Tut13 Combustion Model

Tutorial 13.
Introduction
Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model
A pulverized coal combustion simulation involves modeling a continuous gas phase ow eld and its interaction with a discrete phase of coal particles. The coal particles, traveling through the gas, will devolatilize and undergo char combustion, creating a source of fuel for reaction in the gas phase. The reaction can be modeled using either the species transport model or the non-premixed combustion model. In this tutorial you will model a simplied coal combustion furnace using the non-premixed combustion model for the reaction chemistry. In this tutorial you will learn how to: Dene inputs for modeling non-premixed combustion chemistry Prepare a Probability Density Function (PDF) table in FLUENT for pulverized coal Dene a discrete second phase of coal particles Solve a simulation involving reacting discrete phase coal particles Use the P-1 radiation model with particle/radiation interaction The non-premixed combustion model uses a modeling approach that solves transport equations for one or two conserved scalars, the mixture fractions. Multiple chemical species, including radicals and intermediate species, may be included in the problem denition. Their concentrations will be derived from the predicted mixture fraction distribution. Property data for the species are accessed through a chemical database and turbulencechemistry interaction is modeled using a -function for the PDF. See Chapter 15 of the Users Guide for details on the non-premixed combustion modeling approach.
Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in FLUENT and that you have completed Tutorial 1. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.
c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005
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Problem Description
The coal combustion system considered in this tutorial is a simple 10 m by 1 m twodimensional duct depicted in Figure 13.1. As the model is symmetric, only half of the domain width is modeled. The inlet of the 2D duct is split into two streams. A high-speed stream near the center of the duct enters at 50 m/s and spans 0.125 m. The other stream enters at 15 m/s and spans 0.375 m. Both streams are air at 1500 K. Coal particles enter the furnace near the center of the high-speed stream with a mass ow rate of 0.1 kg/s (total ow rate in the furnace is 0.2 kg/s). The duct wall has a constant temperature of 1200 K. The Reynolds number based on the inlet dimension and the average inlet velocity is about 100,000. Thus, the ow is turbulent. Details of the coal composition and size distribution are included in Step 3: Non Adiabatic PDF Table and Step 5: Materials.
T = 1200 K Air: 15 m/s, 1500 K Coal Injection: 0.1 kg/s 0.125 m Air: 50 m/s, 1500 K Symmetry Plane 10 m
w
0.5 m
Figure 13.1: 2D Furnace with Pulverized Coal Combustion
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Setup and Solution Preparation

1. Download non_premix_combustion.zip from the Fluent Inc. User Services Center or copy it from the FLUENT documentation CD to your working directory (as described in Tutorial 1). 2. Unzip non_premix_combustion.zip. coal.msh can be found in the /non premix combustion folder created after unzipping the le. The mesh le, coal.msh is a quadrilateral mesh describing the system geometry shown in Figure 13.1. 3. Start the 2D version of FLUENT.
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the 2D mesh le, coal.msh. File Read Case... The FLUENT console window reports that the mesh contains 1357 quadrilateral cells. 2. Check the grid. Grid Check The grid check should not report any errors or negative volumes. 3. Display the grid (Figure 13.2). Display Grid... Due to the grid resolution and the size of the domain, you may nd it more useful to display just the outline, or to zoom in on various portions of the grid display. You can use the mouse zoom button (middle button, by default) to zoom in to the display and the mouse probe button (right button, by default) to nd out the boundary zone labels. As annotated in Figure 13.2, the upstream boundary contains two velocity inlets (for the low-speed and high-speed air streams), the downstream boundary is a pressure outlet, the top boundary is a wall, and the bottom boundary is a symmetry plane.
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velocity-inlet-2
wall-7
velocity-inlet-8
symmetry
Grid FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, lam)
Figure 13.2: 2D Coal Furnace Mesh Display with Annotated Boundary Types
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Step 2: Models
1. Accept the default segregated solver. The non-premixed combustion model is available only with the segregated solver. Dene Models Solver...
2. Turn on the Energy Equation. Dene Models Energy... Since heat transfer occurs in the system considered here, you will have to solve the energy equation. 3. Turn on the standard k-epsilon turbulence model. Dene Models Viscous... Reynolds number of the ow is approximately 105 . Hence the ow is turbulent and the high-Re k - model is suitable.
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4. Turn on the P1 radiation model. Dene Models Radiation...
Coal particles can radiate signicantly, and the P-1 radiation model is appropriate for combustors larger than 1m, so the optical thickness is higher than 1.
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5. Turn on the Non-Premixed Combustion model. Dene Models Species Transport & Reaction...
(a) Under Model, select Non-Premixed Combustion. The panel will expand to show the related inputs. You will use this panel to create the PDF table. When you use the non-premixed combustion model, you need to create a PDF table. This table contains information on the thermo-chemistry and its interaction with turbulence. FLUENT interpolates the PDF during the solution of the non-premixed combustion model.
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Step 3: Non Adiabatic PDF Table

