Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Barbara Wildemuth for her aid in the research and statistical
analysis of this thesis. My gratitude also goes out to the perpetually patient Dr.
Barreau, and to Mr. Fred Stutzman, who first showed me that one can turn a college
pastime into a scientific study.
I also cannot thank my parents enough for their love and encouragement in my
pursuit of knowledge.
This project was supported by the Sarah Steele Danhoff Undergraduate Research
Fund, administered by the Honors Office at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill.
Information Overload 2
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... 2
Tables and Figures ........................................................................................................ 3
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4
Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 5
Methods ....................................................................................................................... 14
Results ......................................................................................................................... 16
Discussion ................................................................................................................... 23
Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 26
References ................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix A: Recruitment E-mails .............................................................................. 33
Appendix B: Consent Form......................................................................................... 35
Appendix C: Survey .................................................................................................... 39
Appendix D: Statistics Tables ..................................................................................... 46
Information Overload 3
Introduction
With the advent of the Internet and ubiquitous information technology, there is
not only a greater capability for one to find needed information, there is also a greater
demand to stay informed about current events in the world, one’s profession, and
one’s social life. These pressures can be overwhelming enough to cause a malady
personal web browsing, instant messaging, and seven other sources of information
sources have changed, however, and will investigate whether social networking sites
• To what extent are students experiencing information overload, and what are
• What is the relationship between social networking site usage and reported
This study reviews the literature on information overload, then reports the
findings of an online survey administered during the spring 2009 semester of a public
students, coping strategies used to alleviate the feelings of overload, and what role
Literature Review
Information overload has become an increasingly salient issue in the wired world.
The annual costs of lost productivity caused by this modern malady has been
estimated by one consulting firm to be $650 billion (Richtel, 2008), and the stress
induced by too much information can pose a health risk to the overwhelmed worker
(White, 2000). Because of its dual threat to mind and money, we must have a clear
information overload are. Likewise, strategies that reduce information overload need
to be evaluated and optimized to confront this problem that plagues so many citizens
The concept of information overload has seen many labels and definitions over
the years, depending on the context and severity of the situation in which it is
tremendous influx of information and our inherent compulsion to know all we can. A
as provide a suitable bellwether for how social networking sites (SNS) may serve to
Information overload has been called by many names and has been studied in
many subject domains (Eppler & Mengis, 2004). It has had objective criteria applied
to its measurement (Jacoby, 1974; Galbraith, 1974), and it has been subjectively self-
reported (Farhoomand & Drury, 2002; Ellington, 2005). Broadbent (1958) and Miller
but did not comment on the effects of chronically pressing these limits. Nevertheless,
the majority of the studies concerning information overload use the term to describe
the disparity between one’s information processing capability and the volume of
information, information irrelevance and fragmentation (Karger & Jones, 2006) are
also key contributors to feelings information overload (Farhoomand & Drury, 2002;
multiple devices (Dearman & Pierce, 2008), and interleaving activities (Bellotti et al.,
2005) add directly to the cognitive overhead of managing information. Perhaps new
understand the extent of its impact among many different population sectors, such as
undergraduate students.
Information Overload 7
research of Cacioppo et al. (1982, 1984, 1996) and Cohen et al. (1955) indicates that
some people are innately wired to enjoy thinking. Need for cognition is a personality
trait that indicates one’s tendency to retrieve, interpret, and evaluate information.
Cacioppo et al. group people as either cognitive misers, who use experts and
information on their own (1996). Cacioppo et al. have also found several studies
which have shown a positive correlation between ACT scores and need for cognition,
as well as between grade point averages and need for cognition (1996).When
North Carolina, one could reasonably infer that they have a high need for cognition.
Their curiosity and intellectual independence, when combined with the volume of
possible, can result in a self-induced overload. On the other hand, research in internet
usage behaviors has not shown significant differences in browsing habits between
people with high need for cognition and people with low need for cognition
fact is comforting to an extent, especially considering that Google has indexed over 1
trillion unique pages from the Internet in the past decade (Alpert & Hajaj, 2008).
