LIS489SMG Final Paper The Use of Social and Traditional Media for Social Change A Critical Look at Kristof

and Half the Sky by Charlotte Roh

5/1/13

Introduction In 2005, there was little to no awareness of the conflict in Darfur, despite Colin Powells announcement in 20041 that genocide was taking place in the region. My awareness of the situation was solely due to the circumstances of my job: I was an editorial assistant at an academic publisher in New York, and the big project on my desk was a book by Samuel Totten, who had led the state investigation that informed Powells announcement. We were in the final stages of production, and I asked him who we should contact for back cover blurbs. We should try to get in touch with Nicholas Kristof, said Sam, hes the only one whos writing about this right now. Up until that point, it had not occurred to me that individual journalists had the kind of name recognition that would lead to book endorsements. We did not hear back from Kristof, but I started to pay closer attention to his editorials, as at the time he was indeed the only journalist writing with urgency about Darfur. Eventually the wider world took notice, then it became a cause clbre. George Clooney went to Africa, people made banners and held fundraisers, and Darfur was discussed at every dinner party, often to my frustration,2 as the conflict was not one that presented an easy solution. As of 2013, the situation in Sudan receives some share of publicity and there are several foundations addressing its problems, but there are few hopeful
Powell, C. The Crisis in Darfur I wish I had known then of Rebecca Solnits Men Explain Things to Me article, now available with a new forward at http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/rebecca-solnit-men-explain-things-to-me/.
1 2

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

stories and no substantive solutions. In fact, the final chapter in Samuel Tottens book, Genocide in Darfur, expressed frustration with the lack of U.S. government action in the wake of State Departments formal recognition of genocide. This frustration is echoed in Kristofs column in the New York Times, where he comments that World leaders are mostly turning a blind eye3 and calls upon President Obama to take action. This sort of call to action by Kristof is common in his columns, and is most fully realized in his book Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, written with Sheryl WuDunn. Both Kristof and WuDunn are Pulitzer-prize winning journalists noted for their reporting on the Tiananmen Square events in China, are no strangers to global social movements. Half the Sky was written in response to what they saw in their travels, which was systematic oppression and human rights abuses of women and girls. The title is taken from a Chinese proverb that describes women as holding up half the sky. The book is written in a narrative style and is frank in the description of slavery, violence, and death. However, these stories are balanced by a strong positive message, with chapters entitled Investing in Education and Girls Helping Girls and ends with a call to action.4 The book is a bestseller, has been reviewed by both popular and academic outlets, and is used in book clubs and schools. There are large differences between the two books mentioned thus far. The first, Genocide in Darfur, was clearly intended for an academic and policy audience. In contrast, Half the Sky is intended for a wider audience, and takes advantages of numerous media platforms in order to spread its message of empowerment. This message of empowerment has evolved into a self-titled movement, and the general perception is that it is a successful one. However, this begs
Kristof, Nichoas. Starving Its Own Children In this I cant help but compare it to An Inconvenient Truth, which was called Al Gores PowerPoint movie. It was dry rather than narrative and the feedback was that people felt hopeless, so Gore has since changed his presentation.
3 4

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

the question what are the factors and parameters for success around social change? What are the effective tools? It is helpful to those engaged in issues around social justice and global change to critically examine the factors that have led to success, as a model for both action and improvement.

Multimedia Networking for Change The landscape of journalism is quickly changing to include social media as part of establishment media, as evidenced by the recent focus of the Pulitzer committee on successful use of Facebook, Twitter, and multimedia platforms. Unlike the Kony video or Totten's book, the initial book launch for Half the Sky took advantage of both traditional and social media tools. An essay adapted from the book entitled "The Women's Crusade"5 was published in the New York Times, providing a shorter form for those less inclined to read a book, and was followed by a series of related columns by Kristof. A Facebook game debuted and was reviewed in the New York Times. (It did not review very well, but nevertheless, not many Facebook games are reviewed in newspapers.) Kristof is very active on Twitter, and a look at the hash tag "halfthesky" gives an idea of the wide range of influence that first the book, and now the fourhour PBS film has had on people ranging from @melindagates to @thatsocalchick. Beyond official media outlets, people have put together explicitly Half the Sky-inspired Pinterest boards, Meetup groups, and websites. It seems that Kristof has tapped into the emotions that are necessary for revolution and change as described by Fuchs, who says, ""the idea of revolution can only be realized if the contradictions of reality become subjective insights that motivate practices (Fuchs, p. 779).

