Plane Trusses and Frames Examples

This document is part of the notes written by Terje Haukaas and posted at www.inrisk.ubc.ca.
The notes are revised without notice and they are provided as is without warranty of any kind. You are encouraged to submit comments, suggestions, and questions to terje@civil.ubc.ca. It is unnecessary to print these notes because they will remain available online.
Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames
An asterisk (*) identifies a problem that is analyzed in an St example. Unless otherwise noted, all problems should be solved by hand and axial deformations should be included.
Terje Haukaas
University of British Columbia
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 1 (Fixed-roller beam)
P q A L/2 L B L/2 C
The beam in the figure consists of three side-by-side 2 x 10 dimension lumber wood beams. Determine the following: a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the moment distribution method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations, expressed in terms of P, q, and L
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 2 (Simply supported beam with partial loading)
30kN/m A 1m
The beam in the figure is a 130mm wide glulam beam. It consists of 13 laminates that are 38mm thick. The wood is Douglas Fir and the grade is 24f-EX. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine the section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Use the unit virtual load method to determine the vertical displacement at B and C (in mm) and the rotation at A (in rad) d) Do the same by using the moment area method
C 3m
D 1m
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 3 (Simply supported beam with cantilever)
4kN/m A B
10kN C
6m
The beam in the figure is a W10x39 steel beam.
2m
a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine the section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Use the unit virtual load method to determine the vertical displacement at C (in mm) d) Do the same by using the moment area method e) Sketch the influence line for the reaction force at A (upwards reaction force positive) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force f) Sketch the influence line for the bending moment at mid-span between A and B (tension at the bottom) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 4 (Cantilever building)

700kN H
600kN
500kN
400kN
300kN
200kN
100kN
B A
The shown cantilever beam is an idealized model of a seven-storey building with 3m high storeys. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 5 (Fixed-roller beam with hinge)
8kN/m A
The beams in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Use the unit virtual load method to determine the vertical displacement at B and the vertical displacement at mid-span between B and C (in mm); also determine the rotation at the right and left of B and the rotation at C (in rad) d) Do the same by using the moment area method e) Sketch the influence line for the reaction force at C (upwards reaction force positive) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force f) Sketch the influence line for the bending moment at A (tension at the top) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force
3m
3m
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 6 (Two-span continuous beam with hinge)
5kN/m A B C D
3m

2m
5m
The beams in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Use the unit virtual load method to determine the vertical displacement at B (in mm) and the rotation at the left and right of B (in rad) d) Do the same by using the moment area method e) Determine the vertical displacement at B (in mm) due to a 30mm downward settlement at D
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 7 (Two-span continuous beam with cantilever*)
6kN/m A B C D

4m

6m
2m
The beam in the figure is a 150mm thick reinforced concrete slab. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the flexibility method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the moment distribution method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations d) Using the classical stiffness method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations e) Sketch the influence line for the bending moment at A (tension at the top) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force f) Sketch the influence line for the reaction force at C (upwards reaction force positive) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force g) Using approximate analysis, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 8 (Symmetric three-span continuous beam)
5kN/m
A B C D
3m

4m
3m
The beam in the figure is a 150mm thick reinforced concrete slab. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the moment distribution method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using approximate analysis, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 9 (Three-span continuous beam with hinges)
4kN/m A B C D
4m

4m
4m
The beam in the figure is a 150mm thick reinforced concrete slab. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 10 (Continuous beam with vertical cantilevers)
6kN E A B C
6kN F
1m 2.5m
2m
D
5m

2.5m
All cross-sections in the figure are European IPE200 cross-sections. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the flexibility method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the moment distribution method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations d) Use the unit virtual load method to determine the horizontal displacement at D and E (in mm) e) Do the same by using the moment area method f) Determine the bending moment diagram due to a 5cm downward settlement at C
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 11 (Three-span continuous beam with two cantilevers)

8kN/m A B C D E F
2m

7m
6m
7m
2m
The beam in the figure is a 200mm thick reinforced concrete slab. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Sketch the influence line for the reaction force at D (upwards reaction force positive) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force d) Sketch the influence line for the bending moment at mid-span between C and D (tension at the bottom) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force e) Sketch the influence line for the shear force to the left of D (clockwise shear positive) without values, and show how you would place uniformly distributed downward-acting load to maximize this section force
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 12 (Two-span continuous beam with point load)
20kN A B D
5m

