Katherine Wang Kaitlyn Wang Jessica Ji Script Rough Draft Visual [Japan Surrenders Film Reel: JAPAN SURRENDERS]

Audio IN-CLIP NARRATOR Japan had its choice: complete surrender or complete ruin. (audio crescendos to dramatic sound)

(transition: fade to white) [title screen: The Atomic Bomb: Weapon of Revolution] [secondary title screen: fade in at bottom: Katherine Wang Kaitlyn Wang Jessica Ji]

(music play-through) NARRATOR (Jessica): World War II was raging on without a sight of a conclusion. But the conclusion finally came in sight as the war came to a close as the atomic bomb. From the Manhattan Project to Hiroshima and Nagasaki to life even today, the atomic bomb has lived a life of infamy that has influenced history and the world in more ways than one. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): The atomic bomb was born in the mind of Leo Szilard, a Hungarian physicist, who introduced the idea of atomic fission. With the help of Albert Einstein, Szilard wrote a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the new idea. In his letter, he wrote NARRATOR (Katherine): It may be possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium. This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of extremely powerful bombs of a new type. NARRATOR (Jessica): President Roosevelt appointed a committee to look into the possibilities. This lead to research, at first on a limited scale, then on a

(Footage of World War II; armies, explosions, and pictures of dead and injured) (picture of atomic bomb)

(picture of Leo Szilard)

(picture of Szilard and Einstein together) (picture of manuscript)

CAPTION: "It may be possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uraniumThis new phenomenon would also lead to the construction ofextremely powerful bombs of a new type.

(Picture of Roosevelt and the General Policy Committee)

(Picture/footage of research on nuclear energy by the Committee) (Picture of the Office of Scientific Research and Development)

full scale basis. After December 1941, the research and development work was given an all-out status, and was placed under a group of some of the best scientists of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. By the middle of 1942, it seemed feasible to start plans for the development of atomic production plants. NARRATOR (Katherine): Roosevelt also appointed a general policy group to advise him. This group consisted of Vice President Wallace, Secretary of War Stimson, the General Marshall, Dr. Bush and Dr. Conant. The group recommended that the President expand and accelerate the work of the construction phases to the Corps of Engineers of the War Department. The Manhattan District was created to handle the program. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): Soon, the Manhattan Project began. By September 1942, it was clear that the project was extremely difficult to accomplish. Secretary of War Henry Stimson appointed Major General L.R. Groves to take executive charge of the program. The Presidents General Policy Group appointed a Military Policy Committee to plan military policies relating to the Manhattan Project. General Groves acted as its Executive Officer in carrying out its policies. NARRATOR (Jessica): In December 1942, the committees agreed to the construction of 3 major atomic plants Clinton Engineer Works, Hanford Engineer Works, and Los Alamos. Universities and Industrial firms throughout the United States contributed materially in supplying special equipment and processed used by the Manhattan Project. NARRATOR (Katherine): The study of atomic energy was maintained in

(Picture of Vice President, then Secretary of War, then General Marshall)

(Picture of War Department Corps of Engineers and the Manhattan District)

(Pictures of Preparation for the Manhattan Project) (Picture of Henry Stimson and L.R. Groves) (Picture of General Policy Committee)

(Pictures of Clinton Engineer Works, Hanford Engineer Works, and Los Alamos)

(Pictures of TOP SECRET stamps on Political Documents and Memorandums)

utmost secrecy. The President personally ordered extraordinary secrecy and security measures for all phases of the project. He also approved the information of a small group of Congress members of the general purposes of the Manhattan project. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): Finally, after years of preparation, the atomic bomb was developed, using up two million dollars of taxpayer money, and huge work forces. Scientific information concerning the Manhattan Project was exchanged with Great Britain. Both countries signed the Quebec Agreement, which stated that the atomic bomb would never be used against each other or a third country without the others consent, the atomic bomb would be kept in secrecy, the British would not show any interest in commercial of industrial aspects beyond what would be considered fair by the President, and Great Britain would collaborate with the United States for parts of the Project. NARRATOR (Jessica): The atomic bomb was tested in Alamogordo under the name of the Trinity Test on July 16th, 1945. The results of the experiment were astounding. The resulting crater was 6 feet deep and 1,200 feet wide. The successful results proved the functionality of the prototype and readied the bomb for something entirely new. NARRATOR (Katherine): By then, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini had been hanged dead and Adolf Hitler had committed suicide. World War II was already over in Europe. However, the United States government was ready to use the atomic bomb to force Japan into surrender to end the continuing Pacific War and World War II completely. NARRATOR (Jessica): Meetings were held to discuss targeting for the

(picture of atomic bomb prototype)

