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Heinzle)
1.1
A semi-batch reactor with one feed stream and heat transfer to a cooling jacket is shown in Fig. 1.
CA0 , F 0, nAF0, T 0
A semi-batch reactor with typically varying volume always requires an explicit total material balance besides balances for components of interest and an energy balance. The balance region is usually the whole reactor.
Here, 0, is the feed density. The density in the reactor, , may be a function of the concentration and temperature conditions within the reactor. The assumption of constant density conditions is usually valid, particularly for liquid phase reactions giving dV = F dt
dn A = NA0 + rAV dt where NA0 is the molar feeding rate of A per unit time. In terms of concentration, this becomes
d(V C A ) = F0 CA0 + rA V dt
where F is the volumetric feed rate and CA0 is the feed concentration. Note that both the volumetric flow and the feed concentration can vary with time, depending on the particular reactor feeding strategy.
dT = F0 cp (T0 T) + rQ V + Q dt
Note that the available heat transfer area may also change as a function of time, and may therefore also form an additional variable in the solution. Note also that although constant and cp have been assumed here, this is not a restrictive condition and that equations showing the variations of these properties are easily included in any simulation model as is shown in Case B below.
1.2
Case A.
Semi-Batch Reactor
A semi-batch reactor is used to convert reactant, A, to product, B, by the reaction A 2B. The reaction is carried out adiabatically. The reaction kinetics are as before rA = k CA2 and the stoichiometry gives rB = 2 rA = + 2 k CA2 The balances, for the two components, A, and B, with flow of A, into the reactor, are now d(V C A ) = F CA0 + rA V dt d(V C B ) = rB V dt and the enthalpy balance equation is V cp dT = F cp (T0 T) + k CA02 (1 XA)2 (HA)V dt
since, for adiabatic operation, the rate of heat input into the system, Q, is zero. With initial conditions for the initial molar quantities of A and B, (V CA, V CB), the initial temperature, T, and the initial volume of the contents, V, specified, the resulting system of equations can be solved to obtain the time varying quantities, V(t), VCA(t), VCB(t), T(t) and hence also concentrations, CA, and CB, as functions of time. Examples of semi-batch operations are given in the simulation examples HMT, SEMIPAR, SEMISEQ, SELCONT, RUN and SEMIEX.
1-3
Case B. Parallel Reaction in an Adiabatic Semi-Continuous Reactor with Large Temperature Changes
Let us assume an adiabatic, semi-continuous reactor with negligible input of mechanical energy (Fig. 2).
rQ
V, T, nA, n B , nC , nD
Figure 2. Adiabatic semi-batch reactor.
Two reactions are assumed to occur in parallel A + B > C A + 2 B > D The total energy balance from the Chapter Basic Concepts is given by
dT (n i c pi ) dt i =1
= F0
T0
i =1
Ci0
cpi dT + V
rij
ij j =1
( H j)
The reaction
In this case the number of components, S=4 and the number of reactions, R=2. enthalpies at standard temperature, TSt, are then H1St = HFC HFA HFB H2St = HFD HFA 2 HFB All heats of formation, HFi, are at standard temperature. Assuming that the temperature dependencies for the specific heats are given by cpi = ai + bi T then hi = hiSt +
T
TSt
c pi dT =
hiSt + ai (T TSt) +
bi 2 2 (T TSt ) 2
and the reaction enthalpies, H1 and H2, at temperature T are H1 = H1St + (aC aA aB) (T TSt) + H2 = H2St + (aC aA 2 aB) (T TSt) + bC bA bB 2 2 (T TSt ) 2
b C b A 2b B 2 2 (T TSt ) 2
Semi-batch Reactor and Safety (Technische Chemie I, Prof. E. Heinzle) With stoichiometric coefficients, A1 = 1 and A2 = 1, the total heat of reaction is then rQ =
rij ij
j =1
(H j ) = rA1 H1 + rA2 H2
(n i c pi ) = nA(aA+bAT)+nB(aB+bBT)+nC(aC+bCT)+nD(aD+bDT)
i =1
With only component B in the feed, the flow term in the energy balance becomes F0
T0
Ci0
i =1
cpi dT
T
= F0 CB0 a B (T0 T ) +
bB 2 T0 T 2 2
dT = dt
b 2 F0 C B0 a B (T0 T ) + B T0 T2 2 V cp
) + V rQ