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THE

ROMAN HISTORY
FROM THE

FOUNDATION
TO THE

of

ROME

BATTLE
To
the

of
THAT

ACTIUM:
I S,

End
Mr.

of the

COMMONWEALTH.
I

By
Pfofeflbf of

R E V
in

R,

Rhetoric K

the College of

Beauvais

Being the

Continuation of Mr. ROLLIN's Work.

Tranfiated from the

French.

THE THIRD EDITION.

ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS AND COPPER-PLATES.

LONDON,
Printed for

v i n g t o n, R. B a l d w i n, H a w e s C l a r k s and Collins, R. Ho rs field, W. Johnston, W. Owek, T. Caslon, S. Ckowder, B. Law, Z.Stuart, Rosinson and Roberts, and Newbery and Car nan,
J.

MDCCLXVIH.

y
'

ADAMS /?<1)/
ir/O

Contents
S

of
II.

Vol.

X.
Mmey
and

E C
and

T.

jDRUTUS

enters Thrace,

there makes

war

fuccefsfully.

coined by his order.

He paJJ'es

over into Afia, equips a fieet,

Brutus and Cajftus re-join at Smyrna. acquaints CaJJius with it. They ai together in a perfeSi good underjlanding. Cajftus fubjeSis the Rhodians. He ujes them roughly. Brutus carries the war into Lycia. His gentlenefs. The rage of the Xanthians. Brutus and Cajfius meet at Sardis. very warm debate between them. Favonius diverts them from it. The condui and views of Cajfius were lefs pure than
,

pretended apparition dtfcovered to Brutus. Oc~ of Brutus. tavius and Antony crofs the fea, and enter Macedonia with their troops. Brutus and Cajfius being arrived at Se/ios, they review their army.
thofe

The magnificent appearance of that army. Money dijiributed to the fol~ diers. Brutus and Cajfius advance beyond Philippi. A defer iption of the country about the city of Philippi. The encampment of Brutus and Antony, and afterwards OSlavius, arrives oppcfite to them, Cajfius. and encamp at afmall dijiance. The difadvantage of their fiuation. The firfl battle of Philippi. Brutus is conqueror : Cajfius is defeated. The death of Cajfus Cajfius through precipitate defpair kills hirr.jelf. gives a Juperiority to the Triumviri. OSiavius, who zvas ill, had but
foldiers.

Brutus re-anmiates the courage of Cajfius' The fleet which he had in the Ionian fea deflroys a powerful reinforcement zvhich was fent ta the Trium'viri. He is not informed of that important event. re~
little

Jhare in the alion.

The embarrajfment of his fituation.

fieSiion

of Plutarch on thisfubjeui.

The fecond

battle

of Philippi. The

death of Cato's fon. Brutus runs a rifk of being taken, and ordy avoids that misfortune by the generof.ty of a friend. The laf moments of Bru-

His death. Antony caufes the 05iavius fends his head to Rome. The death of Portia, the zvife of Brutus. The names of the mojl iU lujirious perfons luho luere fain at Philippi. Livius Drufus^ the faLivia, kills ther of The cruelty of OSlavius. The repubhim If lican party perijhes with Brutus. The remains of the vanquijhed army furrender themfelves to the Triumviri, fine expreJfto?i of Meffcdla The re-union of all the naval forces of the vanquijhed to Odavius. party. Murcus conveys part of them to Sjxtus Pompeius, and Domitius with the other keeps the jea for fame time, without acknoivledging any chief. An allegory of Horace, with regard to thefe laji troubles of the republicans. That poet having efcapedfrom the battle of Philippi, I finds a refource in his genius for poetry,
tus.

His blajphemy
to be

againji virtue.
to his body.

lajl

honours

paid

BOOK
Sect.
T.

L.

deflroyed.