Information Overload 8
returns (Butcher, 1995). In the context of social networking sites, having a profile and
Computer-Mediated Communication
in the manner of e-mail, public postings similar to Usenet or bulletin board systems,
and even instant messaging, incurring the advantages, as well as disadvantages, of all
three technologies. Looking at some of SNSs’ analogues could give us insight into
As the single most common use of the Internet (Edmunds & Morris, 2000), e-
overload (Bawden et al., 1999; Janssen & Poot, 2006). Farhoomand and Drury (2002)
and Ellington (2005) found that e-mail is the second most common source of
information overload behind organizational sources. A study from the Pew Internet &
American Life Project (Madden, 2008) notes that 53% of American workers use
separate e-mail accounts for work and personal use, yet another instance of
Information Overload 9
many SNSs. In Jones et al.’s study (2004) of Usenet postings, they found users are
end active participation as the overloading of mass interaction increases. Could there
be a social saturation point in SNSs in which users “end active participation” in them
Friends or Foes?
When individuals must keep up with dozens of e-mails per day (Fisher et al.,
2006; Whittaker, Bellotti, and Gwizdka, 2006), one might wonder why an individual
might burden himself with yet another tributary for the information flood: the social
networking site. However, Facebook reports over 110 million active users worldwide
and an 85% market share of 4-year universities in the United States (Statistics |
exact impact on students’ information habits have yet to be examined. SNSs could
provide good avenues for information delegation and filtration, letting friends weed
out irrelevant information for each other. On the other hand, SNSs could wind up as
another technology that pushes unsolicited information to the users. The amount of
agency users have in retrieving information from SNSs could influence their
perception of information overload. Hopefully, all of these issues will come to light
Information Overload 10
through further study. In this particular study, however, I will investigate the
following hypotheses:
H1a) There is a positive correlation between social networking site usage frequency
H1b) There is a positive correlation between social networking site usage duration
To Your Health!
time; it is a genuine health threat to 21st century workers. According to a recent study
by the Pew Internet & American Life Project (Madden, 2008), 49% of workers feel
stress they feel about their job. This stress can manifest itself physically in
(de Rijk et al., 1999; White, 2000). Psychologically, the stress can lead to depression
(Klausegger et al., 2007; Zeldes et al., 2007) and diminished attention span
(Hallowell, 1995). If too much information does not place a person into “analysis
paralysis” (Shenk, 1997; White, 2000), the complete inability to make a decision, it
may still lead to overconfidence and other adverse effects in decision making (Eppler
& Mengis, 2004; Klausegger et al., 2007). For the long-term health of current
coping strategies.
Information Overload 11
they either seek to increase their information processing capacity, or they reduce the
cognitive effort involved in processing the information (de Bakker, 2006). Ways of
and aggregating information, training and acquiring skills such as speed reading
(Eppler et al., 2004; Koniger & Janowitz, 1995), multitasking, and employing
features in information technology (Allan & Shoard, 2006). Ways of decreasing the
succession, are questionable. Studies have shown that there is a cognitive cost in
Moreover, the learning potential for students is drastically reduced when their
attention is divided between several tasks (Gardner, 2008; Levine et al., 2007). This
Allan and Shoard (2006) found that when police officers were issued personal
digital assistants to handle e-mail in the field, the officers were able to spread their e-
mail loads throughout the day and reduce their feelings of information overload. E-
mail users who reduced their inbox queues through frequent organizing and
Information Overload 12
immediate message response were less likely to report being overloaded (Dabbish
and Kraut, 2006; Fisher et al., 2006; Whittaker, Bellotti, & Gwizdka, 2006; Whittaker
& Sidner, 1996). In several studies researchers saw e-mail clients being used for file
archival, file transfer, and task management, indicating the tendency for people to
centralize their software habits, often through satisficing strategies (Barreau, 1995), in
their information center to aid in retrieval and manage overload (Fisher et al., 2006).
In the context of this study, I will investigate the use of coping strategies
information and eliminating the source. These are strategies that are very similar to
applied in different contexts and implying the broader applicability of this study. This
When social networking sites have become as prevalent as they have among
internet users, and especially among college students, it signals a paradigm shift in
how people gather and share social information. But do users perceive SNSs as a
Finally, is there a relation between a student’s grade point average, which has been
linked to need for cognition, and reporting information overload? Through an online
survey, this study aims to provide the quantitative data that will answer these
questions.
