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MINERALOGY
03 : SYMMETRY OPERATION
LECTURE NOTE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY FACULTY OF GEOLOGY, PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC : 2012/2013
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Symmetry
Motif: the fundamental part of a symmetric design that, when repeated, creates the whole pattern Operation: some act that reproduces the motif to create the pattern Element: an operation located at a particular point in space
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Symmetry
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OPERASI SIMETRI
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(a) Rotation
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Bidang simetri vertikal, horizontal dan diagonal, serta simetri utama dan tambahan
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Adalah suatu garis lurus yang dibuat melalui pusat kristal dan bila kristal tersebut diputar 360 pada sumbu tersebut, maka pada kedudukan tertentu akan dijumpai kenampakan yang sama dengan semula. Sumbu simetri ada dua macam : Sumbu simetri biasa (bipoler) : sumbu khayal yang melalui kristal yang apabila diputar 360, akan dijumpai konfigurasi yang sama atau hal-hal yang sama yang muncul lebih dari satu kali. Sumbu poler : sumbu khayal (seperti halnya sumbu bipoler), hanya kedua ujung sumbu menembus dua keadaan yang berbeda. Operasi dari sumbu lipat ini disebut sebagai operasi rotasi (perulangan periodik dari motif asli yang dijumpai setelah terjadinya perputaran motif tersebut dengan sudut sebesar 360 akibat beroperasinya sumbu rotasi atau sumbu lipat). 12
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SYMMETRY AXES
Operasi Rotasi
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Dibedakan lagi menjadi dua berdasarkan atas macam operasinya : a. Gyre b. Gyroida Gyre : sumbu simetri biasa yang besarnya sudut putar adalah 360/n ; n adalah bilangan yang utuh sehingga akan diperoleh nilai n 180, 120, 90,60 n = 2 (()) digyre/diad n = 3 () trigyre / triad n = 4 () Tetragyre / tetrad n = 6 ( . ) Hexagyre / hexad Gyroida ; sumbu simetri disini merupakan campuran dari pemutaran melalui sumbu dan pencerminan pada bidang yang tegak lurus pada bidang tadi 180 = digyroida ; C pusat simetri 120 = Trigyroida 90 = Tetragyroida 60 = Hexagyroida Mineralogy@Rosana 2013
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Rotational Axes
As an external symmetry element, rotation increments (n) range from 1 to
When considering the limits of translation, rotation increments are limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6-fold
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
A Symmetrical Pattern
6 6
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern = the symbol for a two-fold rotation
Operation
Motif
Element
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation
6 6
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation
second operation step
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry
2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry 180o rotation makes it coincident Second 180o brings the object back to its original position
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3-D SYMMETRY
2-D SYMMETRY
2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation b. Three-fold rotation
= 360o/3 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
step 1
step 2
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2-D SYMMETRY
step 3
step 2
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry
Elements 1. Rotation
Objects with symmetry:
6 6 6 6 6 6
1-fold
2-fold
3-fold
4-fold
a
identity
5-fold and > 6-fold rotations will not work in combination with translations in crystals (as we shall see later). Thus we will exclude them now.
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6-fold
d
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Axes intersect at point Possible symmetry combinations: 422, 622, 222, 32, 23, 432
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 2. Inversion (i)
inversion through a center to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern = symbol for an inversion center
inversion is identical to 2-fold rotation in 2-D, but is unique in 3-D (try it with your hands)
6 6
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Operasi Inversi
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(Klein & Hulburt, JR., 1993)
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Bidang simetri
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2-D SYMMETRY
Symmetry Elements 3. Reflection (m)
Reflection across a mirror plane reproduces a motif = symbol for a mirror plane
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2-D SYMMETRY
We
1 2 3 4 6 m
Rotations
are congruent operations reproductions are identical Inversion and reflection are enantiomorphic operations reproductions are opposite-handed
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2-D SYMMETRY
Combinations of symmetry elements are also possible To create a complete analysis of symmetry about a point in space, we must try all possible combinations of these symmetry elements In the interest of clarity and ease of illustration, we continue to consider only 2-D examples
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2-D SYMMETRY
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
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2-D SYMMETRY
Try
Step
1: reflect
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2-D SYMMETRY
Try
combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate (everything)
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2-D SYMMETRY
Try
Step
Step
Is that all??
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2-D SYMMETRY
Try
Step
Step
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2-D SYMMETRY
Try
combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror result is Point Group 2mm
The
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2-D Symmetry
All other combinations are either:
Incompatible
2-D SYMMETRY
Now
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2-D SYMMETRY
Now
Step
1: reflect
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2-D SYMMETRY
Now
Step
1: reflect 2: rotate 1
Step
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2-D SYMMETRY
Now
Step
1: reflect 2: rotate 2
Step
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2-D SYMMETRY
Now
Step
1: reflect 2: rotate 3
Step
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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Any other elements?
Yes, two more mirrors Point group name?? 4mm Why not 4mmmm?
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2-D Symmetry
3-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 3m Why not 3mmm?
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2-D Symmetry
6-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 6mm
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2-D Symmetry
The original 6 elements plus the 4 combinations creates 10 possible 2-D Point Groups: 1 2 3 4 6 m 2mm 3m 4mm 6mm Any 2-D pattern of objects surrounding a point must conform to one of these groups
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3-D Symmetry
New 3-D Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
a. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 )
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) Step 1: rotate 360/2 Note: this is a temporary step, the intermediate motif element does not exist in the final pattern
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) Step 1: rotate 360/2 Step 2: invert
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) The result:
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) This is the same as m, so not a new operation
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Step 1: rotate 360o/3 Again, this is a temporary step, the intermediate motif element does not exist in the final pattern
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Step 2: invert through center
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Completion of the first sequence
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Rotate another 360/3
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Invert through center
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Complete second step to create face 3
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Third step creates face 4 (3 (1) 4)
4 2
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
5
Fourth step creates face 5 (4 (2) 5)
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
5
Fifth step creates face 6 (5 (3) 6) Sixth step returns to face 1
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3 5 1
This is unique 4 6 2
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 1: Rotate 360/4
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 1: Rotate 360/4 2: Invert
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 1: Rotate 360/4 2: Invert
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 3: Rotate 360/4
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 3: Rotate 360/4 4: Invert
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 3: Rotate 360/4 4: Invert
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 5: Rotate 360/4
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 5: Rotate 360/4 6: Invert
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) This is also a unique operation
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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) A more fundamental representative of the pattern
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3-D Symmetry
We now have 8 unique 3D symmetry operations:
1 2 3 4 6 m 3 4
Combinations of these elements are also possible A complete analysis of symmetry about a point in space requires that we try all possible combinations of these symmetry elements
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To be Continue