1. In the Species Model panel, under PDF Options, turn on the Create Table option. This will update the panel to display the inputs for the creating the PDF table. The Inlet Diusion option enables the mixture fraction to diuse out of the domain through inlets and outlets. 2. Dene the chemistry models in the Chemistry tab. For single mixture fraction cases, the assumed shape -function is used since it accurately represents the experimentally observed PDFs of mixture fraction.
(a) Retain the default options, Equilibrium and Non Adiabatic. In most non-premixed combustion simulations, the Equilibrium chemistry model is recommended. The Laminar Flamelets option can model local chemical nonequilibrium due to turbulent strain, such as radical super-equilibrium, but cannot model slow chemistry like NOx. The coal combustor considered in this tutorial is a non-adiabatic system, with heat transfer at the combustor wall and heat transfer to the coal particles from the gas. Therefore, a non-adiabatic combustion system must be considered while creating a PDF table. (b) Retain the default value for Operating Pressure. (c) Under Options, turn on Empirical Fuel Stream.
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You can dene either a single fuel stream, or a fuel stream plus a secondary stream. Enabling a secondary stream allows you to keep track of two mixture fractions. For coal combustion, this will allow you to track volatile matter (the secondary stream) separately from the char (fuel stream). However, the two mixture fraction has a substantially greater computational expense than the single mixture fraction model. For complex hydrocarbons, like coal, the individual species components are most often unknown. The empirical model allows you to dene the fuel composition in terms of the ultimate analysis (atomic fractions of C, H, O, N, and S), along with the lower heating value and heat capacity. (d) Specify the Empirical Parameters for fuel. i. Specify the Fuel Lower Caloric Value as 3.53e+07 j/kg. ii. Specify the value of Fuel Specic Heat as 1000 j/kg-k. The Fuel Rich Flammability Limit allows you to perform a partial equilibrium calculation, suspending equilibrium calculations when the mixture fraction exceeds the specied rich limit. This increases the eciency of the PDF calculation, allowing you to bypass the complex equilibrium calculations in the fuel-rich region. This is also more physically realistic than the assumption of full equilibrium. For empirically dened streams, the rich limit is always 1.0 and cannot be altered. 3. Dene the boundary species in the Boundary tab. For an empirically-dened fuel, you need to dene the atom fraction of C, H, O, N, and S elements. The intermediate and product species will be determined automatically.
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(a) Under Species Units, select Mole Fraction. (b) Enter the oxidizer composition. The oxidizer (air) consists of 21% O2 and 79% N2 by volume. i. Under Oxid, retain default values for n2 and o2. (c) Enter the fuel composition. The fuel composition is entered in mole fractions of the elements C, H, O, and N. The mole fractions are obtained from the proximate and ultimate analysis of coal. The calculation for the proximate and ultimate analysis that yields the elemental composition of the volatile stream is given in the Appendix: Analysis for Elemental Composition of Coal. i. Under Fuel, enter the following values: Species C H O N Mole Fraction 0.581 0.390 0.016 0.013
FLUENT will use this information, along with the coal heating value, to dene the species present in the fuel. Note: All boundary species with a mass or mole fractions of zero will be ignored.
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(d) Under Temperature, enter the inlet temperatures for Fuel as 400 and Oxid as 1500 and click Apply. The system pressure and inlet stream temperatures are required for the equilibrium chemistry calculation. The fuel stream inlet temperature for coal combustion should be the temperature at the onset of devolatilization. The oxidizer inlet temperature should correspond to the air inlet temperature. In this tutorial, the coal devolatilization temperature will be set to 400 K and the air inlet temperature is 1500 K. The system pressure is one atmosphere. 4. In the Control tab, retain default species to be excluded from the equilibrium calculation. 5. Specify the table parameters and calculate the PDF table.
(a) In the Table tab, retain the default values for all the Table Parameters and click Apply. The maximum number of species determines the number of most preponderant species to consider after the equilibrium calculation is performed. The minimum temperature should be a few degrees lower than the lowest boundary condition temperature (e.g., the inlet temperature or wall temperature). In coal combustion systems, the minimum system temperature should also be set below the temperature at which the volatiles begin to evolve from the coal. Here, the vaporization temperature at which devolatilization begins will be set to 400 K. Thus, the minimum system temperature is set to 298 K (the default).
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6. Click Calculate PDF Table to compute the non-adiabatic PDF table. The non-adiabatic calculation requires much more computation than the adiabatic calculation. FLUENT begins by accessing the thermodynamic data from the database. The enthalpy eld is initialized, the temperature limits are calculated, the stoichiometric mixture fractions are calculated, and the enthalpy grid adjusted to account for the solution parameters. Mean values of temperature, composition, and density at the discrete mixturefraction/mixture-fraction-variance/enthalpy points are then calculated. The result is a set of tables containing mean values of species mole fractions, density, and temperature at each discrete value of these three parameters. 7. Click OK to close the Species Model panel. 8. Save the PDF output le (coal.pdf). File Write PDF... (a) Enter coal.pdf as the Pdf File name. (b) Click OK to write the le. By default, the le will be saved as formatted (ASCII, or text). To save a binary (unformatted) le, turn on the Write Binary Files option in the Select File panel. 9. Review one slice of the 3D look-up table. Display PDF Tables/Curves...
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(a) Retain default parameters and click Display (Figure 13.3). The 3D look-up tables are reviewed on a slice-by-slice basis. By default, the slice selected is that corresponding to the adiabatic enthalpy values. You can select other slices of constant enthalpy for display, as well.
Z Y
Mean Temperature(K)
FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)
Figure 13.3: Non-Adiabatic Temperature Look-Up Table on the Adiabatic Enthalpy Slice
The maximum and minimum values for mean temperature and the corresponding mean mixture fraction are also reported in the console. The maximum mean temperature is reported as 2782 K at a mean mixture fraction of 0.09. 10. Examine the species/mixture-fraction relationship in the non adiabatic system. (a) Select Mole Fraction of c<s> as the Plot Variable and click Display (Figure 13.4). (b) Similarly, plot the mean mole fractions for CO (Figure 13.5).
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Z Y
Mole Fraction of c<s>
Figure 13.4: Mole Fractions of C(s)
Z Y
Mole Fraction of co
Figure 13.5: Mole Fractions of CO
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11. Generate a 2D curve of species/mixture-fraction at the adiabatic slice. (a) Select Mole Fraction of co2 as the Plot Variable. (b) Select 2D Curve on 3D Surface as the Plot Type and click Display.
1.20e-01
1.00e-01
8.00e-02
Mole Fraction of co2
6.00e-02
4.00e-02
2.00e-02
0.00e+00
Z Y
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Mean Mixture Fraction
Mole Fraction of co2
Figure 13.6: Mole Fractions of CO2 (2D Curve)
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Step 4: Models: Discrete Phase

