Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Solar Technologies
Active Systems
Photovoltaic (PV) systems p fluids through g solar collector Pump Heating and cooling (desiccants or absorption)
Passive Systems
Orientation to sunlight and shading Natural convection
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Solar Applications:
Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells. Generate electricity using concentrating solar power. Generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates turbines in a solar updraft tower tower. Generate hydrogen using photoelectrochemical cells. Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating needs using solar-thermal panels. Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design. Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens. Desalination of brackish water. Slide 3
Agricultural Applications
Pump water Dry grain Heat greenhouse Generate electricity Space heating & cooling
Courtesy of U Missouri
Courtesy of FAO
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Solar Array
Charge Controller
Battery Bank
Electricity on Demand
Understanding PV Panels
Objectives Review electrical terms Wiring panels in series/parallel Learn About Tilt Angles Sun Charts
Basics of Electricity
Electricity is the flow of electrons through a circuit. The force or pressure of moving electrons in a circuit is measured as voltage. The flow rate of electrons is measured as amperage. The power of a system is measured as watts.
Understanding PV Panels
When we measure how fast and how far a vehicle is traveling, we use a rate of miles per hour and a quantity of miles miles. When we measure water flowing, its in gallons per minute and gallons. When we measure electrical energy use, the rate is watts and the quantity is watt-hours. Your home electricity bill is based on the number of kilowatt-hours you used.
Understanding PV Panels
To calculate watt-hours, there are two things youll need to know: An appliances rated watts. The estimated duration of time the appliance will be operated. Question: You leave a 100 watt light bulb on for 24 hours. At 10 cents per kilowatthour, how much does it cost?
Understanding PV Panels
Direct Current (DC) vs. Alternating Current (AC)
PV Panels produce DC Batteries store DC Most household appliances use AC In order to use PV to power your home, you will need an inverter. An inverter is a device that will convert DC to AC. Quick class discussion: what are the voltage requirements of common items? Are they AC or DC? Look at your power brick for your computer.
Understanding PV Panels
Complete Electricity Basics Worksheet
Understanding PV Panels
Solar Panels are typically given a Power g( (e.g. g 165 watts) ) Rating This rating is based on Standard Test Conditions (STC) The other common rating standard is Pacific Test Conditions (PTC), a somewhat more realistic standard.
Understanding PV Panels
Many solar panels are designed to be able to charge a 12 volt battery. They have to produce more than 12 volts to actually charge the 12 V battery. Example: The nominal voltage of a solar panel is 34.6 volts. What size battery can this panel charge? 24 volt battery
Understanding PV Panels
Solar Panels are rated at: Standard Test Conditions (STC) STC defines the output of a panel under specific conditions specifically: 25 C (77 F) cell temperature
solar insolation =
Understanding PV Panels
Understanding PV Panels
Understanding PV Panels
Solar Irradiance
Understanding PV Panels
What happens when the sun isnt shining directly on the panel? Do we still get maximum output? No. What varies? The current (amps) is less than the max.
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Shading
Percent of One Cell Shaded 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 3 cells shaded Percent of Module Power Lost 0% 25% 50% 66% 75% 93%
Table shows effect of shading on one cell (of the 36 in this PV panel) that has no internal bypass diodes.
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Tilt Angle
For a fixed PV array, the tilt angle is the angle from horizontal (0 = horizontal, 90 = vertical). A tilt angle l equal l to t the th location's l ti ' latitude normally maximizes annual energy production. Increasing the tilt angle favors energy production in the winter, and decreasing the tilt angle favors energy production in the summer.
Tilt Angle
One and two axis tracking systems are also possible A two axis tracking system allows the array to always be perpendicular to the suns rays: this maximizes the solar energy produced
Tilt Angle
Both one and two axis tracking systems follow the sun during the day. A fixed array with no seasonal adjustment is in the optimal position only at solar noon on 2 days of the year. But the increase in production obtained with a tracking system must be compared with the cost of simply adding more modules.
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Tilt Angle
Solar Elevation
Tilt Angle
Tilt Angle
To determine the optimal tilt angle for any given day, find the elevation of the sun at solar noon on that day. Use a Sun Chart The elevation of the sun plus the tilt angle should equal 90 degrees
The green line shows the energy you would get from two-axis tracking, which always points the panel directly at the sun. These figures are calculated for 40 latitude. The violet line is the amount of solar energy you would get each day if the panel is fixed at the winter angle. The turquoise line shows the energy per day if the panel is fixed at the full year angle. The red line shows how much you would get by adjusting the tilt four times a year.
2 axis tracking
Fixed at full year angle Fixed at winter angle First day of winter
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If you are planning on changing the tilt angle, these are the periods for four changes a year.
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Thin film
Si, CdTe, CuIn, etc $2.50 - $5.50 per watt 8 11% efficiency
Slide 50
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Cost
New Mexico NRCS: $5,700 median One example: Solar pumping plant for $6,500: 320 watt sharp panels and 6SQF-2 Grundfos pump
Cost
Another Example: Solar pump, well depth < 50' $950 Solar Panels, 100 Watts each $500 Number required 2 Panel Pole Mount assembly $50 Pump Controller $400 Pipe, wire, and other Appurtances: $260 Total Cost: $2,660
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Resource Assessment
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Solar vs Wind
Solar and Wind resource assessment for locale The choice for stand-alone water pumping systems less than 2 kW being predominantly between using mechanical windmills or solar-PV.
Components
Solar PV module; Understanding how controller can affect the decision; and Selecting pump type (diaphragm, piston, helical, or centrifugal).
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Pump Controllers
Pump Controllers Controllers for PV water pumping systems can range from not using any controller to sophisticated smart controllers. The pump controller is an electronic linear current booster that acts as an interface between the PV array and the water pump. It operates very much like an automatic transmission, providing optimum power to the pump despite wide variations in energy production from the sun. It is particularly helpful in starting the pump in low light conditions.
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Slide 70
Pump Controllers
Pump Controllers The voltage output of a PV is relatively fixed as the level of sunshine hi varies. i Motors on the other hand are basically constant current devices with the voltage varying with power and speed. The controller acts as an automatically adjusting dc/dc converter to convert high voltage/low current pv array outputs (low sun conditions) to lower voltage/higher current to better operate a dc motor
Pump Controllers
Pump Controllers One helical pump manufacturer (Grundfos) has embedded most of the controller function inside the submersible motor casing. This embedded controller also has the capability of determining if input power is DC or single phase AC and if single phase AC, it is rectified to DC electricity before connecting to DC motor. This means that water can be pumped on cloudy days by switching from PV array to a gasoline generator.
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Slide 75
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Helical Pump
Summary
Solar-PV water pumping systems less than 1.5 kW are more likely to be used in U.S. than wind powered water pumping systems due to:
a better match to water demand, , less maintenance requirements (e.g. fewer moving parts), and a larger area of land with a good solar resource than with a good wind resource.
As power requirements increase however, a wind only or a hybrid wind/solar water pumping system is desirable until the price per Watt for solar-PV modules can be decreased significantly and/or efficiency of Solar-PV modules can be improved significantly.
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Summary
Analyzing the monthly water demand requirement; Conducting a resource assessment; Deciding whether a wind or solar water pumping system would be best.
Summary
Three Components of a livestock watering system Solar Panels Pump Controller Pump
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