The Triumvirate becomes triumphant. The Republican party is Antony and OBavius make a new divifion of the provinces

bstiueen them, to the prejudice

of Lepidus, Oclavius returns 2

into Italy,

and

CONTENTS.
ana

The advantage

upon him the dijlribuiion of the lands promifedto thef^eterani. luhich he found iri thisfun^ion. The immevfe number of thofe whom he had io recompence. The tndifpofition of OSfavius at Brundufium. The origin of the Perufian war. The vain charaSier of L. Antonius: The cppofete inter ejls of the foldiers, Ond th'e pofftffofs
takes

tvere appointed for them. The avarice and tnfothird inter ejl inte'^fered^ viz that of Antony. of the foldiers. Thejecret 7noti^je which animated Fulvia againji OStavim. Thefruitlefs aiitrnpts of OSiavius tofnin a war. His a'tfulnefs and conftancy. The difference Between the forces of OSfavius's party^ and of that of Lucius. The beginning of the war. Lucius is befteged in PeYufia by O^avius. Lucius goes himfelf to find 06iafamine in Perufa. viiis^ in order to fur render at difcretion. Fine words of Oofa-vias^ who neverthelefs ordersbloody executions. The town of Perufiia is reduced io aJJoes^ by an iinforefeen accident. Lucius' s party is abfolutely deJiroyed in Italy. The fight of Ti. Nerc, the hujband of Livia^ and father of the emperor Tiberius. The flight and death of Fulvia. fulia., the mother Antony^ to Sicily^ tvhere Sextus Pompeius efcapes of

of thofe lands which

lence

Lucius is fent into Spain^ with the title of Pro-conful. Antonys mild and popular condu/yt in Greece. The luxuries of Afia plunge him into debauchery. Rejoicings in one part, and 77iourning in the other ^ in Afla. The fimpUcity and gentlenefs of Antony's charaier, the caufe both of good and evileffels. The origin of his pajjion for Cleopatra. The magnificent and gallant entry of that Princcjs into Tarfus^ where Antony zucs. The mutual entertainobliges her to pafs into Greece.

ments

betzveeii

Cleopatra and Antony.

The charms of

Cleopatra's

mind were
She tvakes

inore jeducing than thofe

of her beauty.

Shejubdues Antony.

ufe of her power over Antony., to confirm, to herfelf the poffeffion of Egypt. She returns to Alexandria, and Antony prefently follows

Se6l. 11.

The childifo amufsnients- and extravagant cxpenccs of Antony., 55 The necejjily of Antony's affairs calls him into Italy. He is courted by Sextus Po?npeius. The power of Sextus. The marriage of Oi^avius vjith Siribonia, the fiflcr of Li bo, father-in-law of Sextus.
her.

Doniitiiis Abenobarbus joins his fleet to that of Antony. Antony is refufed entrance' into Brundufium. Difpoflbefieges the town.

He

A treaty con7he negotiation of Cocceius Nerva. cluded beiiveen GSfavius and Antony, by Macenas, Pollio, and Cocceius. Antony'' s marriage with Octavia. fmall triumph decreed to the tzvo generals. Salvidienus is condemnedfor his treachery to 0iavius, and kills himfef. Canidius and Balbus fubfiitutcd in the CsK" ftil/hip, in the room of Pollio and Dcmitius. The fortune of Balbus. The triumph of Pollio.- His great learning. The trimnph of Caltions for

a peace.

vinus.'

'Hisft'verity,

with regard
laiu'.

to difcipline.

Herod

declared king

cfjudea.
fuJfinp.

The

Falcidian

The death of
to his

Dejofcrrus.-

me-ndable qualities.

His xriietty

family.

His coiw Cbanges'in the Con-

annual Conjuls. Conffion and' difirder in all the States. Ro7ne and Italy fami/hed by Sextus. An infurreSiion of the people againji the Triumviri. furious tumult, whereQSiavms runs a tifti.
7nore

No

CONTENTS.
Grl/lefhi's vius
%_

I'tfe^ and is delivered by Antony. a new fubjeif of complaint. OBavins

A feafl given

byOSla^

con fenti to a negotiation

witl) Sextus.

Sextus yields

to it^

contrary to his inclinations.

A confcThe ex-

r<nt between the three generals.

Conditions of the treaty.

treme joy wlAtb

this peace occafioned.

The

three .chiefs entertain ont

another by iurff^ y-An exprejfion of Sextus to Ant&r.y. remarkable infiancc-of:Jns gfnerofty 172 reje^ing the advice of,. Arenas. Antony
is

out efhurmiur

lofing at all hinds

of games

agair.fl

Otiavius.

hie

His popular bchaviour with the Atbenianif-Thiyjreat him as a new Bacchus. The dowry he dematuis tffhetnforMi'Viftrriagetvith Minerva^ oj
Set. III. Aistiotis of the Parthians. Concluded by Lahienus the fon^ they invade Syria. They eflablifh Antigonus kng offudca^ and carry

leavei Italy Mnd arrives at Athens.

azvay Hyrcan prifoner. Lahienus conquers Ciliciay and penetrates as Caria. Ventidius^ as Antony s lieutenant^ arrives, and obtains far
over the Parthians two viSiories Juccfjftvcly.

