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A Market Overview
A University of the West of England KnowledgeMark report Produced for the Environmental Technologies iNet Released: November 2011
Executive summary ................................................................................................... 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction to iNets ......................................................................................... 4 Sector Context ................................................................................................. 5 Global, UK and Regional Markets .................................................................... 8 Subsectors / Technical areas......................................................................... 14 Opportunities ................................................................................................. 17
Executive summary
Smart buildings help their owners to achieve their goals by optimising the capability of all equipment and systems across the whole business. Fully interoperable systems in buildings can perform better, cost less to maintain and have a smaller environmental impact than individual utilities and communication systems. Smart buildings contribute to energy savings and achieving sustainability goals, they also offer the potential to extend the life of equipment and impact on the security and safety of buildings and their occupants. The global market value of the Low Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services (LCEGS) sector is 3,046 billion, of which the UK accounts for 3.5%. The global market is forecast to grow by 45% from 2007/8 to 2014/15, with a potential global market value of 4,417 billion - an increase of 1,371 billion. The five largest country markets are: USA, China, Japan, India and Germany Positive growth of over 4.5% per year is forecast across all UK LCEGS industries. Market growth in the UK Renewable Energy and the Emerging Low Carbon sector is likely to be sustained throughout and beyond the current economic downturn, with these sectors forecast to experience much higher long-term growth rates in comparison to the traditional environmental sector. This will create new domestic and international opportunities for both new and existing UK companies. The value of the market to the South West region is more than 8 billion with more than 4,000 companies operating in the sector. Large scale development of smart buildings is being hampered by an insufficient grasp of the technologies by professionals and a lack of technical standards and communications protocols. ICT products and solutions that are key to the success of smart buildings will be design and simulation tools, building automation, control and management systems, smart metering, smart grids, user-awareness tools and improvements in interoperability and standards. Opportunities related to these are also presented at a service level. Bristol is considered well placed to develop smart applications. The Bristol Smart City Programme supports this.
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The Environmental Technologies iNet provides support to the most innovative environmental goods and services businesses in the South West of England*. We can help you develop, protect and commercialise your ideas, products and services and if you are already trading, we can help you exploit new markets and grow your business. All our services are confidential, independent and completely free of charge. No fees, no commission, no hidden agenda. Our only interest is in strengthening the regions reputation as the place to do green business, by helping its environmental technology sector to innovate and expand.
Led by the University of the West of England and backed by an impressive consortium of partners (University of Exeter, Bristol City Council, Regen SW and University of Bristol) the iNet benefits from a wealth of expertise and offers an extensive range of free business support tools and services. We also provide networking and partnership building opportunities facilitating collaborations between the enterprises and individuals we work with and bringing together representatives from business, academia and the public sector to discuss ideas and share best practice. If you are an innovative company or entrepreneur with high growth aspirations, the Environmental Technologies iNet can help you achieve your goals. *Excluding Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly
The Environmental Technologies iNet is part financed by the European Regional Development Fund South West Competitiveness and Employment Programme. Managed by the Department for Communities and Local Government, this programme of investment from the European Union is helping to increase the prosperity of the region through supporting enterprise and individuals to develop ideas and plans that contribute to increased productivity and competitiveness. The total amount of investment across the seven-year programme is 108,751,309, with the Environmental Technologies iNet receiving 1,006,500.