The ow of pulverized coal particles will be modeled by FLUENT using the discrete phase model. This model predicts the trajectories of individual coal particles, each representing a continuous stream (or mass ow) of coal. Heat, momentum, and mass transfer between the coal and the gas will be included by alternately computing the discrete phase trajectories and the gas phase continuum equations. 1. Enable the discrete phase coupling to the continuous phase ow prediction. Dene Models Discrete Phase...
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(a) Under Interaction, turn on the Interaction with Continuous Phase option. This option enables coupling, in which the discrete phase trajectories (along with heat and mass transfer to the particles) are allowed to impact the gas phase equations. If you leave this option turned o, you can track particles but they will have no impact on the continuous phase ow. (b) Set the coupling parameter, the Number of Continuous Phase Iterations per DPM Iteration, to 20. Use higher values of this parameter in problems that include a high particle mass loading or a larger grid size. Less frequent trajectory updates can be benecial in such problems, in order to converge the gas phase equations more completely before repeating the trajectory calculation. (c) Under Tracking Parameters, set the Max. Number of Steps to 10000. The limit on the number of trajectory time steps is used to abort trajectories of particles that are trapped in the domain (e.g., in a recirculation). (d) Retain the default Step Length Factor of 5. (e) In the Physical Models tab, turn on Particle Radiation Interaction. (f) Click OK to close the Discrete Phase Model panel. 2. Create the discrete phase coal injections. The ow of the pulverized coal is dened by the initial conditions that describe the coal as it enters the gas. FLUENT uses these initial conditions as the starting point for the time integration of the particle equations of motion (trajectory calculations). Here, the total mass ow rate of coal (in the half-width of the duct) is 0.1 kg/s (per unit meter depth). The particles are assumed to obey a Rosin-Rammler size distribution between 70 and 200 micron diameter. Dene Injections... (a) Click the Create button in the Injections panel. This will open the Set Injection Properties panel where you will dene the initial conditions dening the ow of coal particles.
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The particle stream will be dened as a group of 10 distinct initial conditions, all identical except for diameter, which will obey the Rosin-Rammler size distribution law. (b) Select group in the Injection Type drop-down list. (c) Set the Number of Particle Streams to 10. These inputs tell FLUENT to represent the range of specied initial conditions by 10 discrete particle streams, each with its own set of discrete initial conditions. Here, this will result in 10 discrete particle diameters, as the diameter will be varied within the injection group. (d) Select Combusting under Particle Type. By selecting Combusting you are activating the submodels for coal devolatilization and char burnout. Similarly, selecting Droplet enables the submodels for droplet evaporation and boiling.
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(e) Select coal-mv in the Material drop-down list. The Material list contains the combusting particle materials in the FLUENT database. You can select an appropriate coal from this list and review or modify its properties in the Materials panel (see Step 5-2: Materials). (f) Select rosin-rammler in the Diameter Distribution drop-down list. The coal particles have a nonuniform size distribution with diameters ranging from 70 m to 200 m. The size distribution ts the Rosin-Rammler equation, with a mean diameter of 134 m and a spread parameter of 4.52. (g) Retain o2 in the Oxidizing Species drop-down list. (h) Specify the range of initial conditions under Point Properties starting with the following values for First Point: X-Position: 0.001 m Y-Position: 0.03124 m X-Velocity: 10 m/s Y-Velocity: 5 m/s Temperature: 300 K Total Flow Rate: 0.1 kg/s Min. Diameter: 70e-6 m Max. Diameter: 200e-6 m Mean Diameter: 134e-6 m Spread Parameter: 4.52 (i) Under Last Point, specify identical values for position, velocity, and temperature. (j) Click on the Turbulent Dispersion tab to dene the turbulent dispersion. The panel will change to show the related inputs.