Kristof, Nichoas. The Womens Crusade

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

These subjective insights are aided by the impressive names and contacts associated with the project. On the PBS website for the film, there is a section called Celebrities and Advocates because America Ferrera, Diane Lane, Eva Mendes, Meg Ryan, Gabrielle Union, and Olivia Wilde are in the film. They each visit a country and talk to women in different circumstances. George Clooney does the introduction and narration of the movie. There has been criticism regarding the cynicism of using celebrities, which the trailer acknowledges as a way of bringing attention to a cause. The trailer itself has some heavyweights however, as it features for the support of respected figures like Desmund Tutu, Hilary Clinton, Ruth J. Simmons, Gloria Steinem, and various politicians and activists. Not all social change advocates can hope for such star-studded support, but there are two lessons to be learned from this. The first is that one should leverage the connections available at any level of celebrity and awareness. For example, the celebrities in the film were for the most part not familiar with the social issues around each country - their experiences and education made an impact because they reflected and substituted for the viewer's experience. In similar fashion, an argument can be made for the education of local figures as a public relations strategy rather than attempting to educate first in order to garner support. There is a marketing opportunity for both the story of discovery and the subsequent creation of an important advocate. This kind of marketing can be made a reality through the tool that is key to the second lesson, the power of visual video in social change. Public figures are not likely to turn down an opportunity for video coverage, and in turn these videos are effective in prompting action. This has been demonstrated through crowd-funding websites such as Kickstarter, Crowdrise, and Indiegogo. "Car commercial? Nope," reads the photo caption for an NPR article about this trend, specifically about scientists who have discovered that, "There does seem to be a consensus that the first step in crowd-

LIS489SMG Final Paper funding science is to make a video pitching your research. And it doesn't have to be a

5/1/13

particularly slick video" (Palca, 2013).6 As the boundaries between digital video and analog television blur, it is apparent that the popularity of the audiovisual medium yields results. The ability for anyone to take advantage of this video medium as a marketing tool is in large part a social media phenomenon, due to the existence of central hosting sites such as YouTube and Vimeo, not to mention websites that can host or embed video clips. Previous to this technology, the ability to show video was limited to television stations or similar limited outlets. With today's communication skills, there is no need for a professional studio, an authorized new outlet, or specialized skills. One can simply shoot, post, then share. In crowd-funding sites, these efforts are clearly tied to money or labor, in line with Ann Abbot's guidelines for social media that avoids the pitfall of slacktivisim. In the case of Half the Sky, the movements website offers a range of options for action. One can donate money to the individuals featured in the movie, buy a handcrafted item, volunteer at an institution, or forward information to relevant contacts. These options fall into the categories of personal responsibility or deferred responsibility. People can do or buy something themselves, or they can ask someone else to take action. Abbot's example of an effective "call to action"7 is an illustration of the latter in that it asks for personal recommendations for candidates of the advertised program. Similarly, the Half the Sky website suggests that readers can, in lieu of volunteering themselves, "send this image to your friends with medical experience, and encourage them to take time to volunteer with Edna's staff in Somaliland." This is an effective call to action that directs social media sharing to productive ends rather than simply advertising en masse.

6 7

Palca, Joe. Scientists Look to the Internet to Raise Research Funds. Posted in the Week 3 section of SP13LIS490SMG Social Media and Global Change on the GSLIS Moodle.

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

One can hope that these personal, targeted requests for action addresses one of the criticisms of social media activism, which is that social media networks are tenuous and not self-sustaining. The title of Todd Gitlin's talk "Social Media may be Media, but They are not a Society"8 presents an intriguing point of discussion that goes hand in hand with Sarah Gaby's work on the Facebook and Occupy Wall Street (OWS). Gitlin's talk went over the history of Occupy Wall Street and the role of social media during the course of its events, but he did not speak much on the aftermath of the camp's dissolution. In contrast, Sarah Gaby examines the Facebook communities that have sprung out of the movement and exist in different locations. From observations made in class, it seems that there are similarities in content and regulations, but the Facebook pages that seem the most successful are touchstones for already existing community socialist action. In that same vein, beyond the traditional and social media calls to action as modeled by Abott, the Half the Sky movement also enables community-based action so that those who take part avoid isolation and the perils of self-sustainability. The website has campus and community ambassador programs, monthly Google+ Hangouts, a blog, and a space where people can submit and share their story. There are several ways in which people are encouraged to make impact in their own community - to screen the video or read the book, then take action in their local communities to support and encourage women and girls. This sort of action is quite different to the efforts around the Darfur conflict, which I see as an example of how one can only raise so much awareness and money (without seeing a tangible impact) without getting discouraged. In contrast, while Half the Sky focuses on women and girls internationally, it also initiates and sustains local efforts via social media and traditional media. These local efforts build

