner in which his wickeduess and crime. mother formed him at an early age, he principally All who have the care of children, nr who feel an owed his subsequent elevation. It was his opinion that interest in their welfare, can do them no greater good, nor society a g'eater blessing, than by aiding in the the future good or bad conduct of a child depends upon correction of bad, and the formation of good, babits. the mother. Habits in youth are ea*ily formed, aiTd the hand that Mothers^ while you are proud of this distinction, reaids in formmg them is doubly ble-^ed. Let all tho'-e memember the responsibility it imposes on you. BE who love little children let mothers, especially, watch unceasingly, and carefully nip in the bud the slightest WORTHY OF IT. propensity in a child to exercise cruelty of any kinH, upon any object, and early crea'e an habitual abhorThe list of great names might have been or rence of dram-drinking, theft, and hypocrisy. Assiduswelled by that of our cultivate a love of truth, of industry, frugality who has paid so beautiful a tribute to the ously ordev ; observing that though children may be gomemory of her who formed his youthful and verned too little or too much, they can never be gomind, and by those of many thousands of veined loo well. others who have ascribed to the affectionate See " HABITS,^' page 39. care and counsel of mothers all their virtues, their distinction and honours. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. But recently the eloquent and popular O^Connell thus publicly testified Whatever may be the views entertained towards Mr. *' 1 wept over the grave of my sainted mo- Adams as a polilicim, it is conceded by all acquainted ther, who early instructed and brought up with his private character, Iha' be is a man of my infant mind to the possibility of failure, toned morals, and of the strictest integrity. Thehighmobut the impossibility that the lei=sons 1 re- ther's character Is shown in the fnllovving extrtci from ceived could tarnish the morals or virtues of a letter, written to her son, then eleven years of age, her son and [ do sincerely believe that, when who waa residing with his father at P.iris. at her last expiring breath her sainted soul /une, 1778. poured forth a bUssing on my head, whatMy dear son, The most amiable and most useful ever success 1 have had through life was disposition in a young mind, is diffidence of itself; and owing to the efficacy of her last pleasing this should lead you to seek advice and instruction. Imthough melancholy lesson." prove your understanding by acquiring tjseful know, ledge and virtue, such as will render you andrnanienl lo society, an honour lo your country, and a blessing THE PRECIOUS

may

only serve lo direct bad ht-

WASHINGTON,

PEAKL.

Religion in a female secures all her inteIt graces her character, promotes her peace, endears her friendship, secures esteem, and adds a dignity and worth indescribable to all her deeds. How plcasTni, when the absent husband can think of home, and reflect that angels watch the place! When about to leave her a widow, how consoling, if her character is such, that she can lean on the widow's God, and put her children under the gu ardianship of Him, who is the
rests.

to your parents. Great Uarning.'tiid superior abitiiics, should you ever possess ihem, will be of linle value and small estimation, unless virtue, honour, truth and integ;rily are added to them. Adhere to those religious sentiments and principles which were early instilled into your mind, and remember 'hit you are accountable to your Maker for your words and actions. * r The inadvertency and heedlessness of youth require line upon line, and precept upon precept; arid, when enforcedby the joint efforts of both | arenls, will. I hope, have a due influence upon your conduct; for, dear as you are (o me, I would much rather you should have found your grave in the ocean you have crossed, or thst an untimely death crop you in your infant years, than see you an immoral, profligate, or graceless child.

Patent Office, Washington City.

The principal Hall A National

Galkry
in the

is

213 feet longj 63 feet wide, and 30 feet high.

13

Patent Office

open

for

culable benefits on our

common

country, the
to

Commis-

he rcceptioD of unpatented models and specimens of klaoufactures and Agriculture. Preparation will be made to exhibit arlicles depnsiled, to the best advantage,

sioner embraces an early opportunity

invite co-

operation In inlraducing foreign Seeds which are rare

and valuable.
be paid by the

Public vessels are fully authorized lo

and every attentiou bestowed

loss.

to

protect

them

in

receive specimens.

Reasonable

freight,

however, will

glass cases, from injury or

Office, for

shipment

in private vessels.

Few, very few, are aware

n

of the progress of Ihe arts

An

exhibition of the 5pike of the different grains,

the United Slates, and hence the seep' icism as to the

ability

we

possess lo supply our

own

wants.

Our

fac-

indigenous and exotic, is contemplated in the new Patent Office; hence the importance of sending, if
possible,

tories, scattered

over a widely extended surface, are I by travellers only, and they can visit but few, in ersing the leading routes. Unlike the concen-

a specimen of the original stalk with the

grain attached.

trated es'ablishmenia in Europe,

where ateim power

is

Directions for putting

up and transmitting Seeds.

dis-

used, here, factories and work-shops are found

tired spcjts, tional

in re-

where streams (a valuable portion of nathe hycapital) give the most economical

With

view

to

the transmission of seeds from

draulic power.

nnual

fairs, in

many

places,

and exciled
their

a laudable

emulation

have done much good but the^ie have been

;

tant coun'ries, the first object of care is (0 obtain seeds that are fully ripe, and in a sound and heal'hy state. Those seeds that are not dry when gathered, should be rendered so by exposure to Ihe air, in the shade.

lited to a short

duration, and designed for citizens in

vicinity.
It is

immediate

now

proposed

to es-

tablish, at the Seat of

lery, to

Government, a National Galremain a perpetual exhibition of the progress improvement of the arts in the United States.
and what Amers'ill

e the most bciutiful specimens of the genius and industry of the nation will be found
;

n can
1

visit

the Gallery, and not be

prouder of

country, and feel that while

we

are /ree,

we

are

When dr>', the seeds should be put into bags of comportion 01 the seeds may also paper. be put in other kinds of paper. Those that niogt effectually exclude air and moisture are Ihe best for that purpose. It would be proper, also, to enclose some of tlie seeds in paper or cloih th.it has been steeped in melted beeswax. Seeds collected in a moist country, or season, may be packed in charcoal. After being put up according lo any of these modes, the seeds should be enclosed in a box, which should be covered with pitch, to prevent them from damp, insects, and mice. Ibey should be kept in a cool, airy, and dry situation ; not in the hold of the ship.
mon brown

also

independent.

rooms, though spacious, will not admit of cumbrous articles ; samples and specimens, similar to those exhit)ited at the princip-il Fairs, will be thankfully

The

The oily seeds soonest lose their germinating faculty. They should be put in a box with sandy earth, in the following manner: first, about two inches of earth at
the boltom ; into this the seeds should be placed at distances proportionate to Iheir size; on ifiese another layer of earth about an inch thick ; and then another layer of seeds: and so on, with alternate layers of etrih and seeds until the box is filled within about a foot of the top, which space should be filled with sand ; taking care that the e.irlh and sand be well put in, that the seeds may not get out of place. The box should then be covered with a close ne'-work of cord, well pitched, or with split hoops or laths well pitched, so as to admit the air without exposing the contents of the bnx to be disturbed by mice or accident. The seeds thus put up will germinate during their passage, and will be in a stale to be planted Immediately on their It would be well, also, to enclose some of arrival. them (each seed separately) in a coat of beeswax, and

received.
proof,

would observe, the Patent

Office is fire-

and guarded by a careful watch.

The Diplomatic Corp?, and the Navy, are using much effort to transmit to the Patent Office the most
valuable exotics, while from the agriculturists of this country are expected the best specimens of indigenous
seeds.

During the session of Congress of 1839-40, an act vas passed authorizing the Commissioner of Patents
to collect statistics,

and, in various other modes, to pro-

mote the agricultural interest of the United Slates. Deeply impressed with the importance of this subject, and regarding it as the commencement of a sysIcm, which, if properly carried out, will confer Incal-

afterwards pack them in a box covered w Hh pitch. Jt is not intended, however, by these instructions, to exclude the adoption of any other modes of putting up and transmitting secd^ and plants, which are in use in

; ;

36
cessful, especially if

EMIGRANTS.
are sent to enquiries about previous

aoy particular nUce, and which have beeo found sucSuegestioos in regard to the treatment of the plants during the voyage, and their cultivation and use afterwards, are desirable.

similar disco-

7. The petition must be signed, and wilues^td veries, by two, and addressed (o the Comniisaioner of Paten's. 8. Plain drawings ai.d specilicationa niust be made, witnessed, and duplicates sent. 9. The particular spe10, The mocification cbimed must be pointed out. del must be sent or left as below, with the inventor's RIGHTS. name durably affixed. 1 1. The fees must be remitted 1. Patents are granted for 14 years, for any new and 12. Person^ haviu coin or bv certificate of deposite. useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of ing business' with (he Patent Office, will be furnished mailer, or any new and useful improvement on any with the printed laws, directions, forms, rules, &c., on art, machine, m.inufactuTe, or crmipositiou of matter, 13. Conmiunicalions wilh the Patent application. not known or used by others befure. No patent is in- Ofiice are by law free of postage. valid by reason of the purchase, sale, or use (of the Models and Specimens, if deposited with any of the invention) prior to the application for a patent, except on proof of abandonment of such invention to the pub- following Agents, will be forwarded to the Patent Colieciors at Portsmouth, Office free of expense lic, or that such purchase, sale, or public use has been Providence, for more than two years prior tu such application for a N. H. ; Portland, Me. ; Burlington, VI. Surveyor at Hartford, Conn.; Collectors at patent. 2. Joint inventors can only ob'ain a joint pa- R. I. ; Richmond. Va. tent. 3. An inventor may a^si^n his right, all or part, Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore. Md. before the patent is obtained, the assignment being fir<il Charleston, S. C. ; Savannah, Ga. ; New Orleans, La. recorded. 4. The administrator or executor of a de- Detroit, Mich. ; Bufl'alo, N. Y. ; Surveyor at S(. Louis, ceased inventor can secure a patent for the heirs. 5. Mo.; Collector at Cleveland, Ohio; Surveyors at All fees go into the Treasury and for a patent, thirty Pittsburgh, Pa.; Cincinnati, Ohio; Louisville, Ky. dollars must be paid in advance two thirds to be re- R. H. Eddy, Aeent, Boston, Mass. j David Gardiuer, paid iu ca&e application is wilbdrawu. 6. No answers Agent, Custom House, N. Y.

more simple.

PATENT

EMIGRANTS.
Rich lands abound to such an extent, in almost every variety of climate and situation, in our country, and are so easily obtained, that nn advice, for selecting, can be necessary. Where there is so much to choose from, ordinary intelligence can hardly go amiss. few hundred dollars, health, a disposition to labour and submit to privations, are all that is required to insure real

what

follows, viz.

"To

be,

after

all,

very cautious
contents, re-

about either taking or admini!.lering

serving them for emergencies, and
evils in all
;

its

for a choice of

on temperance, moderation things, a careful conformity, in food and dress, to

to for health
let

depend

wealth and independence. A Log Cahiii is made of round, straight logs, about a foot in diameter, tying on bac\\ other and notched in at the corners, the crevices stopped wi'h slips of wood and mortar made of clay, with a roof of rafters covered with bark, &c. This suffices till larger and better accommodations can be m tdc.

clrcumslances and the climate; and, above all^

him observe a rigid and undeviating abstinence from tliat loathsome and murderous westtrji poison

lohiskey "which may be pronounced

miasm
of the country.

tfte

pre-

valent

Let every immigrant

learn the mystery, and provide the materiils, to

make
me-

Clearing next follows. Fell the trees early in the Cut large ones first let them fall in such direction as will enable you to fell the largest number of small ones on or along stde them ; and fell all parallel as near as possible, for convenience in rolling together. Lop the limbs of larne trees cut the small ones into suitable lengths to haul on to the lar<e. By this process two men may heap and burn most of the limber, without a team. Ne er chop or draw large trees till reduced by fire. Fire the heaps the next Miy, if dry ; if not, wait till July or August. Heating the soil so destroys the green roots, and the ashes are so beneficial that a good crop of wheat or Indian

good beer.
dicine by

Let every immigrant, during the season

of prevention, twice or thrice, with ab-

summer.

of acclimation, especially the sultry months, take

way

stinence from labour a day or

two afterwards."

We

should say,

let

the immigrant,

when he

first

ex-

periences unpleasant bodily feelings in hot weather,

such as headache, with

loss of appetite, fast

and

test

from labour
*'

for a

few days, and he will avoid sickness,

ai all.

and prevent the necessity of taking any physic

phmghing or manuring. autumn, cross plough deeper in the spring, harrow well, and be sure of golden crops. Winter chopping is sometimes preferred, and the burning done in the following August, if a dry season. See Public Lands Agriculture Healthy ate.
corn be had without
in

may

Let him," continues the author, " have a Bible for a constant counsellor, and a few good books for instruction

Plough shallow

and amusement.
to train his

Let him have the dighi'y and

family religiously, and not to be
of doctrine, in religion,
rifle rest,

good sense

blown about by every wind

politics,

or opinions.
it

Let his
in his

and

let

the

gtme, unless

come

way,

live on.

Let him
a fine

ADVICE TO WESTERN SETTLERS.

The
following good common sense directions are by the Rev. T. Flint.

cultivate a garden of choice fruit,

as well as

orchard.

Let him keep bees, for their management

unites plea,sure and profit. Let him p'epare for silkmost affectionate counsel we could give an making on a small and gradual scale. Let him cultiimmigrant, after an acquaintance with all districts of vate grapes by way of experiment. Let him banish the western country, of sixteen years, and after having unreal wants and learn the master secret of self-posseen and felt no small share of all we have attempted session, and be content with such things as he has,

"The

to record,

would be

to

regard the salubrity of the spot

aware
trials.

selected, as a consideration of
its

more importance than

fertility,

or vicinity to a market."

The

advice to

that every position in life has advantages and Let him assure himself that if an independent farmer cannot be happy, no man can. Let him mag-

have a lancet, and learn how to open a vein, is good ; and that to have a small and well labelled and well
supplied medicine chest,
is

nify his calling, respect himself,

to the

envy no one, and raise Author of all good, constant aspirations of thankas he eats the bread of peace and privacy."

not amiss, connected with

iss,

;;

UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES.

ARMY.
Army of tht United States. Secretary of War three Brigadier Generals; Qr. Master General; PayChief Engineer. ; ; The whole army consists of four regiments of artillery, 1 he regular army ao'i ?even regiments of infantry. numbers 12,539, oHicere an.l men. There are 58 military posts and arsenals in the United Stales, besides
nualer General
In times of foreign others in a state of forwardness. invasion, insurrection, or rebellion, the militia of the several states is under ibe cumniaod of the general gofor 100 n
I

37

and

half cents; over 100 milee.

two and

EXPENSES,
4,539,009 dollars.

1840, 4,705,396 dollars.

Receipts,

Surgeon General

veinment.

The Military Academy at West Point, in New York, The number of cadeis is wa-j established in ISOl From the establishment of this institulimited to 230. tinn to Scijleinber 2, 1828, there had been 1289 cadets admitted; 340 commissioned; 477 resigned; 162 discharged 20 had died ; and in 1830. 213 remained. The cost of this establishment (o 182S, was 1,183,421
;

The privilege of franking, and receiving letters free of postage, is given to the following persons, viz President and Vice President o.f the United States; Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, and Navy ; Post Master General and Assistants Post Waster General Atlorney General ; Compt's. of the Treasury ; Audi's. Reg. Treas. ; Commissioner of the Gen. Land Oftice; Ex-Presidents of the United States ; Members of Congress (during Ihe Session, and 60 days before and -if'er the same ;) Commissioners of the Navy Board ; Adj't. Gen.; Comm'y. Gen.; In^p'8. Gen.; Quart. Mas. Geu. ; Pay Mast. Gen. ; Sect'y. of the Senate ; Clerk of the House of Representatives ; Superintendent of Ihe Patent Office ; and Post Masters, not to exceed half an ouQce iu weight, and one daily newspaper.
:

dolbrs.

1795 to 1817 inclusive, there were made at Ihe at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, 82,720 muskets, 11,870 repaired, and 4. 100 pistols; at Springfield, Mass., there we e mide 128,359 muskets, 1,202 carbines, ;iDd 45.800 repaired. The expenses at (he latter place fur purchases, buildings, repairs, &c., was 1,820, 122 dollars. The number of muskets manufactured in the United Sfa-es* armories in 1832, was 25,500; Hall's rifles, 4.3ti0; screw drivers, 16,960; wipers, 26,560; arm chests,7l6; and various other articles. xpendiluree,

From

MINT.
United States Afm(. Commenced in 1792 at Philadelphia, The coinage efiected from the time of its establishment to I83S, including gold, silver, and copper, amounted to 77,346,443 dollars. In 1840, there were coined at Philadelphia, 2,260,667 dollais ; at New Orleans, 915,600 doll.rs; at CharloUe, 127,035 dullars ; at Dihlonega, 123,310 dullars, total, 3,426,632 dollars. The number of pieces coined at Philadelphia was 7,053,074; at New Orleans, 3,446.900; at Charlotte, 31,828; at Dahlonega, 26,fe31, total number of nieces, 10, '58,626. gold in Philadelfihia The deposites during the year, were 1,201,998 dollars, ot which 176,776 dollars were derived fiom mines in Ihe United

Armory,

403 944

dollars.

MiLiTIA Navy of

of the United Slates, 1,492,414.

NAVY.
Navy and C:t|>t'ain3; 37 Masters Commandant; 2D0Licufenants 6-lSuigeons; 42 Pursers; 9Ch:tplainB; and 12 Navy Agents. A Chief Naval Constructor. There are 7 Navy Yards in Ihe United States. One at Portsmouth, N. H. ; one at Charleslown, Mass. ; one at Hrooklyn, N. Y. ; one at Philadelphia, Penn.; one al Washington, D. C. ; one at Gosport, Va, ; one at Fensacola,
Florida.

Secretary of the tht United States. Board of Conmiissioners. Tliere are 55

Slates.

An eagle of gold, valued at ten dollars, must weigh dollar must eleven penny-weights and six grains. weigh seventeen penuy-eighis and seven grains of silver; and a cent must weigh eleven pennyweights of copper. All coins ceased to be a legal lender in the United States on the I5ih October, 1797, except federal CUIUS and Spanish milted dollars.

PUBLIC LANDS.
Public Lands of the United Slafe*. The public lands within the states and territories of the United States, consist of those lands ceded by many of ibe sates to the United States; Ihe latter taking the responsibility of extinguiihiniT the Indian lilies, together with those lands obtained from Fiance by the purchase of Louisiana, and those by the cession of the Floridds from Spain.

The number

of vessels in our

Navy

is

56; viz:

II

shi|)s of the line, 12 frigates of the first class,

2 frigates of the second class, 21 sloopa of war, 4 brigs, and 8 In addition to the above, are the 2 steam scliooners. The expense of vessel-*, Missouri and Mississippi. which, for the pist 25 years, was 18,503,584 dollars. The annual cost of a 74 gun ship on a cruise, is 180,360 dollars; in ordinary, 6,433 dollars. Of a 44 gun frigite on a cruise, 1U,000 dollars; inordinary, 5,000 dollars. Complement of a 74, 656 men ; of a 44, 430 and of a slonp of war, first class. 184 men. 1 he cost of a 36 to a 74 gun ship, is e^timated al 4,500 dollars per eun ; of a 32, 4,000 dollars; and of a 20 gun ship. S.fiOO dollirs per gun. Two Dry Docks, one at Norfolk, the other at Ch^rletfiwn ; cons'ructed of hewn granite of unrivalled mawnry. The latter is 341 feet in length, 80 in width, and 30 in depth, and cost 652,482 dollars. The dock at Norfolk cost 872,?20 dollars.
;

POST OFFICE.
letter of a single sheet, not
;

General Post C^ce. Rates of Postage: For every over 30 miles, six cents over
; ;

The minimum price of these lands is one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre; and, since 1S20, no credit is given to purchasers. These lands are surveyed before they are offered for sale. They are divided into townships of six miles square, which ared:vided into thirtysix sections, one mile square, cnnlaining each 640 acres ; and sold in sections and parts of sections. One mile square in each township is reserved for a school fund. They hold out a most inviting prospect lo the enlerprising emigrant. The quantity of uncfded lands belonging to the Indians, and lying north and west of the states and territories of the United S ates, but within Ihe limits of the United States, has been estimated at about 750,000,000

Allowing that (he public domain was sold at the low price of seventy Jive cents an acre, it would supply for constructing a double track Rail-road of Quincy gr<nite and wrought iron, from Eastport to New Orleans, and furnish a fund to procure locomolive engines, car^, &c., and keep the whole in repair forpois. Newspapers, or one sheet of printed paper, not over ever. It might also give lo each stale and territory a 100 miles to any state, and to any distance in ihe slate school fund of three million dollars, and leave a where printed, one cent ; over 100 miles out of the balance in the treasury of many millions for miscellaMagazines neous expenditures. These lands are becoming more stale where printed, one and a half cents. and pamphlets, for every 100 miles, four cents per vheet; valuable every day, and are not only worlb loong atf over lUO miles, iix cents. If published periodicaUy, but after.
;

30 to SO miles, ten cents over 80 to 150 miles, twelve and a hilf cents over 150 to 400 miles, eighteen and three quarter cents over 400 miles, twenty-five cents. Double, triple, and quadruple letters, in Ihe same ratio. No letter can be charged wiih more than quadruple postage unless its weight exceeds one oudcc, avoirdu-

ample means

38

GIRARD'S WILL.