4m
3m
The continuous beam in the figure is a reinforced concrete slab with 200mm thickness. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the flexibility method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the moment distribution method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 13 (Fixed-fixed beam with hinge*)
3kN/m A
The beams in the figure consists of is two side-by-side 2 x 10 dimension lumber wood beams. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
3m
3m
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 14 (Asymmetric three-span continuous beam)

3kN/m
A B C D
4m

4m
4m
This beam has constant bending stiffness, EI. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 15 (Two adjacent continuous beams)
q
A B C D E
5m

2m
2m
3m
Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 16 (T-frame)
2kN/m B C D
2.5m
0.5m
2.5m
The beams in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Use the unit virtual load method to determine the vertical displacement at D (in mm) without axial deformations d) Do the same by using the moment area method e) Determine the vertical displacement at D due to a 10C temperature increase above the line BD
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 17 (L-frame*)
3kN/m 2kN B C
3m
A
4m

The structure in the figure consists of three side-by-side 2 x 12 dimension lumber wood members. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Use the unit virtual load method to determine the displacement at C (in mm) without axial deformations d) Do the same by using the moment area method e) Determine the displacement at C due to a 15mm downward settlement at A f) Determine the horizontal displacement at C if AB is manufactured 15mm too long
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 18 (Column with cantilever)
2m 5kN
B D
2kN/m 3m
2m
Suppose the members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical and horizontal displacements at D (in mm) and the rotation at D (in rad) d) Do the same by using the moment area method e) Determine both displacements at D if the temperature drops by 10C on the right side of AC, while the temperature on the left side of AC remains warm
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 19 (L-frame with cantilever)

A
2m 15kN
B C D
4m

2m
Suppose the members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the horizontal displacement at B and the vertical displacement at D (both in mm) d) Do the same by using the moment area method e) Determine the vertical displacement at D if Support A moves down by 30mm
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 20 (S-frame)
2m 15kN
B C
2m
A
4m

Suppose the members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the horizontal displacements at A and B (in mm) d) Do the same by using the moment area method
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 21 (Frame with sagging beam)
3 kN/m
D
3m
B
3m
A
3m

4m
This frame is made with European steel with HEB360 cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical and horizontal displacements at C (in mm) d) Do the same by using the moment area method
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 22 (Snap-through beam)
5kN/m
B A C
H=3m
8m

8m
a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Comment on the stability of this structure, particularly as a function of H c) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 23 (Pinned-pinned arched truss with one hinge)
10m
A C
30m

30m
Suppose this roof truss is subjected to wind load, with 2kN/m pressure from A to B, and 2kN/m suction from B to C. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine the maximum axial force in truss chords and diagonals
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 24 (Classic truss with four panels)
30kN B
30kN D F
30kN H
30kN
30kN J 3.5m
E 4 x 3.5m
The truss structure in the figure consists of PIPE2XS steel members. a) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy b) Determine the axial force in all members c) Determine the vertical displacement at E (in mm)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 25 (Light wood frame roof truss)
2m
2m
F
2m
2m
3m
A B C D E
This wood truss is part of a roof system where the trusses are spaced 1.5m on centre. The roof is subjected to a snow load equal to 4kN/m2. Suppose all members are 2 by 4 dimension lumber. a) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy b) Determine the axial force in all members c) Determine the vertical displacement at C (in mm)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 26 (Triangle truss*)

E
1.5m
1.5m
3kN 1.5m

3kN 1.5m

The truss structure in the figure consists of standard PIPE2STD steel cross-sections. a) b) c) d) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy Determine the axial force in all members Determine the horizontal and vertical displacement at A (in mm) Determine the axial force in all members due to a uniform temperature increase equal to 10C
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 27 (Trapezoidal truss)

200kN 300kN
D E
7m
5m
5m
5m
Suppose the members in the figure have standard HSS6.000X0.375 steel cross- sections. a) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy b) Determine the axial force in all members c) Determine the horizontal and vertical displacement at E (in mm)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 28 (Cantilevered triangle truss)

D
200kN
5m
Suppose the members in the figure have standard HSS6.000X0.375 steel cross- sections and suppose H=5m. a) b) c) d) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy Determine the axial force in all members Determine the vertical displacement at C (in mm) How sensitive is the maximum axial force and the vertical displacement at C to changes in H?
5m
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 29 (Long roof truss)