February 7, 2013 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

communities of awareness and action that in turn spawn further efforts that can be analogized to cell growth and division for further growth. This localization of international efforts is a bit different from the expatriate political involvement discussed by Sarah Kendzior in her studies of Uzbek activism. In her work, she examines how Uzbeks use the Internet for political activism through her connections with the Uzbek community here in the United States. The audience for digital expression is not the global and Western community (as demonstrated by Markus S. Schulz's study of the Zapatista movement), but the Uzbek community both in Uzbekistan and abroad. The results have not been productive, and Kendzior subsequently questions as to whether this "digital distrust" is a result of a cultural issue that cannot be overcome.9 However, it seems to me that one can look at the case of Burma as a positive example in which expatriates also used online social networks (specifically, BurmaNet). Unlike the Uzbek forums, Burma activists had concrete campaigns such as the boycott of corporations and economic sanctions.10 Similarly, the different mediums of the Half the Sky campaign, in aggregate, create the necessary combinations of both virtual contacts and face-to-facts for building a community, or communities. The Internet simply allows these Half the Sky-inspired or connected communities to operate as a global social movement, as "a network of organizations that is not bound by state barriers and that connects people and places 'that were formerly seen as distant or separate' (O'Brien et al. 2000:13)."11

Communication and Power

Kendzior, S. 559-575 Danitz and Strobel, The Internets Impact on Activism: The Case of Burma. 11 Van Aiest and Walgrave, New Media, New Movements? The Role of the Internet in Shaping the Anti Globalization Movement.
9 10

LIS489SMG Final Paper This connecting of people and places through barriers has been made possible on a greater scale than before because of what Manuel Castells calls "the shift from mass

5/1/13

communication to mass self-communication."12 This technology of self-communication allows the Burmese and the Uzbecks, both native residents and expatriates, to participate in international political networks. However, what happens when the self is not a member of the people group represented? There is the obvious moral problem of being an outsider voice speaking for a culture. Throughout the Half the Sky project, and even throughout his career as a journalist, Kristof has chosen to stand for global cultures and people, and it is often his voice and his lens through which we as observers see the narratives. There is no denying the fact that he is a privileged white male from the United States, and that the celebrity actresses in the film are also privileged people who visit, view, and leave. As a result, movie reviews like that in the Seattle Globalist have taken a critical view of the film, reporting that Kristof himself admits that there could be potential drawbacks in a bunch of outsiders parachuting in and saying somethings wrong with your culture.13 It smacks strongly of imperialism, of the white mans burden to civilize and improve. We must consider that Kristof, and the established newspaper for which he works, has a bias informed by the culture of American imperialism and American historical perspectives on places like Africa and India. But what about the co-author, Sheryl WuDunn? What has heretofore not been addressed is that Sheryl WuDunn is mostly a silent partner in the social and official media around the Half the Sky project, and that it is mostly Kristof who represents and speaks on behalf of the movement. His identification with the movement is such that people often speak of Kirstofs Half the Sky, leaving WuDunn out of most of the coverage completely. Certainly WuDunn is
12 13

Castells, Manuel. "Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age." James, Cyan. Half the Sky: half humanitarian heroics, half celebrity ego trip

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

not without agency, and this may have been a deliberate decision of some sort on her part, a factor of her work as a business executive and lecturer she is visible on the policy level, not the public level. However, there is something to be said about the disappearance of WuDunn as a coauthor, woman, and Asian-American; there is a distinct absence of her presence in the media around Half the Sky. One must also consider that, WuDunns ground-breaking work in journalism and many accolades aside, the numbers for women and ethnic minorities in journalism are still shocking. The percentage of women in U.S. newsrooms has remained unchanged since 1999, at 36.9%.14 The percentage of minorities in newsrooms has actually dropped in recent years, and is now 12.32%.15 It is foolhardy to think that these demographics do not have an impact on the biases of reporters, particularly when one can point to embarrassing mistakes made with scarcely any effort (most spectacularly last year in the coverage of Jeremy Lins time with the New York Knicks). That this lack of representation results in real impact in the quality and content of product is demonstrated by Adrianne Wadewitzs work in Wikipedia. The representation imbalance in Wikipedia editors has resulted in a content imbalance. Women of color have addressed this imbalance with edit-a-thons and through social media campaigns,16 but recently Wikipedia came under fire for quietly moving women American novelists to a separate list from the central American Novelists page.17 This marginalization can actually be seen in Sheryl WuDunns Wikipedia page, which is a third the size of Kristofs Wikipedia page, with far fewer citations.