The
Stephen Girard was born
1716, arrived at

Girard College
in

for

Orphans.
I

edifice and four out-buildings, detached from the from each olhei", and in such positions as shall at once answer the purposes of the institution, and be consis*' in Philadelphia in 1779, a poor man, dealing in old tent with the symmetry of the whole establishment iron, oM riesgiiig," &c. He became a banker in 1812, each building should be, as far as prac'icable, devoted or more of those and after, as shipper, merchant, builder, farmer and to a distinct purpnse; in that one buildings, in which Ihey may be most useful, I direct my banker, amassing a for'une estimated at more than executors to place my plate and furniiure of every sort. in After beseven million dollare, he died 1S3I. "When the College and appurtenances shall have queathing to his brother, sister and nieces various sums, been conslructed, and supplied wilh plain and 5uit;thle philosophical and experimental amounting to one hundred and fifly thousand dollars, furniture and books, instruments and apparatus, and all other matters needand other legacies to public and private purposes, the the inful to carry my general design into execu'ion Will proceeds come, issues and profits of so much of the said sum of " XXI. And so far as regards the residue of my per- two millions of dollars as shall remain unexpended, sonal estate, In trust, as to two niillions of dollars, shall be applied to maintain the siid College accordpart thereof to apply and expend so much of that sum ing to my directions. *' If the income, arising from that part of the said as may be neces8;iry in erecting, as soon as piacticahly may be, a permanent College, with suitable out-buiid- sum of two millions of dollars, remaining after the ings, sufficiently spacious for the residence and accom- construction and furnishing of the College and outmodation of at least three hundred scholars, and the buildings, shall, owing to the increase of the number requisite teachers and oiher persons necessary in such of orphans applying for admission, or other cause, be an instituiinn as I direct to be established and in sup- inadequate to the construction of new buildings, or the plying the said College and out-bnildings with decent maintenance and education of as mai y orphans as m ly and suitable furniture, as well as bo 'ks and all things apply for admi-^sion, then such further sum as may be necessary for the construction of new buildings and nsedful to carry into eftect my general design. "The said College shall be construcied with the the maintenance and education of such further number most durable material-*, and in the most permanent of orphans, as can be maintained and instructed wiiliiii such buildings as the said square of ground shall be manner, avoiding needless ornament, and attending chiefly to the strength, convenience, and neatness of the adequate to, shall be taken from the final residuary whole: It shall be al leisl one hundred and ten feet fund hereinafter expressly referred to for the purpoae, comprehending the income of my real eistale in the e;i^t and west, and one hundred and sixty feet north and south: It shall be three stories in height, each City and County of Philadelphia, and the dividends of story at least fifteen feet high in the clear frnm the floor my stock in the Schuylkill Navigation Company my to the cornice: It shall be fire-pmof inside and out- design and desire beint;, that the benefits of said instituside. The floors and the roof to be formed of solid tion shall be extended to as great a nuntber of orphans the limits of the said square and buildings therein materials, on arches turned on proper centres, so that no wood may be used, except for doors, windows, and can bsequcnt period having purchased 45 acres shutters: There shall be in each story four rooms, each room not less than fifty feet square in tlie clear; of land, in the suburbs of the city, he says, I "diiecl that the Orphan eslablishnient, provided for in niy s,nd the four rooms on e:ich floor to occupy the whi>le sp and west on such floor or story," and the middle of Will, instead of being built as therein directed upon the building north and south; so that in the north of my square of ground between High and Chestnut and the building, and in the south thereof, there may re-; Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, in the City of I'hilade!main a space of equal dimensions, for an entry or hall phia, shall be built upon the estate so purcha.sed from in each, for stairs and landings and I hereby devote the said estate to In the north-east and Mr. W. Parker in the norih-west corners of the northern entry or hall that purpose, exclusively, in the same manner as [ had the first floor, stairs shall be made so as to form a devoted the said square, hereby directing that all the double staircase, which shall be carried up through the improvtmcnts and arrangements for the said Orpli several stories and, in like manner, in the south-east esiablishrient, prescribed by my said Will as to said and south -we^t-corners of the southern entry or hall, square, shall be made and executed upon the said stairs shall be made, on the first tloor, so as to f <rm a estate, just as if I had in iny WiU devoted the said double staircase, to be carried up through the several estate to siid purpose." stories; the steps of the stairs to be made of smooth OTHER LEGACIKS. To Philada, and N. Orleans white marble: The outside walls shall be faced with his Louisiana estates; for improving I'hihda. 500,000 slabs or blocks of marble or granite, not le>s than two dollars, and Penna. 300,000: to his brother Etienne feel thick, and fastened together with clamps securely and niece in France a house in IJordeaux and 5.000, sunk therein, Ihey shall be carried up flush from the and his brother's six children 5,000 each to his nieces recess of one foot formed at the first floor where the in Philada. Mrs. Hemphill60,000, Mrs. Ha^lam 10,000, foundation outside wall is reduced to two feet: The and Mrs. Clark 10,000, and her daughter 20.000. To his apprentices 500 each to floors and landings as well as the roof shall be covered his Captains 1,500 each with marble slabs, securely laid in mortar; the slabs widow of Jared IngersoII an annuity of 1000, and in to Mrs. C. Girard 400, his two honsekeepers the roof to be twice as thick as those on the fli In minute particulars, not here noticed, utility and 500 each, and their sisters 300 each, to different charigood taste should determine. There should be at least table institutions of Philadelphia 1 16,000 dollars.

Bordeaux, France,

New

Vork

as cabin-boy in 1775, settled

EDUCATION.

39

EDUCATION.
PromotQ as ohJecU ot primary Importance
inatil
I

for the Kenera] diffusiOD

of knowledge.

Wathingtoi

Farewell Addresi

sheriff*

of London, aHer adequate experience, de*

clarea thai the most prominent causes of crime are to be traced to the want of education the want of parental care, correction, and control, &c.

during

HABIT

HABIT

I trust cvnry thing to hahit habit, upon which, in all ages, the law-giver, as well as the school-master, has mainly placed his reliance; habit which makes every thine easy,
;

and casts all ditficulties upon the deviation from the wonted course. Make sobriety a habit, and intemperance will be hateful and hard; make prudence a habit, and reckless profligacy will be contrary to the nature of the child grown an adult. Give a child the

of sacredly regarding the truth of carefully respecting the properly of others of scrupulously abstaining from all nets of
habit

improvidence which can involve him in distress, and he will just as likely think of rushing into the element in which he cannot brcalho, as lying, or cheating, or stealing.

Lord Brougham.

FAMILY GOVERNMENT.

We

can,

therefore,

hardly overrate the

importance of sound and wholesome family discipline and instruction. Important as are laws and civil government, family influence It is not fur legislation to afis paramount. fect materially the family, the most ancient and venerable and permanent of all Iho forms of society, commencing with man's history and ending only when man shall cease to be a dweller upon earth. The moral influence of families depends upon themselves. Each family to answer the ends of its existence, and contribute to the common weal and glory, must care for itself, and attend to ils own government, purity and happiness. Each must firmly inculcate
within its own sacred enclosure the virtuous and conservative principles of truth, reverence, submission, peace, goodness, and love of order, which alone can give stability to the time, and safety and grandeur to the
state.

six, can doubt that nature requires that he should be almost constantly in motion painful then, how unhis waking hours. natural^ must be his situation in school I'ent up, for six hours a day conhtied to one seat, and that a very uneasy one, where he Is forced to sit perfectly still and silent, how iriisome must be his condition, how prejudicial to his health ! And what aggravates the evil For the extended is, that it is wholly unnecessary. confinement defeats the very purpose for which it is imposed. "The body and nilnd," says Sterne, *'are like a jerkin and its lining. If you rumple the one, you runijile the other." Besides the injury to his health, his mind becomes heavy and dull, and his prngress, conse(iiently, is not half what it would be ufider a more ra'LOrial course. The scho((l-room Is loo small either for convenience, comfort, or health. Most children go first to school while many of their bones are still in a forming stale. They go alniost as early as when the Chine>e turn their, children's feet into the shape of horses^ hoofs. And, at this period of Ufa, the question is, whether the seals shall be conformed to the children, or the children deformed to the seals. Let any man try the experiment, and see how long he can sit In an upright posture, on a narrow bench or seat, without being able to reach the floor v\ ilh his feet. Yet, to this position, hundreds of children are regularly confined, month after month ; Nature inHicIs uneasiness and distress if they do sit still, and the teacher inflicts his puuishmenfs, if they do not. The closet for haJs and coats is small, or altogether wanting, so that ihe children acquire disorderly and wasteful habits with their clothes. The loom is badly ventilated, so that in cool weather when the doors and windows are kept shut, the children are forced to breathe the same air over and over, until it has become unfit for respiration, thus laying a foundation for debility and disease. Palmer's Prize Essaij,

tween the ages of three and

How

Kxtracts from the Preface

to

Taylor's

DISTRICT SCHOOL OR NATIONAL

EDUCATION.
All who are competent to judge, and will give their due attention to the facts which this book discloses, must unite in the conclusion, that our present system of popular education is radically defective. It is on this point chiefly that the public mind requires to be disabused it is in relation to this that there exists I speak espcnially of this Slate* a very general delusion. are told that under Ihe fostering patronage of tlie government, more than half a million of children are taught in our common schools, our pride, as citizens of the Empire State, is gratified, and we content ourselves with the general statement, omitting to inquire into the character and value of Ihe instruction which is thus imparted. know not, for we care not to know, that it is in truth so impcrfeet and scanty as hardly to deserve the name even of elementary, that it is unconnected with any thing

We

niYSICAL EDUCATION.
To physicil education belon? the proper trainine and strengthening of all the powers of the body, and the avoidance of every thing calcul )ted to injure its
structure.

Wc

Ttie
is

first

tion, is the unnccesitary

subjected.

and most slrikin; error in physical educaconhiiemeut to which the child No oue that has observed a child, be-

New

York.

40

EDUCATION THE BIBLE.

and which, when the base demagogue seeks poor against the rich, collects crowd of his willing auditors, and arms him with his dreaded power. It is this which caused the atrocities of the French Revolution, and which deepens and darkens the cloud that now hangs over England.* It is this neglect the grand crime of civilized and Christian society,
to array the

resembling moral discipline or the formation of character, that the teachers, inexperienced, transitory, snatched up for the occasion, are paid by salaries which hardly exceed the wages of the menial servant or the common labourer, and that, as a neces sary consequence, ignorant and disqualified, Ihey are perhaps even overpaid by the pit tance which the*' receive. Yet it is in such schools and by such in siructers that thirty-eight out of forty of the children of the nation are, as we phrase it, educated. have lived in a pleasing delusion ; but it is time we should awake. I do not hesitate to avow the belief, that without regulations far more extensive than have yet been introduced, a control far more enlightened and constant than has yet

the

We

been exercised, and fiscal aid far more am pie than has yet been afforded, it is vain to expect that the character of our common schools can be truly and permanently im proved. It is conceded by all that nothing can be done without competent teachers, and such teachers, in the number and of the qualifications required, we can never have, unless they are properly trained, and properly examined, and watched, and controlled, and, above all, properly rewarded. The dissemination of this book, and of the truths which it contains, will tend thus to prepare the public mind, to produce the right slate of feeling and of thought for assuredly it will not be read in vain by parents who are such in heart and in conscience,
;

which, in every country, sooner or later, and in none more certainly than in our own, if continued, is destined to meet a fearful retribution. Here most emphatically is it true, that the people must be raised to the level of their rights and duties, must be made the safe depositaries of the power which they possess, or in the history of oiher refirst, publics we may read our own fate lawless anarchy next, the calm which fear and the bayonet produce the calm of mili;

is

tary despotism. then are these evils to be prevented I 1 answer, all that this fate to be averted ?

How

odious, all that is dangerous in the distinctions which the free acquisition and the lawful enjoyment of property must always create, will soon vanish, and all classes be united in the enduring bonds of sympathy and gratitude, when the rich (I include all who have the leisure or means to bestow) shall understand and teel that it is their paramount duly to improve the physical and elevate the moral condition of their fellowbeings, or, to express nearly the whole in one word lo educate the poor. Let those on whom the burden ought to not in name merely. fall willingly assume cheerfully sustain it, There are some truths which it may be and there will be no further obstacle to the painful to confess, yet are most necessary to action of the legislature, no further difiSculty be known. To the reflecting and the can- in organizing a system effectual, permanent, did it will not seem extravagant to say that universal. the chief source of the evils, the disorders, * The fTarking Classes of England. Mr. C. the crimes which afflict society, is to be found

in tho

heartless indifference

of the higher

classes, the rich, the educated, the refined,

towards the comfort and well-being of those they term or deem their inferiors, and their consequent neglect of tho intellectual and moral improvement of those who always have been, and would seem by the order of Providence, always must be, the most numercus class those who depend on their

Butler, in a apeech in Parliament on a late occaiioD, said " Wheuever I contemphte the coiidilioii of (he working classes the deep and dark gulf that separates them from the knowledge and sympathies of their superiors in fortune, the utter ignorance in which weare of their feelings and wants, the little influence which we have over their conduct, and the little hold which we appear to have on their affections 1 shrink with terror from the wild passions and dense ignorance that ap{iear to be fermentiag in thai mass of physical force.
:

daily labour for their daily support. It is this neglect, tho alienation it produces, the ignorance it perpetuates, the vices it fosters, which leave marked the broad line of separation, on the one side of which are

A nation must be truly blessed, if it were governed by no other laws, than those of this blessed book it is so complete a system, that nothing can be added to or taken the few, indolent, disdainful, proud, on the from it it contains every thing needful to be other the many, restless, envious, discon- known or done it affords a copy for a king, tented. It is this which keeps the minds of a and a rule for a subject it gives instruction multitude in a constant state of irritation. and counsel to a senate, authority and direc;

^mm

IBEIBILISo

ALPHABET FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.

lion to a magistrate
;

41

it

cautions a witness,

requires an impartial verdict of a jury, and luriiislies a judge with his sentence it sets
;

the

husband as

lord

of the household, and

;

the wife as mistress of the table tells him how to rule and her how to manage. It entails honour to parents, and enjoins obedience upon children it points out a faith;

Tul and eternal guardian, to the departing husband and father, tells him with whom to leave his fatherless children, and in whom his widow is to trust, and promises a father to the former, and husband to the latter. It

and reveals vengeance to the defraudor, overreachcr, and oppressor. It is Ihe first book and the oldest book in the world. It contains the choicest matter, gives the best inslruciion, and affords the greatest picusure and satisfaction that ever were revealed It contains the best laws and profoundesi mysteries Ihat ever were penned. It br ngs the best lidings, and afdefends the tight of
all,

fords the best of comforts to the inquiring

and disconsolate. It exhibits morlalily, and shows the way

glory.

life

and im-

to everlasting

THE PAST TO THE FUTURE.

following sentiment from an address delivered at the second centennial celebration " The great comprehensive of the settlement of Boston, is signiticant and impressive truths, written in letters of living light on every page of our history, the laiiguasie adEngland to all future ages, is this Human happiness dressed by eVery past age of has no perfect security but freedom freedom none but virtue virtue none but knowledge; in and neither freedom, virtue, nor knowledge, has any vigour, or immortal hope, e.xcept " the principles of the Christian faith, and in the sanctions of the Christian religion

The

New

DACTYLOLOGY, {Finger Talking,)

OR

ALPHABET FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.

iVbie. Jand Z are figured in the air; J with the litThis Alphabet explains itself. Half an hour is suffiknowledge of it, and short praclice tle finger, and Z with the fore finger. Significant gese.i!ie and nipidity. It may te made a means tures often express whole sentences, and by rnean^ of of amusement, and occasionally of real set vice j while the Manual Alpliabet all the words and i)hra8es of conversation can be expressed. The words should be sepato none can it be without interest. The first attempt at instructing the Dcnf and Dumb was made by a Spanish rated, either by a slight pause, or a horizontal motion More has been done for of the hand from right to left, or a snap of the fingers. monk, who died in 1584.
cient lo acquire a

will give

them

in the

United States than in any other country.

42

LAW.

THE LAW
At the present day every man has a fling at the unearnestly and coninvestigation, it would stantly bear in mind the iniporiant fact, that certainty of the law. Yet upon least nine cases out of ;cii, the uncerhis only safety, for person, property, liberty appear ihat in at

Every

citizen should

and life, is in the absolute constitution and the laws.

Setting an
elections.

eupremucy of

the

t.Tiniy

complained
it

of, is not in

theZauJ, but in the /acf* to

which
extensive and pertlie

is to

beapplird.
for;

The law

h*s sins enough of

its

^Thh
in

h an

own to answer

nicious evil, alike injurious to the citizen and to

defects sufficiently abundaut contradidions doubts even absurdities, which ought to

all

purity of elections.

All are Interes'ed in

getring

its

suppres*

be removed or amended, but, with

the>e,

we

re-

sinn;

let all

then unite
to that

up and

p'^e-^ntin? pe-

titions to the severi*l state legisla'ures for ihe passage of

peat Ihat, in proporiion to the numbei of disputes ^^ hich arise between man and man, there aie very few cases,
in

a law similar

introduced iutn [he Legislature of

st-'^keholder;),

which,

if

the

f.icts

were

cleaily ascertained, any re-

and fining both to the amount of the money or pre petty bet. Also punishing by hne, any person who may publish a bet,
or
assist in

Missouri a^inst betters and the

spectable

member

of (he profession could not, without

hboitation, say

what would be the law.

is

The

event of litigation

indeed almost always un-

any way

in

making

it.

decision in Ohio makes proprie'nrs of stasres responsible for passengers' baegage, nolwithsiatiding !heir cau'-ion of '* All baggage af (he risk of the ownei>." Non-resident. person having a place of business in a oily or town, and boirding and lodging in another, is a non-resident in his plnce of busiue^. Titlts of land derived under sales for taxes are declared good by Supreme Court of Illinois. Salesman receiving a per centige is not thereby cou'itiluted a partner. Breach of trust is where valuables are received in the course of employment, for or in the name of the employer, and embezzled ; but if the valuables h:\ve come to Ihe possession of the employer, the offeuce is

A
A

Nor could any pi lu be certain: the law rarely so. If the devised for destroying this qualiiy of litigation.
most minute, distinct and intelligible rule were laid

down

for

every variety of possible circum^-tances,

(which, by the by, never has been or can bed. me,) (hero would remain sources of uncertainty almost as fruitful

which now exist. For after all, what would be the rule of law proper to be applied in any case, would depend entirely upon the facts, and those facts must be proved by human tebtimony, and to the satisfaction
as lh(jse

human tribunal; the testimony and the tribunal being both human, therefore both fallible ; Wit former liable to incorrectness or incompleteness occasioned
of a

A Hrtsband: he is liable for goods furnished his wife, if, from ill trealmentorother sufficient cause, she does Dot live with faim ; but if she leave him from uniuslitiablecause,heis not liable even for necessaries, whether the tradesman knows of such separatioD or
not.

by intentional falsehood, imperceptible bias, or defect of memory the latter (throwing out of view wilful
error as of rare occurrence,) equally liable to misdecision

from prejudice, misapprehension or detect of judgfaults not of this or thai particular system,

ment.