3kN/m 0.5m 1.0m
a) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy b) Using approximate analysis, determine the maximum axial force in the chords (one value) and in the diagonals (another value) c) Determine the exact axial force in all members
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 30 (Beam resting on triangle truss)
5m 10kN/m A B C 2m D 3m
The structure in the figure consists of glulam members. All members are 130mm wide. Member AC has 15 laminates and the other members have 8 laminates. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformation in the beam member b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical displacement at B d) Determine the vertical displacement at B if DE is manufactured 25mm too long
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 31 (Beam held up by vertical rod)
2m
A B C D
5kN/m 4m
Suppose the members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformation in the beam member b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical displacement at B (in mm) and the rotation at D (in rad) d) Do the same by using the moment area method
2m
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 32 (Beam supported by inclined rod)
10kN 5kN/m
A B C D
1.5m 1.5m
0.5m
Suppose the members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformation in the beam member b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical displacement at D (in mm) d) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the rotation at D (in rad) e) Using the moment area method, determine the vertical displacement at D (in mm) f) Using moment area method, determine the rotation at D (in rad) g) Determine the vertical displacement at D if Support E moves down 20mm h) Determine the vertical displacement at D if the temperature at the topside of Member AD increases by 15C, while the temperature elsewhere remains constant. i) Determine the vertical displacement at D if Member CE is fabricated 10mm too long.
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 33 (Post and beam barn)

E
2.5m
D F
2.5m
G
100kN
2m
B H
2m
A I
10m

Suppose this symmetric post-and-beam building system consists of members that have built-up cross-sections with three side-by-side 2 by 10 dimension lumber beams. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the horizontal displacement at C (in mm)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 34 (Crane)
D
2m
P1
P2
25m
7m
20m
5m
For this structure, determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 35 (Portal frame with cantilevers)
4kN/m A B C D
3m
E F
1m

4m
1m
The frame in the figure consists of three horizontal side-by-side 2 x 12 dimension lumber beams that are rigidly connected to two columns made of two side-by-side 2 x 18 dimension lumber beams. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Neglect axial deformations and determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 36 (Fixed-fixed L-frame with cantilever)
3kN/m D B C
3m
A
1m

4m
The structure in the figure consists of three side-by-side 2 x 12 dimension lumber wood members. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the moment distribution method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine the rotation at B (in rad) d) Using the slope deflection method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations, as well as the rotation at B (in rad) e) Using the classical stiffness method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations, as well as the rotation at B (in rad)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 37 (Fixed-fixed three-member knee frame)
3kN/m
C D
3m
10kN
B
3m
A
3m

3m
This frame is made with European steel with HEB360 cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Neglect axial deformations and determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 38 (Fixed-fixed L-frame with two point loads)
10kN 3m
B C
10kN 3m
D E
3m
F
4m
This frame is made with European steel with HEB360 cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the slope-deflection method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the classical stiffness method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations d) Determine the rotation at B (in rad) and the vertical displacement at D (in mm)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 39 (Portal frame with different column lengths)
20kN
B C
2m 4m
D
4m
The members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections.
a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the slope-deflection method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the stiffness method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 40 (Fixed-fixed S-frame)
2m 15kN
B C
2m
A
Suppose the members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the classical stiffness method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the horizontal displacement at B (in mm) d) Do the same by using the moment area method
4m
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 41 (Fixed-roller beam with in-span column support)
6kN/m A B C
4m
D
3m

5m
This frame is made with European steel with HEB360 cross-sections. The members are oriented so that the cross-section carries load about its strong axis. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the classical stiffness method and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 42 (Fixed-fixed portal frame)
3.5kN/m 10kN
B C
3m
A D
4m

The members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the slope-deflection method, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine the horizontal displacement at B, excluding axial deformations d) Solve the problems again with P-delta effects included e) Using approximate analysis, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations (treat the two loads separately and use superposition to obtain the final diagrams)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 43 (Fixed-fixed portal frame with one hinge)
3.5kN/m 10kN
B C
3m
A D
4m

Suppose the members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. Determine the following: a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine the horizontal displacement at B, excluding axial deformations d) Solve the problems again with P-delta effects included
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 44 (Pinned-roller portal frame)
3.5kN/m 10kN
B C
3m
A D
4m

Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 45 (Fixed-fixed portal frame with two hinges)
3.5kN/m 10kN
B C
3m
A D
4m

Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 46 (Pinned-pinned portal frame with hinge at mid-span of girder)
3.5kN/m 10kN
B C
3m
A D
4m

Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 47 (Pinned-pinned portal frame with one hinge)
10kN
3m
A D
4m

Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 48 (Pinned-pinned portal frame)
3.5kN/m 10kN
B C
3m
A D
4m

