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Unix/Linux Interview Questions

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1: What is a shell? Shell is a interface between user and the kernel. Even though there can be only one kernel ; a system can have many shell running simultaneously . Whenever a user enters a command through keyboard the shell communicates with the kernel to execute it and then display the output to the user.

2: What are the different types of commonly used shells on a typical linux system? csh,ksh,bash,Bourne . The most commonly used and advanced shell used today is Bash .

3:What is the equivalent of a file shortcut that we have on window on a Linux system? Shortcuts are created using links on Linux. There are two types of links that can be used namely soft link and hard link

4:What is the difference between soft and hard links? Soft links are link to the file name and can reside on different filesytem as well; however hard links are link to the inode of the file and has to be on the same filesytem as that of the file. Deleting the orginal file makes the soft link inactive (broken link) but does not affect the hard link (Hard link will still access a copy of the file)

5: How will you pass and access arguments to a script in Linux? Arguments can be passed as: scriptName Arg1 Arg2.Argn and can be accessed inside the script as $1 , $2 .. $n

6: What is the significance of $#? $# shows the count of the arguments passed to the script.

7: What is the difference between $* and $@? $@ treats each quoted arguments as separate arguments but $* will consider the entire set of positional parameters as a single string.

8: Use sed command to replace the content of the file (emulate tac command) Eg: if cat file1 ABCD EFGH Then O/p should be EFGH

ABCD sed '1! G; h;$!d' file1 Here G command appends to the pattern space, h command copies pattern buffer to hold buffer and d command deletes the current pattern space.

9: Given a file, replace all occurrence of word ABC with DEF from 5th line till end in only those lines that contains word MNO sed n 5,$p file1|sed /MNO/s/ABC/DEF/

10: Given a file , write a command sequence to find the count of each word. tr s (backslash)040 <file1|tr s (backslash)011|tr (backslash)040 (backslash)011 (backslash)012 |uniq c where (backslash)040 is octal equivalent of space (backslash)011 is octal equivalent of tab character and (backslash)012 is octal equivalent of newline character.

11: How will you find the 99th line of a file using only tail and head command? tail +99 file1|head -1

12: Print the 10th line without using tail and head command. sed n 10p file1

13:In my bash shell I want my prompt to be of format $Present working directory:hostname> and load a file containing a list of user defined functions as soon as I login , how will you automate this? In bash shell we can create .profile file which automatically gets invoked as soon as I login and write the following syntax into it. export PS1=$ `pwd`:`hostname`> .File1 Here File1 is the file containing the user defined functions and . invokes this file in current shell.

14: Explain about s permission bit in a file? s bit is called set user id (SUID) bit. s bit on a file causes the process to have the privileges of the owner of the file during the instance of the program. Eg: Executing passwd command to change current password causes the user to writes its new password to shadow file even though it has root as its owner.

15: I want to create a directory such that anyone in the group can create a file and access any persons file in it but none should be able to delete a file other than the one created by himself. We can create the directory giving read and execute access to everyone in the group and setting its sticky bit t on as follows: mkdir direc1 chmod g+wx direc1 chmod +t direc1

16: How can you find out how long the system has been running? Command uptime

17: How can any user find out all information about a specific user like his default shell, real life name, default directory,when and how long he has been using the sytem? finger loginName where loginName is the login name of the user whose information is expected.

18: What is the difference between $$ and $!? $$ gives the process id of the currently executing process whereas $! shows the process id of the process that recently went into background.

19: What are zombie processes? These are the processes which have died but whose exit status is still not picked by the parent process. These processes even if not functional still have its process id entry in the process table.

20: How will you copy file from one machine to other? We can use utilities like ftp ,scp or rsync to copy file from one machine to other. Eg: Using ftp: ftp hostname >put file1 >bye Above copies file file1 from local system to destination system whose hostname is specified.

21: I want to monitor a continuously updating log file, what command can be used to most efficiently achieve this? We can use tail f filename . This will cause only the default last 10 lines to be displayed on std o/p which continuously shows the updating part of the file.