Linabary, Jasmine. New report documents persistent gender inequalities in U.S. media http://genderreport.com/2013/02/28/new-report-documents-persistent-gender-inequalities-in-u-s-media/ 15 Tenore, Mallary Jean. New ASNE figures show percentages of minorities in newspaper newsrooms continues to decline 16 Koh, Adeline. #TooFEW: Feminist People of Color Wikipedia Edit-aThon on Friday, March 15 (2013) from 11am-3pm EST 17 Filipacchi, Amanda, Wikipedias Sexism Toward Female Novelists
14

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

These citations bring forth another issue in both Wikipedia and the success of the Half the Sky movement, which is the continued prioritization of the written and published medium as an authoritative source in the era of online communication. Wikipedias guidelines for identifying reliable sources state that articles should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources. Sources are defined as

the piece of work itself (the article, book), the creator of the work (the writer, journalist), and the publisher of the work (for example, Random House or Cambridge University Press).18

The guidelines go on to say that works that are not formal but reputable sources are accepted as well. Assuming that these reputable sources are creators who have already been published, it is important to note that publishing as an institution is also mostly white, very educated, and mostly privileged. This bias has been demonstrated through hiring practices, acquisitions decisions, and marketing of books that have been acquired. Consider in comparison the low profile of books like the similarly-titled Holding up Half the Sky, a compendium of stories women writers from China edited by Tao Jie, Zheng Bijun, and Shirley Mow. The subsequent lack of publications featuring independent voices with a diversity of views means that these views are not supported both in the academic and popular culture. It is my informed opinion that the stories of the women and girls featured through half the Sky would not have been publicized nor given credibility through popular outlets if they had not been told through Kristof. In fact, recently I received a submission request to an Encyclopedia for Asian American Studies. In discussions with Asian American scholars I learned that one of the reasons this project was initiated was because academic scholars are unable to edit Wikipedia with authority. Even in instances where authors

18

Wikipedia: Identifying reliable sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources

10

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

have been published, racism and sexism still results in censorship19 by the mostly white, mostly male Wikipedia editors, who do not consider these scholar reliable resources in their areas of expertise. All this is not to deny Kristof in his efforts in bringing attention to an important cause or to accuse him of censorship. But the success surrounding the Half the Sky movements media campaign is also an example of the success of white male American establishment in framing a narrative on behalf of others. Last year, in 2012, Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, hosts of Radiolab, neglected to mention the names and titles of their interview subjects, Eng Yang and Kao Kalia Yang, presenting them simply as Hmong refugees. The aggressive and insensitive handling of the story provoked outcry,20 as it was clearly a case of journalists manipulating people for the sake of a story under their control. And yet this obvious example of slanting the story has had little impact on the popularity of the show,21 their power to influence and shape went for the most part interrupted. This is important because, as Castells notes those who have power shape institutions of society according to their values and interests. Its as simple as that. He identifies two forms of power, the monopoly of violence (state power) and the power of persuasion (cultural hegemony). It is clear in the case of both Radiolab and Half the Sky, however good or ill-intentioned, that the power of persuasion and the tools of communication are held by traditional establishment figures. The effect can be seen as an example of what Eduardo Bonilla-Silva calls new racism, a subtle and structural racism that is harder to combat and criticize than that the obvious violence and hatred of years past. It takes someone like Sayantani

Examples tk from Myrna E. Morales Yang, Kao Kalia Yang. The Science of Racism: Radiolabs Treatment of Hmong Experience and Miller, Tanya Jo, Hey Radiolab, Dont Let Peoples Experiences Get in the Way of Your Reporting. 21 Roe, Mike. Public Radio Bracket Madness FINALS: Radiolab vs. This American Life
19 20

11

LIS489SMG Final Paper DasGupta to say of Half the Sky, in her article Your Women are Oppressed, But Ours are Awesome,