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Sector Context
Buildings industry According to the European Unions Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings (2002/91/EC), buildings account for more than 40% of energy consumption in Europe. This is due to heating, cooling and lighting operations within buildings. Furthermore, buildings are responsible for the largest source of CO2 emissions (36%) in the EU. Improving the energy performance of buildings is, therefore, key to achieving the EU Climate and Energy objectives1. The construction sector is one of Europes largest industries, including building, civil engineering, demolition and maintenance industries. Construction, operation and maintenance of facilities is about 20% of GNP in industrialised countries and life cycle costs are dominated by operation and maintenance while design and construction are less than 25%. The sector has typically been characterised by many small enterprises and high labour intensity, being also highly dependent on public regulations and public investments. Around 40% of construction turnover is in public sector contracts. In general, the industry has been slow to adopt practices that could improve their energy efficiencies. Factors affecting this include a lack of incentives for owners, insufficient demand from tenants and the expense associated with retrofitting. Added to this is the difficulty in centralising and managing data found within building equipment. Typically, commercial buildings have a wide range of technology and communication devices that have been installed ad hoc over time. These include security devices, computer/internet connections, heating and cooling systems, and lighting, all operating on different protocol standards. Monitoring energy usage and device performance in this environment is extremely difficult. Added to this is the fact that nobody typically owns a buildings system data, nor is anyone tasked with using it to drive building-management efficiencies. Compounding this lack of incentive to improve energy efficiency is a lack of accountability among a buildings owner, operator and tenants. Smart Buildings ICT has a powerful role to play in supporting the development of energy efficient, smart buildings. A definition of a smart or intelligent building is one in which the building fabric, space, services and information systems can respond in an efficient manner to the initial and changing demands of the owner, the occupier, and the environment2. ICT now has the capability to optimise systems automatically in real
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20% reduction in greenhouse gases emissions by 2020 and a 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2020. 2 As defined by the civil engineering and architectural firm Arup.
time. It is ubiquitous, with the UK communications infrastructure reaching almost 100% for landline, broadband, mobile phone and GPS coverage. User interfaces are continually improving and multiple systems are able to interact more effectively than ever. ICT can enable building operators to become more data driven by enabling different devices to communicate with each other. This can inform them when preventive maintenance should be carried out and identifies operational inefficiencies that need action. It can be gathered remotely from sensors, meters, lighting, heaters and other equipment. Information can also be scaled so that many buildings can be managed through a web interface from one point at the same time, providing the opportunity to run them more efficiently. The merging and translating of building data from a wide range of automated systems into a common platform to allow analysis and reporting enables managers to see a bigger picture of their organisation and allows for more informed decisionmaking. Web-based dashboard displays allow managers to see a snapshot of information on issues such as high energy use or abnormal maintenance costs and other issues that need to be addressed promptly. Truly smart systems tap into their shared intelligence in order to work without the need for human intervention to predict difficulties and avert them in many cases. Enabling buildings to be smarter on a continuous basis could provide significant and sustainable cost savings. A study by The Climate Group3 estimates that ICT has the potential to reduce global energy consumption from all sectors by about 15% by 2020. It suggests that the biggest impact can be made by ICT tools for the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings at the design phase and through smart building management systems. Although 85% of total energy consumption occurs in the operation phase of a building, opportunities exist to reduce consumption throughout the whole construction product life cycle. The design phase offers opportunities to test alternative solutions to optimise energy efficiency levels. The support phase once a building is up presents opportunities to support more efficient operation through supervising networked intelligent and control devices and systems.
SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. 6
Regulation and Incentives The EU Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings (2002/91/EC) is the main legislative instrument at EU level to achieve improved energy performance in buildings. Under this Directive, the Member States must apply minimum requirements in the energy performance of new and existing buildings, ensure the certification of their energy performance and are required to inspect boilers and air conditioning systems in buildings regularly. The Directive introduces a general framework for a methodology to calculate the energy performance of buildings. Data produced by the Directive will be useful for the sector, enabling the identification of inefficiencies, best practices and best opportunities. This can be used by the ICT sector to design and deliver appropriate tools and products. Within the UK, domestic and business users are becoming more and more aware of environmental issues and how their buildings impact on these. This is evident in initiatives to improve insulation in homes and buildings, improve monitoring and control of energy performance and install renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines. This move is supported by a combination of legislation and incentives. The Renewables Obligation (RO) seeks to incentivise directly early commercialisation of emerging energy technologies, helping to further technological development and exploit economies of scale, reducing barriers to entry. The UK Innovation Fund is based on an investment of 150 million from the Government with additional private sector to grow the fund to 1 billion over 10 years. It supports investment in technology-based industries that will be important for the UKs future prosperity. Barriers and Challenges Although much of the technology exists to build smart buildings, there are a number of reasons why they are not being built in any large scale way already: Key professions do not have a sufficient grasp of smart technologies (i.e. architects, planners, engineers, builders) and need to work very closely to achieve real results; It is difficult to make a business case based on the data available from the disparate small scale examples that exist; It is difficult to retrofit applications; Lack of technical standards; Lack of communication protocols.