(Picture of Manhattan Project and Great Britain) (Picture of Signing of Quebec Agreement and/or a Picture of the Quebec Agreement)

(The Alamagordo Testing) (Picture of crater)

(Picture of Mussolini and Hitler)

(Picture of the Atomic Bomb Preparation)

(Pictures of meetings)

(Picture of Dr. Compton)

(Picture of Memorandum about Russia, called the "Interim Committee Notes on May 31, 1945")

(Pictures of Kokura, Niigata, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki)

atomic bomb. President Truman called for its use to be purely for military purposes. Different government officials had different opinions on the use of the atomic bomb. The Secretary of War and the General Marshall agreed that the atomic bomb was of great importance, and should be carefully controlled in the future to assure future peace. Dr. Compton expressed his doubt that the secrets of the atomic bomb would remain secret for long, and believed the United States could still remain ahead of other countries in nuclear development, even if the information was shared with other countries. They also discussed the prospect of Russia, debating whether to share information concerning the atomic bomb with them. They were all skeptical about the idea. But more importantly, the committees discussed the targets of the atomic bomb. Out of the hundreds of cities of Japan, the final targets were Kokura, Niigata, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): The Potsdam Declaration was issued on July 26th, 1945 by Allied leaders to ask for Japans surrender. The ultimatum proclaimed NARRATOR (Katherine): We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): The ultimatum was refused by Japan. The country had secured their fate. NARRATOR (Jessica): The Enola Gay took off from Tinian at 2:45 AM on August 6th, 1945 with the uranium type bomb, Little Boy, as its cargo. NARRATOR (Katherine): Enola Gay reached Hiroshimas skies at around 9:12 AM.

(Picture of the Potsdam Declaration)

CAPTION: "... We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." -Potsdam Declaration

(Picture of Enola Gay) (Picture of Little Boy being loaded onto Enola Gay)

(Picture of Hiroshima before)

(Picture of Enola Gay weather planes)

NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): Hiroshima residents are just leaving bomb shelters due to the sightings of Enola Gays weather planes. NARRATOR (Jessica): Little Boy is released. (silence) NARRATOR (Katherine): The atomic bomb exploded 1,890 feet over Hiroshima at 9:16 AM.

(Footage of the explosion of Little Boy on Hiroshima) (flash of white)

(Picture of Hiroshima after the bombing) (Picture of Hiroshima- Before and After) (flash to white)

(Picture of Father Johannes Siemes)

(Pictures of affected landscape)

NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): Father Johannes Siemes, a German Priest who was living near Hiroshima at the time of explosions says in an account of his observations: Suddenly --- the time is approximately 8:15 the whole valley is filled by a garish light and I am conscious of a wave heat I see nothing more than that brilliant yellow light I hear a moderately loud explosion which seems to come from a distance and, at the same time, the windows are broken in with a loud crash. There has been an interval of perhaps 10 seconds since the flash of light I realize now that a bomb has burst. NARRATOR (Jessica): The bomb vaporized people and animals, and destroyed buildings in the city. Civilians who were lucky enough not to be killed suffered from horrific injuries. Kikuko Otake, a resident of Hiroshima, once told her mother, His entire body was scalded... he was dressing in what I thought was shredded cloth but which turned out to be strips of his own flayed skin. His chest was a garden of burnt flesh. The skin from his cheeks and chin hung down, a shredded mask instead of a face. His eyes were barely open. And the raw flash of his nose had

(Pictures of burned people, corpses, and damage people)

fused with his swollen upper lip, which had peeled back to expose his teeth. NARRATOR (Katherine): A new illness was also presented called atomic bomb syndrome. This illness was caused by radiation left behind by the atomic bomb. The syndrome brought vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, vomiting blood, blood in urine, and blood in stools. These symptoms left victims dead within days (Cut to shots of interview with radiation expert) NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): Raging firestorms sparked by the atomic attack in Hiroshima added to the number of casualties in Hiroshima. Hiroshimas population diminished from 255,000 people to 135,000 in a matter of days. NARRATOR (Jessica): Meanwhile, in the United States, the President released a statement informing the American public of the atomic bombing. (Audio of Statement) Leaflets were dropped all over Japan, warning Japan of further bombings and to urge the government to surrenderbut to no avail. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): On August 9th, 1945, the American government continued their quest of forcing Japans surrender due to their hesitation. NARRATOR (Jessica): Bocks Car left Tinian with a plutonium implosion-type atomic bomb named Fat Man for Kokura. However, a heavy cloud cover over the city forced the airplane to revert to their secondary target, Nagasaki. NARRATOR (Katherine): Fat Man exploded at 11:02 AM, 1,650 feet over Nagasaki. (Picture of graph or chart relating to the