5/1/13

White/Western dwelling men and women highlight the suffering, as well as local activism, of brown and black women. Brown and black men are portrayed consistently as violent, incompetent, uncaring or, in fact, invisible. And its only a small leap to realize that such formulationsof countries incapable of or unwilling to care for their women only reinforce rather than undermine global patriarchy, while justifying paternalization, interventionand even invasion of these lesser placesby the countries of the Global North.22 DasGuptas point is a valid one that has historical grounding; that these perspectives, while goodhearted and sympathetic, can deny agency and can lead to intervention that is actually invasion. It behooves global activists to consider the long-term historical contexts and impacts of their actions as they agitate on the behalf of others. Is the action directed by those who are impacted, such as in the case of BurmaNet or social entrepreneurs like Ashoka? Or do we see a benevolent globalism that is actually a kind of colonialism in disguise? These are important questions to consider especially for activists such as librarians. On the main page for the Gates Foundation Global Libraries program, one can see the statement, Our Goal: to ensure that all people, especially those in disadvantaged communities around the world, have access to information through technology in public libraries.23 This is an admirable goal, much like Kristofs Half the Sky movement is an admirable one. However, let us also consider that the library as it is being exported is a Western structure, with a Western infrastructure of organization, with Western technology (that itself has Western infrastructure) that provides access to Western forms of information and ways of knowing. This can be problematic. If Kristof is showing outsiders (Americans) a perspective of global disadvantaged

22 23

DasGupta, Sayantani, Your Women Are Oppressed, But Ours Are Awesome http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Global-Libraries

12

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

communities, the Gates Foundation is taking things a step further by taking the American world into these communities, fulfilling DasGuptas point of paternalistic intervention.

Conclusion and Self-Reflection What then, is the path for those who are change-minded in the Western hemisphere? Is it safer to focus on and fix problems at home instead of abroad? This presents its own set of problems, as isolationism has not been an effective strategy for policy in the past. As a solution, I want to take note of the forum in which DasGupta, a serious academic and award-winning author, expresses these criticisms. It is not through a university press or academic journal but through Racialicious, a culture blog. Although one could say that a review of a film might well be suited to a culture blog, the use of this blog in such critical dialogue also speaks to how tools of social media and online publishing have become critical forums for marginalized groups who have faced barriers in traditional outlets. Certainly, this sort of criticism of Kristofs work was not happening in mainstream media outlets, but on blogs and discussion sites. It must be noted that some of this criticism is unfair many of the women and causes whom Kristof promotes are independent and have individual agency, success, and influence aside from his coverage. However, much of it is legitimate, and it is a lesson for the concerned global citizen (who perhaps is not likely to read an academic journal on ethnic studies). The first step for those who seek action might be not to self-communicate, but selfeducate, as a recipient rather than a provider of information. It is important to seek out and consider carefully the missing voices and forums, and to question ones assumptions about legitimacy and authenticity. If as, Castells says, Shaping the minds in the long run is more effective than torturing the voice, perhaps we should first consider what influences and shapes

13

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

our own minds, and our identities as part of the community, before we seek to use social media to effect global change.

14

LIS489SMG Final Paper Bibliography

5/1/13

1. "PBS & Tumblr: Halftheskymovement." PBS, last modified March 23, 2013, accessed April 4, 2013, 2013, http://pbstv.tumblr.com/post/46110558712/halftheskymovementheres-a-pledge-made-by-a. 2. [Unknown]. 2009. "Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide." Ethics & International Affairs 23 (4): 432-433. 3. Biggs, Brooke Shelby. 2012. Be a Part of our Half the Sky Special using Social Media. Independent Lens Blog. PBS. 4. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 1998. "Chapter Four: The New Racism: Racial Structure in the United States, 1960s-1990s." Race, Ethnicity, & Nationality in the United States: Toward the Twenty-First Century: 55-101. 5. Castells, Manuel. "Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age." LibraryofCongress, YouTube. November 23, 2012. http://youtu.be/0lfPg_5iaGQ 6. Danitz and Strobel (1999). The Internets Impact on Activism: The Case of Burma. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism.: 259-260 7. Filpacchi, Amanda. Wikipedias Sexism Toward Female Novelists. The New York Times Sunday Review. 8. DasGupta, Sayantani, Your Women Are Oppressed, But Ours Are Awesome: How Nicholas Kristof And Half The Sky Use Women Against Each Other Racialicious. October 8, 2012. http://www.racialicious.com/2012/10/08/your-women-areoppressed-but-ours-are-awesome-how-nicholas-kristof-and-half-the-sky-usewomen-against-each-other/ 9. Heinze, Eric and Rosa Freedman. 2010. "Public Awareness of Human Rights: Distortions in the Mass Media." International Journal of Human Rights 14 (4): 491-523. 10. James, Cyan. Half the Sky: half humanitarian heroics, half celebrity ego trip Seattle Globalist. October 2, 2012. http://www.seattleglobalist.com/2012/10/02/half-thesky-humanitarian-heroics-celebrity-ego-trip/7051 11. Jinxia, Dong and J. A. Mangan. 2008. "Olympic Aspirations: Chinese Women on Top Considerations and Consequences." The International Journal of the History of Sport 25 (7): 779-806. 12. Kendzior, Sarah. Digital distrust: Uzbek cynicism and solidarity in the Internet Age. American Ethnologist 38 (3): 559-575 13. Koh, Adeline. #TooFew: Feminist People of Color Wikipedia Edit-aThon on Friday, March 15 (2013) from 11am-3pm EST The Chronicle of Higher Education. March 12, 2013. http://chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/toofew-feminist-people-of-colorwikipedia-edit-a-thon-on-friday-11am-3pm-est/47265 14. Kristof, Nicholas D. 2003. "The Pain of Good Intentions." New York Times, Dec 24, 2003, A.21. 15. Kristof, Nicholas D. and Sheryl WuDunn. 2009. "Empowering Women to Fight the Injustices of Poverty; the Fight Against Global Poverty Enlists Women as the Solution." International Herald Tribune, Aug 22, 2009, 1. 16. . 2009. "Empowering Women to Fight the Injustices of Poverty; the Fight Against Global Poverty Enlists Women as the Solution." International Herald Tribune, Aug 22, 2009, 4. 15