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i. Under Stochastic Tracking, turn on Discrete Random Walk Model. Stochastic tracks model the eect of turbulence in the gas phase on the particle trajectories. Including stochastic tracking is important in coal combustion simulations, to simulate realistic particle dispersion. ii. Set the Number of Tries to 10 and click OK. The new injection (named injection-0, by default) appears in the Injections panel.
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The Injections panel can be used to copy and delete injection denitions. You list the initial conditions of particle streams dened by an injection in the console window. The listing for the injection-0 group will show 10 particle streams, each with a unique diameter between the specied minimum and maximum value, obtained from the Rosin-Rammler distribution, and a unique mass ow rate.
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Step 5: Materials
Dene Materials... 1. Specify the continuous phase (pdf-mixture) material. All thermodynamic data for the continuous phase, including density, specic heat, and formation enthalpies are extracted from the chemical database when the nonpremixed combustion model is used. These properties are transferred as the pdfmixture material, for which only transport properties, such as viscosity and thermal conductivity, need to be dened.
(a) Set Thermal Conductivity to 0.025 (constant). (b) Set Viscosity to 2e-5 (constant). (c) Select wsggm-cell-based in the drop-down list for the Absorption Coecient. This species a composition-dependent absorption coecient, using the weightedsum-of-gray-gases model. See Section 12.3.9 of the Users Guide for more details.
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(d) Click the Change/Create button. You can click on the View... button next to Mixture Species to view the species included in the pdf-mixture material. These are the species included during the system chemistry setup. The Density and Cp laws cannot be altered: these properties are stored in the non-premixed combustion look-up tables. FLUENT uses the gas law to compute the mixture density and a mass-weighted mixing law to compute the mixture cp . When the non-premixed combustion model is used, do not alter the properties of the individual species. This will create an inconsistency with the PDF look-up table. 2. Dene the discrete phase material. (a) In the Material Type drop-down list, select combusting-particle. The combusting-particle material type appears because you have activated combusting particles using the Set Injection Properties panel. Other discrete phase material types (droplets, inert particles) will appear in this list if you have created injections of those types.
(b) Retain the default selection (coal-mv) in the Fluent Combusting Particle Materials list.
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This is the combusting particle material type that you selected from the list of database options in the Set Injection Properties panel. Additional combusting particle materials can be copied from the property database, if required. Click the Fluent Database... button to view the combusting-particle materials that are available. Modify the property settings for the selected material, coal-mv. How FLUENTuses these inputs are dened in the Appendix: Discrete Phase Material Properties. (c) Modify the coal-mv material properties as per following constant values: Properties Density kg/m3 Cp J/kg-K Thermal Conductivity w/m-k Latent Heat Vaporization Temperature K Volatile Component Fraction (%) Binary Diusivity w/m-k Particle Emissivity Particle Scattering Factor Swelling Coecient Burnout Stoichiometric Ratio Combustible Fraction (%) Values 1300 1000 0.0454 0 400 28 5e-4 0.9 0.6 2 2.67 64
Note: The values for the Vaporization Temperature should be consistent with the fuel temperature considered in Step 3-3: Non Adiabatic PDF Table. The Volatile Component Fraction and Combustible Fraction should be consistent with the volatiles and char ratios in the proximate analysis of the coal shown in the Appendix: Analysis for Elemental Composition of Coal. (d) For Devolatilization Model, select single rate in the drop-down list and accept default values in the Single Rate Devolatilization Model panel.
(e) For the Combustion Model, select kinetics/diusion limited and accept default values in the Kinetics/Diusion-Limited Combustion Model panel.
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(f) Click Change/Create and close the Materials panel.
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Step 6: Operating Conditions