Information Overload 14
Methods
quantitative orientation in extending the findings of Farhoomand & Drury (2002) and
Ellington (2005). I provided ordinal Likert-type items for the sources of information
overload listed in Ellington’s study to better measure the relative prevalence each
a pilot study (N=25) in December 2008 to get feedback on item wording and form
input design. There were sixty items in the final survey, although if the respondent
answered in the negative to using social networking sites, they were immediately
brought to the demographic items section of the survey. Also, items in this survey
pertaining to SNS usage habits were based on a 2008 Educause Center for Applied
Research study (Salaway & Caruso). As this was the third administration of the
ECAR study, I was confident in the wording of its survey items. Moreover, the report
students’ SNS usage. The final survey and informed consent form are in the
The most recent statistics on the student population at the University of North
Carolina indicate that during the spring 2009 semester there were 9,780 females and
population (“SAID”, 2009). However, not all of these students were subscribers to the
informational e-mail mailing list through which I sent the study’s recruitment e-mails.
Participants were solicited via two e-mail announcements which contained a link to
Information Overload 15
the online Qualtrics survey. The survey was open for completion during the weeks of
January 26, 2009 through February 13, 2009. The initial recruitment e-mail was sent
on January 26, and a week later (February 2) the second e-mail with a link to the
survey was sent out to the participant pool. Once the three-week data collection
period was over, I closed the online survey to further submissions and began to clean
out the data. Data was unacceptable if survey takers did not agree to the informed
consent form item given on the first page. Submissions were also excluded if no items
were answered after the initial informed consent input. This yielded a final count of
N=343. Because this was a non-random population, N was a sufficiently large sample
from which I may extrapolate findings from the data analysis of this study.
Information Overload 16
Results
Demographics
Of the 343 respondents to the survey, 92 were male and 249 were female, with
two respondents unreported. The gender percentage of respondents had a much higher
(59%, or 9,780 out of 16,543 total students). Also, members of the senior class were
population but accounting for 53% (181 out of 341) of respondents to the survey. I
was unable to find enrollment statistics for part-time versus full-time students in the
general university population, but 97% (319 out of 341) of the respondents were full-
time, compared to 3% (22 out of 341) of the part-time student respondents. See
Appendix for the University of North Carolina’s enrollment statistics. There was no
Study Demographics
SD=1.17), and Work (M=3.21, SD=1.07). Students had a neutral or undecided attitude
interrupting nature of the communication. See Table 9 in the Appendix for the
5
Mean 3.4723032
4
SD 0.8227164
3
Std Err Mean 0.0444225
2
upper 95% 3.5596789
1
lower 95% 3.3849275
0 Disagree
N 343
Most of the respondents had over 300 friends in their profiles, and tended to
visit their profiles at least daily. They would also spend six hours per week or less on
the social networking site, and were actively involved in zero to five groups.
Although there was a very weak correlation between perceptions of SNSs as a source
p<0.05), none of the specific behaviors could draw a significant correlation between it
and the perception of SNSs as a source of information overload, nor were there any
behaviors that had a significant correlation directly with the frequency of feeling
frequency, duration (hours per week), nor intensity (profile changes and messages) of
students’ usage of SNSs were significantly correlated with the frequency of feeling
information overload. For the complete statistics, see Table 12 in the Appendix.
Information Overload 20
information overload)
Table 4. SNS behaviors and how they correlate with experiencing information overload.
There were no significant correlations between usage behaviors and information overload
frequency.
Table 5. How SNS behaviors correlate with the perception of SNSs as sources of
information overload. There were no significant correlations between usage behaviors
and the perception of SNSs as a source of information overload.
Information Overload 21
The most common strategy for coping with information overload was filtering
and organizing the information (86.2%, n=293). The least commonly employed were
ignoring the information (32.5%, n=111) and delegation (32.7%, n=112). On average,
respondents reported using about six of the ten coping strategies (M=5.96, SD=2.07).
The results of the survey did not support Hypothesis 2; there was no
Mean 5.9620991
SD 2.0721682
N 343
Discussion
slight degree (ρ=0.144, p<0.05). This could be a function of the gender bias of the
insufficient size to achieve the power necessary to derive any statistically significant
findings. When broken down by GPA, “A” students have a weak but significant
while “B” students do not have a significant correlation (ρ=0.089, p=0.292) between
information overload.
