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Bharath Bhashyam, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Guntur, Ph: 9966166696, Srinivas karnati, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Guntur, Ph: 9989592002,
E-mail:bhashyam999@gmail.com. ABSTRACT:
E-mail:srinivaskarnati44@gmail.com
Group No: 2
Water resources management is the practice of making decisions and taking actions while considering multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed. These decisions and actions relate to situations such as river basin planning, organization of task forces, planning of new capital facilities, controlling reservoir releases, regulating floodplains, and developing new laws and regulations. The need for multiple viewpoints is caused by competition for water and by complex institutional constraints. The decision-making process is often lengthy and involves many participants. Irrigation water management has significant economic implications in developing countries like India. Most developing countries are continuing to develop and implement comprehensive water resource management plans. These plans serve as guidelines for overall water resource management and set targets for smaller, local utilities to provide adequate water supplies. Comprehensive plans are increasingly popular as a method of combining supply and conservation projects. In this paper we briefly account on Water management and Irrigation systems, Challenges to Water Management Integration, Integrated Resource Planning, Conserving water resources, and methods for water management.
INTRODUCTION:
Water resources management is the practice of making decisions and taking actions while considering multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed. These decisions and actions relate to situations such as river basin planning, organization of task forces, planning of new capital facilities, controlling reservoir releases, regulating floodplains, and developing new laws and regulations. The need for multiple viewpoints is caused by competition for water and by complex institutional constraints. The decision-making process is often lengthy and involves many participants. Irrigation water management has significant economic implications in developing countries like India. While the structural infrastructure has been created with a huge financial investment in these countries, it is vital that appropriate non-structural measures be adopted for efficient water management. Scientific policies of operation of irrigation reservoir systems need to be developed with the aid of implemented in practice.
Most developing countries are continuing to develop and implement comprehensive water resource management plans. These plans serve as guidelines for overall water resource management and set targets for smaller, local utilities to provide adequate water supplies. Comprehensive plans are increasingly popular as a method of combining supply and conservation projects.
Multiple Purposes
Integrated water resources management considers the viewpoints of water management agencies with specific purposes, governmental and stakeholder groups, geographic regions, and disciplines of knowledge.
In general, water agencies deal with water supply, wastewater and water quality services, storm water and flood control, hydropower, navigation, recreation, and water for the environment, fish, and wildlife. As
the practice of water resources management evolved, the term "multipurpose" water resources development (or management) came to refer to projects with more than one purpose.
Geographic Regions:
The views of stakeholders in different locations must be balanced, introducing a geographic dimension of integration. Examples include issues between upstream and downstream stakeholders, issues among stakeholders in the same region, and views of stakeholders in a basin of origin versus those in a receiving basin. Another aspect of geographic integration is the scale of water-accounting units, such as small watershed, major river basin, region, or state, even up to global scale.
Encourages planning and management on a natural water systems basis through a dynamic process that adapts to changing conditions; Balances competing uses of water through efficient allocation that addresses social values, cost effectiveness, and environmental benefits and costs; Requires the participation of all units of government and stakeholders in decision-making through a process of coordination and conflict resolution; Promotes water conservation, reuse, source protection, and supply development to enhance water quality and quantity; and Fosters public health, safety, and community goodwill.
Institutional strengthening:
The new challenges in water management posed by the increase in population and the pressure to use water resources efficiently mean that the institutions in charge of water management should be either reformed or created so that countries are able to cope with these new demands. These institutional reforms might take different forms depending on the local conditions and the specific aims of the reform. In order to illustrate different alternatives on how these reforms can be pursued. Irrigation advisory services can play an importantly role in assisting users to adopt new techniques and technologies for more efficient water use and increased production. Such services can be provided by private, public or co-operative agencies. Increasingly commercial agencies can take over the traditional role of the public agencies, although often restricted to the more lucrative parts of irrigation sector.
purpose.
resources and to achieve, at lower costs, the benefits from its use. This is achieved through measures such as water-saving devices, water-efficient processes, water demand management, and water rationing. A key to water conservation is getting people to recognize the value of water and not using it as if it were a free good. Almost every country in the world faces a growing challenge to meet the increasing demand for water that is driven by expanding populations and economic growth. Water supplies are affected by more industrialization, mechanization, urbanization, and their polluting byproducts. The world is now in an era where neither the economy nor the environment can absorb much negative impact from the mismanagement of water resources.
