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Renewable Energy Solar Energy

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Solar Technologies
Active Systems
Photovoltaic (PV) systems p fluids through g solar collector Pump Heating and cooling (desiccants or absorption)

Passive Systems
Orientation to sunlight and shading Natural convection
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Solar Applications:
Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells. Generate electricity using concentrating solar power. Generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates turbines in a solar updraft tower tower. Generate hydrogen using photoelectrochemical cells. Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating needs using solar-thermal panels. Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design. Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens. Desalination of brackish water. Slide 3

Agricultural Applications
Pump water Dry grain Heat greenhouse Generate electricity Space heating & cooling

Courtesy of U Missouri
Courtesy of FAO
Slide 4

Advantages of a Solar Energy System


No fuel costs Sunshine is available everywhere Low maintenance Modular Extremely reliable Silent (compared to generators) No emissions

This presentation will f focus on photovoltaic h t lt i systems

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Solar Energy Systems


There are 4 types of photovoltaic powered systems:
PV direct Stand alone Grid direct Grid tied with battery backup

Solar Energy Systems


1. PV Direct
In a PV direct system, the electricity produced is put to immediate use. The electricity may power a fan, for example. The most logical applications for a PV direct system are those that power something that is short supply during peak sunlight hours. A fan, for ventilation, perhaps.

Solar Energy Systems


The most common NRCS application in a PV direct system is a solar powered pump. But what if we want water at night? Its usually better to store water in a tank than store electricity in a battery Batteries are a headache. They work, but they require TLC.

Solar Energy Systems


2. Stand Alone

Solar Array

Charge Controller

Battery Bank

Electricity on Demand

Types of Solar Energy System


3. Grid Direct

Types of Solar Energy System


3. Grid Direct Play video of farm with a grid direct system (solar.mov)

Types of Solar Energy System


4. Grid Tied with Battery Backup
Thi This i is an option ti f for grid-connected id t d systems t that th t need d back-up electricity when the grid goes down. Its similar to a stand-alone PV system with a back-up generator, but instead the utility provides the back-up. And, if the batteries are fully charged and the energy from the PV array exceeds the loads, electricity from the inverter can flow to the utility grid, as in a grid-direct system.

Understanding PV Panels
Objectives Review electrical terms Wiring panels in series/parallel Learn About Tilt Angles Sun Charts

Basics of Electricity
Electricity is the flow of electrons through a circuit. The force or pressure of moving electrons in a circuit is measured as voltage. The flow rate of electrons is measured as amperage. The power of a system is measured as watts.

Basics of Electricity Watts = volts times amps


Example: How many amps does a typical 60 watt light bulb draw? 60 wattsUS = 120 volts ___ amps is 120 volts

60 watts = 0.5 amps 120 volts

Understanding PV Panels
When we measure how fast and how far a vehicle is traveling, we use a rate of miles per hour and a quantity of miles miles. When we measure water flowing, its in gallons per minute and gallons. When we measure electrical energy use, the rate is watts and the quantity is watt-hours. Your home electricity bill is based on the number of kilowatt-hours you used.

Understanding PV Panels
To calculate watt-hours, there are two things youll need to know: An appliances rated watts. The estimated duration of time the appliance will be operated. Question: You leave a 100 watt light bulb on for 24 hours. At 10 cents per kilowatthour, how much does it cost?

Understanding PV Panels
Direct Current (DC) vs. Alternating Current (AC)
PV Panels produce DC Batteries store DC Most household appliances use AC In order to use PV to power your home, you will need an inverter. An inverter is a device that will convert DC to AC. Quick class discussion: what are the voltage requirements of common items? Are they AC or DC? Look at your power brick for your computer.

Understanding PV Panels
Complete Electricity Basics Worksheet

Understanding PV Panels
Solar Panels are typically given a Power g( (e.g. g 165 watts) ) Rating This rating is based on Standard Test Conditions (STC) The other common rating standard is Pacific Test Conditions (PTC), a somewhat more realistic standard.

Understanding PV Panels
Many solar panels are designed to be able to charge a 12 volt battery. They have to produce more than 12 volts to actually charge the 12 V battery. Example: The nominal voltage of a solar panel is 34.6 volts. What size battery can this panel charge? 24 volt battery

Understanding PV Panels
Solar Panels are rated at: Standard Test Conditions (STC) STC defines the output of a panel under specific conditions specifically: 25 C (77 F) cell temperature

solar insolation =

1000 Watts 1 meter 2

Understanding PV Panels

Understanding PV Panels

Understanding PV Panels

Verify: Does 5.11 Amps times 36.21 Volts = 185.0 Watts?