Terje Haukaas
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Example 49 (Three-bay portal frame)

6kN/m 80kN B D F H
4m
A C E G
7m

6m
7m
The frame in the figure consists of 200mm thick reinforced concrete walls and slabs. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Neglect the lateral load and axial deformations, and use the moment distribution method to determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Include all loads and determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations d) Do the same with P-delta effects included
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 50 (Fixed-fixed two-storey portal frame)
F2
C
q2
D
3m
F1
q1
B E
4m
A F
6m

The frame in the figure consists of 200mm thick reinforced concrete walls and slabs. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations when q1=q2=0 and F1=F2=50kN. Neglect axial deformations. a) Determine the horizontal displacement at B and C when q1=q2=0 and F1=F2=50kN. Neglect axial deformations. a) Repeat c) and d) when q1=q2=10kN/m with P-delta effects included
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 51 (Fixed-fixed portal frame with inclined roof)
Snow Wind 2m
D
Wind Gravity
B
Wind
Gravity 4m
5m

The structural model in the figure consists of 150mm thick reinforced concrete members, with 1m out-of-plane lengths. The loads are:

Snow: 2.5kN/m Wind on left side and roof: 1.0kN/m Wind on right side: 1.5kN/m Dead load: 8kN/m
a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Neglect axial deformations and establish the stiffness matrix for this structure, expressed in terms of the bending stiffness EI. c) Determine the clamping force vector for snow load d) Determine the clamping force vector for wind load e) Determine the clamping force vector for gravity load f) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations, for gravity load
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 52 (Three-bay five-storey frame)
50kN 50kN 50kN 50kN 50kN A 5m

a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine the worst-case live-load scenario for the reaction force at A c) Determine the worst-case live-load scenario for the reaction force at B d) Determine the worst-case live-load scenario for the bending moment at C (to the right of the joint, tension at the top) e) Determine the worst-case live-load scenario for the bending moment at D (tension at the bottom) f) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations, by the portal method of approximate analysis g) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations, by the cantilever method of approximate analysis h) Which of the portal and cantilever method gives the most accurate result for this problem, and why?
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m B 5m 5m

C D
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 53 (Beam resting on circular pipe cross-section)
2m 10kN
D E A
45
45
B C
The circular pipe and the cover DE are made of 25mm thick steel. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Under the assumption that Beam DE does NOT carry any load, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Under the assumption that Beam DE does indeed carry load, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 54 (3D frame*) Consider the 3D frame in the figure, with the following geometry, cross-section, and load information: The length and width, L, is 4m The height, H, is 3m All cross-sections are standard steel sections called HSS6.000X0.375 Both point loads, P1, equals 20kN Both point loads, P2, equals 15kN
P1 P1 P2
E
F D
H
C
P2
L
a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations, by the portal method of approximate analysis c) Maximum horizontal displacement
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 55 (Railway bridge truss)
8m
A E
P
6m 8m
P
8m
P
6m

All members in this truss have equal axial stiffness, EA. a) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy b) Determine the axial force in all members
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 56 (Column with cantilever supported by rod)
0.5m
E
1.5m 5kN
B C D
2kN/m 1.5m 2.5m 0.5m
The members in the figure have standard W6x9 steel cross-sections. Member EC is a circular steel rod with 30mm diameter. In the computation of deformations, exclude axial deformations in the wide-flange members but include axial deformations in the steel rod. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations in the frame members b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical displacement at D (in mm) and the rotation at D (in rad)
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 57 (Simply supported beam with under-deck truss)
4kN/m
B D
1m
6m

Beam member AC is made up of two side-by-side 2 by 10 dimension lumber beams (SPF No. 2). The vertical member BD is made up of two side-by-side 2 by 4 dimension lumber beams, also SPF No. 2. The inclined members are steel rods with circular cross-section with 20mm diameter. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations in the frame members b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine section force diagrams due to a 10mm shortening of Members AD and CD d) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical displacement at B due to applied loads e) Determine the shortening (post-tensioning) of the steel rods to prevent compressive force in the rods when an upward load equal to 2kN/m acts on the horizontal beam instead of the shown load f) Determine the vertical displacement at B due to the post-tensioning determined in the previous problem, without applied loads
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 58 (Roof arch supported by truss)
q
B A C
1m
6m

