Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
=
=
=
|
.
|
\
| +
|
.
|
\
| +
=
= =
0 1
0
2
1
16
1 2
cos
16
1 2
cos
4
1
, : IDCT
7
0
7
0
, ,
n
n
C
v y u x
S C C y x s
n
u v
v u v u y x
4. DESIGN METRICS
4.1 MEAN SQUARE ERROR
The MSE is the second moment (about the origin) of the
error, and thus incorporates both the variance of the
estimator and its bias. For an unbiased estimator, the
MSE is the variance of the estimator. Like the variance,
MSE has the same units of measurement as the square of
the quantity being estimated. In an analogy to standard
deviation, taking the square root of MSE yields the root
mean square error or root mean square
deviation (RMSE or RMSD), which has the same units as
the quantity being estimated; for an unbiased estimator,
the RMSE is the square root of the variance, known as
the standard deviation.
If is a vector of n predictions, and is the vector of
the true values, then the MSE of the predictor is:
4.2 PEAK SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, often abbreviated PSNR, is
an engineering term for the ratio between the maximum
possible power of a signal and the power of
corrupting noise that affects the fidelity of its
International Journal of EmergingTrends & Technology in Computer Science(IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 2, March April 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
Volume 2, Issue 2 March April 2013 Page 170
representation. Because many signals have a very
wide dynamic range, PSNR is usually expressed in terms
of the logarithmic decibel scale.
PSNR is most easily defined via the mean squared
error (MSE). Given a noise-free mn monochrome
image I and its noisy approximation K, MSE is defined
as:
The PSNR is defined as:
4.3 COMPRESSION RATIO
The size of the compressed image divided by the size of
the original image and this value will be subtracted from
1 and the final value gives the compression ratio. This
ratio gives an indication of how much compression is
achieved for a particular image. Most algorithms have a
typical range of compression ratios that they can achieve
over a variety of images. Because of this, it is usually
more useful to look at an average compression ratio for a
particular method.
The compression ratio typically affects the picture quality.
Generally, the higher the compression ratio, the poorer
the quality of the resulting image. The tradeoff between
compression ratio and picture quality is an important one
to consider when compressing images.
Compression ratio = 1- (Compressed image size /
Original image size) x 100%
4.4 BITS PER PIXEL
The number of bits of information stored per pixel of
an image or displayed by a graphics adapter. The more
bits there are, the more colors can be represented, but the
more memory is required to store or display the image.
Bpp =numbers of bits/number of pixels
5. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
RESULTS FOR GRAY SCALE IMAGES
For Baboongray image
Fig 5.1: Quality level vs Design metrics for Baboongray
image
For Lenagray image
Qua
lity
Level
Size
of the
image
PSN
R
MSE CR
10 256 x
256
22.31
39
381.6
680
94.8
%
40 256 x
256
26.08
83
160.0
485
67.9
%
60 256 x
256
27.92
75
104.7
921
49.9
%
80 256 x
256
31.72
55
43.70
46
15.0
%
International Journal of EmergingTrends & Technology in Computer Science(IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 2, March April 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
Volume 2, Issue 2 March April 2013 Page 171
Qual
ity
Level
Size of
the
image
PSNR MSE CR
10 256 x
256
23.03
88
322.9
979
95.8%
40 256 x
256
27.96
38
103.9
202
78.5%
60 256 x
256
29.88
06
66.83
77
66.6%
80 256 x
256
33.49
60
29.07
24
40.5%
Fig 5.2: Quality level vs Design metrics for Lenagray
image
For Rosesgray image
Qual
ity
Level
Size of
the
image
PSN
R
MSE CR
10 256 x
256
24.31
35
240.8
423
96.7%
40 256 x
256
29.17
67
78.59
70
83.8%
60 256 x
256
31.16
42
49.73
44
74.2%
80 256 x
256
34.52
13
22.95
87
53.2%
Fig 5.3: Quality level vs Design metrics for Rosesgray
image
6. CONCLUSION
- For the gray scale images, different objective
fidelity quality metrics like Peak Signal to Noise
International Journal of EmergingTrends & Technology in Computer Science(IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 2, March April 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
Volume 2, Issue 2 March April 2013 Page 172
Ratio(PSNR), Mean Square Error(MSE) and
Compression Ratio(CR) have been arrived.
- The findings for gray scale images are
For Rosesgray image, the PSNR value is 34.5213
and it is more compared to other input gray
scale images.
For Rosesgray image, the CR value is 96.7% and
it is more compared to other input gray scale
images.
For Rosesgray image, the MSE value is 22.9587
and it is less compared to other input gray scale
images.
- Finally the proposed JPEG algorithm can be
extended for Region Of Interest(ROI)
segmentation based image compression
technique which involves dividing the image
into two images namely front portion of the
image and back portion of the image.
- The back portion of the image comes under
redundant data and so it can be compressed to
the maximum extent.
- This doesn't effect the front portion of the image
and so the compression can be done better only
to our desired area.
REFERENCES
[1] Z. Lin, J. He, X. Tang, and C. -K. Tang, Fast,
automatic and fine grained tampered JPEG image
detection via DCT
coefficient analysis, Pattern Recognit., vol. 42, pp.
24922501, 2009.
[2] G. K. Wallace, The JPEG still picture compression
standard, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 38,
no. 1, pp. XVIIIXXXIV, Feb. 1992.
[3] Kesavan, Hareesh. Choosing a DCT Quantization
Matrix for JPEG Encoding. Web page.
http://www.ise.Stanford.EDU/class/ee392c/demos/kes
avan/
[4] McGowan, John. The Discrete Cosine Transform.
Web page. http://www.rahul.net/jfm/dct.html
[5] Wallace, Gregory K. The JPEG Still Picture
Compression Standard. Paper submitted in
December1991 for publication in IEEE Transactions
on Consumer Electronics.
[6] Wolfgang, Ray. JPEG Tutorial. Web page.
[7] Nelson, Mark, The Data Compression Book:
Featuring Fast, Efficient, Data Compression
Techniques in C, M&T Books, Redwood City, CA,
1992.
[8] Ramstad, Tor A. Still Image Compression, New
York: CRC Press, 1998.
[9] Data Compression Book (The Complete Reference) by
David Salomon
[10] Digital Image Processing, 2/E by Gonzalez
www.prenhall.com/gonzalezwoods