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An atom is composed of;

i. ii.

Nucleus at the centre, made up from Protons (positively charged) and Neutrons (no charge) Electrons (negative charge) orbiting around the nucleus

Atom Sketch

The two types of bonding between metals and non-metals atom respectively are; Ionic bonding, which occurs between metals and non metals. Covalent bonding, which occurs only between non metals.

i.

Mechanical properties The mechanical behavior of a material reflects the relationship between its response or deformation to an applied load or force
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ii.

Physical properties Physical properties are associated to appearance (structure) to the given material. For example, if one touch a metal at room temperature it feels colder when compared touching a wood or polymer. Magnetic and electrical properties Magnetic properties are related to a material which has a magnetic element (ie iron). Electrical properties are related to material which conducts electricity (ie copper, steel). Thermal properties Thermal properties are related to material which has a good resistance to elevated temperatures and thermal shocks. Insulators are good examples of materials having thermal properties.

iii.

iv.

Four mechanical properties to engineering materials are; Strength Hardness Ductility Stiffness

Some types of test which can be applied on materials in order to determine the mechanical properties are; Tensile test Charpy impact test Hardness test

a)

b) c)

When a tensile strength is conducted, the data obtained consists of force applied and the extension of the material. Extension means how the material is strained during the tensile strength. Stress and strain graphs of a typical ductile material, indicated in diagram below. Elastic limit and ultimate tensile strength indication, indicated in diagram below.

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d) Sketch of a sample of ductile and brittle material after they are fractured using tensile strength. Ductile material Brittle material

The following engineering materials are classified according to their properties. Brass Aluminum Copper PTFE Nylon Iron Nitride

METALS

NON METALS

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Material processing cycle General Description Raw materials that are first harvested from the earth and divided into a form that can be easily transported and stored. These then are processed into semi-finished materials, which can be the input of a new cycle of production, to create finished materials, ready for distribution, construction, and consumption, until recycled for other use. Each Cycle Description Raw materials coming from nature, that are found in the earth crust being brought to surface in an unprocessed state. Nature raw material refined into other useful material Example Crude oil is refined into gasoline, fuel, heating oil, kerosene and gas. The science and technology by which a material is converted into a useful shape with a structure and properties for a particular application. The assembly of different manufactured parts to form a component. Components need periodic maintenance to keep them in good condition for its intended purpose. The re-use of material coming from waste during manufacturing process or redundant fabricated components. Some materials need to be separated before recycled.

Extracting raw material

Creating raw material

Manufacturing engineering components Fabricating products and systems Servicing of products and systems Recycling / disposing of used products and systems

Material processing cycle diagram

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