Erasing or altering an endorsement of a payment on a no'e is forgery. A tovun is liable for damages occasioned by any obstruction placed on the road by human agency, and is bound to make ro tds safe and conveuieat for tnive!lers.

These are
but of

human

nature.

They

will be entirely cured,

whenever mankind shall be rendered perfect in honesty, memory, apprehension and judgment, but not
till

Cnmmon Carriers. The owners of a steambonf are responsible to shipjiers of goods as common carriers. Common carriers, if they make a wrong delivery, are responsible for any loss. Ttie owners of goods must have them properly marked, and entered in carriers' books; and if he neglects to do it, he must bear the loss.

then.

ADVICE.
In law, as in physic, it may truly be ob=erved, that preven ion is better than the risk of cure. The preceding remarks on the " Uncertainty of ihe law," are full of instruction, and point out the risk, besides the
certain expense, delay, loss of time, vexation, ill-feeling and trouble of law-suita, which in every shape or form should be avoided. " Agree with thine adversary quickly ;" do so even at a sacntice, being assured that the inlricacies of the law, with its twistjngs, and turnings ; its pre-cedents innumerable, decisions contradictory ; its nice lechniciliiies, forms, and my!>terics, are all inexhaustible and incomprehensible, and combine, too frequently, to r*nder law an overmatch for plain honesty and simple justice. If ditfcrences urise, and a reference must be made to others, let it be to mutual friends to disinterested persons selected by both [>ar(ies, and make up your Diiud to abide the result.

UNCERTAINTY OF THE LAW.

A man
falls

into

a dispute with
against

his

neighbour, runs
forgets

to his counsel, tells his story

in his

own way,

thoae fac's

which are
to

him, relates the rest with

party,
stated
it,

that sort oE exaggeration

undertake?

which is natural tea prove the whole case as he has

and

asks for legal redrew.

is

After such an examina-

tion, a suit

instituted, the trial comes on,

the plain-

tiff's witnesses are heard, they reduce in a great degree Ihe colouring which ihe party himself Ind given; the defendant's witnesses prove many new f .cts, which

totally

in favour of the defendant,

change the complexion of the case, it is decided and the plainiiff ever after

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT.
Public attention
policy
is is

complains

of (/ic uncertainty of
it

the

law.
If

mity of taking human

against
it.

becoming awakened to the enorlife. Not only hun:anily but

is

The
his

f^ult,

is

evident, w.is in himself.

told the truth in the first

he had instance, he might have saved

There

not a point so well. esta-

blished in the science of Criminal

Law

as that of severe

money, time and temper.

punishments increasing crimes, except, perhaps, that

PRESIDENTIAL ELEC TI O N 1840.

Of mild ptinishmenls diminishing them.

43

The statistics
In England,

on
in
6,

this subject are perfectly conclusive.

1821, there were 114 execuliona, and in 1838 only while crime within that period has diminished in a
i

rapid nnd remarkable degree.

Simitar results have

I
;

followed the partial ditiuse of the punishment of death in Fnuce, Prusiia, and Belgium. Whatever experience
has been acquired
least,
l)y ihis

'

unexampled reform,

ha?, at

'

been safety and innocently gained. Some liundreds of oirenders, had they cammitleJ their crimes a few years before, would have died by the hand of the executioner. They have been allowed to live. Life, the only season of repentance, with all its opportunities of regaining the favour of an otFended Deity, has
been continued to them
;

j9n account current rendered ar.d acceiited without able t objection being made in I stated accounl. objection afterwards, and dictated and taken down in pencil only, aid valid, if dece.ised was in signed by two witnesses, is sound mind when he gave the insirucHons. Murder. TUe punishmentof dea'h is revolting, bu, neverthtiess, while it conlmues lo be ihe law, Ilie juror who racks his mind for an excuse to rtvoid the peiformance of a painful du'y, forgets that in saving a forfeited life, his verdict becomes a recorded license

WW

for future assassinations,

NATURALIZATION LAWS,
Congress alone has power to

make

or regulate the
i

and from

this lenity, society

of Na1uralizati( An alien must renounce in court, allegiance, &c. ny foreign power, and declare intention of becunti
at

haK derived no injury, uo loss.

swear

For murder, the penally of death, as an example, is momentary, and of no benelicial effect. It disgusts the good, and brutalizes the bad, who witness the As an act of extreme violence, it te-iches spectacle. violence to the people j as an act of deliberate homicide,
life,
it

Must ye-irs before admission. the constiluiion, renounce any hereditary title or order of nobility, and must have resided five years in the country, and satisfy the couit that he has behaved as a man of good moral ctiaracttr, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to Ihe good order and
least

two

to supjtort

and renders murder ttrucied mind.

diminishes the regard due to the sanctity of less revolting to the unin-

When
us,

will those

when

will

who are chosen lo make laws for men who profess Chris'ianity, leirn

and practise something of the Christian spirit, against whict) every feiture of this law is at open war? Capital punidhment is a blot upon our iusti!ulioiis, and
a disgrace
to

haj.piness of Ihe same. Excellent laws, if well administered; but hnw shamefully disregarded ! The mockery too frequcnily enacted in their administration, in at least sonic of our Cf)urte, is matter of pain and humilialinn, arjd to noi.e more so than the intelligent naiuralized citizen him-elf. Children of naturalized citixens, if under twen'y-f.ne years of n:;e at Ihe time of ihei parents' naturalizauon, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be con^dered as ciii^e[j-<. An alien having declared his inienlion, and dying before he was naiuralized, his widow and children, nn taking the oarhs prescribed, sfatU be eu'

any civilized co.nmunity.

tilled to all the rigtils uf citizeusbip.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 184

FOR
yotes in

rKESTDE.N'T.
tlic

THE MORAL OF THE ELECTION.

The
2ni
(iO

Electoral Colics^.

fi)ectacle

of a

free people submiltini^

William Heiirv Harrison Marliu Van Binen

FOK VICE PRESIDEiVT.

John Tyler Richird M. Johnson
Lvlile'oii

2M
48
11
1

Ta

eivell

JiniMPulk
Pojndar yole.
Maine,
Hamijsl.ire, VeiNioiil Mas8:.chu<eif,
ffctr.

tiling to the bullot bo.xes, and abiding the result in the decision of ihe majority, is indeed deliahtful. In the preliminnric'a there but in the quiet subordiis less to rcioice at nation to the great principles of our social system, which has just been exhibited, vvc

every

New

46 612 2t;,l 32 4-15

V. B. 46 201 32,6-0
IS

feel the highest joy.

We

liave in

it

the as-

029

"2S74
5.213 31 601 225.813 33,3G0 144,019 5,967 33.028 42.S01
-

Rhoile UUnd, Coiinedicnl,

Neiv York,

New

Jersey, PciinsvWaiiia, Delavvarc,

M.>rylaiid,

Vir/nia.

Norlh

Carolii.a,

46 376
40,275 28,471 19 518
11,29= 60,391
,'^8

Gwirsia,

Al.bama,
Miwissippi, Louisiana, Tennosice,

Ken;ucky,
M.l>uri, Ohio, Indi'rn,
Illinois,

489

Z2S72

61.944 3.263 25.296 2 2S19 31,034 143 G76 4,6S4 28.732 43,893 33,7-2 3I,D33 S3 992 16 995 7,6:6 48,2^9 32.616 29 760

Michisi",
ArkaiiHS. South Carolina,
-

I24,71-'2 148,157 51,6S5 65,308 47,476 45,537 21.008 22.907 6.048 4 41,2 chosen hy the Legislature.

surance that the people understand their high rcsponsihiliiy, as freemen: that while each citizen claims his own rights, he is willing lo accord as much to his fellows. One reason for the suierior quiet of the late election is, that people no longer imagine the existence of freedotn and the iictmuneney of its institutions to depend on the lesult of an election. Americans have giovvn confident in the stability of their system, and if the right men and right principles ciinnot he made to succeed this time, tliey expect the steady workings of a sound sysleni to bring all tight at last. In the earlier diiye of our nation, republicanism was an experiment, which had before been often tried, and hfxl and it was thought it might as often failed very possibly fail again in this its Inst and best effort. Hut it is not so now. Few men now feel doubtful as to the full success and perpetuity of liberiy in these United States.
;

44

PRESIDENTIAL

E LE C T I O N 1 840.
purely elective,
it

APPROPRIATE.
PASSAGES FROM THE FAREWELL ADDRESS OF WASHIN&TON.
;

is

a spirit not
it is

to

be encouraged.

From

their natural tendency,

certain, there will

always be enough of party spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess,

the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to " The unity of government which constitutes you mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it one people, is now dear to you. It is justly so for it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent it bursting is a nnin pillar in the edifice of your real indepeninto a liame, lest, instead of warming, it should coudence the support of your tranquillity at home ; your sume." peace abroad of your safely of your prosperity ; of
; ; ;

that very liberty

which you

so highly prize.

*
"
It is

POLITICIANS

OFFICE

HUNTERS.

and eiercises of their associaimprove themselves by the eicrcise of their the power of examining and discussing speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety in the art of comsubjects of science and literature watching for its preservation with and prosperity position and the b.abit of delivering their opinions and discountenancing whatever may sugjealous aojciely arguments in public, with facility and propriety. He gest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be proceeded In this country, where every place of pubabandoned; :ind indignantly frowning upon the first where lic employment waits alike upon every citizen, dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of the worth of the man is his recommentlatioo, and we sacred ties enfeeble the or to our country from the rest, know nothing of the distinctions of birlh and blood, which now Unit together the vririous parts. vv'ho can say that he may not be called to the perform*' For this you have every inducement of sympathy ance of duties which will require a facility of speech and Interest. Citizens by birth, or choice, of a com- and pen. The halls of legislation are open to all. Vou

of infinite moment, that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your coUeclive and individual happiness; that you

By Judge Hufkimon.
In the conclusion of the address,* the Lecturer exhorted the members to be constant and diligent in their
attention to the duties

tachment

should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable atto it ; accustoming yourselves to think and

tion; to

faculties or

mon

country, that country has a right to concentrate

your alVeclions.
imigs to yni
in

The name of American, which beyour national capacity, must always

may
lic

find yourselves there, or in other situations of

pub-

trust, for

which the exercises of your

association

exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any apWith pellation derived from local discriminations.
slight shades of ditrerencc,

a necessary preparation to enable you to acquit yourselves with honour and usefulness. Do not, however, believe that I can be so treacherous

may be

you have the same religion,

manners, habits, and political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought and triumphed together; tlij independence and liberty you possess, are the work
of joint efforts,
sticcens."

a counsellor as to mean to hold out to you iuducemenis But it may seek you ; it to seeft political preferment. may be put upon you at times and under circumstancea

when, asgood
cullies

citizens,

of

common

dangers, sutleriogs and

rather say to you, avoid

you cannot decline it. I would it, as a path beset with diffi-

and danger;

mortihcations

and disappointby public

I

When tempted to the violence of heated ship, we liave reverently remembered the
counsels of that

parlizan-

ments.

The m.n who

sets out in life to live

farewell

office will surely die in

poverty and neglect.

same pure and exalted

patriot

not direct your aspirations to such objects.

would would

your hearts the low and diagraceful " The spirit of party is, unfortunately, inseparable ambition of an office- hunter. The only independent from our nature, having its root in the strongest pas- man is he who depends upon himself. Rely upon the sions of the human mind. power and skill of your own hands ; upon the inge'*The alternate dominion of one faction over ano- nuity and intelligence of your own heads ; upon your ther, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to industry, prudence and integrity. They will never departy disseusions, which, in difTerenl ages and coun- ceive or desert you you will never lose your popularnot light

up

in

tries,

self a frightful despotism. a

has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is But this leads at length

it-

ity

with them.

Make them

the foundation of your

to

fortune and respectability, and they will not sink un-

more formal and permanent despotism. The disor- der you. Serve your country, when your country ders and miseries which result, gradually incline the wants you, but seek not popular favour at the expense minds of men to seek security and repose in the abso- nf your honour, independence and self-respect. Of all and, sooner or later, the the occupations to which pride or idleness can drive a lute power of an individual chief of some prevailing faclion, more able or more man, the most degrading is that of a begging politician, for unate than hip competitors, turns this disposition to a regular place-hunter. He is a compound of mean;

the purposes of his

lic

own

elevation on the ruins of pub-

ness, hypocrisy
alt,

and falsehood.
all.

He

is

ready to serve

Uherty.
II

It

agiiates

the

and

to

betray

Ue

is

true to nothing but his

"

serves always to distract the public councils and

the public administration.
ill-founded jealousies and false alarms;

own

selfishness.

enfei'ble

community with

The age

of the venerable lecturer

and his

tialion,

kindles the animosities of one part against another; foments occasional riot and insurrection.

removed from the prejudices and conflictB of party, give weight to his admonitions, which should be re.

" In those of the popular character, in governments

; ;

SYNOPSIS,
ceivd as those of an impartial jtidge. are firm In the coiivictioD that ainung Uie greatest evils with which our beloved country is or cm be afTlicled is the

45
is

We

generally a novelty, and a c nfenled office-bolder greater novelty aliil."

hankering after

office.

It

is

a curse alike perniciouB

to the Reiitral and la individual welfare. Instances everywhere abound of men with good Iradc* or with taleut and abilities to insure success in any honest and independent callinK, who have neglected their busi-

endangrred by this inordinate thirst for office, since experience has so frequently demonstr.ited the fact lh.it measures of great national importance have been adopted or neglected
is

The

Ptiblic welfare

no

less

solely with reference to their effects

upon party.

The

paramount
office.

interests of the state or the

in the

ncM

in

hopes of securing an

office.
if

They
not

forsikc the

been loo often sacrificed

country have unworthy Bcrjmble for

'

certain

means of

iubsistence,

independence,

In the declaration Ihat

to the victors

belong

which
fice.

their business ofTers for the uncertainly of of-

negiec'ed or given up for two or three years* enjoyment of cfTice; the emolument
is

regulir business

the spoils," the nion*trou9 principle has been avowed of " spoils and plunder j" as though ifie enlightened

of

which

is

barely sufficient to afford a living.

Suffer-

ing a constant tax on his time and purse, and the for-

mation of
favourite.

idle, dissolute

or unse'lled habits, he soon

freemen of the country of WAbHlNGTON were called on to exercise the glorioui right of suffrage not to preserve our free inMitulion^, not to promo'e the general welfare, not to maintain ihe prosperity which
ihe country h>8 so largely participated in, or to per-

finds himself turned out to

It

make room

for
'*

some new
nothing so
life

has been truly assef ed ihat

petuate the libertifs wi'h which

we

are blessed, not for

much
office.

unfits a

man

for the usual

occupations of

as

objects BO sacred as these, but for the

unwoithy and

lakes

The habit of having a salary to depend upon, unhallowed purpose of plunder!! Though judicious away the cuuimnn stimulus to exertion, and the changes in office may at rimi-s be proper and necessary,
upon
office, lead< to

idleness often attendant

a great
gento
is

yet the idea of holdifig

up the

offices of the

country as
is

many bad
lay

habits difficult to correct.

Salary

men

" revvaids and sjoils " for reckless partizaos

a senti-

erally spend all their salaries, and

have but

little

ment

that should be reprobated by

every true Aiueri-

up

for sickness or old age.

rich office-holder

SYNOPSIS,
Showivg- the year in which each State of the Union was settled, and hij what people the number of square miles time of holding elections qualification ofvoterSy and number of Representatives and Electors from each State.

MAINK. Settled 1630. by English; 32,000 square miles; capital Augusta ; General Election secnd MonSeptember; Legislature meet first Wednesday January; Voters must reside in the stale three months before any election j sends Members of Congress, S; Electors, ID.
day
in

I
I

by English; SoOOsqnare miles; capital Concord General Election second Tuesday in March Legislature meets on the first Wednesday in June Voters require no other qualification than to be twenty-one years of age; sends Members of Congress, 6 Electors. 7. MASSACHUSETIX Settled 1620, bv Enelish ; V.WO square miles capital Bostnn GenerilEleclion second Mond -y in November Legislature meet first Wednesday io January ; Voters, one year's residence in the state, and have paid a state or county lax sends MemSettled

NEW

In Nov. 3 days; Legislature meet first Tuesday January ; Voters, citizens 21 yearsof age, inhibitants of state for last year, and resident of county for last six monihi ; coloured men, a freehold of 230 dollars, paid taxes, nnd been a citizen three years; send* Members of Congiess, 40 Electors, 42.

Monday
in

IIAMrSHIRE.

1623.
;

JERSEY. Settled 1624, bv Danes; 8300 ca;iilal Trenion; General Election, second Tuesday in October Voters, to l>e citizens of the stale one year, and worth fifty pounds proclamation money sends Members of Congress, 6 ; Electors, 8. PENNSYLVANIA. Settled 1682, by English; 44.000 sq. miles; cajutal, Harrisburg; Gen. E lee. 2d Tuesday in Oct. Leeislalure meet 1st Tues. in Jan.; Voters, white, one year in state, 10 days where voting, and pay tax assessed 10 days before election, between 21 and 22 vole without lax ; sends Mem. of Con., 28.
square miles;
; ; ;

NEW

bers of Congress, 12

Electors, 14.

Electors, 30.
Settled 1627. bv Swedes and Fins ; 2I0a5(iuare miles; capitalD-'ver General Election Tuesday in October, or November; Legislature 2d meet first Tuesday in January ; Vnters, the same qualiticaiinns required -'s in Pennsylvania; sends members ofConeress. 1 ; Electors. 3.
;

VERMONT. Settled 174fi, by English: 10,200 square miles; capital Moulpelter; Getienl Election first Tuesday in September ; Legislature meet second Thurstlay in October ; Voters, to reside in the state one year ; sends Members of Congress, 5 ; Electors, 7.

DELAWARE.

RHODE ISLAND. Se tied 1636. by English 1360 square miles; capital Providence ; General Election for governor and senators in April ; for represen'a'ives in April and August Legislature meet first Wednesday in June and last Wednesday in October ; Voters must be resident in the state three month*, and have a freehold of 134 dollars; sends Members of Congress, 2;
; ;

MARYLAND. Settled 1634. by English 14,000 square miles; capital, Annapntis ; General Election first Monday in October ; Legislature meet first Monday in December; Voter-, one year's residence in the county where he*.haU offer to vole ; sends Members of Congress. 8; Electors. 10.
;

Electors, 4.

CONNECTICUT.
square miles; capital
first

Settled 1633. bv English

4-'60

Havin; General Election ; Legislature meet first VVednes day in May ; Voters In hold a freehold of 7 dollars per annum, or have done Military du'v. paid a Vale tax, and taken the prescribed oath seudi Members of Congress, 6 Electors, 8.

New

Monday

in A|)ril

VIRGINIA. Settled 1607. by Engli-^h ; 64,000 square miles capital Richmond ; General Election in April Legislature meei first Monday in December; Voters, freehold of value of 25 dollars, or been a housekeeper one year, or been as-sessed. amounts to almost universal suff'rage; sends Members of Congress, 21; Elec;

tors. 23.