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Global market size, value and growth forecast Market data relating to smart buildings is not yet very comprehensive as the market is still young. However, building technologies and energy management are sectors that are assessed and can provide some insight. The diagram below shows a high level view of some of the key components of both sectors. Please refer to the appendix for more detail on the activities and products that fall within these components.
Building technologies and energy management are considered emerging low carbon activities within the broader Low Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services (LCEGS) sector. Alongside other emerging low carbon activities (such as reduced emissions from within the transport and construction sectors, nuclear energy, energy management, carbon capture and storage and carbon finance), the LCEGS sector encompasses technologies. traditional environmental activities and renewable energy
The most recent market analysis undertaken for the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform4 sizes the global LCEGS sector and its subsectors as follows based on data from 2007/8:
Global market value: 3,046 billion Europe: 27% Americas 30% Asia 38%
Share of global LCEGS market Environmental activities: 21.6% Renewable energy: 30.9% Emerging low carbon activities: 47.5% Building Technologies is 2nd largest market within this by value (12.8%)
It is estimated that overall the global LCEGS sector grew by about 4% in 2007/8 creating new market opportunities worldwide. This is forecast to continue despite the economic downturn. UK market size, value and growth forecast The UK LCEGS market is sized as follows based on 2007/8 data:
UK market value: 106.2 billion Between healthcare and construction sectors 6 largest market in the world with 3.5% of global market share. US (20.6%) China (13.5%) Japan (3.6% India (6.3%) Germany (4.2%) Companies: 54,835 (91.5% SMEs) Building Technologies: 6,601 Energy Management: 1,304 Jobs: Over 881,000 Almost half in Emerging low carbon activities Building Technologies: 107,000 Energy Management: 22,000
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Share of UK LCEGS market Environmental activities: 22.3 bn (21%) Renewable energy: 31 bn (29%) Emerging low carbon activities: 53.3 bn (50%) Building Technologies: 12.1% of total Energy Management: 2.4% of total
Low Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services: an industry analysis March 2009, Innovas Solutions Ltd
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Just under a third (31%) of overall activity in this sector is in manufacturing. Given the size of the LCEGS sector and its growth rate in both domestic and global markets, environmental activities offer an attractive opportunity for the UKs manufacturing base to exploit current and emerging technologies. The overall growth forecast across the UK LCEGS sector is 4.7% for 2009/10, increasing to 6.10% by 2014. The emerging low carbon industries sector is predicted to grow an average of 5% a year in this time. Even allowing for a further economic slowdown, the UK LGEGS sector could increase in value by up to 48 billion in the eight years to 2015, with growth totalling 45%. The relatively high growth forecast for the LCEGS sector, in spite of the current economic downturn, creates new domestic and international opportunities for new and existing UK companies.
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These charts based on 2009/10 data provide an overview of the LCEGS sector across the UK using four key measures - sales, employment, growth and companies.
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UK export and import performance Exports have remained largely stable in the last three years. The top destination countries in 2009/10 were China, Spain, Hong Kong, Italy, Taiwan, UAE and Singapore. Figures for 2007/8 were: Exports nearly 10% of sales (10.5 million) Building technologies: 1,352m Energy management: 317m Imports have also remained largely stable in the last three years. The top originating countries in 2009/10 were China, Hong Kong, Spain, UAE, Mexico, Taiwan, Pakistan and Singapore. Figures for 2007/8 were: Building technologies: 784m Energy management: 192m South West region market size, value and growth forecast The South West regions LCEGS market is sized as follows based on 2007/8 data:
SW market value: 8.7 billion Share of SW LCEGS market: 8% Environmental activities: 2.1 bn (24%) Renewable energy: 2.1 (24%) Emerging low carbon activities: 4.5bn (52%) Companies: 4,200 Exports 824 m (8% of UK total) Main destinations: China, Spain, Pakistan, USA and UAE Building Technologies (106 m) Jobs: 74,000 Growth 5% (slightly below UK average of 5.2%) with highest growth rates in emerging low carbon activities.
The UK LCEGS economy across the regions is broadly in line with regional GDP. However, the South West has performed above in some areas including Building Technologies. Within the South West, Bristol is the clear leader in terms of sales, employment and the number of companies involved in environmental technologies and smart sectors.