Antony leaves Athens to put himfelf at the head of his ar?nies. The third viJlory of Ventidius Ventidius dares not pufo his advantages. The fiege of Samofates. The triumph of Ventidius. The taking of ^erufalcrn by Scf.us and Herod.
Antigonus
is

whipped with

rods.,

and put

to

death like a criminal.

He-

rod put

in peaceable poffeffion of the crown.

Confufion

and

contetnpt

OSiavius falls in love with Livia. He divorces Scribonia the jame day fhe ivas delivered of fulia. He marries Livia. The birth of Drufus. Tiberius and Drufus brought up in the palace of Ociavius. Caufes of the rupture between OSlavius and

of all

the

laws in Rome.

Sextus. Menas made free by Sextus, goes into Oiiavius's fervice. Preparations of O^avius for the war. fa fght near Cuma. Ano^ ther near the rock of Scylla, where Ojlavius^s feet is very ?niich damaged. A tempejl ccmpleats the ruin of the naval forces of OSlavius. Sextus does not knovj how to make a right vfe of this opportunity.

O^avius
years.

takes time to

make new preparations.

in Gaul, refufes a triumph.

A continuation of the

Agrippa, conqueror Trnmiviri for five

Agrippa charged with the preparations for the luar againjt The port of Julius formed by the juntTtion of the lakes of Lucrinus and Avernus. pretended Omen luhich happened to Livia, 1 6
Sextus.

BOOK
.

LI.

Se<i, It OSfavlus demands the conjun^ion of Antony and Lcpidus againfi Sextus. The forces of Lepidus. Antony comes into Italy as an enemy

ioOSlavius.

Their quarrel is fuppreffed by the treaty of Tarentutn. O^avius renews the war againfi Sextus. The luflration of his fleet.

Menas. leaves him, and returns to his old majler. Afiorm. The feet of OSiavius is very much fhattered. Lepidus lands in Sicily. Ihe firmnefs of OBavius. The negligence of Sextus. Menas returns again toOtavius. The advantage gained by Agrippa over the fled of Sextus, The political circumfpeB ion of Agrippa. O^avius is defeated at The troops which fea by Sextus. He runs a very great rifh himfelf. he had landed in Sicily, efcape with great difficulty. The lafl battle where

CONTENTS.
.

"

He abandons Sicily, and corrupts the army 0iavius Jiies into Afia. of Lepidus, and difpojfejfei mutiny among the troops of OSiavius. He him of the Triumvirate. qitajhes it by a cmdu5l mixed with indulgence and firmnefs. rofiral crown given by OSiavius to Agrippa. Oolavius remains mafier of
where Sextus
is

vanquifbed without refource.

Sicily^

Africa^ and Numidia.

14
the death

SecS. 1 1 .
chufes
,

The

violent grief of

Or odes for

of his fon Pacorus.

his father,
to

He
bro-

Phraates for his fucceffor. Phraates^ caufes thers, ehlf fon^ and feveral grandees of the kingdo7?i
is

be put

to

death.

Antony's pajfion for Cleopatra

unjufl and immenfe liberalities towards her. Antony 's preparations for a war. He goes intu The force of his arrny. HelaysfiegetoPraafpa, the capi^ Armenia. The kings of the Medes and Parthians tal of the king of the Medes. The king of Armenia abandons him, tut in fiecrs tiuo of his legions.

r mewed.

His

Parthians^ but caujes a very fnialllofs to them. He returns before Praafpa, in befieging of which he has very badfucDeceived by the Parthians^ who prornifed peace and fafety to cefs.

Antony puts

io fight the

him

he prepares

to

retreat.