YORK. Settled 1614, by Dutch; 46,000 square miles; capital Albany-; General Election first

NEW

NORTH CAHOLTNA. Settled 1630, by English 4S.0v0?quare miles; capital Raleigh; General Election in August ; Legislature misel second Monday in
;

46
Noven>ber
vole for a
;

MANUFACTURES FOREIGN TRADE.

fifly
ci izen of the stile one year, may of the House of Commons, bul must acres of laud to vote for a senator; sends of Congress. 13 j Electors, 13.

Voter,

J ickson

member

own

Menibin

General Election first Monday in August ; ; Legislature meet first Monday in November; Voter, cilizen nf the United Stales, and one year's residence in Ihis, and in county six months, and have done military
duly, or paid taxes; sends Elector., 4.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Settled

16S9, by Enelish;
;

Members

oi"

Congress, 2;
sq.

24,(XX) square miles ; c.ipilal Columbia General Election second Monday in October ; I,e;ilivture meet 4 h Monday ill Nnvenibei ; Voter, resident of Ihe slate two

MISSOURL
miles
;

monlhs of Ihe district wliere voting sends Members of Congress, 9; Electors. II.
years, and six
; ;

GEORGIA. SetllKl 1733, by English 60.000 square Gcner.il Elcclinn fir,t miles; capital Milled^villc Monday in October; Le^islaiuie meer first Monday in November Voter, citizen of Ihe state, and six months' residence of county where voting, and have paid all taxes imposed upon him; sends Members of Congress, 9; Electors, 11. LOUISIANA. Settled 1699, by French; 4S 000 square miles capital New Orleans General Election first Monday in July ; Legishiure meet first Monday in January ; Voter, to reside one year in the county, and paid taxes within 'he tsl six luonlhs sends Members of Congress, 3 Electors, 5. OHIO. Sellled H.-^S, by En-lish 39,000 sq. miles; General Election 2d Tuesday in capital, Columbus Oc. Legislature meet 1st Monday in Dec; Voter, one year's residence in Ihe stale preceding Ihe election, having paid, or been charged with, slate or county lax; sends Mem. ot Con. 19 ; Electors, 21. KENTUCKY. Settled 1775, by Virginians; 42,000 sq miles; cap. Frankfort; General Election fist Mon. day in August Legislature meet first Monday in November; Voters, two years' residence in Ihe state, and in the coun'y wliere offering to vote, one year preceding the election; sends members of Congiess, 13;
; ; ; I ; ; ; ; ; ;

Election first ; General Legi>lalure meet first Monday in cilizen of the Uniled Slates, one year's residence in 'his slate next preceding the election, and three nionlhs in the county; sends Members of Congress, 2 ; Electon, 4.

Settled 1763, capital, Jelferson City

;

by French; 60,000

Mond.y in August November; Voter,

TENNESSEE,
Tuesday
October
in

Settled in 1765,
Li-gisliture

square miles; capital, Nashville

August

bv English 40,C00 first ; Gen. Election meet fir^' Monday in

;

Voter, cilizen of ihe United Sales, and six ; months in counly where his vote i., ofleied ; sends Members of Congress, 13; Elechirs, 15.
fir near 200 years under Spain, was United Slates in 1819. and the East and West in IS22 ; SI. Augustine is Ihe lown in Ihe Uiii'ed Slates; Tallih.as8ee is the capit.il ; Pensacol.i U. S, naval station.

FLORIDA
lo

ceded
oldest

loriiied

one Territorv

MICHIGAN, Sellled in 1670 by Ihe French; conlains 63,000 sqiinre miles ; Indians, 30,000 ; capital, Detroit; Soil rich; Iron, copper and lead mines abound ; Qnalificalioiis, &c. not ascertained.

ARKANSAS
and firmed from

Sellled

bv French from Louisiana,

a part of Missouri in 1SI9; contains .17.000 square miles ; adniilted in the Union 1836 ; cap.

Little Roci; Qualifications of voters, &c. not yet ascertained.

Electors, 15.

by French 52,000 square mile< capital, Vandalia ; General Election lir,t Monday in August ; Legislature meet Sisl Mondav in December; Voter, residence in the state six months, but can onlv vole in the county where he aclually resides;

ILLINOIS.
,

Settled 1749,

WISCONSIN. Settled by emigrants from other, Englind Slates; bounded by lakes Michigan and Superior on tfieE., bv Hudson Bay Co. Territories on Ihe N., Illinois on ihe S., Mississippi and lov/a on Ihe West; contains 80,000 square miles;
principally

New

capital,

Madison.

sendi

Members
c.pilal,

of Congress, 3
Settled

Electors

5.

INDIANA.
miles;

1730,
;

liidi .iiapolis
;

bv French; 36,000 sq. General Eleclion liist

IOWA, Territory, lies between Missouri and Missisbounded on the N. by Hudson Bay Co. Territories; contains 1.50,000 square miles ; purchased of Sacs and Foxes, 1S32; capital, Iowa Cily.
sippi rivers,

Monday in AugusI Legist ilure meet first Monday in December; Vole-, one year's residence in the stale
preceding the eteclinn, entitles to vote in county of residence ; sends Members of Congress, 7 ; Electors, 9.

ALABAMA.

Settled 1713, bv

caloosa ; General Election fiisl Legislature meet fourth Monday in October; Voter, citizen of Ihe United Slates, one year of ihis, and three monlhs' residence in the C"unty where he shall otTer to vole ; sends Members of Congress, 5 ; Electors, 7.

French; cap. Tiis. Monday in August;

MISSISSIPPI.

Settled

1716,

by French;

capital.

INDIAN or Western Terrihiry extends from the western boundary of Arkansas and Missouri to Red river on the S., and the Piinca and Platte or Nebraska on the N. roughly estimated at about 275,000 square mile-. The Western Territorv, extending to the Rocky mountains, contains 340.000 square miles. Co limihia or Oregon Territory, claimed by the United Sates, is about 850 miles long N. and S., 400 to 700 miles broad, and estimated to contain330,0005q. miles. *j.* SENATORS are sent from each Slate, in atidiiion to the preceding enumeration of Members of Congress.
;

TWO

MANUFACTURES.
Estimated .Innunl Value of MnviifacCotton m.inufactures $.'iO, 000,000. VVoollendo. 870.000,000 Leather do. $40,000,000, Linen M,000,000, Hals, caps, &c. ,S!l.").000,(K)0. Glass ,f;,5.000 000, Pnimr S,fi,000,00ij. Soap anil candles S'10,000,0(X). Spirits .t^-.i.OOO.OOO. Cabinet- ware $ 10,000,000. Iron $50,000,000.
,$i:i.T(),0()l),O0().

FOREIGN TRADE.
Imports from

fin-ci-. Aagregate value

ErporU

to

Groat Britain and

dependincies,
-

S19,0.'>1,1S1 ,$5?i,84:i,3t)2
l(i,'252,4l3

France and do. - - 1H,0^7,14!I i'pain and do. 1.5,!17l.:i'(4 ^'"' -' do. '" - and Ni'ihcrliinds a,4:ifi, 166
Cliin.i
,

7.fiH4,0O6
:j,77-.>,-I()

4.7(!4,.');tli
-

],6tl8,4:
2,Ili4,(197

Mexico Texas

3,500.7()!l

1(55,718

1,247,8)30

OTTR TRAT1F FR A Vrp JRADE WTTIT OUK WITH FRANCE.

In 1839 our exports to France ainoiiiited In 18 336,3>1 doll.rs. The principal aricle which iv- send to France is cotton. Of the aggregate exi'or's just named, l3,3i3,H2 dollars was in cotton, 710 063 dollars in tobarco, and 320.911 dollars in rice. Our imports from France duriig the same year, reached Ihe sum of 32,531,321 dollars, of which 1.5,099,478 dollars was in
lilks;

l,379976dolla

Aorsted and worsted

stufT goods 1,500.000 dollars, linen 500,000 dollars, and inanufaciured coilon goods les. tlian one million of dollars. This stilemenl shows an excess of imports over expor's. of 14,194,467 dollars for the ye r above nameil. In a comparison of Ihe imports fiom France of IS39 with those of the previous vear, it appears that thev were nearlv donblrd the difTereoce in silks alone l;eiMg nearlv ifl.OOOO'JO d.dlirs in 1839 over the iniports' of 1638 while Ihe i.icrea-e of eiporti during Ihe : period nly 2,414,449.
l I

GENERAL DISTANCES TRAVELLING ROUTES.

47

GENERAL DISTANCES,
FROM WASHINOTON TO THE METROPOLIS OR CHIEF TOWN OF EACH STATE AL?0, FROM EACH METROPOLIS TO EACH OF THE OTHERS.
:

GENERAL TRAVELLING
ROUTES.
From Boston to at, To New Ycik ...
Philadelphia,
Pitljtiuig,

Louis, Mo. 22s Wilea

L^iuisville,
St. Luuis,

394 57 558
to

7(
I2S6
lti54

From Boston To New York,

Charleston,

....
...
.

Augusta, Ga.
22S
i)(jO

Augusia, Ga.

136

1128 1264

WasliingtoD
Portland

From Nc
ToChdilrs
Augusta, Mobile,
.

York to
0,
-

Ntw

Orleans.

900
136

10S6
157(j

540
104

New
K*

Oile:

1740

OtOO K-OiOl O QO Ol^ W W K)tO O CO O

ts

>

Forlsmouth

Ki

~1 O) J

- QC 91*^ M W to ^0 W
*fc

From New To Altiaiiy,

Eutfalo, De'ioit,

York

to St. Louis,

Mo.
608 62S

145

C<OCDkt>J<CCacAu&Ma>IO^~4(v,00^>00

CvO
i

BurliiigloQ

Chicago,

II.,

S'wt

O ^U

Boston

St. Louis,

....
to St.
.
-

...

363 317 286 341

nil
1452

-j&^o-aaioo a-m-

Providence

From New York To Charleston,

Savannah,
SI.

New Haten
York

....
...
to

Augustine, Ft. 900

108

Augu,line,

309

1008 1317

.?.ggg-!5 New

From New
To
Albany,
Buffalo, Detroit,

York

Chicago and Ga145

lena.

JSt

?to^Soiij|tH Newark

363
II.,

508
625

gsisisiaSss s!Ss;siSIS Philadelphia iSISi5>ls gHSi^isiis wiimiogton

Chicago, Galena,
Frorm,

...
York
to

317 2S6
161

nil
1272

New

Quebec
145 252
170

ToAlb.iny,

Mnn

real,

....
...
.

Quebec,

397 667

From

sssa 1111325 ^.SsSsSisiSiSa

Philadelphia to TuPiltslurg, Pa.,

New
.

Orleans.

Newbern
Charleston

New

Orleans,

394 2003

2397

i^SSiSSSii iKl5'2Siiii
-^
~J

^gggp^l^ cso>^^~i w^oeto a o ^ i<Jo>

ts^
I-

Wisliiiigton,

. -

Milinn, N.C.,
Y'nikville, S.

40 2^7
197 106 115 133

155

U C C. Ak to ~J U

Mobile

Abbeville, Miliedgeville,

Columbus,

C, .... ... ....

402 699 705 820 953

1261

33SrStg"Si'SS2?r

Natchez

Motile, Al.,

2t3

?Ei||goS|iSgg
55I

From

New

Philattelphia to Nashville, Ten.

Orleans

ToB-lliniore,

Wheeling,

^tSw2oZfcoS^
c

Nashville

Louisville,

.... ....
.

Nashville,

279 495 524

394 889 1413

wS

Louisville

From
To

Pkiladelph:
. .

to Detroit.

Pillshur?,

SoSx>*-SwH*'t'' "'^^^

^3

Cincinnati

Beaver, . . L. Sandusky,
Detroit,

From
k
i).

oi

?i^

^ ce W O X J- CO O -1

U, *- OC

t i. 00 V

andalia

To

Philadelphia to Eislon, Pa.,

Elinira,

...
-

Niagara FalU.

N. Y.,
.

56 158

O^cOWXW^tJCr^w't

^SS

Canandaigui.
SI.

Louis

Ni

igara Falls,

...

70
101

214 284

385

48

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Wc, the
more
mote
people of the United States, in order lo form a
perfect Union, e^tablisli justice, insure domes*

tic tranquillity,

provide

for the

common

defence, pro-

ihe general welfare, and secure the blessing of

liberty to ourselves

and our

posterity,

do ordain and

The Senate shall choose their other officers and also a president pro tempore, in the abnencc of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the oflicc of President of the Uniied States. 1 he Senate sliall have the sole power to try all imsitting for that purpose, they shall peichments.

When

esttblish this

CofUtitution fur the United States of

America,

ARTICLE

I.

Sec. 1. All leeiislalive powers herein grinted shall be vested in a Congress of rhe United SUtea, wtiich sliall cf>nsi>l of a Senare and House of Representatives. Sec. Z. The H.'uie of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors m each Sta'e
sh^II

have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch "f the Slate Legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not h:ive attained to the age of twenty-five y nd been of the United Slaies, and who shall not, when elected, be an lohabitanl of that State Senators. in which he shall be chosen. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportion- year, and such meeting shrill be on the first Mondiy in ed among the several States which may be mcluded December, unless ihry shall by law appt>iiii a different
within this Union, according
bers,
to their respective

When (he President f the be on oath or affinn.ition. Uniied States is tried, the Chief Justice shill preside; aud no person shnll be convicted without the concurrei'ce of iwo-ihirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impe.ichment shall not extend furiher ihn to removal f.om office, and di?qu:t|ihction to hold and enjoy any office of honour, trust or profit under the United S'alcs: but the party convicted shill nevertheless be liable and sut>ject to indictment, trial, judgment and puuishnicnt, according to law. Sec. 4. I'be times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be piescribed in each Slate by the Legislature thereof; but |the Congress niay at any tinie by la such regulalioBb, except as lo the places of choosing
>

nuni-

day.
Sec. 5. Each house shall be the Judge of the elections, returns aid qnalificaltons of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business but a ^miller number may adjourn from day to day, and niay be authorized to compel (he .ittendance of abeent members, in such niatiner, and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed;

which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made withm three ye.irs afierthe first meeting of the Congress of the United Slates, and wi'hiu every subsequent term of ten years, in such inner a^ Ihey shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thiiusand, but each State shall have at least one Repreflcntalive; and un'il such enumeration shall be mide, Hampshire shall be entitled to choose the Stale of three, Massachusetis eight, Rhode Isttnd and Prnvidcnce Phntatioiis one, Connecticut five. York six, Ni:w Jersey four. Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one. MnrvUnd six, Virginia ten. North Caruliua five, South C:irol(na five, and Geurgin threeWhen vacancies happen in the representation from any Mate, ilie executive authority thereof shall isue vnt.-^ of election to fill sucli vacancies. The House of Repiesent;tive-i shall ch

New

New

punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with Ihe concurrence of two-thirds, expel a Diember. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceednigs, and from lime to lime |)ubliah the sune, excepting such parts as may In Iheir judgment require serrecy ; and the ye^s and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of oDe-tinh of (hose present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the se-sion of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for mure than three days, nor to any other place (ban that in which the two houses shall be silting. Sec. 6 The Senators and Represent itives shall reings,

Speaker and other

of

offii

aud shall have (he sole

impeachment

ceive a cotiipensation ("r (heir services, lo be ascertained by law, a^iid paid out of the Treasury nf the
.

Sec
(Iie

C'>mposed of two Senafois from each

tor shall

Senate of (he United Stntes shall be Slate, chosen by Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each Sena3.

The

shall be assembled in conseqtience of Ihe first election, they shall be divided a< efpially as may be into three classes. The seats nf the Senators of the first class sh-<ll lie v 'Cated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at Ihe

have one vole. immediately alter they

United Stales. They sliall in j^II cases, except'ti felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the ses-iion of their respeclive houses, and in going to and returning from the
for any speech or debate in either house, (hey shill not be questioned in any other place, Nd Senator or Represeniaiive shall, during the lime which he was tlec'ed, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of ihe United Siales.'wbich sliall have Ijeen created, or Ihe eniolumen's whereof shall have been incierised during such time; and no holding any office undei the United States, shall liber of either house during his continuance in for
I

'same; and
|

intheHou.e of ReprwentMi ;s but the Senate may propose or concur with amerii ittentsas on other bills. " shall not } No hich shall hav passed the House of Retainid ;o the age of thirty years, and been nine presentatives and thi hall, before it beconi law, be presented to the President of the United Sfates; ci'i/en of the Uniied States, and who shall not elrctid, be an inhabitant of that S'ale for which he if he appr>ve he shall sign it. but if not he shall return 'it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall be chosen. shall The Vice President of the United States shall be Pre- have originaed, who shall enter ihe objections at lai^e Hidenl of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they on their journ.il, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration (wo-lliirds of that house shall be equally divided.
;

expiration of the fourth year, and of the third cliss at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies h 'ppeh bv resignation or oherwise, during the recess of (he Lfgislature of any Slate, the executive thereof miy nnke tpmporary appointtneiils until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacan-

Sec.

7.

All

bills for raisin,

shall originate

person shall be a Senator

who

/^

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

ap-ee to pass Ihc

49

be sent, togelher wiih the objections, lo ihe o her liousc, by which it shall likewise be icconsiderfd, and if approved by tivo-thirda of that house, it shall become a law. But in alt such cases the voles of both hnusw shall be deteroiioed by yeas and nays, and Ihe nainea of the persons voting for and against Ihc bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respedively. If any bill shall not be returned by Ihe President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it abalt have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had binned I', unless the Cotigress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall doi be a law. Every order, lesolulion, or vo'e to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Repredentalives may be necess-iiy (exce(>t on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United Stales ; and, before the same shall lake etfect, shall be approved by hini, or beins disipproved by him^ shall be repa^ied by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Repiesenralives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed
bill, it shall

sons as

existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior lo Ihe year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a lax or duty y be imposed on such im* portation, not exceeding ten dollars fir each peison. The privilege of the writ of habeas corptu shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion Ihe public s;ifety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

any of Ihc

Stales

now

the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shill h^ve power lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, nnd excises, nay Ihe debt-, aud provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excise> sh.ll be uniform throughout the United ijlates To borrow niuney on the credit of the United Stales ; To Fi^ulate commerce wiih foreign nalioiu, and among the several States, and with the Indian (ribes; To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on Ihe subject of bankruptcies throughout the United Stales; To coin money, rc'ulale the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the slanda>d of weights and mea*
ill

To

to

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and curreni coin of Ihe United States To establish post-offices and post-roads ; To promote the piogiess of science and useful arts, by ttecuring for limited times lo ^tuthois and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and di^To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme to deline and punish piracies and felooie- com; milted on the high seas, and ofl'etices against the law
Court

To
sal,

and water;

declare war, grant letters of marque and reprimake rules concerning captures on land and

No tax or duly shall be laid on articles exported any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of comnierce or levenoe to ihe porls of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statemeni and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published fiom time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by Ihe United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shsll, without Ihe consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. ?ec. 10. No Slate shall en'er into anv treaty, alliance, or confederation; prant letters of^ marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing Ihe obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No Slate shall, without the con-tent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what miy be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws: and the nett produce of alt duties and imposts, laid bv any State on imports or exports, shall be for Ihe use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congiess. No Slate shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duly of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another Stale, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
fioni

To
of

raise

money

to

and support armies; but no appropriation liiat uae shall be fur a longer term than
;

ARTICLE

ir.