1. Keep the default operating conditions. Dene Operating Conditions...
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Step 7: Boundary Conditions

Dene Boundary Conditions... Hint: You can click the mouse probe button (right button, by default) on the required boundary zone in the graphics display window to select that zone in the Boundary Conditions panel. 1. Set the following conditions for the zone, velocity-inlet-2 (low-speed inlet boundary).
Properties Velocity Specication Method Velocity Magnitude(m/s) Temperature(k) Turbulent Specication Method Turbulence Intensity(%) Hydraulic Diameter(m)
Values Magnitude and Direction 15 1500 Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter 10 0.75
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Turbulence parameters are dened based on intensity and hydraulic diameter. The relatively large turbulence intensity of 10% may be typical for combustion air ows. The hydraulic diameter has been set to twice the height of the 2D inlet stream. For the non-premixed combustion calculation, you have to dene the inlet Mean Mixture Fraction and Mixture Fraction Variance. For coal combustion, all fuel comes from the discrete phase and thus the gas phase inlets have zero mixture fraction. Therefore, you can accept the zero default settings. 2. Set the following conditions for the velocity-inlet-8 zone (high-speed inlet boundary).
Properties Velocity Specication Method Velocity Magnitude(m/s) Temperature(k) Turbulent Specication Method Turbulence Intensity(%) Hydraulic Diameter(m)
Values Magnitude and Direction 50 1500 Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter 10 0.25
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3. Set the following conditions for the pressure-outlet-6 zone (exit boundary).
Properties Backow Total Temperature Turbulent Specication Method Turbulence Intensity(%) Hydraulic Diameter(m)
Values 2000 Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter 10 1
The exit gauge pressure of zero denes the system pressure at the exit to be the operating pressure. The backow conditions for scalars (temperature, mixture fraction, turbulence parameters) will be used only if ow is entrained into the domain through the exit. It is a good idea to use reasonable values in case ow reversal occurs at the exit at some point during the solution process.
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4. Set conditions for the wall-7 zone (furnace wall). The furnace wall will be treated as an isothermal boundary with a temperature of 1200 K.
(a) Under Thermal Conditions, select Temperature. (b) Enter 1200 in the Temperature eld. Note: The default boundary condition for particles that hit the wall is reect, as shown under DPM. Alternate treatments can be selected, using the BC Type list, for particles that hit the wall.
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Step 8: Solution
1. Set the P1 under-relaxation factor to 1. Solve Controls Solution... 2. Initialize the ow eld using conditions at velocity-inlet-2. Solve Initialize Initialize...
(a) Select velocity-inlet-2 in the Compute From list. (b) Click the Init button to initialize the ow eld, and then close the panel.
Use the Init button to initialize the ow eld data.The Apply button does not initialize the ow eld data. It only allows you to store your initialization parameters for later use.
Note: Here, with very high pre-heat of the oxidizer stream, you can start the combustion calculation from the inlet-based initialization. In general, you may need to start your coal combustion calculations by patching a high-temperature region and performing a discrete phase trajectory calculation. This provides the initial volatile and char release required to initiate combustion. The Solve/Initialize/ Patch... menu item and the solve/dpm-update text command can be used to perform this initialization. 3. Enable the display of residuals during the solution process. Solve Monitors Residual... (a) Enable Plot under Options and then click OK.
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4. Save the case le (coal.cas). File Write Case... 5. Begin the calculation by requesting 400 iterations. Solve Iterate...
