Transfer Process

Course Content
Momentum transfer

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Equation of Continuity Equation of Motion Pipe Flow Falling Film Annular flow

6. Compressible gas flow 7. Flow through nozzle 8. Flow through filter medium 9. Non Newtonian fluid flow 10. Extrusion
Heat Transfer

1.Principles of conduction, Convection, and Radiation 2. Heat Exchanger 3. Computer solution of heat transfer

4. Boiling and condensation

Mass Transfer

1. Molecular diffusion 2. Drying / Evaporation 3. Solid Gas separation 4. Liquid Gas separation 5. Liquid liquid separation

References
1. Transfer process: momentum, heat and mass transfer- C.J. Jeankoplis. 2. Transport phenomenon R.B. Bird, W.E. stewart, and E.N. Lightfoot. 3. Chemical engineering J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson. 4. Transport phenomena in food process. engineering A.K. Datta. 5. Mechanics of fluid flow P.A. Longwall. 6. Unit operations in chemical engineering W.L. McCabe and J.C. Smith and P. Harriot. 7. Heat transfer F. Krieth. 8. Heat transfer M.N. Ozisik.

Equation of continuity
Example:- Many unit operations in processing flow and behaviour of fluid is important. Fluid:- does not permanently resist distortion & hence will change its shape. Gases, liquids, and vapours obey the same laws. e.g. H2O, air, CO2, oil, milk etc. Type of fluids:- Incompressible and Compressible Incompressible inappreciably affected by change in pressure. e,g, most liquids. Compressible appreciably affected. If the gases are subjected to change in pressure.

Continuity: A fluid is considered as a continuous distribution of matters or continuum till a smallest volume of fluid contains a large enough number of molecules so that a statistical average is meaningful and the macroscopic properties such as density, pressure etc. vary smoothly or continuously from point to point. Momentum transfer: Fluid statics or fluids at rest And fluid dynamics or fluids in motion wherein momentum is transferred, so momentum transfer or transport is usually used.

Differential equations of continuity and momentum transfer: Overall mass, energy, and momentum balances are on arbitrary finite volume, called a control volume for which things needed are state of inlet and outlet of the streams and exchanges with surroundings. No need of knowledge on what is going on inside the finite control volume. A differential element for a control volume is used. Differential balance is made in a single phase and integrated to the phase boundary using the boundary conditins. Always start with the differential equations of the conservation of mass and momentum in general form. Unwanted terms are discarded.

Differential momentum balance to be derived is based on Newtons second law and allows to determine Variation of velocity with position and time Pressure drop in laminar flow Can be used for turbulent flow with certain modifications Newtons second law Rate of change of momentum of a system is equal to the summation of all the forces acting on it acts in the direction of the net force : SF = dp/dt Whwre, p = Mv These equations are called Equation of Changes Which tells variation of properties with position and time.

Time derivative
Partial time derivative:- If the variable is say density. r, then the partial time derivative is r/t. This indicates a local change of density with time at a fixed point x,y,z. Total time derivative:- If velocities in x,y, and z directions are dx/dt, dy/dt, and dz/dt, respectively, then total derivative (which is a function of time and velocity components) dr/dt = r/t + r/x dx/dt + r/y dy/dt + r/z dy/dt. Substantial time derivative or the derivative that follows the motion:Dr/Dt = r/t + vx r/x + vy r/y + vz r/t where, vx, vy, vz are velocity components of the stream velocity v.

Equation of Continuity
The Equation of Continuity is the statement of mass conservation.

(rvA)in

(rvA)out

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can be neither created or destroyed.
The Equation of Continuity can be expressed as: m = i1vi1Ai1 + i2vi2Ai2 +..+ invinAin = o1vo1Ao1 + o2vo2Ao2 +..+ onvonAon