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These charts based on 2009/10 data provide an overview of the Smart Cities relevant sectors (Building Technologies and Energy Management) across the regions using four key measures - sales, employment, growth and companies.
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Domestic and commercial buildings The majority of energy consumption in domestic building is due to space and water heating. The consumption of lighting and appliances is rising rapidly, particularly due to the ever-increasing number of electrical gadgets in homes. This is similar to the situation in commercial buildings, although the share of lighting and appliance consumption is higher than in domestic buildings due to greater utilisation of ICT equipment. It is estimated that commercial buildings account for about 33% of energy demand and domestic buildings for around 67%. ICT products and solutions have a role to play throughout the life cycle of smart buildings. Their application has the potential to improve energy efficiency in the following key areas: 1. Design and simulation tools ICT tools can be applied at any stage throughout the entire life of a building design stage. Tools can be used to design and plan buildings that fit within the environments in which they are built and to use local sources of energy. Information models based on information from monitors and sensors can allow more accurate measurement of energy usage, system status and equipment conditions during a buildings operational life. Not only does this allow the buildings themselves to adapt to varying conditions but it also gives customers better information on their choices and offers them better opportunities to integrate their demands. 2. Building automation, control and management systems These are systems that can adapt the operation of the building (domestic or commercial) according to the external environment and the needs of its users. Automation and control systems enable the integrated interaction of a number of technological elements such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, safety equipment etc. These need to be easy to customise and configure and are applied through technologies such as nanotechnologies, sensors, wireless communications and data processing. These technologies are now capable of embedding ambient intelligence in buildings so that they can detect user presence in a space and personalise the environment to the users preferences lighting, temperature, etc. Building management systems can contribute significantly to reducing energy consumption and can range in complexity from heating control systems to those that integrate multiple areas. In addition, building management systems can connect smart buildings with neighbouring buildings in order to share or trade the energy they produce and feed any excess into grids.
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3. Smart Metering Smart metering systems enable individual users to see the detail of their consumption (of both electricity and gas) and adopt appropriate measures for energy saving. Through two-way communication with utility companies they offer the potential for smart applications to take themselves off the grid when there is a shortage of electricity, thereby managing peaks in demand more effectively. The UK is aiming for 100% roll out of smart metering by 2019. Italy already has a very advanced deployment, with the energy provider Enel claiming to have 32 million customers with smart meters. Advanced metering infrastructure could provide the framework for joint business models among energy utilities, telecoms operators and building management companies. 4. Smart Grids Smart grids aim to predict and respond to the behaviour and demands of consumers and suppliers by using smart meters with digital monitoring and management technologies. A number of major smart grid trials are currently taking place in Singapore, Malaga, Malta and South Korea. There is no UK regulation yet in relation to smart grids but funding is available for major trials though the Low Carbon Networks Fund run by Ofgem. The potential decarbonisation of the grid so that electricity is produced entirely from zero-carbon sources would present opportunities for new technologies, including energy management systems. This is likely to have an impact first on larger buildings and later on domestic buildings. 5. User-awareness tools Tools that feed back information to users on real time energy consumption can encourage them to change behaviour in order to reduce energy consumption. It is important that this information is targeted to their requirements and appropriate to the degree of urgency. In cases where smart meters are already in use, a reduction in consumption of around 10% is seen. In addition to devices that can be easily accessed in the home, dashboard displays for public buildings are likely to become more commonly seen. 6. Interoperability and standards The most significant weakness in current control systems is that separate controllers are used for each application. They operate separately, without exchanging information. This means that the building they are working in is in
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effect a series of sub-systems rather than being considered holistically. This leads to sub-optimal results in terms of energy flow, comfort, cost and control. Clearly, interoperable control systems, governing all HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), lighting and other electrical applications in the building would optimise energy usage. A truly interoperable system would allow owners, operators, designers, constructors, regulators and other stakeholders to share, communicate, apply and maintain information about their buildings facilities. However, with different sub-systems produced by a range of manufacturers, installed by different companies and without any standardisation for interfaces and communication, truly interoperable systems are still some way off. A new set of protocols dedicated to wireless communications in particular is required. Interoperability also extends to smart homes in which control systems are interoperable with consumer electronic appliances, communication devices and applications in the home in order to provide consumers with greater flexibility.
