Biology 210 Study Guide for Final Exam 1.

. Know the Student Learning Objectives given on the course syllabus. Do not write responses to these objectives. Chapter Selected Learning Objective 1 The student will use scientific reasoning to determine how homeostasis is regulated using negative feedback mechanisms. 2 The student will use scientific reasoning to determine the effect on pH when changing hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. 3 The student will use scientific reasoning to determine the effect of osmotic pressure when placing cells in hypertonic or hypotonic solutions. 4 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to analyze the relationship of structure and function in epithelial tissues. 5 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to compare the cell layers in the epidermis. 6 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to determine the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone tissue. 7 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles in determining if bones are associated with the axial or appendicular skeleton. 8 The student will use scientific reasoning to distinguish body movements. 9 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to describe how the thin and thick myofilaments interact in the sliding filament mechanism for muscle contraction 10 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to determine origins and insertions of muscles. 11 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to determine the function of myelin. 12 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to distinguish the layers of the meninges. 13 The student will use scientific reasoning to determine the function of cranial nerves. 14 The student will use scientific reasoning to determine how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect the heart. 15 The student will use scientific reasoning and principles to follow the neural pathway for vision. Chapter 1 2. Define the following terms Anatomy chemistry positive feedback anabolism physiology negative feedback catabolism

histology homeostasis metabolism 3. Be able to identify specific examples of homeostasis and negative feedback regulation with blood, glucose, calcium levels, and blood pressure control. Some example used names of hormones as part of the feedback. 4. Be able to place each level of structural organization in the proper sequence from either simplest to most complex or vice versa. Additionally, define the following terms. atom, element cell organelle molecule; compound organ organism organ system tissue 5. Be able to recognize the definition / description of each of the body planes: Sagittal ( mid- & para-) Frontal (coronal) Transverse 6. Name each of the body cavities and place the following organs in the appropriate cavity: heart lungs stomach brain spinal cord liver intestines 7. Know the location of body membranes: Visceral & parietal pleura pericardium peritoneum 8. Be able to understand and use all regional and directional anatomic terms used in this course.

Chapter 2 9. Define the following pH ionic bond and list one example proton monosaccharide and give the common name disaccharide and list three common names buffer covalent bond and give one example electron polysaccharide and list one example glycerol acid hydrogen bond neutron fatty acid nucleic acid base anion organic chemistry inorganic chemistry enzyme cation atomic number atomic weight salt 10. Be able to recognize how buffers work (chemically) to prevent dramatic changes in pH. 11. Define the following. Describe for each the location / function / composition in the cell. How were they made (ie, what are the monomeric subunits, if any, and how are they bonded together)? Which are the biomolecules? Compare and contrast the nucleic acids. Enzymes Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

amino acids glycogen RNA ATP Glucose triglycerides DNA Phospholipids Cholesterol 12. Be able to recognize the chemical components of the plasma membrane and the role of each chemical component. Name the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. What is meant by fluid mosaic model? 13. Be able to define / describe the pH scale and to characterize solutions as highly acidic, weakly acidic, neutral, weakly alkaline (basic) or strongly alkaline based on its pH measurement. Example, a substance with a pH of 2 is ____ times more _____ (acidic/basic) than a substance with a pH of 6? 14. Name the four most abundant elements in the human body. 15. Identify cations and anions in the human body. Name the major extracellular and intracellular cations. 16. Be able to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in any given atom from its atomic number and atomic weight for atoms and ions. Chapter 3 17. Define the following terms of cell biology. Transcription Translation Diffusion Genetic code Mitosis Cytosol Osmosis (DNA) replication Chromatid Chromosome cytoplasm

18. Describe the events and chemicals involved in protein synthesis. Describe the role of each of the following: DNA mRNA tRNA rRNA RNA polymerase Codon anti-codon 19. Describe the significant events occurring in phases of the cell cycle (interphase to telophase) Define Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase telophase 20. Be able to transcribe a sequence of nitrogenous bases (A,C,T,G) on any given segment of DNA and give the resulting sequence of mRNA. 21. Be able to recognize the factors responsible for generating the resting membrane potential across a plasma membrane. Give details of the action of the sodium/potassium ATPase (pump). 22. Be able to describe the ion movements across a plasma membrane that occur during polarization, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization. 23. Be able to recognize the major function of each of the major cell organelles. Define Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Peroxisomes Lysosomes Glycosomes