Being informed of the perfdy of the

Parthians, injlead of jnarching along the plain, he gaiyis the mountains. Divns conduits, where the Parthians are repuljed. The tetnerity of a

Kornan

officer

makes

the

Parthians gain a confiderable advantage

The

admirable condu6l of Antony with regard to hisjoldiers. Their love of New battles, where the Ro?nans regain thefuperiority. Their him. very fmgular and fatal difeafe, army is dijirejjed witb famine.

new perfdy of the Parthicaufcd by the uje of an unknown herb. thirjl. river whofe waam. The Roinans fuffer extremely from

ters zvere very

unwholjome.

A terrible
la/1

confufion occaftomd by the fury

the Parthians.

of the

Roman foldiers.

The

battle again/l

The

jy of the Romans
tonyms fooli/h

vjhen they

[aw

tkemfelves again in Armenia.

An-

hurry to get back to Cleopatra, Afalfe and ojlentatious Honours which are decreed to him. account fe7it by Antony to Rome. TIm lijt adventures and fatal death of Sextus Pompeius. The wars of

The perfoncd bravery of Odavius. The SaThe exploits of Al. Craffus againfl the lajfi fubdued by Valerius. Myfans, and the Bafarna. The (sdilejl^ip of Agrippa. Agrippa and Dvicacenas chief friends, coyfdent, and minijlers of OSlavius, The Statues ereded to Livia and Otlavia. The Portico of Oilavia. triumphs of Staiilius Taurus and Sofus. New' Patricians. The death S- to the of Jtticus. SucceJTwn of the Coifuljloip from the year 7 1 year 721, 168
OSiavins
in Illyricum.

BOOK
is

LII.
Antony perficonquers Armenia. He
leaves

Se<5l. I.

league between Antony

and the king of Media.

returns

dioufy lays hold of the king of Ar7nenia. He ta AUxandria, and there triumphs.

Odavia
it.

Rome

to

follow her hujhand.

pofffffion

C'ecpatra
s affet'iions.

alar7ned at

Her

artifices to keep

of Antony

Odlavia cannot obtain leave of

tony to vifit him.

tony in a

She returns

to

Rome.

Her

noble behaviour.
his

AnAn;

pompous mawier acknowledges Cleopatrafor

lawfulfpoufe

and

CONTENTS.
and
declares the children he

hold of this xafptrated to go and jotn Antony).

O^avius lays to render him odious to the Romans. Affai' s grow more The Confuhy Lave Rome between Antony and Oiiavius.
had
by her king

of kings.

OSiavius gives a general leave to depart^ to AnPollio remains neuter. all who choofe to follow their exarnpie. tvar againjl prepares make Armenia. to into He journey tony s lafl OSiavius. His alliance proves fatal to the king of Media. Antony s
friends IneffeSiually endeavour to perfuade him to fetid back Cleopatra Sumptuous and gay entertaimneyits during the preduring the war.

'

war. A pearl dijfolved in vinegar, and fwallowed decreed to Cleopatra by the Athenians. Antony Honours by Cleopatra. She obrys with fends orders to OSiavia to quit his houfe at Rome. tears. He neglels an advantageous opportunity of attacking OSlavius. Reproaches thrown upon Antony in the SePlancus joins Oiiavius. Antoyjy swill read in the Senate^ and to the people^ by 0ianate. GemmiuSy fent to Antony by his friends at RoJne., is ill treated vius. Silanus and Dellius leave Antony. by Cleopatra, and leaves them. Antony s excejjive infatuation. A decree which Cleopatra s madncfs. deprives Antony of the Conjuljhip, and of the Triumvir al power. War Antony fwears eternal war againji OSiadeclared againji Cleopatra.
parations f^- the
vius.

Ail Italy engaged by oath

to ferve

The fea and land forces of the two parties.

by OSiavius.
his forces

Oftavius againji Antony. challenge fent to Antony 0lavius ojfembles all

Antony anfwers

it

by another.

Agrippa with a fquadron to He is very Hefets out himfelfwith all hisforces. harrafs the enemy. Small The two arjnies. the near furprifmg the enf.ny. difpofition of Agrippa s fortunate expedition. Great defertions in Anfkirmijhes. Ahenobarbus leaves Antonfs party. Antony becjnes tony s camp. Cleopatra laughs at Antony for Jufpeoiing that Jhe inexafperated. New loffes luhich Antony fujiains. He runs a tended to poifon him. rifk of being taken. He refolves to try the fate of a naval engagement* The battle of Aofium. The flight of Cleopatra. Antony follows her.. The viSiory of Oiiavius. Antony s land-forces fubmit to the conqueror. Adacerms, difpatched in purjuit of Antony y returns and fets out for Rome. OSiavius is in no hurry to purfue Antony. He returns thanks to Apollo. The precautions which he takes with regard to the troops. His clemency with refpeSl to thofe he had conquered. Metellus isfaved
at Brundiifium.