Sec. I. The executive power shall be vested In a He shall President of the United States of America. regulation of hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with Ihe Vice President, chosen for the same the land and naval fr)rce$ To provide f.trcallinft forth the militia to execute the lem. be elected as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the lelaws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel ingislature thereof niay direct, a number of electors vasions ; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representathe militia, and for governing such part of them as tives to which the State may be entitled in the Conmay be employed in the service of the United States; gre^^a: but no Senator or Representative, or person reserving to Ihe States respectively, the appointment holding an office of trust or profit under the United of the officers, and the authority of training the militia States, shill be appointed an elector. Tlic elector* shall meet in their respective States, according to Ihe discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles least shall not be an inhabitant of the same Slate with squire) as may, by cei-nion of particiil,*r Stales, and the themselves. And they shall make a list of all the peracceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Go- sons voted for, and of the number of votes for e.ich ; vernment of the United Sates; and lo exercise like which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit authority over all places purchased by the consent of sealed to Ihe seat cf the Government of the United Ihe legislature of the State in which the s;>nie shall be, Stales, directed to the President of Ihe Senate. The for the erection of forts, m^gizines, arsenals, dock- Pre-sidcnt of the Senate shill, in the presence of Ihe Senate and House of Representatives open all the ceryards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws wliich shall be necessary and tificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per. proper for carrying into execution Ihe forcftoiug pow- son having Ihe greate.>t number of votes shall be Ihe ers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in President, if such number be a majority of Ihe whole the Government of the United States, or in any de- number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an e<)ual partment or officer thereof. Sec 9. The migration or importation of such per- number of voles, then the House of RepreBentalivei

two years;

To provide and maintain a navy To make rules for the government and
;

50

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

; shall receive Ambassadors and other public cxcculed he shall lake care that Ihe laws be failhlully of Ihe United shall commission all the officers

Ministers

shall immediilely choose

by ballot one of Ihero for Presideu( ; and if no person have a majorily, Ihen from the live hishesi on the list the said house shall id But in choosing like manner chooe the President. the the President, llie votes shall be taken by Slates, represenlalion from each Slate having one vote; a of a member or con.isl quorum for Ihis purpose shall rnajon'y members from Uvo-thirds of the Slales, and a In of all the Stales shall be necessary to a choice. every case, alter the choice of Ihe President, the person having the greatest number of votes of ihe eleclors But if Ihere should reshall be Ihe Vice President. main two or more who have equal votes, Ihe Senate shall choose from ihem by b.illol ihe Vice President. The Congress may deiermine Ihe lime of choosing Ihe electors, and Ihe day on which Ihey shall give their voles; which day shall be the same Ihroughout the

and

officers of Ihe
office

The President, Vice President, and all civil Uniled Slates, shall be removed from on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, Diisderoeanors. bribery, or other high crimes and
Sec 4

ARTICLE
Sec.
1.

III.

be vested

of the United Slates shall one Supreme Court, and in such Inferior ordain Courts as the Congress may from time to tune anil and establish. The Judges, both of the Supieme good beInferior Courts, shall hold their offices during

The judici il power

in

lor their haviour, and shall, at s'aled limes, receive nol be diminservices, a compensation, which shall ished during their continuance in office. Uniled Stales. all cases, Sec. 2. 1 he judicial power shall exiend to No persrn except a natural born citizen, or a citizen Conslilu'inn, ihe in law and equity, arising under this of Ihe United States at the lime of Ihe adoption of this States, and treaties made, or which United of the laws Presiof office to the Constitution, shall be eligible made under their aulhorily lo all cases affectdent ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office shall be other public Ministers and Conwho shall nol have atlaiiied lo the age of thirtyftve ing Ambassadors, jurisdicBuli: lo all cases of Admiralty and Mai itime years, and been fourteen years a resident within Ihe shall to controversies lo which the United Stales tion United Slales. party ; lo controversies between two or more In case of ihe removal of Ihe President from office, be a a Slale and citizens of another Stale ; benveen States discharge lo inability or resignation, death, or of his between cilizens of dill'erenl Slales; between citizens the powers and duties ofthe said office, Ihe same shall granis of difand the Congress may of Ihe same Slale, claiming lands under Ihe Vice President __ ferent Slates; and between a Slale or the citizens by law provide for the cse of removal, death, resignathereof, and foreign Slates, citizens or subjects. tion, or innbilitv, both of Ihe President and Vice PreIn all cases atfeciing Ambassadors, other public sident, declaring what officer shall Ihen act as PresiMinisters and Consuls, and those in which aStale shall dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, unlil Ihe jube a party, the Supreme Court shall have original elecled. be shall President or a removed, disabiliiy be other cases before mentioned, The President shall, at staled limes, receive for his risdiction. In all Ihe the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, services, a compens-ition, which sh:ill neither be inunand exceptions wilh such law and fact, to creased nor diminished during the period for which he both as make. and he shall not receive der such regulations as the Congress shall shall have been elected The trial of all crimes, except in cases of inipcachwilhin that pei iod any other emolument from Ihe menl, shall be by jury and such trial shall be held in Uniled States or any of them. Slale where the said crimes shall have been coniBefiire he enter on Ihe execution of his office, he Ihe but when not commilled w iihin any Stale, the mitted shall lake ihe following calh or affirmation: or places as Ihe Congress "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith, trial shall be at such place Uniled may by law have directed. fully execule the office of Presiilent of Ihe conpre<ierve, Sec. 3. Treason against the Uniled Sa'es shall States, and will, to Ihe best of my ability, war against them, or in adhering prolecl and defend Ihe Conslituliou of the Uniled sist only in levying No to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Slales." , , be convicted of treason unless on Ihe tesSec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief person shall two witnesses lo the same overt act, or on of Ihe army and navy of Ihe United S'aies and of Ihe timony of
; ; ; ; ;

,,..-..

militia of the several Slales, when called into Ihe actual service of Ihe Uniled Slales ; he may require Ihe

confession in open Court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punbut no attainder of treason shall opinion in wriling, of Ihe principal rrfficer in each of ishment of treason; corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during Ihe executive deparlmeols, upou any subject relating work attainted. tothedulies of their respec'ive offices; and he shall Ihe life of Ihe person have power to grant reprieves and pardons for ofiences ARTICLE IV. against the United Slates, except in cases of impcicliSec. 1. Full failhand credit shall be given in each """' .1 , J acts, records and judicial proceedHe shall have power, by and with Ihe advice and Slale, lo Ihe public every other State. And Ihe Congress may, by consent of the Senate, to niake treaties, provided two ings of general laws, prescribe Ihe manner in which such thirds of Ihe Senators present concur; and he shall proceedings shall be proved, and the nominate, and by and with Ihe advice and consent of acts, records and thereof. the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public effect Sec. 2. The cilizens of each Slate shall be entitled Ministers and Consuls, Judge* of the Supreme Courl, and immunities of citizens in the privileges all whose aplo Uniled Slates and all other officers of Ihe pointments are nol herein otherwise provided for, and several States. A person charged in any Slale w ilh treason, felony, which shall be established by law. But Ihe Congress from justice, and be may by law vest Ihe appoiitliiient of such inferior offi- or other crime, ivho shall fleedemand of Ihe execuanother Slale, shall, on cers, as they think proper, in Ihe PrrsidenI alone, iu found in live authority of the Slate from svliich he fled, be dethe courts of law, or in Ihe heads of departments. jurisdicThe President shall have power to fill up all vacan- livered up, lo be removed to the Slate having crime. of Ihe the Senate, tion the recess i.f during happen cies thai may No person held lo service or labour in one Slate, unby granting comniissious which shall expire at Ihe end into shill, in another, e'Caping thereof, laws der Ihe of their next session. .any law or regulation therein, be disSec. 3. He shall, from lime lo lin.e, give lo the consequence of labour ; but shall be deCongressinfTOiitionof Ihesateof Ihe Union, and re- charged from such service or commend to their consideration such measures as he livered up on claim of Ihe party to whom such service he in ly, on ex- or labour may be due. shall judge necessary and expedient Sec. 3. New Slates may be admitted by Ihe Congress traordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either but no new State shall be formed or of ihem, and in case of dis.agreemenl belwcen Ihem, into Ihis Union ; he may ad erected within the jurisdiction of any oilier S'ale ; nor adjoumment, with respect to Ihe time of Ihe junction of two or more journ Ibeiu to such tin as he shall think proper; he any State be formed by

...

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Slates, or pirls of Stales, without the consent of the l,egisUliire of the Sla.e concerned a> well as of the
'1

51

ARTICLE

in.

in No soldier shall, in lime of peace, be quartered time any house without the consent of Ihe owner, nor in lo be prescribed by l.aw. he Congress shall have power to dispose of and of war, but in a manner ARTICLE IV. make all i-eedful rules and reguUlions rcpectin?, the United ternlory or olher properly helonging to the The right of Ihe people lo be secure in their persons, shall he so Stale.; and nolhing in this Crmslilulion papers and 61fec.s,againsl uureasouable searches United houses, of the claims any prejudice vtarr^ntssh .11 to as construed, and seizuies, shall not be violated, and no oaih or Stales or of any particular Slate. but upon probable cause, supported by suannlee to every issue Ihe place to be Sec' 4. The UoHed SUIes >liall alfinna ion, and p.rticularlv describing government, form of Stale In ihis Union, a republican the persons or things lo be seized. and searched, and, inv.isi<m ; and shall protect e.ch .^f them against Executive ARTICLE V. .pplicition of the Legislature, or of the a capital or (when the Le^^iblature cannot lie convened), ag-iinst do No ner-on shall be held to answer for presenln.enl or otherwise infamous crin.e, unless on a ueslii viole arising in ARTICLE V. indictment of a grand juiy, except in cases njilitia when in in the or Houses forces, both naval thirds of or Ihe l.ind The Congress, whenever two nor propose amendments to actual service in time of war or public danger; shall deem it necessary, shall lo be offence, same the for application of the Legis- shall any person be subjecl ihis Constitution, or, on the nor shall be comSt.ites, shall c-ill a twice put in jeoi ardy of life or limb ; latures of two thirds of the several against himin either nelled in an\ criminal case 10 be a witness convention for proposing amendments, which, purposes, as part self, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, w llhout cise shall be valid, to all intents and taken the Legislatures due process of law ; nor shall private property be of this Constiiution, when ratified by several Stales, or by conven- for public use, without just compensation.

of three fourths of the he one or the other tions in three fourlhs thereof, as Congress: mode of ratifici'ion m>y be proposed by the
i

ARTICLE VL

Prooided, That no
prior to the

accused shall enjoy iiiade In all criminal prosecutions the speedy and public trial, by an imparlia year one thousand eight hundred and Ihe right to a district wherein the crime shall affect ihe Cret and fourtt^ Jury of the stale and ighl, shall in any manner shall have been district have been committed, which first arlicle; and lliat lauses in Ihe ninth section of the be informed of deprived of lU previously ascerl.iined by law, and lo _o Stale, wilhnul its consent, shall be lo be confronted Ihe nature and cause of the accusation Senate. the in equal sutfragc compulsory with Ihe witnesses against him; lo have favour, and to have ARTICLE VI. process for obtaining witnesses in his engagements entered into Ihe assistance of counsel for his defence. All debts contracted and sha 1 be as Conslilution VII. this of ARTICLE adoption before the under this Constitution, the value in controvalid against Ihe United Stales In suits at common law, where as under ihe Confederation. twenty dollars the right of trial by United States versy shall exceed no fact tried by a jury shall This Conslilution and the Laws of Ihe iurv shall be preserved, and and which shill be made in pursuance thereof; in any Court of the United reexamined mherwise be made under Treaties made, or which shall be according to the rules of the common law. the Supreme States, than aulhority of the United Slates shall be ARTICLE VIU. in every Stale slwll Law of the Land : and Ihe Judges Conslilution excessive or Laws ihe bail shall not be required, nor anylhingin Excessive thereby, be bound unusual punishments infines imposed, nor cruel and any Stile to the contrary nolwilhslanding. mentioned before Representatives Ilicted. Senators and The .HITI^IatU^eS. HOC and . .. .,t .1... o....ar.,l ^Intf T Legislatures ARTICLE IX. andVhe members of the several State bolh of the Urn ed right% a Executive and Judicial officers, The enumeration in Ihe Constitution of certain sha 1 be bound by oah Slates and of the several Slate, construed to deny or disparage others reConstitution ; but noreli. ihall not be or affirmation, lo support this people. Ihe , a quahficaliou to tained by gious lest shall ever be required ARTICLE X. United SUIes. tny office or public trust under ihe by the The powers not delegated to the United States are reARTICLE VII. prohibited by it to the Slates, nine States, Constitution, nor to Ihe people. The ratification of Ihe Convenlions in served to the States respectively, or the establishment of this Conslibe

amendment which may be

sufficient for ratifying the lution betiveen Ihe Stales so

hall

same.

Done

unanimous consent of in Convention, by Ihe seventeenlh day of hepthe Slates present, the thousand seven lember, in Ihe Year of our Lord one Independenc. hundred and eighty-seven, and of the in Ihe Iwelflh of Ihe United Stales of America subscribed our hereunto have we whereof, witness

ARTICLE XI. shall not be The judicial power of the United States conslruid to exlend lo any suit ,n I'.V'nSnld^'s'ia;!?; of the United Stales meiiced or prosecuied against one citizens or subjects of by citizens of another Stale, or by
any foreign
State.

ARTICLE
The

XII.

"""gEORGE WASHINGTON,

/Vesufenl,
Firffinta.

and Deputy from

Stales Electors shall meet in their respective and Vice President and vote, by ballot, for President an inhabiiant of the one of whom, at least, shall not be shall name in thei they themselves ; with same Slate

iJHENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE
I.

an establish Congress shall make no law respecting mentofreligion.orprohibitingthe/reeexerc,,etoeof speech or of the press, o or abridging the freedom of and to people peaceably to assemble,
the right of the redress of grievances. peUtion the Government lor a

President, and in distinct ballols Ihe person voted for as President and they bdlol: the person voted for as Vice persons voted for as Preshall make distinct lists of all for as Vice President sidenl, and of all person, voted ''^^ '^^ and of the number of votes for each. transmit, sealed, to Ihe seat shall sign and certify, and Stales di-ecled to ll^e of the dovernmenl if the Unit^ ^'"'"'' Senate; the P;"")'"' '

|'f

ARTICLE
A

II.

right of the rity of a free Stale, ihe

necessary to the secuwell regulated Militia being people lo keep and

bear arms, shall not be infringed.

President of the ''^'f ol Kepre Senate and House shall, in the presence of the and ihe votes shall Kubit ves, open all the certificates, the greatest number hen be counted ; the person having 'f P'i<i= be Ihe of votes for President shall J"=^ number of Electors number bo a majority of the whole

52

POISON ANTIDOTES STATISTICS.

appointed, and if no person hive such majority, then appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from from Ihc persons having the highest numbers not ex- the two highest numbers on the li<il, the Senate shall ceeding three, on the li-<t of fhose voted for as Presi- choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose dent, the House of Repreaentalives shall choose imme- shall consist of two-thirdt of the whole number of diately, by ballot, the President; but in choosing the Senators and a majority of the whole number shall President, the votes shall be taken by Stales, the repre- be necessary lo a choice. But no person constitutionsentalion from each Slate having one vote ; a qunrum ally ineligible lo the office of President shall be eligif'>r this purpose shall consist of a member or members ble to that of Vice President of the United States. from tivo-thirdsof the States, and a majority of all the XIII. Slates shall be necessary lo a choice. And if the House If any ciiizen of the United Stales shsll accept, of Representatives shall not choose a President whenclaim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, beor shall without the consent of Congress, accept and fore the fourth day of March next f illowing, then the retain any present, pension, office or emoluinenl of any Vice President shall act a^ President, a-^ in the case of kind whatever, from any Emperor, King, Prince, or the death or other Constiiufioojl disability of the Presforeign power, such person shall ceise to be a citizen ident. The person having the giealest number of votes of the United Stales, and shall be incapable of holdinr as Vice President, shall le the Vice President, if such under Ihcm, or either of number be a majority of the whole number of Electors any office of trust or profit
;

ARTICLE

them.

POISON ANTIDOTES.
For Oil of Vitriol or Aqua-Fortis give large di>9es magnesia and water, or equal parts soft soap and water. For Oxalic Acid give magnesia, or chalk
and water. For Tartar Emetic give Peruvian bark and water, or a strong decocliun of tea until the bark can be had. For Saltpetre give an emetic of mustard and waier afterwards mucilages and small keep constantly wet. doses of laudanum. An Ointment made of lime water and For Opium or Laudanum give an emetic sweet oil is a soothing excellent remedy for of mustard, and use, constant motion, and burns, scalds, &c. Slake lime in water, let if possible the stomach pump. it settle and puur it off clear, and mix about for Lunar Caustic give common salt. equal portions of this water and sweet oU. Fur Corrosive Sublimate give the whites See pages 20 and 24. of eggs mixed with water, until free vomitCure for a Burn. Wheal flour and cold ing takes place. water mixed to the consistency of soft paste, For Arsenic doses of Magnesia ore good, is an almost instantaneous cure tor a burn, but freshly prepared Ilydrated per Oxide of whether large or small. Renew before the
;

vinegar, lo which salt may be added. For insects that may get into the ear, use a little sallad oil. Burns, Scalds or Freezing are cured by "Sovereign Water," an excellent remedy, if rightly applied. Made by 4 grains White vitriol, 1 grain Glue vitriol, I gr.iin cumplior, half grain saffron, mixed with '2 quartti soft water. Wrap the sores with linen rags and

Iron

is better.

Spirits of Turpentine aponce is a cure for freezin?. Insects taken into the stomach may generally be destroyed by a small quantity of

Frost Bitten.

first

gets so dry as to stick.

Slippery

Elm

bark powdered makes an

plied at

excellent healing poultice for burns, sores, &c., boiled with milk and about one-third bread.

AMOUNT OF APFKOPRIATIONS,
Made
For
civil

at the 2d Stssion of the 26(A Confess.

Partial ^uppo^t of governnierir, Congress,

^
-

412 000

aud diplomatic expenses,

For ihe navy, For the army, For forlifica'ions, For the MiiiUry Academy, For Pensions,
For Ihe Indian Department, For delegation of Western Seminoles, . Fordestilute Kickapoos, removal of SwaD Creek and Black River Indians, - . . For survey of N. E. Boundary, For lunatics in the District of Columbia, . For refunding duties on French ship Alexandre, For Avery, Seltmarsh & Co., For private claim-*, (not pensions) amounts
specified,

8.030,005 5,926,338 5,441.916 485,500 160,522

1,144,1.55

875,280
15,000

....

22,000 75,000 3,000

1,0,50

amount of about 2,000,000 bu.hels annually j while it excels Pennsylvania in Ihe production of rye over 3,000,000 bushels, of In.lian corn 2,500,000 bushels, of oais over 2,000,000 bushels, of buckwheat 300.000 bu-hels, of barley 2,300,000 bushels, of poialoes 21,000.000 hu'ihels, wool nearly 1,000,000 pounds, hav nearly 2,000.000 Ions sugar over 8,000 000 pounds, and of products of the dairy over 8,000,000 dollars. Id the prodnc'ion of wheat, Ohio exceeds Pfiiiisylvania ;.bnut 3,000,000 bushels, while Vireinia is but about 1,500,000 bushels behind New York in that article. In Indian corn, Tennessee takes the lead of all the States, producing 42,500,000 inillions of bushels yearly. North Carolina 34,500,000 bushels, Virginia .about 34,000,000 bu-hels, Illinois 28.000,000, Michigan 22,000,000, Alabama 18,000,000, Missouri 15,000,000, Penii-ylvania
13,500,000, and York 10,000,000. Of neat cat. York pos.se8sfs 2,642 438, Penn-^lvania 146,418, Ohio 1,008,313. Yori( ha 6,381,Of sheep Pennsilvania 225, 3,396,431, Ohio 1,964,957, Verinnnt 1,193,420, Virginia 1,280,736. In Ihe producis of the orch,ird, York and Vermont le-d the other stales nearly two lo one ; the former being to the amount of 1,732,357 dollars, Ihe latter 1,109,387 dollars. In cot. ton, Mississippi bears the palm, prndncine yearly
tie.