While SNSs are correlated with information overload at about the same rate as
instant messaging, e-mail, classes, and courseware are more strongly correlated with
the frequency of feeling overloaded. These results confirm the findings from
Ellington (2005) and Farhoomand & Drury (2002) that e-mail and organizational
sources rank higher than other sources for information overload. This could lead to
some interesting research into the agency and emotional affect of retrieving
information and its relation to information overload. E-mail, classes, and courseware
tend to “push” information to users, often in great volumes and with no consideration
of the user’s will. SNSs are more of a “pull” phenomenon, where users actively seek
Information Overload 24
out information they wish to know, and derive some social satisfaction for finding it.
technologies such as RSS feeds and intelligent search agents to see if agency plays a
Table 7. How gender and GPA correlate with frequency of feeling information overload.
Females and “A” average students have a significant, positive correlation.
social networking site usage habits. For instance, the frequency of logging in, time
spent, and personal messages sent would permit more granular analysis as continuous
variables. I would try to find out what the “Other Internet uses” are that are more
overload, future studies can turn the intensity or frequency of information overload
Information Overload 25
and other elements that my obliquely reveal the understanding and experience of
information overload for each respondent. With enough iterations and refinement to
this instrument, researchers could develop a reliable Likert scale to evaluate feelings
based on frequency of usage and level of involvement within the SNS, could be
developed to help better answer questions such as those posited in this study. Despite
the flaws in the instrument, the data yielded from this survey still has rich possibilities
Other ideas for future research may expand this study to examine factors such
as a student’s major, age, or ethnicity. The survey can also be refined for non-
information overload, and which factors they would cite which contribute to their
feelings of information overload. Researchers may wish to look into how the design
e-mail clients, social networking site profiles, or courseware systems. Finally, studies
that more closely examine the relationship between need for cognition and
information overload can give us more insight into how a personal disposition can
Conclusion
This study has concluded that social networking site usage behaviors are not
students. The number of times a respondent logged into his or her profile, how much
time they spent per week on the SNS, and the messaging and other habits enacted on
the sites played no significant role in how respondents perceived SNSs as information
not exhibit this perception. After clustering respondents by grade point average, there
was a small but statistically significant positive correlation between GPA and
For a concept that has been studied for more than half a century, information
overload is still a remarkably fertile field for research. Qualitative research can shed
light into what factors contribute to information overload, eventually yielding a way
to measure information overload as a latent variable. User interface designers can find
ways to minimize information overload in their software, and they can capitalize on
environment. This specific study can be refined and, eventually, administered to the
general population to gauge just how severe a threat information overload is, how
SNSs contribute to this load, and how best to cope with this unique challenge of the
21st century.
Information Overload 27
We are only human, with finite amounts of time and cognitive capacity to
detrimental to our mental and physical well-being. Social networking sites, which
pique our intellectual curiosity and exploit our social natures, will become major
investigation, perhaps we will come to know whether this new form of computer-
of information overload.
Information Overload 28
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Choosing or declining to participate in this study will not affect your class standing or
grades at UNC-Chapel Hill. You will not be offered or receive any special
consideration if you take part in this research; it is purely voluntary. This study has
been approved by the UNC Behavioral IRB (IRB Study 08-2117; Approval Date:
January 16, 2009).
Choosing or declining to participate in this study will not affect your class standing or
grades at UNC-Chapel Hill. You will not be offered or receive any special
consideration if you take part in this research; it is purely voluntary. This study has
been approved by the UNC Behavioral IRB (IRB Study 08-2117; Approval Date:
January 16, 2009).
What are some general things you should know about research studies?
You are being asked to take part in a research study. To join the study is voluntary.
You may refuse to join, or you may withdraw your consent to be in the study, for any
reason, without penalty.
Research studies are designed to obtain new knowledge. This new information may
help people in the future. You may not receive any direct benefit from being in the
research study. There also may be risks to being in research studies.
Details about this study are discussed below. It is important that you understand this
information so that you can make an informed choice about being in this research
study.
You will be given a copy of this consent form. You should ask the researchers named
above, or staff members who may assist them, any questions you have about this
study at any time.
What are the possible risks or discomforts involved from being in this study?
The research involves no more than minimal risk to subjects. There may be
uncommon or previously unknown risks. You should report any problems to the
researcher.
