Further Biology: B3

Exchanges
Type of exchange
Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport

Type of Molecules
Small, dissolved (O2, CO2) Mainly water, solvent small (e.g. glucose), ions

Concentration Gradient Energy

Down (high to low) Down (high to low) Up (low to high) Kinetic Kinetic ATP (from respiration)

Diffusion
DIFFUSION IS THE RANDOM MOVEMENT OF SOLUTE PARTICLES/DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION. To speed up diffusion: Decrease the distance Increase the surface area Good ventilation (in gaseous exchanges) Increase the concentration gradient Good blood supply

Osmosis
OSMOSIS IS THE RANDOM MOVEMENT OF SOLVENT MOLECULES (USUALLY WATER) ACROSS A PARTIALLY PERMEABLE
MEMBRANE FROM A REGION OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO A REGION OF LOW CONCENTRATION

Partially permeable membrane is a thin membrane containing tiny pores that allows small molecules to pass (e.g. water) but not bigger ones (e.g. ions and sugar molecules). Molecules move about randomly but the net (overall) movement of particles is along the concentration gradient. Depending on the concentration of the solution that surrounds a cell (tissue fluid, which is provided by the blood capillaries), water will move into or out of the cell through osmosis. Lower concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell Concentrations of solutes are the same in the external solution and cell content

Higher concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell Red blood cells

Plant cells

Active Transport
THE TRANSPORTATION OF MOLECULES FROM A LOW CONCENTRATION TO A HIGH CONCENTRATION (AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT) USING ATP ( ENERGY FROM RESPIRATION) Energy is required as carrier proteins pick up specific molecules and take them through the cell membrane. Therefore, cells using active transport have lots of mitochondria as thats where respiration happens. If respiration stops, active transport stops.

EXAMPLES Location Lung Exchange Diffusion Diffusion Small intestine Leaf Diffusion Substance oxygen carbon dioxide digested food oxygen and water vapour Water and mineral ion Nitrate ions From air space blood plasma stomach, intestine leaf cell To red blood cells air space blood Adaption alveoli (thin walls short distance for diffusion, moist lining, large surface area, good blood supply) same as above villi (extends to microvilli for large surface, thin single layer of surface cells, good blood supply many capillaries) stomata (flat shape of the leaf, air spaces and spongy layer increase surface area, thin leaves short distance) Root hair cell (tube like extension short distance, lots of root hairs increase surface area) Root hair cell (lots of mitochondria)

Diffusion

air space

Root Root

Osmosis Active Transport

soil Soil

Root cells Root cells

Diffusion in Lungs

Diffusion in the small intestine

Diffusion in a leaf The loss of the water from the surface of a plants leaves is called transpiration. The rate of transpiration increases in hot, dry and windy conditions. If plants lose water faster than it is replaced by the roots the guard cells deflate and the stomata close, to prevent wilting.

Active Transport in the roots

` Osmosis in the roots

Its important for the body parts to be highly specialised as the size and complexity of an organism increases the difficulty of exchanging materials.

Sports Drinks
If the water and ions lost are not replaced, the ion/water balance of the body is disturbed. Sweating releases more water than ions so the balance is disrupted as there is a higher ion concentration in the blood. This causes cells in the body to not work as efficiently. All drinks help to rehydrate the body (replace lost water) Soft drinks contain water, sugar, ions and flavourings but concentrations can vary greatly. Sport drinks contain sugar to replace the glucose lost during exercise and water and ions.

Gaseous exchange in Humans: Ventilation

Volume of the thorax (upper body) increases. Increasing the volume of a gas decreases the gas pressure. Therefore, the pressure inside the lungs is lower, compared to outside. This causes air to move into the lungs.

Intercostal muscles contract expanding the ribcage up and outwards

INSPIRATION
Lungs expand during this process

Diaphragm: a sheet of muscle and fibre Diaphragm muscles contract, pulling down the central part diaphragm and flattening it

Intercostal muscles relax making the ribcage smaller as ribs move down and in

Volume of the thorax decreases. Decreasing the volume of a gas increases the gas pressure. Therefore, pressure of air inside the lungs is greater than the air outside so air moves out of the lungs.

EXPIRATION
Lungs return to their original size during this process due to their elastic recoil

Diaphragm muscles relax, curving the diaphragm back up.

Ventilators
Devices that help patients breathe who cannot automatically do so due to disease or injury. Negative-Pressure Ventilators E.g. the iron lung, developed for use during epidemics of poliomyelitis as breathing muscles stopped functioning, was a large tank enclosing the whole patients body except the head and neck. A pump removes the air from the tank, creating a vacuum. This causes the patients thorax to expand and therefore, inhale. The vacuum is them released, the thorax and lungs recoil, and the patient exhales. Positive-Pressure Ventilators A metal tube is inserted through the mouth and into the windpipe, forcing air into a patients lungs. Its commonly used in operations and intensive care units. For long term use, the tube is inserted surgically through the neck into the trachea. Hand-controlled Ventilators Bag-mouth-mask ventilators are often used by paramedics as resuscitators. Air is supplied via a bag which is squeezed manually or operated by a pump.