New

9^799

New

New

4,645

New

$22,606,193

COMPARATIVE AGRinULTURAL STATISTICS.

returns of the Marshals, by whom taken, Ihe Stale of New Vork is tjebiiid Pennsylvania in the production of wheat to the

Accotdin?

lo the

the lale census

I

was

289,638,818 [wundv Alabima 240.379,669 pounds, .Sou'h Carolina 148,907,880 pounds, Georgia 134,322755 pounds, Louisiana 87,640,185 pounds, Virginia 10,767,451 pounds. For details, see pages 54 and 55.

.J

MONEYS, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

53

COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS,
Compared with
the

most frequented ports accurding

to the

Dutch Standard Grains by which

all

weights are regulated.

100

Itn. in

United States or

London Amsterdam
Cadiz

Hamburg
Havre Leghorn
Petersburg
Paris

100 01 3-4 98 2-3 93 3-5 85 5-6 133 108 2-3 100 107 1-6 102 93 1-2 145 93 1-3 100 95 101 1 87 1-6 135 10(J2 98 105 100 91 2-3 142 110 2 107 114 2-31 109 1-e 100 155 74 4 68 3-4 73 2-3 70 64 1-5 100 90 84 4-5 88 2-3 84 1-3 77 1-4' 120 107 3 4 99 106 1-4 101 92 1-2 144
I

2 3 110 5 1 2 120 3 3 4 112 1 1 2 118 1 2 3 129 1 83 1-4 100

I

92 4-5 100 4-5

1-7 3-4 1-3 1-2

94 98 108 69 83 '119 3-4 100

FOREIGN MONEYS,
WITH THEIR VALUES, AS ESTIMATED AT THE CUSTOM-HOUSE BY LAW.
Dollars.
Dollars,

Aui

Cayes, 8 1-4 livres are equal to - 1,00 Blue or current Dollar of Denmark, according to Ihe exchange of London. Cayennne, 8 livres 5 sols of, are equal lo - 1.00 Ducal of Naples .80 Franc of France .18 3-4
Florin of Trieste
.48
1

Fezza of Leghorn, 0.90 76100

Piastre of Turkey, according to rate of exchange

London. Pound Slerling of England, Scotland, and

in

Ire.

l.nd

Genoa, 6 1-3 livres are taken as Guadaloupe, 8 livres and S sols Guilder of Antwerp " Crefell
**

00

1.00 .40 .40 .40

Pound Sterling of Antigua " Barbadoes " Bermuda " Halifax " Jamaica " New Providence
Rial Plate of Sp.iin Velon of Spain Rix-dollar of Bremen

4.80 2.22

320
3.00 4.00 3.00 2.50
.10 .05 .77

Frankfort, and others of the 24 Horin rate

...

" " "

" "

Holland

Nuiembur^
SI. Gall,

...,..,.
-..-..
of exchange.
.
.

40
.40

"

Denmark
Berlin, current, 0.68 29-100

I.OO 1.00

0.40 36100

Trieste

48
.40 18 1-2

"
"

Hamburg
Prussia, 0.68 29-100

United Netherlands

Livre of France
'* Genoa, 6 1-3 livres " Lejhorn, 6 1-2 livres Louis d'or Rixdollar -

"
**

Saxony

---.69
1.00

Sweden

1.00

M^rc Banco

of

Himborg
to rate
.

Milre.i of Bnzi I, according Milrea of Madeira " Portugal

Ruble of Russia, according to Ihe exchange between London and St. Petersburg. Rupee of Bombay, Calcutta, and Sicca, each - - .50 Rupee of Madras, 108100 Sicca rupees. Si r Pagoda of India 1.84 St Bartholomews, 83. 3d. 1.00
SI. Kilts, 9s. Od.

Ounce of

Sicily

..........
LeDgtIi of
a
single

Tale of China

1.00 1.48

CLOTH MEASURE.
No. of each equal
10 100

Length of Numberof a single each equal

Flace.

Place.

Measure.
in F.Dglish inehea.

Measure.
in

to 100

English
yards.

Enehsh English
inches.
yards.

Amsterdam,
Balavia
Beiieai
-

.
-

Bremen
China

...

Ell Ell Cubit Ell

27.07 27.00
18.00

132.98S
133.3,13

Ughorn
M.ilta
-

Biaccio

Covid

Long Pic
Copenhagen
-

Ell

22.76 14 62 27.90 24.71

200.000 158.172 246.238

I29.0'i2

Naples Netherlands
Prussia
-

Cauna Ciuna
Ell
Ell
-

Yard
Florence
-

36 00
45.00 22 98 46.85 39,37 22.58

11 Braccio

Aune
Metre

Hamburg

11

145.690 100.000 80.000 156.657 76.841 91.445 159.433

Rio de Janei Rotterdam

Russia
.
.

Vara
Ell

Arsheeo
Pic

Smyrna
Spain
-

.
. -

23,98 81,90 83.00 39 37 26,25 43,50 27,20 28 00 27,00

156.657 43.956 43,273 91.440 137.142 82.758 132,352

128571
133.333 107,849 154,109
145.10-2

Vara
Ell
Silk Braccio Silk Ell

33 38
24.81

Sweden
Venice Vienna

30.66

117.416

[[

54

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS FOR

i's

1840.

lit

iJ

W H
o
00

tuw uvipuj Jo sitqms

:s
jv9^cnTtmq Jo si3^snff

S8

Ef

?ssii|S?|iB iil
dfU fo
tldySTlq

tlllPl
S!S5S

||

fo

'OJ^

H <
S
t)O0

fo ijTitmq fo 'OjV

X f H o
ClH

Utiioi lo

tm^"^

I"

"w

1382
fm^m fo ti^snq
fo -ox

f^

l3

O p
r/1

CO
foutyt

7-

S CO o^ oi lO OJ i) r- J in u'

Oi

tf: *>

^"~^5ioJ<jOT

O k5 w
l-H

miva/u)inoj

Fh 02 Eh

o w

'ntuns Jo jL^quinj^

^S'sT^'^o^pf S'S?'^'-

ipls| I

s|

H O
02 E-

(foV

/o wiiunii

fi5

883
- o2

<Nc^

c4cn3>

t-

ejfoco

g"

33

SKoSomr'

h3
:z;

9(j)W >oju /o jiiqmnjf

<1

P^

Q
fii

a
npna puv
nsjjOfti

5^

P o H o 1^ P O 1
P^

fo 'O^

21 gs

C
tf-SO

O
<!

i-S^SsC!!'-

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS FOR

cyj'j'-rwjejr-inoa

1840.

551

53

SSSSSPg S

'jnonpoudxiqiunifomxo^

ooSS^^o

CO
'37n7Ui

9UHn /o tuaijvQ

el.

^Oit^C4i--v

\a<Do^

ySeooS

iSaSc*

^'J'

pXl>yOM)

Ml

is si

fo ijonpoid nil Jo

mivA

:SS2g'

^S

sis, Sj5,Ssi3. 3 ^ S WJ-ccft

*s.

00
/itivp 9yt

fo tpmpojd tqt Jo

nWA
15?

'"S's"

SP'^

N CO r- so 00 *

eS *

uj

tpvm

jv3m fo tpunoj

's

^S2

gS

T^iOXO^COTOTOT
nuxma
ih.

/o

tpunoj

O
uo;}09 /o tpunocf /o
'Ojyf

SS5

Q 00 :o A o

?3u /a

rpunod fo

'Oj^

Ma HO

oraoijo) fo sputtoifo 'Oaj

r-

\n

lO

5 CO (M

TTfM

5co

ooo'W'fwn noo^^rt
*xt>tf

ftr-o

r-to

puv

diUTtt Jo sitox

S5a^S2SS2?
/ioV

/o f"^? /" J*7iunjV

'ootvtodfo ft^UTtq fa 'OX

5agS85SS3 SS?? SSi

SrtS^S S

rt^i

EhO

P5

Eh lo

56

STATISTICAL TABLES.

TABLES OF POPULATION.
STATES

AND TERRITORIES.
Maine ' Hampshire - - Vermont .......
Massachusetts

Length. Breadth.

POPULiTION
1790.

A.T

DIFFERENT PERIODS.
1810.
1820.

1800.

1880.

235 160
157 130

....
.

136 58 65

31,960 9,iS0
10,205

Rhode

Island

47
-

Connecticut

New
V

York
Jersey
. .

90 280
138

60 29 53
165

7,800 1,363 4,770 46,200

60
157

6900
43,960 2,068 10,829 64,000 43,802 30,080 58,200 60,875 45,375 48,000 44,720 39,015 38,850 34,800 69,130 60,384 177,750 121,000 57,750
100

Pennsylvania

. . -

280

Delaware Maryland
Virginia North Carolina
- .
-

94
119

22
91

320 362
188

200
121 160

South Cirolina. Georgia

. -

Alabama
Mississippi

......
...... .-.--.

Louisiana

Tennessee

Kentucky Ohio
Indiana
Illinois

........
.......
.
-

Missouri

Michigan Arkansas

Florida Territory Missouri Territory

District of

300 275 275 240 430 289 210 240 365 272 640 500 385
10

194 185
165

96,540 141,885 85,539 378,787 68,825 237,946 340,120 184,139 434,373 69,094 319,728 747,610 393,751 240,073 82,548

151,719 183,858 154,465 422,845

228,705 214,460 217,895 472,040

76,931

298,335 244,161
2.15,764

399,462
269,.533

69,U2
251,00i 586,050 211,149 602,548 64,273 349,692 886,149 478,103 345,691 162,686
8,850

261,912 959,049 245,562 810,091 72,674 380,546 974,622 555,500 415,115 252,433 31,502

623,287 83,059 275,248

1,372,812 277,575 1,049,458 72,749

280,679 610,014 97,210 297,711

1,913,508

320,779
1,347,672

407,350
1,065,366

76,739 446,913
1,211,272

200
104 135 185 145 162

35,691 73,677 3,000

105,602

70,556 261,727
406,51

220,959 45,365 4,875 215

230.760 24,620
I2,2s2 19,783 4,762 1,062

638,829 602,741 340,959 127,901 75,446 153,407 422,813 564,317 581,434 147,178
65,211 66,586 8,896 14,273

738,470 581,458 516,567 308,997 136,806 215,575 684,822 688,844 937,679 341,582
157,575

222 605 242

150
10

H0,074
31,260 30,3S3 34,723

Columbia

14,093

24,023

33,039

39,858

CENSUS OF
STATES AND TERRITORES.
Maine, New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, .
.
.

1840.
Free coloured
persons.

POPULATION OF OUR CITIES

AND VILLAGES.
J840.
.

18S0.

While,

persons.

New York

....
-

Philadelphia Baltimore Boston

...
. .

500,443 283,951 728,932 301,858

105,593 291,130 2,3S2,57l 350,724 1,619,115 58,581 431,441 735,812 484,172 259.002

Brooklyn
8,534
8,111
St.

Cincinnati Louis

Washington
Pittsburg
-

Rhode

Island,

Vermont, New York,

New

Jersey^
. -

. . .
-

Pennsylvania,

Delaware, Maryland,

Virginia, . . North Carolina, South Carolina,

Georgia,

.
.

363 303
288,947 178,967 112,149 629,492 591,658
1,498,593

Alabama,

Mississippi,

Louisiana, . Tennessee,

. .

Kentucky,
. Ohio, Indiina,

...
-

. .
-

. -

Illinois,

Missouri,

Michigan,
Florida,

...
.
.

676,296 423,330 277,357 77,815 211,001

8,147 30,506 42,864 30,657

3,239 718 60,261 20,970 50,571 16,926 62,000 48,425 22,752 8,279 2,353 1,833 1.367 22,197 6.407 7,302 17,102 7,018 3,120 1,433

312,234 258,832 101,378 84,401 36,283 46,382 24,585 22,777 21,296

8,367 7,210 4,670 7,239 5,528 14,390 12,793 102,191 11,214
7,161

202,589 188,797 80,625

61,3K
12,903 24,831

109,645 70,135 21,753 23,019 24,830

21, ,55

658
31 2,613 105,000 447,207

Wilmington, Del Middleton - Bridgeport .

Norwich

.
-

New London New Hiven

Hartford . New Orleans

246,186 327,158 253,508 188,664 195,765 115,292

188,168 183,040

Savannah - . Newburyport Wilmington, N. Natchez- - .

4,268 4,826
8,321 18,356 15,218 5,044 5,653 19,372 6,438 22,042

Newport
BuaFalo Portland
.

. . .

5,852 18,827 12,542 6,663 6,892 2,800 5,179 4,356 10,678 9,789 50,103 7,303 6,388 2,700 2,790 8,010
6,321 12,601

18,783

3,950 8,754 1,704

313
1,770

2,060
1,172

3,712 3,004 62,088 3,911

773
1,568

Gardiner . Canandaigua

Troy
48,941 7,000

....
. -

3,709 5,162 11,405

2,036 311 12,035 2,617 1,335

Dover, N. H. Providence

5,449
16,832

703
6,334
7,884

. .

Wisconsin

29,253

30,289

Iowa
Uisl. of

1,036

Columbia
:

THE POPULATION IN
Free
1790 1600 1810

1830, 2,000,990-in 1840, 2,369,953.

1840,371,606.

was 3,729,326 " 6,309,753 " 7,239,903

1820

was
"

1830 1840

"

9,638,166 12,856,407 17,141,876

C OKERY COOKERYIt

57

THE GOLDEW RULE. may be laid down as a fundamental

F'eal is a delicate

must be doue tender.

for about three hours

meat, but to be easy of digestion The knuckle slewed with heib is an excellent dish.

and one that cannot be too and lues. constantly kept in mind, that the more and web
principle

Young Turkeys may

be known by their soft bills Vouiig geese by fat white breast, yellow feet,

of the foot thin and lender.

compounded any kind of food is, the more difficult it will be of digestion the more corrupt the juices which are prepared from it, and therefore the more
;

Stuffing or dressing for fowN is made with grated bread crumbs, minced sue! or butter, sweet marjoruin or ihyme, nutmeg or other spice, pepijer, salt, and t>eaten egg. Fine cut or gnted dam may be added,

and potatoes.

good

stuffing

is

made

ot

potatoes

alone with suitable se^^soning.

positively injurious to the digestive or-

gans, to the blood, and to the health.

NUTRIMENT.
Animal Fbod
when
has

Boiled Turkey- Stuffing of bread, parsley, lemoD peel, oysters, and an onion. Sea->oii with salt, pepper, nutmeg, and ooc egg mixed with a bit of butter ; faaleu up Ihe skin over the crop, put the turkey iu cold water, twil slowly, skim well, and let it simmer for two h'urs longer if very large. Chop the liver, 4c. for
the gravy.

more nutriment than ve^table

in

tstiniafed by bulk, but far less wheo comp^tred by weight, Ihe true criierion, ai the foUovring chemical aualysis correctly shows

Fowls and chickens may be doue

less

time.

Boil

till

tender.

the same way, only Seasoning shoold be

according

to taste.

100

IbB.

Wheat
Rye
Birley

cooiain 85

lbs.

nutriment.

Do
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

90 " 83 89 93 35 " 92 "

*

Beans

"

to

' Feas Meat, av. "

Fotatoes Beets, carrots, greens, turnips, smaller proportion.

"25

" "

cut the chicken into joints, ^cald and t.Tke off Ihe skin, stew for an hour with a sliced onion, paraley, lemon peel, salt and pepper or season to suit yourself. Add pint of water and bit of butter, 9X}d just before serving up add ibe yolk of two eggs beaten up with a tea cup of cream, stirring it id gradually.

FWcajJce. Wash and

In drawing poultry be careful not to break the gall.

&c

coDtain a

much

By Roasting beef loses 22 per cent, of its weight, mutton 24. lamb 22, goose 19, turkey 20, duck 27,
cbickens 14.

Chicken Baked tn Rice. Cut into joints, season, lay it iu a dish lined with hani ur bacon, add minced onion, a pint of water, and fill up with boiled rice, pressed down as much as the dish vrill hold. Cover with a crust of flour, and bake one hour iD a slow
Ge3ey like pork, should nevi ble unless Ihoruugbly cooked.
-

By Soiling beef loses 15 per cent, of mutton 10, turkey 16, chlckeu 13, ham 6.

itt

weight,

be brought

lo the ta-

MEATS.
All meat should be cooked till it is separated from the blood, and Ihe fibres become soft and easy of digestion.

SOUPS.
Soups are positively injurious lo weak stomachs, and Dyspeptics. The experiments of Dr. Beaumont, with gastric juice, prove soupsto be the most injurious and indigestible food that is taken into the stomach
to

Meat should be eaten sparingly by children, and by th'se whr> take but little exercise, and should be en* tirely abstained from when there is any symptom of excited action or fever.
the most economical mode of cooking is used as it should be for soup or is boiled the more tender it boil or simmer about three i. hours, in cold weather longer ; allowin? water enough to cover the meat well. If it is very salt, soak it for half an hour in lukewarm water.

Boiling
if

is

meat,

the liquid

broth.

The slower meat Ten pounds should

Ihe reason being th.-it before the process of digestion can go on the water must be separaied from the nourishment, and hence double duty i-^ imposed on the dipowers. S"ups occasionally eaten, and for healthy stomachs may be well enough. For children soups do well, with sufficient bread, rice and vegetables in the liquid.
gestive

cept

Save the liquor in which all meats are smoked meat, for soup or gravy, as

boiled, ex>
it

contains

BakiJig
thin pieces

is

well for

Ie3;s, loins, &c., but

bad for lean

much of the essence of Ihe meat. Mock Turtle Soiijo is made of calves
hour gently
it

head, boiled an

which shrivel away.

in 4 quarts %vater well skimmed. out, cut Ihe meat in pieces an inch square.

Take
Slice

Roasting is most wasteful, though some pieces seem Wash the meat well, dry best adapted for this mode. with a clean cloth, cover the fat with pieces of white paper tied with thread until half an hour before taking first dripping, which Pour off the Turn oOeo. up.
being liquid fat is unhealthy, and make gravy by addTwenty minutes to each pound ing flour and water.
of me:it
is

fry in butter 2 lbs. lee of beef and 2 tbs. of vealslice 2 onions, and add all to the liquor, with the bones

and

also

the rule for roasting.

Stew Beef, ten pounds in five quarts water, with two or three onions and some cloves, a few carrots cut in quarters, herbs, and such other seasoning as you like. Strain the gravy and add a little flour and butler. Pork is not a healthy food, though well enough for
labour hard. thoroughly cooked.
those

then 2 onions, 2 ounces green sage, some parsley, lea-spoon ground allspice, 2 do, black pepper, salt, lemon peel: stew gently for five hours; strain, and when cold take off the fat. Part ihe liquor and meat from the head, add Madeira or Claret if you choose, mix a spoonful of fiour and a cup of butter with a tit'I hen stew an hour till tle of Ihe broth, ai>d stir it in. meat is lender, when done add tea-spoon Cayenne, the yolks of 12 eggs twiled bard, and 12 force meat balls,
;

if liked.

who

H should

never be eat unless

is

Calves feet make a good soup in imitation of the above ; boiling four in two quarts water ; adding such
of the other ingredients as you choose.

Mutton a

the bealtbieet meat that

eaten.