Note: The default convergence criteria will be met in about 140 iterations. 6. Save the converged ow data (coal.dat). File Write Data...
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Step 9: Postprocessing
1. Display the predicted temperature eld (Figure 13.7). Display Contours...
Hint: Use the Views panel (Display/Views...) to mirror the display about the symmetry plane. The peak temperature in the system is about 2280 K. 2. Display the devolatilization rate (Figure 13.8). Display Contours... (a) Select Discrete Phase Model... and DPM Evaporation/Devolatilization in the Contours of drop-down lists. Figure 13.8 shows that volatiles are released after the coal travels about one eighth of the furnace length. The onset of devolatilization occurs when the coal temperature reaches the specied value of 400 K. 3. Display the char burnout rate (Figure 13.9) by selecting DPM Burnout from the lower drop-down list. The char burnout occurs after complete devolatilization. Figure 13.9 shows that burnout is complete at about three-quarters of the furnace.
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2.25e+03 2.20e+03 2.15e+03 2.09e+03 2.04e+03 1.99e+03 1.94e+03 1.88e+03 1.83e+03 1.78e+03 1.73e+03 1.67e+03 1.62e+03 1.57e+03 1.52e+03 1.46e+03 1.41e+03 1.36e+03 1.31e+03 1.25e+03 1.20e+03
Y Z X
Contours of Static Temperature (k)
Figure 13.7: Temperature Contours
2.54e-03 2.41e-03 2.29e-03 2.16e-03 2.03e-03 1.91e-03 1.78e-03 1.65e-03 1.52e-03 1.40e-03 1.27e-03 1.14e-03 1.02e-03 8.89e-04 7.62e-04 6.35e-04 5.08e-04 3.81e-04 2.54e-04 1.27e-04 0.00e+00
Y Z X
Contours of DPM Evaporation/Devolatilization (kg/s) FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)
Figure 13.8: Devolatilization Rate
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Y Z X
Contours of DPM Burnout (kg/s) FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)
Figure 13.9: Char Burnout Rate
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4. Display the Mean Mixture Fraction distribution (Figure 13.10). Display Contours... (a) Select Pdf... and Mean Mixture Fraction in the Contours of drop-down lists. The mixture-fraction distribution shows where the char and volatiles released from the coal exist in the gas phase.
Y Z X
Contours of Mean Mixture Fraction
Figure 13.10: Mixture-Fraction Distribution
5. Display the oxygen distribution (Figure 13.11). Display Contours... (a) Select Species... and Mass Fraction of o2 in the Contours of drop-down lists. Note: Although transport equations are solved only for the mixture fraction and its variance, you can display the chemical species concentrations as predicted by the PDF equilibrium chemistry model. 6. Similarly, display mass fraction distributions for other species CO2 (Figure 13.12), H2 O (Figure 13.13), CO (Figure 13.14).
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2.33e-01 2.27e-01 2.22e-01 2.16e-01 2.11e-01 2.05e-01 2.00e-01 1.94e-01 1.89e-01 1.83e-01 1.78e-01 1.72e-01 1.67e-01 1.61e-01 1.55e-01 1.50e-01 1.44e-01 1.39e-01 1.33e-01 1.28e-01 1.22e-01
Y Z X
Contours of Mass fraction of o2
Figure 13.11: O2 Distribution
Y Z X
Contours of Mass fraction of co2
Figure 13.12: CO2 Distribution
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Y Z X
Contours of Mass fraction of h2o
Figure 13.13: H2 O Distribution
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Contours of Mass fraction of co FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)
Figure 13.14: CO Distribution
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7. Display the particle trajectory of one particle stream (Figure 13.15). Display Particle Tracks...
(a) Retain Particle Variables... and Particle Residence Time under Color by. (b) Select injection-0 in the Release from Injections list. (c) Turn on Track Single Particle Stream, set the Stream ID to 5 and click Display.
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Y Z X
Particle Traces Colored by Particle Residence Time (s) FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)
Figure 13.15: Trajectories of Particle Stream 5 Colored by Particle Residence Time
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Step 10: Energy Balances and Particle Reporting