Solar Irradiance

Understanding PV Panels
What happens when the sun isnt shining directly on the panel? Do we still get maximum output? No. What varies? The current (amps) is less than the max.

Wiring the Panels in Series


Connect the panels negative i to positive. ii Add the voltages. Amps stay the same. Volts: 68V Amps 5 A Power: 340 Watts

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Wiring the Panels in Series


Advantage: Wires are sized i d based b d on amps, so smaller, and more inexpensive wires can be used.

Wiring the Panels in Parallel


Voltage: stays the same Amps are additive Volts: 34V Amps 10 A Power: 340 Watts

Wiring the Panels in Parallel


Reasons to do this: Ch Charge a specific ifi battery bank (in this case, a 24V battery bank). Load may be limited to a max voltage.

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Wiring the Panels


What are the wiring options with these four panels?

Wiring the Panels


4 in series 136 V 5A 680 Watts

Wiring the Panels


4 in parallel 34 V 20 A 340 Watts

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Wiring the Panels


2 in series Then in parallel 68 V 10 Amps 680 Watts

Wiring the Panels in Parallel


Complete the series parallel worksheet

Shading
Percent of One Cell Shaded 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 3 cells shaded Percent of Module Power Lost 0% 25% 50% 66% 75% 93%

Table shows effect of shading on one cell (of the 36 in this PV panel) that has no internal bypass diodes.

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Tilt Angle
For a fixed PV array, the tilt angle is the angle from horizontal (0 = horizontal, 90 = vertical). A tilt angle l equal l to t the th location's l ti ' latitude normally maximizes annual energy production. Increasing the tilt angle favors energy production in the winter, and decreasing the tilt angle favors energy production in the summer.

Tilt Angle
One and two axis tracking systems are also possible A two axis tracking system allows the array to always be perpendicular to the suns rays: this maximizes the solar energy produced

Tilt Angle
Both one and two axis tracking systems follow the sun during the day. A fixed array with no seasonal adjustment is in the optimal position only at solar noon on 2 days of the year. But the increase in production obtained with a tracking system must be compared with the cost of simply adding more modules.

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Tilt Angle

Solar Elevation

Tilt Angle

Solar Elevation (at solar noon) plus Tilt Angle = 90 degrees

Tilt Angle
To determine the optimal tilt angle for any given day, find the elevation of the sun at solar noon on that day. Use a Sun Chart The elevation of the sun plus the tilt angle should equal 90 degrees

The green line shows the energy you would get from two-axis tracking, which always points the panel directly at the sun. These figures are calculated for 40 latitude. The violet line is the amount of solar energy you would get each day if the panel is fixed at the winter angle. The turquoise line shows the energy per day if the panel is fixed at the full year angle. The red line shows how much you would get by adjusting the tilt four times a year.

2 axis tracking

Fixed array y adjusted j 4 times

Fixed at full year angle Fixed at winter angle First day of winter

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Complete the tilt angle exercise

Changing the Tilt Angle


Winter Spring Summer Autumn October 7 to March 5 March 5 to April 18 April 18 to August 24 August 24 to October 7

If you are planning on changing the tilt angle, these are the periods for four changes a year.

Complete the Sun Chart Exercise

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PV System - Solar Cells


Crystalline
Silicon wafer $3.50 to $4.25 per watt Silicon intensive 14 16% efficiency

Thin film
Si, CdTe, CuIn, etc $2.50 - $5.50 per watt 8 11% efficiency

Solar Thermal Efficiencies approx. 80%


Slide 49

Show video on modules

Slide 50

One Very Practical Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Application


Livestock Water Pumping with Solar Energy Pumping water for irrigation is generally not practical, except for very small acreages (or very large solar arrays).

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Cost
New Mexico NRCS: $5,700 median One example: Solar pumping plant for $6,500: 320 watt sharp panels and 6SQF-2 Grundfos pump

Cost
Another Example: Solar pump, well depth < 50' $950 Solar Panels, 100 Watts each $500 Number required 2 Panel Pole Mount assembly $50 Pump Controller $400 Pipe, wire, and other Appurtances: $260 Total Cost: $2,660

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Remote Systems: Avoid Batteries


All solar water pumping systems use some type of water storage. The idea is to store water rather than store electricity in batteries, thereby reducing the cost and complexity of the system. A general rule of thumb is to size the tank to hold at least three days worth of water.