He

detaches

Afmgular adventure of Marcus and Barby the intreaties of his fon. hula. The motives of OSlaviuss clemency. He arrives at Athens and
relieves

Greece.

mutiny omongji

his

Veteran foldiers in Italy,

luhich he goes

and

appeafes.

He

returns into Afia

and advances

to-

wards Egypt,
S>tCt. II.

212

Continuation of Antony''s adventures in his fight. He flops at Cleopatra's arrival at AlexanParetonium. His aeep melajicholy.

She attempts to tranfport her fleet over the IJihmus of Suez into the RedAntony tomes to her. Cleopatra s preparations to defend fea. Antony takes Timon the Mifanthrope herfelf againji the conqueror.
dria.

far his model.

He

relapfes into his phafures.

Trials which Cleopatra

made

CONTENTS.
and ferpents. She endeavours to make her/elf be heO^avhis. Negotiations bcizveen the?n. Antonf s fufpicim$ of Cleopatra. She obliges him to ft)ake thetn off. Antony's unfortunate The incredible zeal of a comexpedition on the coaji of Paretonium. his Herod pref ems htmfelf be" to tvho gladiators defence. pany of fly His noble fentiments. He obtains his parfore O^avius at Rhodes. Jlexas, tvho betrayed Jntony, is put to death by O^avius. Ocdon. Peluftum detai/ius Tnagnificently entertained, and ajjijled by Herod,^

made of
ioved by

toifons

She caujes every to OSfavius by ths treachery of Cleopatra. her tomb. valuable her palace be carried to Ocin to was which thing Betrayed and Antony s lafl efforts. taviui approaches Alexandria. Cleopatra Jhuts her elf up in vanquijhgd he returns to Alexandria. He her tomb., and caifes Antony to he informed that /he was dead. Having heard that Jhe ivas Jiill alive, he snakes them Jiabs hi?nfelf.
livered up

carry

him

to

her.

He

dies

in her arms.
is

hearing of his death.

Cleopatra

taken alive.

Oiiavius Jheds tears at OSiavius enters Alex-

Antyllus and deandria hand in hand with the pbilofpher Areus. rejlrained Cleopatra Antonfs from kilfuneral. death. put to far io
Hnrr he^fef by the fear

of thereby occafioning the death of her children. She is informed that Jhe muji quit that OSlavius comes to vifit her. goes to offer libations at Antonyms tomb. Her She place in three chm. A reprefentation of her life and charaEler. The charaier of death. Cicero s fon^ who was Confid., hands the memory of Antony Antony. Cajfius of Perma, by a decree of the Senate. The pofierity of Antony, 0iaCnnidias, and the Senator Ovinius put to death by OSiavius.
vius declares that he has burnt Antony's papers ; but neverthelefs keeps His conduSi with regard to the children of the princes a part of them

ef

the Eajf^

found

at Alexandria.

Immcnfe

riches carried by

Oifa-

i)ius out to the

of.Egypt.

Singular precautions which

he takes with regard

The happinefs of Egypt under the He leaves Alexander s tomb. OSlavius vifits Roman E^yM and pajfes the winter in Afia. Domejlic troubles among the confplracy of young Lepidus rendered abortive by MaParthians. Servilia follows young Lepidus her hujband to his tomb. Hocenas.
erovernment of that province.

government.

nours decreed

to

Odavius

by

the Senate.

New privileges

conferred

upon him.

They rank him a?nong the nu7nber of the Gods.

Themo"

tives of his yielding to receive all thefe honours, efpecially the laji. juffers them in the provinces to erei tetnples to his father and to him.
'TiTe temble

He

The augur offafety is renewed. of Janus is Jhut up. The triumphs of O^avius. The ad?nirable genercfity of the fons of His Ocfavius's triumphs are beheld with aftncerejoy. Adjatorix. Patui. DeAutronius and The iriwnphs of Carrinas munificence.
Feafls and rejoicings. of tefuples and other publick buildings. ereSls monuments of He OHaviins games. indifpofition. The Trojan and in Egypt. The methods which Odavius his vitlory, at Atrium took to rije to the fovereigniy of the empire, ctnfidered in a double light.
dications
.