FLUENT can report the overall energy balance and details of the heat and mass transfer from the discrete phase. 1. Compute the uxes of heat through the domain boundaries. Report Fluxes...
(a) Select Total Heat Transfer Rate under Options. (b) Under Boundaries, select pressure-outlet-6, velocity-inlet-2, velocity-inlet-8, and wall-7 zones. (c) Click Compute. Positive ux reports indicate heat addition to the domain. Negative values indicate heat leaving the domain. In reacting ows, the heat report uses total enthalpy (sensible heat plus heat of formation of the chemical species). The net imbalance of total enthalpy (about 11.26 kW) represents the total enthalpy addition from the discrete phase. 2. Compute the volume sources of heat transferred between the gas and discrete particle phase. Report Volume Integrals...
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(a) Select Sum under Report Type. (b) Select Discrete Phase Model... and DPM Enthalpy Source in the Field Variable drop-down lists. (c) Select uid-1 under Cell Zones and click Compute. The total enthalpy transfer from gas to the discrete phase is about -11.05 kW, as expected based on the boundary ux report above. This represents the total enthalpy addition from the discrete phase to the gas during devolatilization and char combustion processes. 3. Obtain a summary report on the particle trajectories. The discrete phase model summary report provides detailed information about the particle residence time, heat and mass transfer between the continuous and discrete phases, and (for combusting particles) char conversion and volatile yield. Display Particle Tracks... (a) Select Summary under Report Type. (b) Select injection-0 and click Track. FLUENT will report the summary in the console window. You can write the report to a le by selecting File under Report to. (c) Review the summary printed in the console window:
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DPM Iteration .... number tracked=100, escaped=100, aborted=0, trapped=0, evaporated=0, incomplete=0 Fate Elapsed Time (s) Injection, Min Max Avg Std Dev Min Max -------- -------- --------- --------- ---------- -------- -------Escaped-Zone6 100 2.511e-01 4.793e-01 3.31e-01 5.248e-02 inj..n-0 1 inj..n-0 7 (*)- Mass Transfer Summary -(*) Fate ---Escaped - Zone 6 Mass Flow (kg/s) Initial Final Change ---------- ---------- ---------1.000e-01 8.003e-03 -9.200e-02 (*)- Energy Transfer Summary -(*) Fate ---Escaped - Zone 6 Heat Content (W) Initial Final Change ---------- ---------- ----------1.463e+03 9.808e+03 1.127e+04 (*)- Combusting Particles -(*) Fate ---Escaped - Zone 6 Volatile Content (kg/s) Initial Final %Conv ---------- ---------- ------2.800e-02 0.000e+00 100.00 Char Content (kg/s) Initial Final %Conv ---------- ---------- ------6.400e-02 3.803e-06 99.99 Number
The report shows that the average residence time of the coal particles is about 0.33 seconds. Volatiles are completely released within the domain and the char conversion is 99.99% .
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Extra: You can obtain a detailed report of the particle position, velocity, diameter, and temperature along the trajectories of individual particles. A detailed track reporting is useful if you are trying to understand unusual or important details in the discrete model behavior. To generate the report, visit the Particle Tracks panel and do the following: 1. Select Step By Step under Report Type. 2. Select File under Report to. 3. Enable the Track Single Particle Stream option, and set the Stream ID to the desired particle stream. 4. Click Write... to bring up the Select File dialog box and enter the name of the le to be written. This le can be viewed with a text editor.
Summary
Coal combustion modeling involves the prediction of volatile evolution and char burnout from pulverized coal along with simulation of the combustion chemistry occurring in the gas phase. In this tutorial you learned how to use the non-premixed combustion model to represent the gas phase combustion chemistry. In this approach the fuel composition was dened empirically and the fuel was assumed to react according to the equilibrium system data. This equilibrium chemistry model can be applied to other turbulent, diusionreaction systems. You can also model coal combustion using the nite-rate chemistry model. You also learned how to set up and solve a problem involving a discrete phase of combusting particles. You created discrete phase injections, activated coupling to the gas phase, and dened the discrete phase material properties. These procedures can be used to set up other simulations involving reacting or inert particles.
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Appendix Coal Analysis for Elemental Composition