22: I want to connect to a remote server and execute some commands, how can I achieve this? We can use telnet to do this: telnet hostname l user >Enter password >Write the command to execute >quit

23: I have 2 files and I want to print the records which are common to both. We can use comm command as follows: comm -12 file1 file2 12 will suppress the content which are unique to 1st and 2nd file respectively.

24: Write a script to print the first 10 elemenst of Fibonacci series. #!/bin/sh a=1 b=1

echo $a echo $b for I in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 do c=a b=$a b=$(($a+$c)) echo $b done

25: How will you connect to a database server from linux? We can use isql utility that comes with open client driver as follows: isql S serverName U username P password 1: What are the 3 standard streams in Linux? Output stream , represented as 0 , Input stream, represented as 1 and Error stream represented as 2.

2: I want to read all input to the command from file1 direct all output to file2 and error to file 3, how can I achieve this? command <file1 0>file2 2>file3

3: What will happen to my current process when I execute a command using exec? exec overlays the newly forked process on the current process ; so when I execute the command using exec a new process corresponding to the command will be created and the current process will die. Eg: Executing exec com1 on command prompt will execute com1 and return to login prompt since my logged in shell is superimposed with the new process of the command .

4: How will you emulate wc l using awk? awk END {print NR} fileName

5: Given a file find the count of lines containing word ABC. grep c ABC file1

6: What is the difference between grep and egrep? egrep is Extended grep that supports added grep features like + (1 or more occurrence of previous character),?(0 or 1 occurrence of previous character) and | (alternate matching)

7: How will you print the login names of all users on a system? /etc/shadow file has all the users listed. awk F : {print $1} /etc/shadow|uniq -u

8: How to set an array in Linux?

Syntax in ksh: Set A arrayname= (element1 element2 .. element) In bash A=(element1 element2 element3 . elementn)

9: Write down the syntax of for loop Syntax: for iterator in (elements) do execute commands done

10:How will you find the total disk space used by a specific user? du -s /home/user1 .where user1 is the user for whom the total disk space needs to be found.

11: Write the syntax for if conditionals in linux? Syntax If condition is successful then execute commands else execute commands fi

12:What is the significance of $? ? $? gives the exit status of the last command that was executed.

13: How do we delete all blank lines in a file? sed ^ [(backslash)011(backslash)040]*$/d file1 where (backslash)011 is octal equivalent of space and (backslash)040 is octal equivalent of tab

14: How will I insert a line ABCDEF at every 100 th line of a file? sed 100i\ABCDEF file1

15: Write a command sequence to find all the files modified in less than 2 days and print the record count of each. find . mtime -2 exec wc l {} \;

16: How can I set the default rwx permission to all users on every file which is created in the current shell? We can use: umask 777

This will set default rwx permission for every file which is created to every user.

17: How can we find the process name from its process id? We can use ps p ProcessId

18: What are the four fundamental components of every file system on linux? bootblock, super block, inode block and datablock

19: What is a boot block? This block contains a small program called Master Boot record(MBR) which loads the kernel during system boot up.

20: What is a super block? Super block contains all the information about the file system like size of file system, block size used by it,number of free data blocks and list of free inodes and data blocks.

21: What is an inode block? This block contains the inode for every file of the file system along with all the file attributes except its name.

22: How can I send a mail with a compressed file as an attachment? zip file1.zip file1|mailx s subject Recepients email id Email content EOF

23: How do we create command aliases in shell? alias Aliasname=Command whose alias is to be created

24: What are c and b permission fields of a file? c and b permission fields are generally associated with a device file. It specifies whether a file is a character special file or a block special file.

25: What is the use of a shebang line? Shebang line at top of each script determines the location of the engine which is to be used in order to execute the script.

1) What is UNIX?
It is a portable operating system that is designed for both efficient multi-tasking and mult-user functions. Its portability allows it to run on different hardware platforms. It was written is C and lets user do processing and control under a shell.