Jefus Chriji and his church the end of all events,

262

THE

'

THE

ROMAN HISTORY,
F R O

M T HE
of
E

FOUNDATION
T O T H

RO

ME
I

BATTLE
BOOK
i".-^

of

A C T

M.

THE FORTY-NINT.H.
Continued.

SECT.
Money
and
coined hy bis order.
equips a fleets

II.

Brutus enters Thrace^ and there makes

war fuccefifully.
'

and

pajfes over into Jfia^ acquaints Cajfius with it. Brutus

He

Cajfius rejoin at

Smyrna.
.

They al together in a

Cajfius fubjels the Rhoprfe5l good underjianding He ufes them roughly. Brutus carries the war dians. His gentknefs. The rage of the Xanthiinto Lycia.

Brutus and Cafjius meet at Sardis. very warm Favonius diverts them from it. debate between them. The conduct and views of Caffius were lefs pure than pretended apparition dif tkofe of Brutus. covered to Brutus. 05favlus and Antony crofs the fea^ and enter
ans.

Vol. X.

Macedonia

C O
Macedonia with

N T EN

TS.
Brutus and Cajius being

their troops.

The mag' arrived at Sejios, they review their army. Money dijlribuled 19 nificent appearance of that army. Brutus and Cajfius advance beyond Phiihefoldiers. defcription of the country about the city of lippi.

'

The encampment of Brutus and CaJJius, Antony^ and afterwards 0iavius, arrives oppoftte t9 The dif advanthem^ and encamps at a fmall difiance. battle The firft tage of their fituation. of Philippi.
Philippi.

Brutus

is

conqueror

Caffius is defeated.

Caffius thro'

The death of Caffius precipitate defpair kills himfelf. O^avius, who gives a fuperiority to the Triumviri.
Brutus reThe emanimates the courage of Caffius^ s foldiers. The fleet which he had in barraffment of his fituation.

was

ill,

had but

little

fhare in the aElion.

the Ionian

fa

deflroys

a powerful rtinfcr cement which

not informed of that reflexion of Plutarch on this fubimportant event. The fecond battle of Philippi. The death of je&.
to the

was fent

Triumviri.

He

is

Cato's fon.

Brutus runs a

rijk

if being tdken, and

only avoids that misfortune by the gencrofity of

a friends

His blafphe>r,y againji moments of Brutus. His death. Antony caufes the laji honours to virtue. 51 avius fends his head to Rome. be paid to his body. The death of Portia, the wife of Brutus. The names of the mofi illujirious perfons who were flain at PhiLivius Drufus, the father of Livia, kills himlippi. The cruelty of 051avius. The republican party ..felf

The

lafi

'''perifhes

with Brutus,

'ihe remains of the vanquifhed

army

fiirrender themfelves to

the Triumviri.

A fine
'

The re-union of alt of Meffalla to Ocl avius. the naval forces of the vanquifhed parly.' Mure us con^ veys part of them to Sextus Pompeius, and Domilius with the clher keeps the fea for fome time without acx;preffion

knowledging any

chief.

An

allegory of Horace,

w th

That regard to thefe lajl troubles of the republicans. poet having efcaped frcm the battle of Philippi, finds a
refource in his genius for poetry.

BRUT U

JEMILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

ConfulsJ

*
710.
*^*
"^''"'^"

BRUTUS
defend
it

not being able to put himfclf in a A. r.

condition to pafs fpeedily

receive them.

enough mto

Italy, to

againft the Triumviri, prepared himleif to Aojian.