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

17. . 2009. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. Alfred A. Knopf. 18. . 2009. "The Women's Crusade." New York Times (1923-Current File), Aug 23, 2009, SM29. 19. Kristof, Nichoas. Starving Its Own Children. The New York Times Sunday Review. June 2, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/opinion/sunday/kristofstarving-its-own-children.html?_r=2& 20. Kristof, Nicholas D., Sheryl WuDunn, and Isobel Coleman. 2010. "Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide." Foreign Affairs 89 (1): 126-130. 21. Kropf, Schuyler. 2012. "Author Denounces Oppression of Women." The Post and Courier, Mar 23, 2012, B.3. 22. Lee, Haiyan. 2004. "Holding Up Half the Sky: Chinese Women Past, Present, and Future." The Journal of the American Oriental Society 124: 398+. 23. Linabary, Jasmine. New report documents persistent gender inequalities in U.S. media The Gender Report. February 28 2013. http://genderreport.com/2013/02/28/new-report-documents-persistent-genderinequalities-in-u-s-media/ 24. Miller, Tanya Jo. Hey Radiolab, Dont Let Peoples Experiences Get in the Way of Your Reporting Huffington Post. October 28, 2012. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tanya-jo-miller/hey-radiolab-dont-letpeo_b_2020535.html 25. Neal, Justin. 2012. "There's More than Stars in this 'Sky'." Star Tribune, Oct 1, 2012, E.1. 26. Palca, Joe. Scientists Look to the Internet to Raise Research Funds. National Public Radio (NPR). February 15, 2013. http://www.npr.org/2013/02/15/172078619/scientists-look-to-the-internet-toraise-research-funds 27. Rakesh. 2012. The New York "Half the Sky" Humanitarian Meetup Group, edited by Kadhambari Sridhar. 28. Roe, Mike. Public Radio Bracket Madness FINALS: Radiolab vs. This American Life SCPR Public Radio. April 5, 2013. http://www.scpr.org/news/2013/04/05/36697/public-radio-bracket-madnessfinals-radiolab-vs-th/ 29. Tenore, Mallary Jean. New ASNE figures show percentages of minorities in newspaper newsrooms continues to decline Poynter. April 4, 2012. http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/169006/new-asne-figures-showpercentage-of-minorities-in-newsrooms-continues-to-decline/ 30. Van Aiest and Walgrave (2002). New Media, New Movements? The Role of the Internet in Shaping the Anti-Globalization Movement. Information, Communication, & Society: 466 31. Wasik, Bill. 2011. "#Riot: Self-Organized, Hyper-Networked Revolts - Coming to a City New You." Wired Magazine, December 15, 2011. 32. Yang, Kao Kalia Yang. The Science of Racism: Radiolabs Treatment of Hmong Experience Racialicious. October 31, 2012.

16

LIS489SMG Final Paper

5/1/13

http://www.racialicious.com/2012/10/31/the-science-of-racism-radiolabstreatment-of-hmong-experience/ 33. Zinn, Tracy E. 2011. "Review of Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide." Psychology of Women Quarterly 35 (2): 337-338.

17