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Opportunities
National and international environmental targets are likely to focus the public and investment spotlight on low carbon sector technologies and performance. At the same time rising energy demand from developing nations and fluctuating energy prices are likely to increase the international focus on energy security and encourage continued investment in new energy technologies. The European Commission identifies a number of areas for research and development in relation to environmental efficiency and smart buildings technology. These are indicators of where the opportunities lie in terms of investment. Intelligent objects embedded systems able to manage appropriate protocols in order to acquire and supply information; Communications allowing all intelligent objects (sensors, actuators etc) to communicate between themselves and over the network, based on standardised, open protocols; Smart Building Management Systems (BMS) / Energy Control Management Systems (ECMS) new systems characterised by improved features, the ability to communicate by embedding appropriate tags and the ability to monitor complex assembling of products and equipment in the built environment. BMS and ECMS that allow dynamic control and (re-) configuration of devices in order to respond to the environment or changes in strategy. BMS and ECMS that are the foundations of self-configuring home and building systems which learn from their own and user behaviour and are able to adapt to new situations; Multimodal interactive interfaces making the in-house network as simple to use as possible, without overloading personal communication devices unnecessarily. These areas for research are likely to build on the following existing and cutting edge technologies: Wired and wireless sensors currently being investigated in the built environment; Wireless and wireline connection models and protocols still under development; Proprietary platforms and networks currently mostly experimental; Dumb legacy services specialised / dedicated services deployed without interoperability between services; Multimodal context-aware interfaces/devices few intelligent objects that are not intrusive and offer ability to integrate seamlessly. In addition to these technical areas, opportunities lie at a service level:
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Impact analysis of the potential impacts of ICT based solutions on energy efficiency; Creation of energy saving business models supported by ICT; Energy services. Energy service companies could offer a range of services to energy users such as operation and maintenance of installations, energy supply, facility management (including technical, cleaning, safety and security) and energy management including energy audits, consulting, demand monitoring and management. Local building energy trading could have a profound impact on the way energy is generated and distributed Remote operational services. This is an area in which telecoms providers could have an important role to play. Energy-efficiency applications using multimodal interactive interfaces (TV, PC, mobile) could provide users with information such as smart metering details, appliance-specific real-time power consumption and temperature monitoring. They could also supply smart metering services for utility companies, maintenance of building management systems and other services like remote monitoring, surveillance and management/control of applications. Telecoms providers could also play a role in providing secure remote access to smart homes and buildings. The same technology could enable people to manage their holiday homes remotely. It could equally enable technicians to manage a large number of buildings from a central location. Engineering customised solutions: services in integrating numerous products from design to operation and maintenance phases. Smart City Bristol an opportunity in the region Opportunities also exist at a very local level. Bristol has a target of reducing CO2 emissions by 40% by 2020. It has also set itself the objective of becoming one of the top 20 European cities by 2020. As a part of this, its Smart City Programme was launched in March 2011 with the assistance of funding from the UK Department for Energy and Climate Change. The City Council has also received funding in excess of 300,000 from the EU. This is to fund two projects as part of the Smart City Programme starting in 2012. The first project will develop a model to monitor energy usage within public buildings such as schools. The Council will be working in partnership with a British systems manufacturer and over 30 partners across Europe, including IBM and CISCO. The second project will support the further implementation of electric vehicles in Bristol through the development of web-based tools to highlight important information for electric vehicle users such as charging locations and links to public transport options.
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A recent study commissioned by the City Council examines how to transform Bristol into a Smart City5. This study looks into the overlap between green and smart issues with an emphasis on opportunities to reduce carbon emissions. It suggests that by applying the criteria used in The Climate Groups Smart 2020 report6 findings, Bristol has the potential to make energy efficiency savings of around 53 million by 2020. Leading smart cities are identified in the study as including San Francisco, Seoul, Helsinki, Malaga and Amsterdam. The study recommends three key areas as a focus for Bristols smart city work: smart grids and meters, smart transport and smart data.