Vegetable

Soup. 12

onions, G turnips, 2 celery, 4

58
;

COOKERY,
cover and put in a
It

carrots, 2 ounces butter stew gently till soft ; then add 4 quarts seasoned gravy soup, made of roast beef bones, stew 4 or 5 hours, and skim. ^tce Soup. Boil scraj end of neck veal in 4 quarts water, with ! lb. lean ha'^m, skim well and season, after boiling down one-half strain it, add 1 lb. rice which boil till tender. Soup for Invalids. Cui small I lb. mutton or beef, stew gently in 2 quarts water, skim well, when reduced to a pint add salt, and take tea cup full at a time

warm

place

when

in

half an hour

will rise

enough

for bakiiie-

of putlini; into three D.iusli readily the dou?h in the oven. It should be put in the oicn stages of fermeulation. durin? the first or saccharine, when if sufficienlly

The quality depends much on the lime

rum

baked it will be sweet and wholesome. It aftemards becomes sour and heavy. If put in too soon, it will be li^ht and as tasteless as saw dust. Good Imad is marked by fine pom and a sort of jiet work of uniform appearance. ' Keep bread n rapped in a ci.irse towel, and where it

..ill not dry up, or in a tight box. I'UDDINGS. melt a tea// ,.jj^ Jsour, from being mixed over night, .PF e Puddmf.-Put w. a deep pan or dish a layer ^ ,1,1,^ ,iik.warn. water, sprin, ^,^ ; ^ f of apples, pared and cut up, then a layer of bread ,^1 , ^jjf ^^ hour knead it |( ^J^^ ^^^^ jq^j^ i^',^ crumbs, then apples again and bread alternAlely until jgain. the dish is full, adding sugar, and interspersing \vith frozen dnugh is spoiled. pieces of butter, and seasoning with spice. Bake about Indian is a good addition to whe.t, and requires an hour. Good with cream or without. more water, or make mush of it and then mix in. Rice Pudding. 6 ounces rice boiled in 1 quart The bitterness of yeast may be remedied by pulling milk till lender, stirring it often, add tea-cup sugar, in a little charcoal and then straining it. hslf cup butter, 3 eggs well beat, season and stir till Rye and Indian Bread. Mix 2 quarts of each with hour. dish about an quite smooth. Bake in buttered salt, and stir well. Add an egg more and 1 pint milk, if you wish it like 3 pints boiling milk, lablesiioon Let it stand till lukewarm, then stir in half pint good cus'.ird. stiff dnugh and put to rise near the BoU the above if preferred, adding fruit to suit yeast. Knead to a top is cracked over, make into two When the fire. taste, and serve with butter and sugar. loaves and bake moderate two and half hours. Suji:et Potatoe. Boil and mash them smooth, t Teast.-'Boil large handful hops in two cups full add 1 cup sugar, 1 of butler, 5 eggs, I nutSliain and pour the licjuid minutes. 20 water under crust. quarts meg, lemon rind, and bake with Its Stir in half pint strong yeast. into 3 pints flour. Plain Bread PuLdding.Voar auart boiling strength is increased by 5 tea-spoons brown sugar or 6 on 4 oz. bread crumbs, cover till cold, then add 3 beat Cork the bottles loose till next large spoons molasses. eggs, tea-cup sugar, lemon peel, cinnamon, bake day, and then light. biitered dish, and serve with sweet sauce. sour put tea-spoon pearl ash in each 'if turning Custard Pudding. \ table spoon flour, 1 pint cream or new milk, 3 eggs, rose water, ounce butter, bottle. Jlnother.'B"'>\, peel and mash mealy potatoes, loaf sugar and nutmeg, and bake in buttered dish half -hich reduce with water or ale thin as coinmnn yeast. an hour. pound add 2 ounces coarse sugar, and when Damton Pudding. Mtke a batter of 3 eggs, pint To every Keep warm just warm stir in two spoons of yeast. sugar, stone a of do. pint flour, 4 spoons milk, 4 large is over and in 24 hours hi for use. till fermentation damsons, mix in baiter, and boil hour and half. Let sponge eight hours before baking. Plum Pudding. Chop half pound suet, stone half pound raisins, wash half pound currants, 4 ounces each of bread and flour, 4 eggs well beat, a little cinnamon, Should be used sparinglv. mace and nutmeg, spoonful salt, 4 ounces sugar, an iking cakes dry the flour before a fire, sid and In ounce each of citron and candied lemon. Beat egg and spices well together, then add milk and other in- weigh it. W.ish and dry currants, stone raisins, pound gredients by degrees, flour a fine linen cloth, pour in sugar, roll it fine and sift. Dry spices first, then pound Boil in and sift. Pour hot water over almonds to remove the the batter, and in tieing allow room to swell. Pare leinon and six quar's water 6 or 7 hours, filling up with hot water skin, then throw them in cold water. Mix an hour or two before cooking. orange peel, and then pound with a little suear. Wash as it boils away. The yolk and white of eggs butter in cold water. should be separated and beaten Ihe last thing. Sponge Cake.i lb. pulverized loaf sugar, 9 eggs, Bread making is an art, the importance of which 12 ounces Hour. Beit esgs half an hour, then beat eggs Heavy, is too frequently overlooked or underrated. and sugar together to a foam. Stir in the flour lighlly, sour, hard bread should never be tolerated, because add a little nutmeg and cinnamon. Bake half an hour good bread is more palatable, more healthy, and it If a single in tins buttered and filled only half full. should be borne in mind, is really much less expensive. hot oven, but not so hot as to cake, bake an hour. at and this bread home, great saving in baking There is scorch. saving is greitest when flour is cheapest. j9;iolAer. I lb. flour, three quarters pound pulverGood flour and good yeast are requisites, but the ized loaf sugar, 7 eggs grated peel and juice of a goodness of the bread depends much on the kneading lemon, a table-spoon rose water. Beit all an hour, the more the dough is turned and pressed and worked butter a tin, line it with paper also buttered, sift sugar the lighter and belter the bread will be. over top, and bike an hour. Proportions. 2 gallons flour, half pint strong fresh Seed. Caic 1 lb. flour, 12 oz. fine sugar well beat more. add home-made yeast, if cariway seeds, two large The Proccis. Make a hole in the flour, in which with 7 eggs, 1 oz. pounded tea-spoon pearl ash. Bake if pour the yeast mixed with half a pint warm water. spoons sour cream and an hour, in small tins 15 minutes. Stir in the flour round the edge of this liquid with a one cake Mocaroojis. Beat Ihe white of 8 csgs to froth, add spoon to form a thin baiter. After stirring it well for blanched almonds (lounded two minutes, sprinkle a handful of flour over the top 2 lbs. fine loaf sugar, 1 lb. Beat all to thick paste. cloth over it, and set it to to paste, with rose water. of this batter, lay buttered tin far enough apart to When it rises so as to crack on ,...... a warm pi; rise .i=c in p Bake 10 and begin Inform spread. salt, fine spoonfuls four the lop add rice soft and thin it with Boil Caha lukewarm hatter soft, Rice much as the mass into dough, pouring salt, and s cetcn or not as prenecesarV'to make the flour mix with the quart milk, add 3 eggs, Bike sjnie as buckwheat cakes or in tins. hViiJr ""when the flour and bailer are thoroughly ferred. Rice Ca*e...-Bral 8 >;olks and 4 white, of egj, add xed k^e^d aid work the whole till it i. light and btir in sugar, and lemon peel gratejl. Roll into a lump, sprinkle dry flour over it, 6 oz. pounded stitf.
1

Common

CAKES,

BREAD.

'

COOKERY.
half pouni) p-ound rice, and beat all half ao hour. Bake in butlered tins 20 minutes. Sugar Cofccj. Half lb. flour, quarter butler, qu^irler sitted sug.r mix the flour and sugir, rub in the butlei, add yolk of egg beat, table spoonful of cream, Make jiaste, roll and cut in small cakej, and bake on
floun-.din.
.
,

59
ADDITIONAL.
of mutton into

gahed Mutton Chopi. Cat neck

j(,pj^ season, lay it in a buttered dish, , Salter made of 1 quart milk, 4 eggs, g^^^ ^i, ^^^^ bake an hour.

and pour over 4 large spoons

Breakfast Catu.\ quart flour, 4 oz. butter, niii 'jj^^, j^-^^^ ^^ jl;gj ,,^^ ,, ,h^ ,.|. wiih milk, 3 large spoons yeast, make into biscuits usages in thin ^n Economical Dinner.-Cul 1 and prick with a fork, and bake in about 20 miiiules. i^^ j||, 4 u,,. chcpned potatoes, If you have sour milk omit yea-t and put lea-spoon ^j^ ble.spoon flour mixed in one pint water, season, pearl ash in the milk, which pour in wjiile etlerves- ^^^^ ^^^^^ ,||| ,,.jjr. A pound and half of mutton, or other meat, may be substituted for sausages. Tea Coe. Rub an oz butter in lb. flour, with a TICKLES. beaten egg and half tea-spoon salt. Wet with warm PicUcJ. Use no brass utensils, as the verdigris which ke it aliff, roll thin, cut with top of tumbler - ' <lie acid corrodes is a powerful poison, and thr and bike quick. which is to give the pick! object, the rub loo great for butler, half sugar, half I.iM^aL -Pound and Pickles should be kept in stone or . green. in i lbs, flour, 1 glass rose water, 8 eggs well beaten, fine draw, out th. and inlo eats jars, a, the acid half nutmeg, and bake in cups. u>t in the Hard Oingerbrcad.-Ruii half lb. butler in one of and other pernicious particles which are
i

...

y^^^ j^-^^^ j.^,, ,f,j_ ^^^ ^jn, ()ur or Indian, and fry in salt pork fat till well done, or broil like a sieak.
I

in half lb. sugar, two table-spoons ginger spoonful rose water : w6rk it well, roll out, and bake in flat pans about half hour moderate.

flour-rub

, .,. PicUe Cucumieo.-Lay them in salt and water let tliem remain a few strong enough to bear an egg and half lb. flour, days, then fcald in vinegar to green Ihem, and put them Gingerbread. Or they may remain in the rub in half lb. butter, add pint m.ilasse,, tea-spoon in well c-vered jars. them out, soaking Iheni in 'resh water pearl ash, and ginger to the taste ; roll out thin and brine, taking and adding good vinegar a day or two before M) are Lake on tJutterld tins. '1 made green by scalding in may be hey Indian Hatter Cakes.-2 quarts milk, 1 quart Indian to be eaten. cabbagejeaves. meal, 1 lea-cup wheal flour, 3 eggs_,_well_beal, the vin_e^gaj withvine or
. ;

glazing of earthen ware.

,,..,,

Ccnnum

-Om

Mangoes

^._^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^

Suverior Johnny

'

_ CaAc. Take
, ,

.f-ii, 1 of milk, 3 quart

vilh mustard cumbers, to extract the seeds, which r minced fine, add mace, cloves, pephorseradish seed" J'"^'' ", 11 ,j ,... ,he larre cucumbers '^"';'
'
.

Bake quick in pans previously tency of pancakes. _Bake butlered, and eat warm, with either butter good Cake.i cups each of flour and Indian

egar with pepper,

,^e ^J^^'lZ'u^X^oJS boilin" hot over the

meal,

Make

Doner

cup molasses, 2 tea-spoons saleratus, some salt. bitter and bake. Half pint milk, half lea-spoon pearl

Caic-

da, ma'n|oel4'successive mangoes 4 success; t or oflener. Pack away close, tilling up with the spicvo Wlien melons or peppers are used, instead vinegar. lime of holes in the sides, cut out the stem, and put in A little for 8 days, and in strong vinegar for 18 days. mustard and sweet oil may be added to the stuffing,
and chopped
garlic, if liked.

ash, dissolved in little vinegar, 1 lb. flour, sifted, 1 lb. powdered sU2ar, half lb. butler, 6 eggs, 1 glass rosewater, spice to suit taste. Stir sugar and butter lo a cream, and add the spice. Beat eggs light, and stir them inlo the butler and sugar with the flour. Add the milk, and stir all hard. Butler a large pan, and put in the mixture. B>ke two hours or more in a moderate oven. If not thick, an hour or an hour and a Wrap in a thick cloth, and keep from half will do.
air,

PIES
chop

ade thus; boil 31b8. lean beef tender, and when cold, fine ; chop 3 lbs. or less clear beef suet, and mix, sprinkling ill a table-spoon salt. Chop fine 6 lbs apwell washed, ples, and 4 lbs. raisins, and 2 lbs. currants add all to the meat, season wi h a spoonful cinnan.on

Mince Pitr.- This expensive and

unlieallhy dish

is

and

it

will

keep good

for

two weeks.

pint Molasses, a pint buttermilk, a tea-spoon saleratus dissolved in it, four eggs, flour till stiff as for pound cake, add ginger and spices. Jinctte CoJia. Quarter of sugar, quarter of butler, beat lo a cream to 2 eggs, tea-spoon saleratus. tea-cup milk, mix in enough Hour, roll out thin, cut with a

Ginger Loaf. A

and powdeied nutmeg, pounded mace and clo.es, and brown sugar, h.li^ pound citron, grated oral ge 1 lb. 10peel, and thin il with good cider, and mix all well
^^ Jinothtr.-i
fine, lbs. lean beef boiled, 1 lb. suet chopped 3 lbs. apides, 2 lbs. raisins or currants, 1 lb. sugar, season and mois'en with new cider or cream. Wake bake an hour. and piste, good a To have Mince at any lime.- Prepare as above, put in earthen pot, pound it down and cover with best molasses, and keep it from freezing. Bceti cut in square pieces, and add vinegar, sugar

tumbler, bake on buttered

tin 15

minules.

/ros< or Icing for CaiCJ. Beat the whiles of 4 eggs to a stiff loam, add gradually tlireequarters of a pound best leaf sugar poundsd and sifted, niixjuice of half a lemon, or le,\-spoon rose-water. Beat the mixture till very light, place the cake near tlie fire, pour over the icing, and smooth with a knife or back of a
spoon.

and

sjiicc!,

makes a

di-licaie, beautiful pi
I

Breakfast Batter Co*cj. I pint milk, 3 eggs, large spoonful butler, 2 do. yeast, and flour enough to make siiff batter; let them stand to rise all night where it is not too warm, and bake on a griddle or in tin rings. Tea Batter fateJ Beat 2 egss, add half pint milk and lea-cup cream, half tea-spoon pearl ash, tea-spoon sail, with nutmeg, cinnamon or rose-water. Add llour Bake brown on griddle, or in lill thick and snioolh.
a butlered pan.

thin. Lemon Pies. 3 good lemons, pare add a teacup sugar, a lea-cup molasses, and a tea-cup Sprinkle in a liltle flour, and bake as a of water. resembles. taste il in which pie, gooseberry

PRESERVES.
Glass
is

the best for preserves.

Cover

tight

and

be pre-erved without sugar, by careCiirrnnfj fully cutting the fruit fromlhest.ilkssoasnoltowonnd

may

Dtop the currants in bottles, svhich il when quite dry. garden, neck stop tight with cork and bury in the
Cherries and damsons
fYuit, to preserve,

Pan Cake! may be made very good by frying the above baiter in hoi lard. Rice Pudding. \ quart milk, quarter pound rice, Swell the ric with 1 ounce sugir, lea-spoon ginger. waler, and bake an Lour.

may

be preserved in the same

Good nigar

is

is betler not over ripe. cheaper in the end than poor, for pre-

60
Raspberry
raspberries.

COOKERY USEFUL DIRECTIONS.

Jam
boils

Weigh Mash and boil

equ1 parts of sugar and the fruil, Iheu add the su-

gar

skim well and let it boil iO minutes. Strawberry Jam is made same ris the raspberry. Peach Jam. Wipe, stone, and boil, adding one;

when

it

third bugar.

Another.

Peel and slone, mash the

fire till hot,

peaches over a then rub through a sieve, and add a pound

flancel over the bottom of a vessel perforated with one more holes, then over the flannel spread a layer of fine charcoal, and over this a layer or bed of fine sand, four or five inches thick, through all of which the wall filler clear as chryslal. n Water is the best for drinking, cooking or Every homo washing, when il can be had pure. should have a reservoir in which to collect rain water,

of loaf-sugar to each
utes,

pound of peach pulp,

boil 12

min-

and skim. Quinces. Preserve by paring thin, cut in quirlers. and to every live pounds add three pounds sugar, and Cover tight, aud simmer gently 3 half pint waier. Or they may be preserved whole. hours. Currant JeHj/. Strain the juice, add pound and Boil gently, and quarter sugar to each pint juice.

hich always, with, and sometimes without, filtering, ill be found an advantage, especially where water u

impure and hard.

PASTE.
For Pies, 6 oz. butter, 8 oz. flour, worked well together, with as little water as possible. Roll out thin. .4/io(/io-. Quarter pound lard or suet, large tablespoon butter, pound flour aud water enough to mix Roll thin. tlilf. For Tarts, I oz. sifled loaf sugar, 1 lb. flour, make into stiS' paste, with 1 gill boiling cream, 3 oz. butter. Work il well, and roll out thin. Custard Pudding. I pint milk, 3 large spoons flour, 6 eggs, salt, sugar and spice to your taste. Another. 2 eggs and 3 large spoons sugar beat light, Bake in cups or I pint milk, and spice to your taste.
in paste.

itill

il

i.cle.
is

Raspberry and strawberry jelly

currant.

made same

as the

Apple Jelly. K
vour with lemon.

lbs.

apjilei, pared,

chopped, and
fla-

boiled tojuicypulp, 3

lbs.

sugar, boil tu a jelly, and

DRIiVKS.
1

Tabu Betr, cheap and wholesome. 8 bottles water, quart molasses, I pint yoasl, 1 table-spooD cream tarmixed and buttle in 24 hours. Ginger Beer.i dozen bottles may be made of 3 oz. lb*, sugar, 1 oz. creim tartar, 2 lemons, Boil gill strong yeast, 3 and a half gallons water.
tartar,

tar,

Cup Cake. 3 cops sugar, 1 butter, 5 flour, 3 eggs, teaspoon pearl ash, all beat together, with spice a> you
please.

good ginger, 3
1

Lemcrn

Ice

Cream. Stir a pound

of powdered loaf

the ginger and sugar 25 minutes, then pour

it on the sugar into a pint of cream, add the grated rind and mix, and when milk-warm, juice of 5 lemons, or flavour with essence or oil of leliced lemon and ix and beat all gradually into 3 pints of cream, dd the yeast. JLet it work 2 or 3 days, and skim il veil. Strain it iulo a cask, bunged tight, and in a nd lei it stand an hour, then sirain it into the couple weeks, draw off and bottle, tieing the cork freezer, (a long tin vessel, with a tight lid,) close and Bland in the ice tub, which fill with a mixture of equal down. If necessary, add a little more yeast. Temperance Beverage IQ gals, water, 15 lbs. quantities of coarse salt and ice broken small, that it Snow is better lump sugar, whites of a eggs, well beat and strained y lay compact around the freezer. mix cold ; boil and skim well, add half pound ginger, than ice. Press down and keep turning till the cream froze, which will be in 2 hours. Occasionally scrape and boil 20 minutes. Pour the liquor on the thin rinds of 7 lemons ; when cool, pour in cask with 2 spoons wn the cream. Be careful not to let the salt fall in yeast, stir 2 oz. isinglass shavings in I quart of the e cream, aud do not freeze so long as to freeze out warm fluid, and put all in the cask. Next day stop il the flavour. When cream is deficient, eggs are sometimes beat up up, and in 3 weeks bottle, and in 3 months il will be a delicious and safe drink. ith milk, or arrow root is powdered and rubbed noth in a little cold milk, and added to the cream. Anothtr.20 quirls water, 6 lbs. sugar, 5 oz. white giujer, 1 oz. stick liquorice, boil well together, aud Strawberry lu Cream. Hull 2 quarts strawberries, add, when cold, a little good yeisl, birrel for ten days, add half pound fine sugar, cover and stand an hour or and then btiltle it, putting a lump while sugar in each two, then mash through a sieve till all the juice is bottle. pressed out. Stir in sugar enough to make a thick sySpruce Beer. Tout 8 gallons boiling water in a rup. Then mix by degrees with 2 quarts cream, beatcask containing 8 gallons cold water, then tidd 16 lb<. ing it hard. Freeze as above. molasses, and a strong decoction of the small tw igs and Raspberry, pine-apple, and other fruit ice cream leaves of the spruce, or a few table-spoons essence of make accoriling to preceding receipt. spruce, mix well, aud then add lulf pint go .d yeast yaniUa ice cream made by splitting up half a vakeep in temperate place, with the bung-hole open till nilla bean, boiling it slowly in half pint milk till the sufficiently worked, then bottle il, and drink in a day flavour is drawn out. Mix it in same as the strawberry, two. or and freeze as directed. A7iothcr.\ or. hops and spoonful ginger to each DIRECTIONS. pint nndasses, and gal. water, boil, strain, and add Ink spilt on a carpet take up with a spoon, then When cool, add tea-cup half ounce essence of spruce. and yeast, and let it ferment in a clean tight cask till done, pour on clean water and apply the spoon again,
; I

USEFUL
the slain

and then

botlle.

