1 1. (a) See lecture notes.

(b) Let f1 = x2 + 2y 2 z 2 1 and f2 = z 2 y 2 xz x + z + 1, given h J = f1 , f2 we can write h = f1 g1 + f2 g2 for some g1 , g2 C[x, y, z ], then h f1 g1 f2 g2 = g1 + f1 + g2 + f 2 z z z z z we have f2 f1 = 2z, = 2z x + 1 z z all f1 , f2 , f1 /z, and f2 /z vanish at (1, 0, 0), so h/z = 0 at (1, 0, 0) too. We have f1 + 2f2 = x2 + 2y 2 z 2 1 + 2(z 2 y 2 xz x + z + 1) = x2 + z 2 + 1 2xz 2x + 2z = (x z 1)2 so x z 1 J I (V (J )) = I (X ), but (x z 1) = 1 = 0 z so x z 1 J . (c) See lecture notes. (d) W = V ( xy xz, x2 yz ). If (x, y, z ) W , then xy xz = 0 and x2 yz = 0. First xy xz = x(y z ) so x = 0 or y = z . If x = 0, then x2 yz = 0 gives yz = 0 so y = 0 or z = 0, this gives (x, y, z ) on the line x = y = 0 or the line x = z = 0. If y = z , then x2 yz = 0 gives x2 y 2 = 0 so x = y , so (x, y, z ) lies on the line x = y = z or the line x = y = z . Lines in A3 (C) are irreducible, being isomorphic to A1 , therefore the irreducible components of W are V ( x, y ), V ( x, z ), V ( x y, x z ), V ( x + y, x + z )

2 2. (a) See lecture notes. (b) (i) (ii) If (x, y, z ) W , then x2 + z 2 1 = 0 so x2 = (1 z )(1 + z ) and x 1+z = 1z x are representations of the same rational function on W . For (x, y, z ) on the line x = z 1 = 0 we have x = 0 and z = 1, so 2 1+z = x 0 as the numerator is non-zero and denominator is 0, the rational function is undened. As this is precisely the rst component of the map , we conclude is not dened on the line x = z 1 = 0. (iii) Let J = x2 + z 2 1, x(1 z ) y 2 , then C = V (J ). It is given that J is radical, so I (C ) = J = J , by Nullstellensatz, so x2 + z 2 1 and x(1 z ) y 2 generate I (C ). We have Jacobian J(x,y,z) = 2x 0 2z 1 z 2y x

which can have rank 0, 1, or 2. We have rank Jp = 0 when all entries vanish, so in particular 2z = 1 z = 0, which is impossible. We have rank Jp = 1 when all 22 minors vanish and x2 +z 2 1 = x(1 z ) y 2 = 0, the minors are 4xy, 4x 2z (1 z ), 4yz . As 4xy = 0 implies x = 0 or y = 0, taking x = 0 gives z (1 z ) = 0 so z = 0 or z = 1, which both give y = 0, leading to (0, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 1), but (0, 0, 0) C . (Taking y = 0 leads to the same points). So rank J(0,0,1) = 1 and everywhere else rank Jp = 2, therefore (0, 0, 1) is the only singular point of C . (iv) The restrictions |C and |D can be checked to be mutual inverses, so C and D are birationally equivalent; D is a parabola which is known to be rational, therefore C is also rational. C cannot be isomorphic to A1 because C contains a singular point, whereas A1 doesnt.

3 3. (a) See lecture notes. (b) (i) Both : H P2 and : P2 H are dened by homogeneous polynomials of same degree; has components X, Y, Z C[H ], all degree 1; has components T U, S 2 , ST, SU C[P2 ], all degree 2. Therefore, they are both rational maps. We must show (P2 ) H . For (S : T : U ) P2 , substitute W = T U, X = S 2 , Y = ST, Z = SU into W X Y Z , giving (T U )(S 2 ) (ST )(SU ) = S 2 T U S 2 T U = 0 as required, so indeed : P2 H not just P2 P3 . For (S : T : U ) P2 we have ( )(S : T : U ) = (T U : S 2 : ST : SU ) = (S 2 : ST : SU ) = (S : T : U ) provided S = 0, so = idP2 (where dened). Similarly, for (W : X : Y : Z ) H we have ( )(W : X : Y : Z ) = (X : Y : Z ) = (Y Z : X 2 : XY : XZ ) = (XW : X 2 : XY : XZ ) = (W : X : Y : Z ) since W X = Y Z on H and provided X = 0, so = idH (where dened). (ii) For (S : T : U ) P2 , if S = 0 then S 2 = 0, so (S : T : U ) = (T U : S 2 : ST : SU ) is dened. If S = 0, then (S : T : U ) = (T U : 0 : 0 : 0) which is dened provided neither T nor U is zero, so is undened at the points (0 : T : 0) = (0 : 1 : 0) and (0 : 0 : U ) = (0 : 0 : 1). For (W : X : Y : Z ) H , if at least one of X, Y, Z is non-zero, then (W : X : Y : Z ) = (X : Y : Z ) is dened, the only remaining point to check is (W : 0 : 0 : 0) = (1 : 0 : 0 : 0). If was dened here, then it would be a morphism, and its restrictions to the lines X = Y = 0 and X = Z = 0 would be morphisms, these are subvarieties of H . Notice that (W : 0 : 0 : Z ) = (0 : 0 : Z ) = (0 : 0 : 1) and (W : 0 : Y : 0) = (0 : Y : 0) = (0 : 1 : 0), so all points except (1 : 0 : 0 : 0) on the lines are mapped to (0 : 0 : 1) and (0 : 1 : 0) respectively, therefore if

4 was a morphism it would have to map (1 : 0 : 0 : 0) to both, which is impossible. (iii) We must check |C (C ) D, for (S : T : U ) C substitute S = X, T = Y, U = Z into T 2 U S 3 SU 2 giving Y 2 Z X 3 XZ 3 = Y 2 Z X (X 2 + Z 2 ) = Y 2 Z X (W Y ) as W Y = X 2 + Z 2 on C , then Y 2 Z (XW )Y = Y 2 Z (Y Z )Y = 0 as W X = Y Z on C , so |C (S : T : U ) D. Similarly we check |D (D) C by substituting W = T U, X = S 2 , Y = ST, Z = SU into W Y X 2 Z 2 and check it is equal to zero for (W : X : Y : Z ) C . (iv) On C we have W X = Y Z W 3X = W 2Y Z W Y = X 2 + Z 2 W 3Y = W 2X 2 + W 2Z 2 = Y 2Z 2 = W 2Z 2 By denition (W : X : Y : Z ) = (X : Y : Z ), then (X : Y : Z ) and (W 2 Y : Y 2 Z + W 2 Z : W 3 ) represent the same rational map if and only if W 2Y Y Y 2Z + W 2Z X = 2 and = Y Y Z + W 2Z Z W3 First, using W X Y Z = 0, we have W 2Y W 2Y Z X = = = Y 2Z + W 2Z W 3 Y /Z W Y similarly the other can be checked. We know is dened everywhere except (1 : 0 : 0 : 0) on H , we have (1 : 0 : 0 : 0) C so |C is dened everywhere except possibly (1 : 0 : 0 : 0), but using this new representation we have |C (1 : 0 : 0 : 0) = (0 : 0 : 0 : 1) therefore |C is dened everywhere, so is a morphism C D.