2) What are filters?

The term Filter is often used to refer to any program that can take input from standard input, perform some operation on that input, and write the results to standard output. A Filter is also any program that can be used between two other programs in a pipeline.

3) What is a typical syntax being followed when issuing commands in shell?


Typical command syntax under the UNIX shell follows the format: Command [-argument] [-argument] [--argument] [file]

4) Is there a way to erase all files in the current directory, including all its sub-directories, using only one command?
Yes, that is possible. Use rm r * for this purpose. The rm command is for deleting files. The r option will erase directories and subdirectories, including files within. The asterisk represents all entries.

5) What is the chief difference between the v and x option s to set?


The v option echoes each command before arguments and variables have been substituted for; the x option echoes the commands after substitution has taken place.

6) What is Kernel?
Kernel is the UNIX operating system. It is the master program that controls the computers resources, allotting them to different users and to different tasks. However, the kernel doesnt deal directly with a user. Instead, it starts up a separate, interactive program, called a shell, for each user when he/she logs on.

7) What is Shell?
A shell acts as an interface between the user and the system. As a command interpreter, the shell takes commands and sets them up for execution.

8 ) What are the key features of the Korn Shell?


history mechanism with built-in editor that simulates emacs or vi built-in integer arithmetic string manipulation capabilities command aliasing arrays job control

9) What are some common shells and what are their indicators?
sh Bourne shell csh C SHell bash Bourne Again Shell tcsh enhanced C Shell zsh Z SHell ksh Korn SHell

10) Differentiate multiuser from multitask.


Multiuser means that more than one person can use the computer at the same time. Multitask means that even a single user can have the computer work on more than one task or program at the same time.

11) What is command substitution?

Command substitution is one of the steps being performed every time commands are processed by the shell. Commands that are enclosed in backquotes are executed by the shell. This will then replace the standard output of the command and displayed on the command line.

12) What is a directory?


Every file is assigned to a directory. A directory is a specialized form of file that maintains a list of all files in it.

13) What is inode?


An inode is an entry created on a section of the disk set aside for a file system. The inode contains nearly all there is to know about a file, which includes the location on the disk where the file starts, the size of the file, when the file was last used, when the file was last changed, what the various read, write and execute permissions are, who owns the file, and other information.

14) You have a file called tonky in the directory honky. Later you add new material to tonky. What changes take place in the directory, inode, and file?
The directory entry is unchanged, since the name and inode number remain unchanged. In the inode file, the file size, time of last access, and time of last modification are updated. In the file itself, the new material is added.

15) Describe file systems in UNIX


Understanding file systems in UNIX has to do with knowing how files and inodes are stored on a system. What happens is that a disk or portion of a disk is set aside to store files and the inode entries. The entire functional unit is referred to as a file system.

16) Differentiate relative path from absolute path.


Relative path refers to the path relative to the current path. Absolute path, on the other hand, refers to the exact path as referenced from the root directory.

17) Explain the importance of directories in a UNIX system


Files in a directory can actually be a directory itself; it would be called a subdirectory of the original. This capability makes it possible to develop a tree-like structure of directories and files, which is crucial in maintaining an organizational scheme.

18) Briefly describe the Shells responsibilities


program execution variable and file name substitution I/O redirection pipeline hookup environment control interpreted programming language

19) What are shell variables?


Shell variables are a combination of a name ( identifier), and an assigned value, which exist within the shell. These variables may have default values, or whose values can be manually set using the appropriate assignment command. Examples of shell variable are PATH, TERM and HOME.

20) What are the differences among a system call, a library function, and a UNIX command?

A system call is part of the programming for the kernel. A library function is a program that is not part of the kernel but which is available to users of the system. UNIX commands, however, are stand-alone programs; they may incorporate both system calls and library functions in their programming.

21) What is Bash Shell?


It is a free shell designed to work on the UNIX system. Being the default shell for most UNIXbased systems, it combines features that are available both in the C and Korn Shell.