Sprigs of spruce

fir

may

be boiled

repeat this

till

is

out.

Polish Mahogany by rubbing it once a week with wholesome drink, is made of cold driwn linseed oil, wipe off the oil, and rub with molasses, vinegar and water, mixed in suitable propor- a dry clolll. //i&t. Keep from frames, glass, &C., by boiling 4 Common Beer. 2 gallons water, large handful leeks in pint water, and washing over with a soft
instead of the essence. Switchel, a pleasant,

hops, fresh gathered spruce, or sweet fern, and 1 quart wheal bran; boil 2 or 3 h'urs, strain and stir in, while When lukewarm, pour in a hot, 2 cups molasses. clean barrel, and add a pint yeast. Sliake it well together, and use next day. Lemonade. 3 lemons and half pound loaf sugar to lemonade, pleasant, sa1 pint of water, makes a strong

brush.

Flantul

Wash

in hot, clean suds,

and never

rinse.

Wet CfofAeishould not be worn near a fire, or so as Keep in motion till dry can to occasion sudden heat. be had, then change at once, aud give the feet a long
heating.

lubrious and refreshing. H'atcr il the best beverage of the he.lthy. Bad waIt may be improved by filter is doubtless injurious. tering, which cools and purifies it. . . , Filter water hy putting a bit of sponge in the hole at piece of the bottom of a common flour pot, or spread a
.

Black Silks wash in warm small beer and milk. IVindaws, clean with a damp linen cloth, then a dry one, then dust over powdered whiting in muslin, which clean off with wash-leather or dry cloth.

Remove dirt Clean Paint without using cloth. with a fine brush. If soiled, dip flannel in pearl asb or soda water, wash and dry quickly.

USEFUL DIRECTIONS.
Grease Spots arc removed from cloth, silk, &c., by essence of lemon rubbed on with a rag. Balls to takeout grease spots. M'ti^ten dry fuller's eartti with lemon juice, add powdered pearl ash, and nux well, aud make in little balU dry well in the bUD. Use by moistening the sputi with water, rub on the ball, then dry and brush oft'. Moths are kept away by oil of lavender, tobacco, black pepper, or camphor.
^''ood, for fuel, should

61

flannel dipped in oil, then rub with tine roiten stone, and polihh with wash leather. Isinglass is a delicate starch for fine muslins. Jitxl Curtains Are unheal hy, from conhning the air.

Clean Brass with

Old Bread is much unproved by bteaming it, or warming it over. Keep lard in tin, salt pork fat in glazed earthen, salt

in dry place, meal in cool, dry place, ice in the cellar, wrapped ill Hannel, vinegar in wood or glass. be as dry as possible, as the Butter may be kept sweet for many months by 2 heat requiied to evaporate the ul(M^lure io green wood parts salt, 1 part loaf sugar pounded and well mixed ; I ounce well mixed with each pound butter, and close is equivalent to a tona of 23 per cent. Under Beds are made lasting, soft, elastic and sweet up in a proper vessel. Sore Throat. 'like a glass of olive or sweet oil, and from the luner husks of corn. Grease may be taken out of silk by powdered mag- a half a glass of the spirits of turpentine, mix them well together, and rub the throat externally, wearing oe^ia applied iniDiediately to the wrong side. flannel around it at (he same time. and some other will Acid from apple butter, acids, Whitewash, Take clean lumps of well burnt lime, sometimes dec<im|>[)se the glazing of earthen ware, and renders it a dangerous poison. (<^y five or six quarts,] slack the sanie with hot i\ ater Bed Bugs may be removed by a strong decoction of in a lub, (covered to keep iu ihe steam,) pass it in the the lani called w^ter pepper, or sniarl weed. But the fluid form through a fine sieve; add one-fourth of a pound of whitcninL best remedy is strict cle^tntiness. Pure IViiie is made of 3 gallons water, 5 lbs. bloom {)i)und of good sugar, 'hree pints Tdiains stoned, put in narrow-mouthed s one Jug, covered into a Ihin aud well boiled paste, and one pound of with a fine rag, kept near fire ten days, and then racked clean glue, dissolved by first soaking it well, and then putting it into a sm.ill kettle, which should be put into off. Beds roasted like potatoes are sweeter and richer a large one filled with water, and placed over a slow fire. Add five gallons of hot water to ihe whole mixthan boiled. An Irish journal says : " Put them in a ture. Apply with a painier^s bru^h warm, if upon the Potatoes. pot or kettle without a lid, wi h water just sufficietit to outside of the building if within doors, cold. It will cover them ; after the water has come nearly to boil, retain its brilliancy for many years. pour it oil', replace it wiih cold water, into which A Durable WAttctocwA. Before putting your lime, throw a good portion of salt the cold water sends the which should beunslacked, into the water, saturate the heal from the surface to (he heart, and makei the po- water with muriate of soda, (common salt.) water are boiled, and Beds, instead of being made up as soon as people rise after they the tatoes mealy poured off, tel them stand over ihe tire for 10 or 15 nut of (hem, ought to be turned down, and exposed (0 the fresh air from the open windows through ihe djy. miiiules to dry. To purify Water. A. lable-poonful of finely pul* Ink on Mahogany. Take out by diluted vitriol, veriiied alum sprinkled into a barrel of water, itie watouch with a feaihe', then lub it quickly. /riA. Make with 2 gallons soft waier. pound and ter stirred briskly. Blacking. % oz. ivory black, 6oz. molasses, Stable* half bruised galls, keep near a gentle heat for 2 or 3 weeks stirring often; then add half pound each of spoons swee! oil, 3 do. oil of vitriol, mix with 1 quart copperas, logwood chips, and gum aral^ic, some loaf vinegar, bottle and use in a week. Filthy siiielts in gutters, &c., obviate by using water sugtr, lemon peel, and gill brandy. Peel and graie a quantity of potatoes, put in which lime has been slacked, mixed with ley of Starch. ashes, or soapy water that has been used iu washing. (he pulp in a coarse cloih, and press ijetween two Charcoal, when burning, should have an uncovered boards to a dry c-ke. The juice so pressed out, mil with equal quantity of water, aud the starch settles at vessel of boiling water over it, the vapour of which will counteract the deleterious fumes. the bottom. Powdered Charcoal will remove smells, impurities, prevent rubbing soap or oil by on Creaking Door &c., from old glass ve^eU, after the giObser parts have the hinges. Grease from boards or slone remove by strong ley been j-coured off with sand and potash. A Perfume for linen, &c., is made of rose leaves of pearl ash mixed with as much unslacked lime as it Let it setile and bottle for use. When dried in the shade, mixed with powdered cloves, will take up. used, weaken with witer, and scour off very quick, to scraped mace, and put in little bags. prevent taking out the colour. Cement China with lime sifted through fine muslin, Crickets or roaches destroy by laying yellow snuff to be dusted on .ifler the edges aie moistened with while on their holes, wafers or assitoe'ida or elder bushes. of egg. Join quickly, and tie secure. of linen, (white Iroti mmild, ink or mildew, take out Ru^t 071 Steel remove by sweet oil first, and in 48 only,) by oxalic acid. hour!> rub with unslacked, powdered lime. ino(Ar. Take out mildew by soft soap mixed Mend iron pots, pans, &c., by sifted lime mixed with powdered s arch, half as much salt, and the juice with well beaten whites of eggs till reduced to paste, Touch both sides, and lay on the grass then add iron file dust, and cover the cracks, &c. of lemon. night and diy. Mend Glass or China with 2 quarts litharge, I quick Many stains may be removed by dipping in sour lime, and 1 of fiint glass, separately po dercd fine, and hot sun, and wash in cold water. milk, drying worked iiilo a pa^te with drying oil. Milk of 72"*eJ. Mix 4 oz. oil almonds, half gill rose Marble iron stains remove with spirits of vitriol water, 40 drops oil of tartar. and lemou juice mixed, wet the spots, aud iu few mmPomatum. Beat a pound lard in water, then soak utes rub with soft linen. Clean Teeth. \ quart soft water, 2 oz. lemon juice, and beat in two rose wateis, drain and beat wiih gill brandy. Let it drain from this, scent as you please, 6 grains burnt alum, 6 grains salt. Mix. Boil a minHub teeth once a week ute, strain and bottle for use. and keep it in small pots. with it. Seepage 29. Cluese Whey is an exceedingly wholesome drink. HOiite Teeth.Vit a mixture of honey with purest Caiyets weir longer the nfiener they are shook, ai broom, but Never use a Htili' pulverised charcoal, but not so ofien as to wear the dust beneath grinds out. enaniel of the teeth. keep a soft one or b' ush purposely for the carpet. Fire in chimneys extinguish by closing doors and Straw carjpet or matting wash with salt and waler, windows, and throwing on (he coals water, a handful and wipe with a clean dry cloih. To black a hearth^ boil black lead, soft soap, and a flour of sulphur, or salt, and stop up the fire-place tight, so as to shut off all draft. little water.

62
SubsMuU
dried,
1

GENERAL CONTENTS.
for Tea.~5 parts of pelih of red rose part roseuiarj' leaves, 2 pirts balm leaves.
Hair. Honey water promotes its growth, made by mixing 4 lbs. hitney, and 2 lbs. dry sand in a large ves.
scl
;

Mix. A desen-spooiilul mikes half a pint of infuion. Ue wilh cream and sugar, same as tea. Instead of the iDjurj' to Ihe nervous sy-tem which toreisn lea occasions, this is found to strengthen the siomach and nerves, and keep up a healthy digestion. It is not only far more healthy, but mure econoniic.il, and quite as
palatable.

djs'il

with gentle heat, to a yellowish acid water.

gallon water, 2
lbs.

See page 29. Sugar ymegar.~'\

gar, and little yeast.

brown

su-

Kxpose 6 monihs

to the sua.

Crcatn and milk can be very well imitated by beat ing an eifg, and Itien pouring boiling tea over it gra
dually, to prevent
less
its

Young strawberry flowers and leaves dried, not in Ihe sun, but in the air, and not washed, and used same as China lea, are used in Gerinanv, and found a good substitute ; also, young and lender leaves of the sloe tree, or black thoro, properly dried.
Aiwlher.

curdling.

reacf should never be eaten until! day old. Un where the digestive po.vers of an ostrich are pos sessed, fresh hot bread will sonner or later bring on Dyspepsia, wilh iis train of miseries.

AMERICAN POCKET LIBRARY

OF USEFUL

KNOWLEDGE.
I

With upwards of One Thousand Valuable Recipes.

GENERAL CONTENTS.

AGRICULTURE.

Comprising a mass TEMPERANCE. A

comprehensive outline of the

great emperance movement, and a Certificate to of itiformation on the management of the Young Men of the United States, by Ex-presidents Soil, Manures, Grass. Grain, Roots, Madison, Jackson, Adams and Van Buren, acci^nipaHorses, Cattle, the Dairy, &.<:., &c., nied by engraved f.c similies of the signatures as carefully gleaned and condensed from written by each of those distinguished statesmen. the papers of the Philadelphia Agri- CANALS AND RAIL ROADS. All in the United
States, their Length, Location, Profit.s, Sic, and Tacultural Society, the agricultural pables showing the comparative advantages of Animal pers of the day, and the actual experiand Mechanical labour. ence of the best practical Fanners. Enumeration of different Sects, WashHEALTH. Furnishing instructions for RELIGION. ington's Farewell Address, Ihe Atheist, &c. the treatment of Wounds, Poisons, STATISTICS, Valu.ible and interesting Statistical Bruises, and diseases generally, and Tables, showing the amount of Grain of all kinds Hay, Cotton, Sugar, Wine, Lumber, Wool, Horses, especially for the Mules, neat Caitle, in each and every Slate in the of Health; conilensed, in part, from the Union, together

PRESERVATION

Journal of Health, conducted by an Association of Physicians, and edited by Dr. Bell, the best medical writer in the United States, and which has received the sanction of Professors in the Universityof Pennsylvania and others. Containing, in addition, a large number of valuable recipes, &c., all of which may at times be of importance to families and individuals.
The
Amendments,

wilh the Population of Ihe whole Country, Cities, Towns, &c.

COOKERY.

Nutriment

in different

Food,

Directions for making Soups, Roasting, Biiilina, Dressing, &c., Pirs. Puddini;:'. Preserves. Pickles, Pastry, Cakes, &.C., with useful Recipes, on a variety of culi-

nary and household

affairs.

ALSO.

A Treatise on Ihe preservation, health and beauty of the TEKTH, com-

Constitution of the United States, a national document which should be in the possession of every Freeman. Jllso, the year in which each S'ale was settled, and by whom, number of square miles, time of holding Elections, qualiticaion of Voters, Members of Congress, Eleclors, Ac, in each State in the Union, Office Hunters, &c , by Judge Hopkinson. BEET. Here is furnished ample instructions for the cultivation of Ihe Sugar Beet, by James Ronaldson, Esq., who visited Europe expressly for the purpose of adding to the agricultural products of Ihe United Slates. SIEK CULTURE, Comprising Ihe Manual for producing and recline Silk, groiving the Foliage, aging the Eggs, Worms, and Cocoons, including the whole process of Silk making, -is approved by the Legislature of Fcnnsylvani i, on Ihe Report of Comnjitfees recommending the purchase uf two large
entire, with the

POLITICAL.

piled from the best Dentists. The growth and beauty of the HAIR, by J. Dalzell Moore, the superior llair Dresser. The ensr.Tved Alphabet for the and

SUGAR

DUMB. The LAW. Important Advice to EMIGRANTS and WESTEliN SE'I'TLER3. by Rev. J. Flint, the result of sixteen years' experience in the West. ^1ANUFACTURE.S. FOREIGN TRADE. Value of FOREIGN MONEYS as fixed
by

DKAF

MEASURES

Law.

dimparaiive

in difterent

GIRARD'S WILL,
the College for

WEIGHIS and Foreign Ports. and an ensmvine of Orphans. TflOMPSON-

mm-

all the |il<nts &;c., used in BOTANIC PRACTICE of Medicine, with their pioperlii's. Mode of Adininislerine. &c.. &c., wilh valuable Directions.

ISM, Bhowine

the

edi'inns.

HORriCULTURE.
and
Florist.

Cultivation of Flowers, Plants, Fruits, Vines, &c., by Henry A. Dieer, Seedsman

I

WARDS OF ONE THOUSAND. ENGRAVINGS. Miniature Portraiis of the

NATIONAL GALLERY
Nine Presidents of the United Slates. Giraid ('ollete. Four Phrenoloeical Heads and New Patent Office, and the splendid at Washington.

Recipi's,

&c

amounting

in

all

to

UP-

BIRDS.

Instructions for the fecdinir and Canaries, Mocknig, and other favourite songsli'rs.

general

management of

'

INDEX,
Page

AOKTCm.TURE.

its Importance.. Superior Farming Philadelphia Agricult. Soctel] Improved Mode of Feeding...

^Ipallon, it! Appalling Fruit

27 Dl-

DENTISTRY,

rompriiiing

full

liouH fur the Care aud Preaeruoo of Teeth

ictSrhool Deaf and Dumb

Distancea, Tables of
Edit
of

Presidents, Nine, Portraits of

Pile

.. 1

Poultry
Plant

9
14

Feeding ind Stock.

Mauagemenl

Du

Responaibilit

Puddings

&c. of Eof
Early Rilng Eye Sight Emigrants, Advi<
90, 24

Plum

The Ho

Puddinir Pickles, to Make Preserves, to Make Paste for Pies, &c

Pruning
Public Health

Soiling Cattle
Stall

POISONS, Antidotes

for

2i

Feeding

10 Succesafnl Farming General DIrectionn, embracing nnmber of Uaeful Keceipta 9 In Farming 66 Apple I'uddiUg.to Make

43 45 -nt of each Slate tioDs, when held in each State 46 Electors, number of in tach State 46
lion ul 1840

Phrenology, with Engraved Head Patent Office and Patent Laws ... Post Office and Public Lands Population of United Slate Population of Cities and Towns. .. 66
1

I,

Cultivation

of,

by Henry
Florist

Quackery, Domeeti
Quinces, to Presejr
to
14

kcridentaanii Remediea

13,

19

rrer.

Seed>man and

13 16

Uulteraled Liqucra Remedy Pio...............'. '7 poaed . S3 Athei.t

Icing for Cakes,

Roses
i

20

Reeling Silk
eiptM,

Army

3' idntea for Various Folaona.. 29, 61 41 Alptinbet for Deaf and

Remedies,

&c
32
33 60

Rheumatism, Cure

for

Dumb

Ice in
3)al

Law

43

ads and Canal Keligiou in Ibe United States

and other Food, Nutriment Ginger Beer, to Make

>

60

Beer

the United Stui

Ginger, Medical Qualities of

Uir..rd College

26
38

Successful Farming

Small Farms

H.
BEF.8, Rearing and ManageiT of. lirda. Feeding. Training, and General

SUGAR BEET,
8
14

Complete

Insti
)

munngem<ntof Make

Bread, to M)<ke,&o Bread Pudding

Beer, to
ises

Hogs, toKerp Houeysurklc., to Cullivate Means of Securing it.. Heart Burn, Acidity. 4:c Hair, on its Growth and Beauty, 23, by J. Dalzell Moore

lion" for its Culture, by J

HEALTH,

24 21 29

SILK, Manual

for prudiicing Silk,

1
:

appioved by the Legislature of Pennsylvania Sick Rl Id

Scalds and
I

Hemlock,
sTnvi
18
21
I

and Sprains, to Cure. ...20 Burns and S, aids, Remediea fur 20 Bilious r
ccssaiy, and how Performed Jotantc Practice, or Thompsuuiim Explained, with Description of all the Plants, Roots, Ac, Mode of Gathering, Adioi nislering, kc. 26 26 Bayberry, Ita Properties

Squaw Wee
Seeds, Dire* Schools...
Slates, Populalit

a 24

INTEMPERANCE,
Evils,

its Deplorable Public aud Fjjvate Mie-

Settlement
Soils,
1

of th

Treatmen

rles,&c
r

T:

26,27

Emetic Herb, Aci

Toothache Cured.,

about

22

rs.

Management

of

6
'

"
*^

Thompsonii-m

....
1

TLMPERAKCE,
mcny
of
elliug

Cold, in
CoJttivei

Macaroons Mocking Bild Modern Cookery Pernicious Mechanics aud WorkingmeD,

22,

Routes

47 60

20
thei
r
I

Useful Directions

V.
Vegetable

Consuroplion Croup. Its Danger and Cure

23 23
23

28
Mothers, Duty of
,
,

U. 2S
Virtues
'
'

Congh.Cure

for

Un

Stst

34 S'
1
|

Vines
Vinegar,
State
its

23
---'

Cayeune.it* Medical Properlles

26

Morul

of the Electio Meats, to Cook

Qualiflci

<'

Measures and Weights, Comparalive Tables in Foieign Ports.... 63 '9 Medicine 26 Medicin.l Herb Moneys Foreign, value of as fixed ^^ by Law
,

w.
Wounds. Dressing and Care
Water,
of
.

While
i

to Puiify Hazel, its Virtues

of the United

Sutes 48

WORLD,
Hopki Westerr

Extent and Populatl^on

N.
lit

Ne
j

iiow most wholesome

24

Drowned Person* R,-coery f Death, Cause of among VVonren... 31

Nervousn Naturato Navy....

18 21

Compara. 'Weights and M Tables in Foreign Ports....

Filler

Itlers,

Adv

(
I

(63)

C.

SHERMAN AND

CO.,

PRINTERS,

19, ST.

JAMES STREET, PHILADELPHIA.