Member AC and Member BD are made of steel with a solid circular cross-section with radius 30mm. The inclined members are also steel rods, with solid circular cross-section with radius 10mm. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations in the frame members b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Using the unit virtual load method, determine the vertical displacement at B due to applied loads d) Determine the shortening (post-tensioning) of the steel rods to prevent compressive force in the rods when an upward load equal to 2kN/m acts on the horizontal beam instead of the shown load e) Determine the vertical displacement at B due to the post-tensioning determined in the previous problem, without applied loads
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 59 (Cantilevered bus shelter)

2kN/m +10C B C D E
0.2m
0.2m 2.5m
0.5m
2m
0.5m
steel = 1.2.10-5/C (coefficient of thermal expansion) . 6 2 Esteel = 200 10 kN/m Eglass = 60.106kN/m2 Asteel = 0.00285m2 (members with solid thick lines) Aglass = 0.01m2 (member DF) Isteel = 19.4.10-6m4 (members with solid thick lines) a) Consider the situation where there is no member between A and B and no member between D and F. In other words, consider only the structure denoted by thick solid lines. For this situation, compute the vertical displacement at D due to the applied load and a temperature increase above the line BE, as shown in the figure. The temperature elsewhere remains unchanged. Neglect axial deformations. b) Suppose there is a glass member between D and F but no member between A and B. The glass member DF acts like a truss member because it is not moment- connected at either end. For this situation, determine the bending moment diagram and axial force diagram in all members due to the applied load and a temperature increase above the line BE. Include axial deformation in the glass member, but keep neglecting axial deformations in the steel members. c) Suppose there is a steel rod with cross-sectional area 0.00285m2 between A and B but no member between D and F. Member AB is not moment-connected at either end and therefore acts like a truss member. We will now attempt to apply a member length change of this member AB to counteract the vertical displacement at D determined in a) above. Determine the value of the axial force required in member AB to exactly counteract the vertical displacement at D determined in a) above. Include axial deformations only in the rod AB but not in the other steel members.
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 60 (Simply supported beam with in-span rod support)
12m
50kN/m
A B C
3.5m
D
Suppose the shown structure is a highway overpass bridge. The bridge deck is 0.3m thick by 5m wide and made of reinforced concrete. The vertical member BD consists of two circular columns with diameter 0.5m spaced 3m apart in the out-of-plane direction. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine the section force diagrams if column BD is constructed 3cm too long d) Determine the section force diagrams due to a 3cm downward settlement at D e) Determine the section force diagrams due to 3cm simultaneous downward settlement at A and C
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 61 (Fixed-fixed two-storey portal frame with rigid floors)
10kN
3m
10kN
4m
A F
While members BE and CD are infinitely rigid, both in bending and axial deformation, the columns consist of three side-by-side 2 by 10 dimension lumber members. They are spliced so that they are continuous along the full height of the building. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the stiffness method, and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine the critical buckling value for W, which is the weight of each floor, and associated buckling modes
Terje Haukaas
www.inrisk.ubc.ca
Example 62 (Pinned-pinned two-storey portal frame with rigid floors)
10kN
3m
10kN
4m
A F
While members BE and CD are infinitely rigid, both in bending and axial deformation, the columns consist of three side-by-side 2 by 10 dimension lumber members. They are spliced so that they are continuous along the full height of the building. a) Determine the degree of static indeterminacy, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy with and without axial deformations b) Using the stiffness method, and neglecting axial deformations, determine section force diagrams, including values at key locations c) Determine the critical buckling value for W, which is the weight of each floor, and associated buckling modes

Plane Trusses and Frames Examples

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This document is part of the notes written by Terje Haukaas and posted at www.inrisk.ubc.ca.

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 1 (Fixed-roller beam)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 2 (Simply supported beam with partial loading)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 3 (Simply supported beam with cantilever)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 4 (Cantilever building)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 5 (Fixed-roller beam with hinge)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 6 (Two-span continuous beam with hinge)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 7 (Two-span continuous beam with cantilever*)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 8 (Symmetric three-span continuous beam)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 9 (Three-span continuous beam with hinges)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 10 (Continuous beam with vertical cantilevers)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 11 (Three-span continuous beam with two cantilevers)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 12 (Two-span continuous beam with point load)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 13 (Fixed-fixed beam with hinge*)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 14 (Asymmetric three-span continuous beam)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 15 (Two adjacent continuous beams)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 18 (Column with cantilever)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Example 19 (L-frame with cantilever)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

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Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia

Example 21 (Frame with sagging beam)

Examples: Plane Trusses and Frames

University of British Columbia