22) Enumerate some of the most commonly used network commands in UNIX
telnet used for remote login ping an echo request for testing connectivity su user switching command ftp file transfer protocol used for copying files finger information gathering command

23) Differentiate cmp command from diff command.


The cmp command is used mainly to compare two files byte by byte, after which the first encountered mismatch is shown. On the other hand, the diff command is used to indicate the changes that is to be made in order to make the two files identical to each other.

24) What is the use of -l when listing a directory?


-l, which is normally used in listing command like ls, is used to show files in a long format, one file per line. Long format refers to additional information that is associated with the file, such as ownership, permissions, data and filesize.

) What is piping?

Piping, represented by the pipe character |, is used to combine two or more commands together. The output of the first command serves as input the next command, and so on.

2) What is a superuser?
A superuser is a special type user who has open access to all files and commands on a system. Note that the superusers login is usually root, and is protected by a so-called root password.

3) How do you determine and set the path in UNIX?


Each time you enter a command, a variable named PATH or path will define in which directory the shell will search for that command. In cases wherein an error message was returned, the reason maybe that the command was not in your path, or that the command itself does not exist. You can also manually set the path using the set path = [directory path] command.

4) Is it possible to see information about a process while it is being executed?


Every process is uniquely identified by a process identifier. It is possible to view details and status regarding a process by using the ps command.

5) What is the standard convention being followed when naming files in UNIX?
One important rule when naming files is that characters that have special meaning are not allowed, such as * / & and %. A directory, being a special type of file, follows the same naming

convention as that of files. Letters and numbers are used, along with characters like underscore and dot characters.

6) Why is it that it is not advisable to use root as the default login?


The root account is very important, and with abusive usage, can easily lead to system damage. Thats because safeguards that normally apply to user accounts are not applicable to the root account.

7) What is the use of the tee command?


The tee command does two things: one is to get data from the standard input and send it to standard output; the second is that it redirects a copy of that input data into a file that was specified.

8) Differentiate cat command from more command.


When using the cat command to display file contents, large data that does not fit on the screen would scroll off without pausing, therefore making it difficult to view. On the other hand, using the more command is more appropriate in such cases because it will display file contents one screen page at a time.

9) What is parsing?
Parsing is the process of breaking up of a command line into words. This is made possible by using delimiters and spaces. In the event that tabs or multiple spaces are part of the command, these are eventually replaced by a single space.

10) What is pid?


Pid is short for Process ID. It is used primarily to identify every process that runs on the UNIX system, whether it runs on the foreground or runs at the background. Every pid is considered unique.

11) How does the system know where one command ends and another begins?
Normally, the newline character, which is generated by the ENTER or RETURN key, acts as the signpost. However, the semicolon and the ampersand characters can also serve as command terminators.

12) What is wild-card interpretation?


When a command line contains wild-card characters such as * or ?, these are replaced by the shell with a sorted list of files whose pattern matches the input command. Wild-card characters are used to setup a list of files for processing, instead of having it specified one at a time.

13) What is the output of this command? $who | sort logfile > newfile
In this command, the output from the command who becomes the input to the sort command. At the same time, sort opens logfile, arranges it together with the output from the command who, and places the final sorted output to the file newfile.

14) How do you switch from any user type to a super user type?
In order to switch from any user type to a superuser, you use the su command. However, you will be asked to key in the correct superuser password before full access privileges are granted to you.

15) What would be the effect of changing the value of PATH to: .:/usr/della/bin: /bin: /usr/bin
This would cause the shell to look in the /usr/della/bin directory after looking in the current directory and before looking in the /bin directory when searching for a command file.

16) Write a command that will display files in the current directory, in a colored, long format.
Answer: ls -l color

17) Write a command that will find all text files in a directory such that it does not contain the word amazing in any form (that is, it must include the words Amazing, AMAZING, or aMAZINg)
Answer: grep vi amazing *.txt

18) Write a command that will output the sorted contents of a file named IN.TXT and place the output in another file named OUT.TXT, while at the same time excluding duplicate entries.
Answer: sort IN.TXT | uniq > OUT.TXT

19) Write a command that will allow a UNIX system to shut down in 15 minutes, after which it will perform a reboot.
Answer: /sbin/shutdown r +10

20) What command will change your prompt to MYPROMPT: ?