24. Be able to determine which way water will diffuse across a plasma membrane when a cell is placed in either a hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic solution. What is isotonic saline? What is osmotic pressure? Chapter 4 25. Be able to define / describe the function of: Elastin Chondroblasts Ligaments osteoclasts Collagen Osteoblasts osteocytes Fibroblasts Tendons chondrocytes adipocytes 26. Define the following epithelial tissues. List some major functions and locations of each. Simple epithelium Stratified epithelium Simple squamous ciliated pseudostratified columnar Stratified squamous simple columnar simple cuboidal 27. List the four major tissue types and their functions. 28. Compare and contrast the properties and characteristics of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Chapter 5 29. Describe the functions of the integumentary system. 30. Describe the functions of melanin and keratin. 31. Define and describe the components of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. 32. Name the five layers of the epidermis in the proper sequence from superficial to deep and vice versa. Describe the function of each layer. 33. Describe the function of each of the following: Sudoriferous glands

arrector pili melanocytes ceruminous glands keratinocytes Langerhans cells 34. Which layers of the skin are vascular? 35. Nam the cells involved in skin cancers. Chapter 6, 7 36. Define / describe the function of each of the following regarding bone tissue: Osteon Osteoid Extracellular Matrix Osteoblasts Lacunae Lamellae Volkmanns (perforating) canals Osteoclasts Endosteum Central (Haversian) canal Diaphysis Epiphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Osteocytes Endosteum canniculi Compact bone spongy bone epiphyseal plate articular cartilage 37. Describe the specific actions of calcitonin and PTH on bone formation and resorption. 38. Describe bone ossification. Which bones form by intramembranous ossification and which form by endochondral ossification? 39. Define Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Cranium Vertebral column 40. What is the location / function of the hyoid bone. How the hyoid bone is different from all other bones in the skeleton. Chapter 8 41. Be able to define each of the following pertaining to articulations: Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Suture Gomphosis Symphysis Synovial joint hinge Ball-and-socket Menisci Bursae tendon sheath synovial fluid synovial membrane 42. Classify joints with the structural and functional classification. 43. Define / describe all body movements. Chapter 9, 10 44. Describe the specific function of each of the following in muscle contraction: Nerve impulse Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Esterase Sarcolemma Troponin Sarcoplasmic reticulum Actin Myosin

Cross bridges ATP Creatine phosphate Ca+2 Myoglobin Glycogen Sliding filament theory 45. Identify the myofilaments. Which are thick and which are the thin filaments. 46. Define a motor unit. 47. Define the origin and insertion of muscles. 48. Define Sarcomere myofibril myofilament. Chapter 11 49. Define / describe the function of Afferent neuron Efferent neuron Interneuron EPSP Sensory neuron Motor neuron IPSP Effector receptor 50. Describe the function of each of the divisions of the nervous system. 51. Identify the functions and location of the neuroglial or supporting cells. 52. Describe the factors that increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission along an axon. Chapter 12 53. Define and discuss the major function associated with each of the following CNS centers Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Thalamus Medulla oblongata Pineal gland

Hypothalamus Basal nuclei Pons Limbic system RAS choroid plexus Corpus callosum Chapter 13 54. Define / identify the types of neurons (sensory, motor, both ) found in: Dorsal roots Ventral roots Spinal nerves Cranial nerves I-XII 55. Define and give examples of: Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors nocioceptors 56. Compare and contrast graded potentials and action potentials. 57. Draw and define the components of a reflex arc. Chapter 14 58. Be able to define: Adrenergic Cholinergic Tract Nerve Ganglia Nuclei Pre-ganglionic fiber Post-ganglionic fiber 59. Identify the major functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Locate nerves in each division thoracolumbar or craniosacral.

60. Name of the neurotransmitters released by pre- and post- ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. 61. Name of the neurotransmitter released at all neuromuscular junctions. 62. Identify the physiological effect of alpha-blockers and beta-blockers (drugs). Chapter 15 63. Name the components of the outer, middle and inner ear. 64. Identify the function of each of the following in vision: Retina Sclera Iris Pupil Cornea Lens 65. Identify the role of each of the following in the sense of balance Semicircular canals vestibule 66. Describe the neural pathway for vision beginning with the retina. 67. Be able to identify the function of intrinsic eye muscles; and the function of extrinsic eye muscles.