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Making the Decision


Analyzing the monthly water demand requirement; Conducting a resource assessment; Deciding whether a wind or solar water pumping system would be best.

Analyzing the monthly water demand requirement


Need to know the height the water needs to be lifted Need to know the water demand

Slide 57

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Slide 58

Slide 59

Resource Assessment

Slide 60

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Solar vs Wind
Solar and Wind resource assessment for locale The choice for stand-alone water pumping systems less than 2 kW being predominantly between using mechanical windmills or solar-PV.

Components
Solar PV module; Understanding how controller can affect the decision; and Selecting pump type (diaphragm, piston, helical, or centrifugal).

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Math Wont Be a Big Part of This Presentation, But.


1000 Watts = 1 KiloWatt You can add up the nominal wattage of solar panels to get the system size. Panels have a output voltage rating and the voltage output of a system depends on the wiring

Determining the type of PV module


Currently there are two types of PV modules that are used for solar-PV water pumping: multi-crystalline lti t lli and d thin film High voltage PV modules are only an advantage if the pump motor requires high voltage. Diaphragm pump motors are rated at 24V, so they dont require high voltage modules.

Determining the type of PV module


Whether a passive or motorized tracking system is used, it is usually better to just add more PV modules in a fixed array than installing a tracking system unless the PV array is rated higher than 500W.

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Pump and Charge Controllers


Pump and Charge Controllers A charge controller is installed when batteries are used in the system. t Its It purpose is i to t keep k the th batteries b tt i from f overcharging or becoming completely discharged.

Pump Controllers
Pump Controllers Controllers for PV water pumping systems can range from not using any controller to sophisticated smart controllers. The pump controller is an electronic linear current booster that acts as an interface between the PV array and the water pump. It operates very much like an automatic transmission, providing optimum power to the pump despite wide variations in energy production from the sun. It is particularly helpful in starting the pump in low light conditions.

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Slide 70

Pump Controllers
Pump Controllers The voltage output of a PV is relatively fixed as the level of sunshine hi varies. i Motors on the other hand are basically constant current devices with the voltage varying with power and speed. The controller acts as an automatically adjusting dc/dc converter to convert high voltage/low current pv array outputs (low sun conditions) to lower voltage/higher current to better operate a dc motor

Pump Controllers
Pump Controllers One helical pump manufacturer (Grundfos) has embedded most of the controller function inside the submersible motor casing. This embedded controller also has the capability of determining if input power is DC or single phase AC and if single phase AC, it is rectified to DC electricity before connecting to DC motor. This means that water can be pumped on cloudy days by switching from PV array to a gasoline generator.

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Selecting pump type


diaphragm, piston, helical, or centrifugal
Conventional pumps require steady AC current that utility lines or generators supply. Solar pumps use DC current from batteries and/or PV panels. Solar pumps are designed to work effectively during low-light conditions, at reduced voltage, without stalling or overheating.

Selecting pump type


diaphragm, piston, helical, or centrifugal
For the past fifteen years, solar-PV (photo-voltaic) water pumping systems have been installed with either diaphragm, centrifugal or piston pumps centrifugal, pumps. The diaphragm pumps have been used successfully for small daily water volumes and shallow pumping depths (125 to 400 gallons/day and 15 to 200 feet pumping depths). The centrifugal pumps have been used for larger daily water volumes and moderate pumping depths (500 to 2,500 gallons/day and 15 to 250 feet pumping depths).

Slide 75

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Selecting pump type


diaphragm, piston, helical, or centrifugal
Lastly, the piston pumps (with a pump jack) have been used to pump water for small to moderate daily water volumes and deep pumping depths (125 to 1 1,250 250 gallons/day and 300 to 1000 feet pumping depths). Helical Pumps: rapid adoption since 2002. Pumping depths from 150 to 500 feet.

Helical Pump

Summary
Solar-PV water pumping systems less than 1.5 kW are more likely to be used in U.S. than wind powered water pumping systems due to:
a better match to water demand, , less maintenance requirements (e.g. fewer moving parts), and a larger area of land with a good solar resource than with a good wind resource.

As power requirements increase however, a wind only or a hybrid wind/solar water pumping system is desirable until the price per Watt for solar-PV modules can be decreased significantly and/or efficiency of Solar-PV modules can be improved significantly.

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Summary
Analyzing the monthly water demand requirement; Conducting a resource assessment; Deciding whether a wind or solar water pumping system would be best.

Summary
Three Components of a livestock watering system Solar Panels Pump Controller Pump

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