To change a prompt, we use the PS1 command, such as this: PS1 = MYPROMPT:

21) What does this command do? cat food 1 > kitty
Answer: it redirects the output of cat food into the file kitty; the command is the same as: cat food > kitty

22) What is wrong with this interactive shell script?


echo What month is this? read $month echo $month is as good a month as any. Answer: Initially, the question mark should be escaped (\?) so that it is not interpreted as a shell metacharacter. Second, it should be read month, not read $month.

23) Write a shell script that requests the users age and then echoes it, along with some suitable comment.
Answer: echo Hello! What\s your age\? read age echo $age! I\ll be obsolete by that age!

1) What is Linux?

Linux is an operating system based on UNIX, and was first introduced by Linus Torvalds. It is based on the Linux Kernel, and can run on different hardware platforms manufactured by Intel, MIPS, HP, IBM, SPARC and Motorola. Another popular element in Linux is its mascot, a penguin figure named Tux.

2) What is the difference between UNIX and LINUX?


Unix originally began as a propriety operating system from Bell Laboratories, which later on spawned into different commercial versions. On the other hand, Linux is free, open source and intended as a non-propriety operating system for the masses.

3) What is BASH?
BASH is short for Bourne Again SHell. It was written by Steve Bourne as a replacement to the original Bourne Shell (represented by /bin/sh). It combines all the features from the original version of Bourne Shell, plus additional functions to make it easier and more convenient to use. It has since been adapted as the default shell for most systems running Linux.

4) What is Linux Kernel?


The Linux Kernel is a low-level systems software whose main role is to manage hardware resources for the user. It is also used to provide an interface for user-level interaction.

5) What is LILO?
LILO is a boot loader for Linux. It is used mainly to load the Linux operating system into main memory so that it can begin its operations.

6) What is a swap space?


A swap space is a certain amount of space used by Linux to temporarily hold some programs that are running concurrently. This happens when RAM does not have enough memory to hold all programs that are executing.

7) What is the advantage of open source?


Open source allows you to distribute your software, including source codes freely to anyone who is interested. People would then be able to add features and even debug and correct errors that are in the source code. They can even make it run better, and then redistribute these enhanced source code freely again. This eventually benefits everyone in the community.

8 ) What are the basic components of Linux?


Just like any other typical operating system, Linux has all of these components: kernel, shells and GUIs, system utilities, and application program. What makes Linux advantageous over other operating system is that every aspect comes with additional features and all codes for these are downloadable for free.

9) Does it help for a Linux system to have multiple desktop environments installed?
In general, one desktop environment, like KDE or Gnome, is good enough to operate without issues. Its all a matter of preference for the user, although the system allows switching from one environment to another. Some programs will work on one environment and not work on the other, so it could also be considered a factor in selecting which environment to use.

10) What is the basic difference between BASH and DOS?


The key differences between the BASH and DOS console lies in 3 areas: - BASH commands are case sensitive while DOS commands are not; - under BASH, / character is a directory separator and \ acts as an escape character. Under DOS, / serves as a command argument delimiter and \ is the directory separator - DOS follows a convention in naming files, which is 8 character file name followed by a dot and 3 character for the extension. BASH follows no such convention.

11) What is the importance of the GNU project?


This so-called Free software movement allows several advantages, such as the freedom to run programs for any purpose and freedom to study and modify a program to your needs. It also allows you to redistribute copies of a software to other people, as well as freedom to improve software and have it released to the public.

12) Describe the root account.


The root account is like a systems administrator account, and allows you full control of the system. Here you can create and maintain user accounts, assigning different permissions for each account. It is the default account every time you install Linux.

13) What is CLI?