(Pictures of scarred people, and burning flesh, but not too graphic) (Picture of people affected by atomic bomb syndrome)

(Cut to shots of interview with radiation expert)

(Picture of firestorm in Japan) (Pictures of graphs and charts showing the decline of population)

(Picture/footage of Truman speaking to the public) (Pictures of translation of leaflet)

(Picture of Bocks Car)

(Picture of Fat Man) (Picture of Nagasaki before bombing)

(Picture of Nagasaki after the bombing)

population decline) (Pictures of Nagasaki destruction)

NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): Although the devastating effects of the bomb were similar to Hiroshima, the amount of casualties was lessened due to Nagasakis more contained geography. NARRATOR (Jessica): However, the impact of the event was just as powerful as before. NARRATOR (Katherine): Not only were Hiroshima and Nagasaki virtually destroyed from the atomic bomb, the remaining survivors fled the city, leaving the reconstruction at a complete standstill. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): The effects also reached the whole of Japan. Japanese citizens were stricken with immense fear, their morale significantly broken down to a bare minimum. The idea of random attacks and the unknowing of the next terrorized the people of Japan. The citizens were afraid of the sighting of a single plane with the same amount of fear as a hundred planes had been before the bomb dropping. NARRATOR (Jessica): However, the confusion was not limited to Japan. The citizens of the United States were facing their own internal moral dilemma of the justification of the bombings, their reaction to the bombings being somewhat conflicted and confused. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): The American government themselves claimed that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was to prevent the continuation of the war and the deaths of thousands more Allied lives. However, the ethical justification of the bomb is debated even today. NARRATOR (Katherine): The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki also triggered the

(Picture of After Effects of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, used for comparison)

(Picture of destroyed buildings)

(Pictures of Japanese victims) (Pictures of paintings survivors painted based on their point of view of the bomb)

(Pictures of people holding signs protesting the atomic bomb) (Picture of couple holding a sign that apologized for the terrible bombing)

(picture of ABCC headquarters) (footage of victim studies)

development of the ABCC, a commission that researched the effects of radiation, information which affected future events. The researchs significance to the advancement of medicines and health were due to response by the Hiroshima and Nagasaki victims to use their injuries to prevent future attacks and more devastation. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): However, the atomic bombs impact had been inscribed into history and its future was just beginning. NARRATOR (Jessica): Once other countries found out about the existence of the atomic bomb, both the United States and the Soviet Union declared they were in favor of putting the atomic bomb under international control. Secretly however, they were never ready to give up their own nuclear weapons programs. By the end of 1946, it was apparent that all efforts to avoid a nuclear arms war had failed. The Soviet Union had launched a secret nuclear program in an attempt to catch up to the United States. They conducted a successful testing of their atomic bomb on August 29, 1949. NARRATOR (Katherine): President Harry S. Truman responded by creating a new program for a so called hydrogen bomb, supposedly an improved version of the atomic bombs used in World War II. By 1954, both the United States and the Soviet Union had tested their first generation H-Bombs. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): In the early 1960s many political leaders and military experts feared that these nuclear races would continue, and within a span of a couple of years, other countries would begin to develop nuclear weapons as well. The result was the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which came into force on

(Pictures of the United States and Soviet Union meeting)

(Picture of United States and Soviet Unions nuclear energy programs)

(Picture/footage of Soviet Unions atomic bomb testing)

(Picture of H-bomb)

(Picture of signing of Non-Proliferation Treaty of Nuclear Weapons)

March 5, 1970. The NPT is now the most widely accepted nuclear arms control agreement. NARRATOR (Jessica): By 2003, Israel, India, Iran, and Pakistan were both in possession of nuclear weapons and non-parties to the NPT. Israel could possess more than 100 nuclear weapons today. North Korea announced its withdrawal from the agreement, as their country already possessed a few nuclear weapons. NARRATOR (Katherine): The development of the atomic bomb also led to other horrific incidents. The Chernobyl and Fukushima Incidents were caused by atomic plant malfunctions and meltdowns. They killed many civilians through radiation. Both disasters were rated a 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. NARRATOR (Kaitlyn): The atomic bomb has had a ravaged history of destruction. It was first created in the 1940s, yet it still has a powerful impact today. The creation of just this one, revolutionary bomb was able to create such a tremendous impact that has scarred history due to its remarkable power and the worlds incapability to comprehend it. The colossal impact on the world from the atomic bomb could only make it a remarkable weapon of revolution.

(Pictures of Israel, North Korea, Iran, India, and Pakistan) (Picture of newspaper/article talking about nuclear arm threats in the Middle East)

(Picture of Chernobyl Incident) (Picture of Fukushima Incident)

(pictures of atomic bomb)