From proximate analysis, the fuel considered here consists of 28% volatiles, 64% char, and 8% ash. Use this information, along with the ultimate analysis, to dene the coal composition. Dene the composition of the fuel stream (char) to be 100% C(S). The fuel stream composition (char and volatiles) is derived as follows. Begin by converting the proximate data to a dry-ash-free basis: Proximate Analysis Wt % (dry) Volatiles 28 Char (C(s)) 64 Ash 8 For the dry-ash-free coal, the ultimate analysis is: Element C H O N S Wt % (DAF) 89.3 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.8 Wt % (DAF) 30.4 69.6 -
For simplifying modeling, the sulfur content of the coal can be combined into the nitrogen mass fraction, to yield: Element C H O N S Wt % (DAF) 89.3 5.0 3.4 2.3 -
Combine the proximate and ultimate analysis data to yield the following elemental composition of the volatile stream: Element C H O N Total Wt % 89.3 5.0 3.4 2.3 Moles 7.44 5 0.21 0.16 12.81 Mole Fraction 0.581 0.390 0.016 0.013
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Discrete Phase Material Properties

FLUENT uses the material properties for the discrete phase as follows: Density impacts the particle inertia and body forces (when the gravitational acceleration is non-zero). Cp determines the heat required to change the particle temperature. Latent Heat is the heat required to vaporize the volatiles. This can usually be set to zero when the non-premixed combustion model is used for coal combustion. If the volatile composition has been selected in order to preserve the heating value of the fuel, the latent heat has been eectively included. (You would, however, use a non-zero latent heat if water content had been included in the volatile denition as vapor phase H2 O.) Vaporization Temperature is the temperature at which the coal devolatilization begins. It should be set equal to the fuel inlet temperature used in PDF table. Volatile Component Fraction determines the mass of each coal particle that is devolatilized. Binary Diusivity is the diusivity of oxidant to the particle surface and is used in the diusion-limited char burnout rate. Particle Emissivity is the emissivity of the particles. It is used to compute radiation heat transfer to the particles. Particle Scattering Factor is the scattering factor due to particles. Swelling Coecient determines the change in diameter during coal devolatilization. A swelling coecient of 2 implies that the particle size will double as the volatile fraction is released. Burnout Stoichiometric Ratio is used in the calculation of the diusion-controlled burnout rate. Otherwise, this parameter has no impact when the non-premixed combustion model is used. When nite-rate chemistry is used instead, the stoichiometric ratio denes the mass of oxidant required per mass of char. The default value represents oxidation of C(s) to CO2 . Combustible Fraction is the mass fraction of char in the coal particle. It determines the mass of each coal particle that is consumed by the char burnout submodel.
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Tut13 Combustion Model

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Tutorial 13.

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Figure 13.1: 2D Furnace with Pulverized Coal Combustion

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Setup and Solution Preparation

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Grid FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, lam)

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

4. Turn on the P1 radiation model. Dene Models Radiation...

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Step 3: Non Adiabatic PDF Table

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Mole Fraction of c<s>

FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)

Figure 13.4: Mole Fractions of C(s)

FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)

Figure 13.5: Mole Fractions of CO

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Mole Fraction of co2

Mean Mixture Fraction

Mole Fraction of co2

FLUENT 6.2 (2d, segregated, pdf20, ske)

Figure 13.6: Mole Fractions of CO2 (2D Curve)

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

Step 4: Models: Discrete Phase

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model

c Fluent Inc. January 11, 2005

Using the Non-Premixed Combustion Model