CONSERVATION PLANNING:
Most developing countries are continuing to develop and implement comprehensive water resource management plans. These plans serve as guidelines for overall water resource management and set targets for smaller, local utilities to provide adequate water supplies. Comprehensive plans are increasingly popular as a method of combining supply and conservation projects.
Historical:
Water conservation practices have been advocated since the 1960s. As early as 1965, the federal government made water conservation a goal with the Water Resources Planning. The reclaimed wastewater is used to irrigate golf courses, parks, schools, and agricultural land, as well as for industrial processes. Water or improve land management practices to conserve water." Historically, local conservation has been a valuable part of water resource plans because small savings can add up to large volumes of water saved.
Common Characteristics:
Innovative water conservation programs have been enacted throughout. The major characteristics include: Needs to simplify and coordinate resource planning efforts; Efforts to extend limited supplies prior to initiating new source development projects; Reductions in residential, industrial, and agricultural demand; and Improvements in the efficiency of older supply infrastructure.
Three principal concerns about the traditional approach have been advanced. First, forecast demand is taken as a given, and virtually no attempt is made to integrate supply management and demand management options. Traditional supplyplanning activities have tended to focus on providing new sources of supply to meet future water demands. Dam-building has been an important component of traditional water-supply planning, and civil engineers have played a major role in the construction and maintenance of the world's dams. Second, the public-at-large, outside experts, and government regulators generally have little or no involvement in traditional utility planning. Demand analysis and the assessment of supply alternatives takes place within the utility (or a single planning unit within the utility); only the final product is made available for review or regulatory approval. Often, major investment decisions are made with little or no oversight. Third, traditional planning also tends to be confined to individual utilities in virtual isolation. The decision-making process excludes parties who not only have a vested interest but also unique insights about resource options.
Supply-Driven Focus:
Like other types of public utilities, the prevailing planning processes undertaken by water utilities have been internally driven and dominated by supply considerations. The result has been an emphasis on maintaining reliable water supplies and, accordingly, the engineering of facilities for source development, treatment and storage, and transmission and distribution of water. The result is a disaggregated planning approach focusing only on new supply alternatives, while initiatives in the areas of conservation are consigned to separate programs. Moreover, conservation effects often are not reflected in revised demand and revenue forecasts.
Least-Cost Planning:
The shortcomings of traditional planning, along with significant external economic and political forces, gave rise to the current interest in least-cost planning, or integrated resource planning (IRP). Least-cost planning emerged in the context of the energy industries during the 1980s as a response to rising costs, a poor record of forecasting, and growing concerns about environmental externalities. Least-cost planning emphasizes a balanced consideration of supply management and demand management options in identifying feasible least-cost alternatives for meeting future water needs.
Traditional planners tend to view least-cost planning as more risky, as least in terms of supply reliability. Advocates of least-cost planning would counter that planning actually reduces some forms of risk, such as the revenue recovery risk associated with excess capacity.
Integrative Assessments:
Like least-cost planning, IRP explicitly recognizes that demand management can be a cost-effective and viable resource option. In a somewhat broadened sense, IRP recognizes that demand management can help achieve multiple policy goals (such as cost control and pollution prevention). The generalized concept of IRP also can be used to address short- and long-term community needs that span from environmental protection to economic development. Prescreening resource options and the construction of alternative planning scenarios can be used to evaluate the implications of a given resource mix on the utility, the environment, and the community.
Toilet flushing is the largest indoor household use of water. Replacing an older toilet with a watersaving one is a good investment.
Social Acceptability:
Water conservation is not an isolated activity and its social acceptability is related to many factors such as the characteristics of the utility market; the pricing system; and economic, political, technological, and willingness to conserve. By the time that water conservation is necessary, the public has already developed established use patterns and may be resistant to changing these patterns. To change social consciousness about water resources, an understanding of all the issues is critical. Public perception often is influenced by an effective campaign to highlight the positives of these new decisions. Drought situations often highlight the need for conservation measures and increase social acceptability.
Conclusion:
(i) A description of the current situation in water resources management, in the efficiency of water use and how decisions are made and actions taken . (ii) A vision of where the country wants to be in the future in terms of its water resources, the quality of the resource, efficiency of use, the decision making process, how actions will be taken to solve problems, etc. (iii) Least-cost planning emphasizes a balanced consideration of supply management and demand management options in identifying feasible least-cost alternatives for meeting future water needs. (iv) Conservation benefits include reduced water bills and greater water supplies that help in better economic development. Environmental benefits include ecosystem and habitat protection
References:
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Planning-and-Management-Water-Resources.html http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#scheme Water Resources Management by David Stephenson.