The survey system used in the study is provided by Qualtrics, Inc. The Qualtrics
system maintains data behind a firewall and all data are accessed only by the owner
of the survey who must provide password and user id. All pieces of data are keyed to
that owner identification and cannot be accessed by anyone other than the owner or,
by the owner's request, technical assistance staff. Technical assistance staff include
server administrators at Qualtrics who will respond to hardware or software failures,
or Teresa Edwards, the UNC administrator for the Qualtrics Software Agreement.
Ms. Edwards has completed Human Subjects Research certification at UNC-CH, and
will only access survey data at the account owner's request.
The Qualtrics system has been used by government agencies, hundreds of universities
and in many dissertations involving human subjects and even disadvantaged and at
risk populations, including government sponsored studies collecting data about
Information Overload 37
physical and dependency abuse for adults and children. These are extremely
confidential studies that have passed the highest level of scrutiny from human
subjects committees.
If you enter your e-mail address for the Amazon.com gift card drawing, the
information will be encrypted and stored in a password-protected file on a USB key
accessible only by the researcher. Once the drawing is complete, the file containing
the e-mail addresses will be completely erased.
-----------------------------------------------------------
---
Participant’s Agreement:
I have read the information provided above. I have asked all the questions I have at
this time. I voluntarily agree to participate in this research study.
Information Overload 39
Appendix C: Survey
With this definition in mind, indicate how much you agree with the
following statements:
Very
Never Very Rarely Occasionally Frequently
Frequently
I feel overloaded
by the amount of
information I
have to handle
I have enough
time to process
the information I
need to process
When I perform
an internet
search, the
results are
relevant to me
Information that
is sent to me is
relevant to me
When I perform
an internet
search, the
results are
redundant
Information that
is sent to me is
redundant
How much do you agree that the following items are sources of
information overload for you?
Strongly Strongly
Disagree Undecided/Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree
Class
assignments
Information Overload 40
Courseware
Systems (such
as Blackboard
or Sakai)
E-mail
Instant
Messaging
Social
Networking
Sites (such as
Facebook or
MySpace)
Other Internet
use
Newspaper
Television
Phone Calls
Voicemail and
Text Messaging
Work,
internship, or
other
employment
Extracurricular
activities
others
Multitasking
Checking
sources of
information
more frequently
Checking
sources of
information less
frequently
Organizing my
information
Consolidating
my information
in one place
Looking for a
technical
solution
0
1
Information Overload 42
2
3
4
5
More than 5
How do you use social networking websites? Check all that apply.
Stay in touch with friends
Make new friends I have never met in person
Find out more about people (I may or may not have met)
Find someone to date
As a forum to express my opinions and views
Share photos, music, videos, or other work
For professional activities (job networking, etc.)
Communicate with classmates about course-related topics
Communicate with instructors about course-related topics
Participate in special interest groups
Plan or invite people to events
Respond to site advertisements
Other
Never
Once a year
Once a quarter/semester
Monthly
Weekly
Several times per week
Daily
Less than 1
1-3 hours
4-6 hours
7-10 hours
11-13 hours
14-16 hours
More than 16 hours
None
1–50
51-100
101-200
201-300
301-500
More than 500
None
1-5
6-10
More than 10
Full Time
Part Time
A
A-
B+
B
B-
C+
C
C- or lower
Decline to answer
Information Overload 45
Female
Male
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e-mail address.