CLI is short for Command Line Interface. This interface allows user to type declarative commands to instruct the computer to perform operations. CLI offers an advantage in that there is greater flexibility. However, other users who are already accustom with using GUI find it difficult to remember commands including attributes that come with it.

14) What is GUI?


GUI, or Graphical User Interface, makes use of images and icons that users click and manipulate as a way of communicating with the computer. Instead of having to remember and type commands, the use of graphical elements makes it easier to interact with the system, as well as adding more attraction through images, icons and colors.

15) How do you open a command prompt when issuing a command?


To open the default shell (which is where the command prompt can be found), press Ctrl-AltF1. This will provide a command line interface (CLI) from which you can run commands as needed.

16) How can you find out how much memory Linux is using?
From a command shell, use the concatenate command: cat /proc/meminfo for memory usage information. You should see a line starting something like: Mem: 64655360, etc. This is the total memory Linux thinks it has available to use.

17) What is typical size for a swap partition under a Linux system?
The preferred size for a swap partition is twice the amount of physical memory available on the system. If this is not possible, then the minimum size should be the same as the amount of memory installed.

18) What are symbolic links?


Symbolic links act similarly to shortcuts in Windows. Such links point to programs, files or directories. It also allows you instant access to it without having to go directly to the entire pathname.

19) Does the Ctrl+Alt+Del key combination work on Linux?


Yes, it does. Just like Windows, you can use this key combination to perform a system restart. One difference is that you wont be getting any confirmation message and therefore, reboot is immediate.

20) How do you refer to the parallel port where devices such as printers are connected?

Whereas under Windows you refer to the parallel port as the LPT port, under Linux you refer to it as /dev/lp . LPT1, LPT2 and LPT3 would therefore be referred to as /dev/lp0, /dev/lp1, or /dev/lp2 under Linux.

21) Are drives such as harddrive and floppy drives represented with drive letters?
No. In Linux, each drive and device has different designations. For example, floppy drives are referred to as /dev/fd0 and /dev/fd1. IDE/EIDE hard drives are referred to as /dev/hda, /dev/hdb, /dev/hdc, and so forth.

22) How do you change permissions under Linux?


Assuming you are the system administrator or the owner of a file or directory, you can grant permission using the chmod command. Use + symbol to add permission or symbol to deny permission, along with any of the following letters: u (user), g (group), o (others), a (all), r (read), w (write) and x (execute). For example the command chmod go+rw FILE1.TXT grants read and write access to the file FILE1.TXT, which is assigned to groups and others.

23) In Linux, what names are assigned to the different serial ports?
Serial ports are identified as /dev/ttyS0 to /dev/ttyS7. These are the equivalent names of COM1 to COM8 in Windows.

24) How do you access partitions under Linux?


Linux assigns numbers at the end of the drive identifier. For example, if the first IDE hard drive had three primary partitions, they would be named/numbered, /dev/hda1, /dev/hda2 and /dev/hda3.

25) What are hard links?


Hard links point directly to the physical file on disk, and not on the path name. This means that if you rename or move the original file, the link will not break, since the link is for the file itself, not the path where the file is located.

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How do you write the contents of 3 files into a single file? cat file1 file2 file3 > file How to display the fields in a text file in reverse order? awk 'BEGIN {ORS=""} { for(i=NF;i>0;i--) print $i," "; print "\n"}' filename Write a command to find the sum of bytes (size of file) of all files in a directory. ls -l | grep '^-'| awk 'BEGIN {sum=0} {sum = sum + $5} END {print sum}' Write a command to print the lines which end with the word "end"? grep 'end$' filename The '$' symbol specifies the grep command to search for the pattern at the end of the line. Write a command to select only those lines containing "july" as a whole word? grep -w july filename The '-w' option makes the grep command to search for exact whole words. If the specified pattern is found in a string, then it is not considered as a whole word. For