It suggests a roadmap to include: Identifying the location of existing smart meters in the city and aiming for 100% coverage by 2020; Extending the number of smart buildings in Bristol. The flagship smart building in Bristol is the new Environment Agency building; Installing external smart performance displays (dashboards) and internet enabled building management systems for all larger buildings in order to raise awareness and encourage behaviour change; Creating smart data sources and a data consolidation platform; Establishing a real time open data portal and smart phone applications; Establishing a city-wide dashboard by 2015. A focus on implementing smart city policies in Bristol would, naturally, provide opportunities for large, small and medium sized businesses in the region. This expertise could in turn be applied to the market as it develops nationally and globally. Bristol is considered well placed to develop smart applications with its strong technical, academic and cultural base. Currently, though, there is limited implementation of smart data applications in the city. The study estimates that the period for payback on new build smart buildings is less than four years. It anticipates that Bristol can achieve its buildings related emissions reductions by being ahead of national averages with regard to building insulation, installed renewable energy and smart energy management systems for large buildings. Smart grid technologies would be integral to smart buildings.
Smart City Bristol a study by Chris Tuppen of Advancing Sustainability LLP, March 2011 http://www.connectingbristol.org/2011/04/21/smart-city-bristol-report-available-online/ 6 Smart 2020: Enabling the low-carbon economy in the Information Age, The Climate Group, June 2008 http://www.theclimategroup.org/publications/2008/6/19/smart2020enabling-the-low-carbon-economy-in-the-information-age/
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The Institute of Engineering and Technology www.theiet.org Low Carbon South West www.lowcarbonsouthwest.co.uk Regen South West www.regensw.co.uk/ UK Green Building Council www.ukgbc.org
Acronyms BMS Building Management System ECMS Energy Control Management System HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) iNet LCEGS Low Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services
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Appendix
The Department for Business Innovation and Skills analyses the Energy Management and Building Technologies industries in terms of manufacture, supply, distribution, installation and maintenance within the following subsectors: Energy Management Energy Saving Industrial and Domestic Lighting Bulbs & Tubes, Lighting Systems and Lighting Control Systems Equipment Energy Saving Heating & Ventilation Equipment Energy Saving Electrical Equipment Industrial and Domestic Industrial Heating Control Systems, Heating Equipment, Ventilation Systems, Ventilation Equipment
Industrial Power Factor Control Equipment, Building Control Systems, Industrial Power Consumption Control & Monitoring Equipment, Domestic Buildings Control Equipment. Domestic Power Consumption Monitoring Equipment Leak Detection & Maintenance Services, Supply Systems Maintenance Services, Consumer Equipment Maintenance, Gas Monitoring Services, Manufacture of High Efficiency Consumer Equipment Enhancement Devices, Supply System Upgrade Equipment, Gas Monitoring Equipment, Gas Supply Optimisation & Control Systems, Gas Meterage Equipment Design Of Energy Management Systems New Build, Design Of Energy Management Systems Retro Fit, Energy Management Advice and Consultancy, Energy Management Training Services, Energy Management Publication of Books and Periodicals, Energy Management of Leaflets and Brochures New Lighting Technologies, Heat Pumps & Equipment, Power Management Software, Infra Red Detection Systems, Development of Energy Management Software, Development of Advanced Energy Management Systems, Development of High Efficiency Lighting, Development of High Efficiency Power Systems, Development of High Efficiency Heating & Ventilation Systems
Gas Supply
Building Technologies Windows: Electro Chromatic Window Glass, Double Glazed Units, Triple Glazed Units, Advanced Plastic Thermally Insulated Frames (Windows), Honeycomb Systems (Windows), Insulated Alloy Frames (Windows) Insulated Plastic Doors, Insulated Alloy Doors Insulation Materials (Walls), Controlled Venting and Ducting, Heat Retention Ceramics, Heat Retention Surfaces, Fibre Insulation Materials (Roofing), Granular Insulation Materials, Electronic Control Systems Motorized Valves and Actuators, Sensing Devices, Inter-Building Electronic Control Systems, Balanced Inter Building Heating Systems, Energy Management Software, Energy Analysis Software, Energy Monitoring Systems, Distributed Energy Management Software, Distributed Energy Analysis Software, Distributed Energy Monitoring Systems
Doors Insulation and Heat Retention Materials Monitoring and Control Systems
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