Information Overload 46
FR F 2243
FR M 1564
JR F 1694
JR M 1143
SO F 2403
SO M 1602
SR F 3440
SR M 2454
Total 16543
Table 8. Enrollment statistics for the University of North Carolina, Spring 2009
Information Overload 47
Courseware
5
Mean 3.0352941
SD 1.0412955
4 Std Err Mean 0.0564722
upper 95% 3.1463741
lower 95% 2.9242141
3
N 340
E-mail
5
Mean 3.4735294
SD 1.170888
4 Std Err Mean 0.0635003
upper 95% 3.5984337
lower 95% 3.3486251
3
N 340
1
Information Overload 48
Instant Messaging
5
Mean 2.4674556
SD 1.0280084
4 Std Err Mean 0.0559163
upper 95% 2.5774445
lower 95% 2.3574667
3
N 338
1
Information Overload 49
Newspaper
Mean 2.6342183
5
SD 1.0272084
Std Err Mean 0.0557903
4 upper 95% 2.7439582
lower 95% 2.5244784
N 339
3
Television
5
Mean 2.9056047
SD 1.1422227
4 Std Err Mean 0.062037
upper 95% 3.027632
lower 95% 2.7835774
3
N 339
Telephone Calls
5
Mean 2.620178
SD 1.0050213
4 Std Err Mean 0.054747
upper 95% 2.7278681
lower 95% 2.512488
3
N 337
1
Information Overload 50
Employment
5
Mean 3.2117647
SD 1.0708706
4 Std Err Mean 0.0580761
upper 95% 3.3259996
lower 95% 3.0975298
3
N 340
Key
1) Strongly Disagree
2) Disagree
3) Neutral/Undecided
4) Agree
5) Strongly Agree
Table 9. Response distributions to items about information sources
Information Overload 51
2 Mean 1.6748466
Std Dev 0.9004849
Std Err Mean 0.0498732
1 upper 95% 1.7729618
lower 95% 1.5767315
N 326
Change Frequency
7 1) Never
2) Yearly
6 3) Semester
4) Monthly
5 5) Weekly
6) SeveralWeek
4 7) Daily
3
Mean 3.6984615
2 Std Dev 0.9882789
Std Err Mean 0.0548198
1 upper 95% 3.8063093
lower 95% 3.5906137
N 325
Hours/Wk
7 1) LessThan1
2) 1-3
6 3) 4-6
4) 7-10
5 5) 11-13
6) 14-16
4 7) 16+
3 Mean 2.6080247
Std Dev 1.2078422
2 Std Err Mean 0.0671023
upper 95% 2.7400375
1 lower 95% 2.4760119
N 324
Information Overload 52
Friends
7
1) None
2) 1-50
3) 51-100
6 4) 101-200
5) 201-300
5 6) 301-500
7) 500+
4
Mean 5.9417178
3
Std Dev 1.2744744
Std Err Mean 0.0705866
2 upper 95% 6.0805821
lower 95% 5.8028535
N 326
Personal Messages and Wall Posts
5 1) SeveralDay
2) Daily
3) SeveralWeek
4 4) Weekly
5) LessWeek
3
Mean 2.9783951
Std Dev 1.2377558
2 Std Err Mean 0.0687642
upper 95% 3.1136773
lower 95% 2.8431128
1 N 324
Activity in Groups
4 1) None
2) 1-5
3.5 3) 6-10
4) 10+
3 Mean 1.6707692
Std Dev 0.6844217
2.5 Std Err Mean 0.0379649
upper 95% 1.745458
2 lower 95% 1.5960804
N 325
1.5
No
Filter Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 28 0.08211
Yes 313 0.91789
Yes Total 341 1.00000
No
Eliminate Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 109 0.32059
Yes 231 0.67941
Yes Total 340 1.00000
No
Information Overload 54
Delegate Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 212 0.62170
Yes 129 0.37830
Yes Total 341 1.00000
No
Multitask Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 31 0.09064
Yes 311 0.90936
Yes Total 342 1.00000
No
More Frequent
Response Count Prob
No 125 0.36982
Yes 213 0.63018
Yes Total 338 1.00000
No
Information Overload 55
Frequencies
Less Frequent Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 230 0.67251
Yes 112 0.32749
Yes Total 342 1.00000
No
Organize Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 47 0.13824
Yes 293 0.86176
Yes Total 340 1.00000
No
Consolidate Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 93 0.27273
Yes 248 0.72727
Yes Total 341 1.00000
No
Information Overload 56
Technical Frequencies
Response Count Prob
No 185 0.54412
Yes 155 0.45588
Yes Total 340 1.00000
No
Nonparametric: Spearman's ρ
Variable by Variable Spearman ρ Prob>|ρ| Plot
SNS (as a source) Feel Overloaded 0.1270 0.0191
Visit Frequency Feel Overloaded 0.0612 0.2705
Hours/Week Feel Overloaded 0.0612 0.2721
PM/Wall Posts Feel Overloaded 0.0442 0.4279
Groups 2 Feel Overloaded 0.0360 0.5174
Friends Feel Overloaded 0.0321 0.5639
Change Frequency Feel Overloaded -0.0276 0.6204
Table 12. Correlation tables between SNS usage behaviors and feeling information
overload.
Information Overload 58