NORTH WEST INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, DHUDHIKE

DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the project work which is being presented in the entitled EMBEDDED SYSTEM by AVTAR SINGH MALHI in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of degree of B. Tech. (ECE) submitted in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering at NORTH WEST INSTITUTE OF ENINEERING & TECHNOLOGY under PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from June. 2011 to July2011. The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted in any other University/Institute for the award of B. Tech. Degree.

Signature of the Student (AVTAR SINGH MALHI)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge.

Signature of Supervisor(s)

Name, Designation and Signature of H.O.D.

ABSTRACT
A microcontroller (C) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of nor flash or otp ram is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of ram. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded system. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. In the project part I have interfaced a 16:2 lcd ( common anode) with microcontroller. A Liquid Crystal Display is an electronic device that can be used to show numbers or text. There are two main types of LCD display, numeric displays (used in watches, calculators etc) and alphanumeric text displays (often used in devices such as photocopiers and mobile telephones). The display is made up of a number of shaped crystals. In numeric displays these crystals are shaped into bars, and in alphanumeric displays the crystals are simply arranged into patterns of dots. Each crystal has an individual electrical connection so that each crystal can be controlled independently. When the crystal is off (i.e. when no current is passed through the crystal) the crystal reflect the same amount of light as the background material, and so the crystals cannot be seen. However when the crystal has an electric current passed through it, it changes shape and so absorbs more light. This makes the crystal appear darker to the human eye - and so the shape of the dot or bar can be seen against the background. It is important to realise the difference between a LCD display and an LED display. An LED display (often used in clock radios) is made up of a number of LEDs which actually give off light (and so can be seen in the dark). An LCD display only reflects light, and so cannot be seen in the dark.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owed a great many thanks to GOD and great many people who helped and supported me during the training. My deepest thanks to Assistant Professor Mr.GURJINDER SINGH, the Guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. I express my thanks to Mr. VIKAS ARORA (HOD cum Asst.Prof. ECE department) for extending his support. My deep sense of gratitude to Mr. ABHISHEK ATTRI (Training Instructor), support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at CS. TECHNOLOGIES, LUDHIANA, for their support. I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.

Avtar Singh Malhi

iii

LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 DESCRIPTION P89V51RD2 Microcontroller Pin Diagram Crystal Oscillator Reset Button Burner Flash Magic A Simple Timer PAGE NO. 7 7 9 9 10 12

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12

Microcontroller Kit LEDS SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY Interfacing SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY Pins Relay Optocoupler Stepper Motor LCD Display Schematic: 4-Bit Interfacing 16x2 LCD Buzzer Dip Switch Micro Switch

14 15 17 17 19 21 21 22 22 24 25 28

4.1 4.2

Interfacing Of LCD With 8051 Microcontroller Output at LCD.

30 32

iv