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example: In the string "mikejulymak", the pattern "july" is found. However "july" is not a whole word in that string. 6. 7. 8. 9. How to remove the first 10 lines from a file? sed '1,10 d' < filename Write a command to duplicate each line in a file? sed 'p' < filename How to extract the username from 'who am i' comamnd? who am i | cut -f1 -d' ' Write a command to list the files in '/usr' directory that start with 'ch' and then display the number of lines in each file? wc -l /usr/ch* Another way is find /usr -name 'ch*' -type f -exec wc -l {} \;

10. How to remove blank lines in a file ? grep -v ^$ filename > new_filename 11. Write a command to remove the prefix of the string ending with '/'. The basename utility deletes any prefix ending in /. The usage is mentioned below: basename /usr/local/bin/file This will display only file 12. How to display zero byte size files? ls -l | grep '^-' | awk '/^-/ {if ($5 !=0 ) print $9 }' 13. How to replace the second occurrence of the word "bat" with "ball" in a file? sed 's/bat/ball/2' < filename 14. How to remove all the occurrences of the word "jhon" except the first one in a line with in the entire file? sed 's/jhon//2g' < filename 15. How to replace the word "lite" with "light" from 100th line to last line in a file? sed '100,$ s/lite/light/' < filename 16. How to list the files that are accessed 5 days ago in the current directory? find -atime 5 -type f 17. How to list the files that were modified 5 days ago in the current directory? find -mtime 5 -type f

18. How to list the files whose status is changed 5 days ago in the current directory? find -ctime 5 -type f 19. How to replace the character '/' with ',' in a file? sed 's/\//,/' < filename sed 's|/|,|' < filename 20. Write a command to find the number of files in a directory. ls -l|grep '^-'|wc -l 1. How to display the processes that were run by your user name ? ps -aef | grep <user_name> 2. Write a command to display all the files recursively with path under current directory? find . -depth -print

3. Display zero byte size files in the current directory? find -size 0 -type f 4. Write a command to display the third and fifth character from each line of a file? cut -c 3,5 filename 5. Write a command to print the fields from 10th to the end of the line. The fields in the line are delimited by a comma? cut -d',' -f10- filename 6. How to replace the word "Gun" with "Pen" in the first 100 lines of a file? sed '1,00 s/Gun/Pen/' < filename 7. Write a Unix command to display the lines in a file that do not contain the word "RAM"? grep -v RAM filename The '-v' option tells the grep to print the lines that do not contain the specified pattern. 8. How to print the squares of numbers from 1 to 10 using awk command awk 'BEGIN { for(i=1;i<=10;i++) {print "square of",i,"is",i*i;}}' 9. Write a command to display the files in the directory by file size? ls -l | grep '^-' |sort -nr -k 5 10. How to find out the usage of the CPU by the processes? The top utility can be used to display the CPU usage by the processes. 11. Write a command to display your name 100 times.

The Yes utility can be used to repeatedly output a line with the specified string or 'y'. yes <your_name> | head -100 12. Write a command to display the first 10 characters from each line of a file? cut -c -10 filename 13. The fields in each line are delimited by comma. Write a command to display third field from each line of a file? cut -d',' -f2 filename 14. Write a command to print the fields from 10 to 20 from each line of a file? cut -d',' -f10-20 filename 15. Write a command to print the first 5 fields from each line? cut -d',' -f-5 filename 16. By default the cut command displays the entire line if there is no delimiter in it. Which cut option is used to supress these kind of lines? The -s option is used to supress the lines that do not contain the delimiter. 17. Write a command to replace the word "bad" with "good" in file? sed s/bad/good/ < filename 18. Write a command to replace the word "bad" with "good" globally in a file? sed s/bad/good/g < filename 19. Write a command to replace the word "apple" with "(apple)" in a file? sed s/apple/(&)/ < filename 20. Write a command to switch the two consecutive words "apple" and "mango" in a file? sed 's/\(apple\) \(mango\)/\2 \1/' < filename 21. Write a command to display the characters from 10 to 20 from each line of a file? cut -c 10-20 filename

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