embraced an opportunity which ^'' prefented itfelf, of leading his army into Thrace; to which he was prompted by the double advantage of exercifing his troops, by lighting againft a warlike nation, and having an opportunity of acquirino- to himfelf the title of Imperator, an honour which v/as by no means ufelcfs to him in his prefent fituation. He entered therefore into Thrace, to put himfelf in pofTeflion of a province where Sadales reigned, who when he was dying bequeathed it to the Romans. Befides, as the Beffi, a very fierce nation, incommoded their neighbours, by incurfions and robberies, he propofed to fupprefs them ; and affifted by one of the Kings of Thrace, called Rhefcuporis, though at
he fullered a check, yet he terminated afterwards thefe two enterprizes to his honour. Eefides, Thrace furnifhed him with money, of which he Itood greatly in need. For his charader of gentlenefs, clemency, and generofity, prevented, or at leaft rendered lefs fuccefsful, many of the means of furniihing his military cheil which being only to be executed by the force of arms, are no lefs hard and tyrannical in themfelves, than war itfelf. It was therefore extremely fortunate for him, that a princefs, named Polemocratia, w^hofe hufband, who reigned over part of Thrace, had been aflafTinated by an oppofite faftion, came to take refuge in the Roman camp, with her fon, v/ho v/as very young, and all her treafures. Brutus fent the young prince to Cyzica, to be educated in a manner becoming his birth, arid converted into money the treafures of Polemocratia. He wanted that this money Ihould be a monument of an adion, which he looked upon as the beft he had ever done. It bore on one fide the image of Brutus, and on the other a cap, the fymbol of liberty, between two poniards ; and upon the exergue
firft
;

He

'

was

^
A.R.
710.
^*'

^MILIUS

IT.

MUNATIUS,

Confuk.

Ant. C. Cjgfar
ftill

was (lamped the Ides of March, the day on whicft was killed. There are fome of thefe pieces^
preferved in the cabinets of the curious. Brutus having caufed his army to pafs into Afia,took care to equip a powerful fleet in the ports of Bithynia and Cyzica-, and v/hile they were employed about this, he travelled over the country, giving orders to princes, and deputies of towns, gaining all their hearts, and eftabliihing over all, with peace and tranquillity, the love of his government. In the mean

Plut.Brut.

time he v/rote to Caffius, who, after having eftablifhed his authority over all Syria and Cihcia, and demanded of thofe towns which refilled him, and particularly that of Tarfus, enormous contributions, was preparing to go into Egypt, to punifh Cleopatra fosr the afiiilance v/hich fhe had given to Dolabella. Brutus diverted him from this defign, by reprefenting to him, that they had not propofed to acquire a poweir for their own comveniency ; but that it was to deliver their country from tyrants who opprefled it, that they afiembled their forces from all quarters. That, therefore, if they intended to be faithful to their plan, and not lofe the objed: in view, they ought not to remove themfel.ves fa,rther from Italy , but, on the contrary,
to make hafte to fupply their fellow-citizens with the fuccours which they ftood in need of. Caffius yielded to thefe remonftrances, and began It was at his march to approach towards Brutus.

faw one another again, after their parting at the port of Pirseus, the one turning towards Syria, and the other towards Maeedonisi The fight of the forces, with, which they were atr tended, caufed a reciprocal joy in both, and a furIn fhort, having quitted Italy priling confidence. like unfortunate exiles, without having one fmgle one foldier, or town under their vefTel of war, command, after a fliort interval they met again, well furniihed with infantry, cavalry, money, and in a condition of fupporting a conteil, where the fate of the Roman empire was the fubjeet.

Symrna

that they

firft

They

^MILIUS
They
moft
felf

II.

MUN^ATIUS,

Confuls;

^
him'^^^^

ftrove

which of them

fhould behave with A.R.710.

politenefs to the other.

Caffius contented

with an equality ; but Brutus yielded to him the honours, and went moft frequently to vifit him, becaufe Caffius was older, and in a more infirm (late of
health.

concerted the plan of their operations ; and as the Lycians and the Rhodians had obftinately refufed to grant them any affiftance, they refolved to begin by reducing thefe two nations, in order that they might leave nothing undone behind them, while they were engaged againft the Triumviri. Brutus charged himfelf Vv^ith the Lycians, and Caffius with the Rhodians. Their mutual good underilanding continued firm even with regard to the money, which occafions fo many difputes amongft mankind. Brutus alledged, that having employed towards the equipment of a fleet, for the defence of the common caufe, all the money which he was able to amafs, he had a right to demand of Caffius a part of his. But the friends of Caffiais maintained, on the other hand, that it was not reafonable that thofe fums which had been raifed by very troublefome means, and managed with oecohomy, ihould be divided with Brutus, who would gain to himfelf all the honour of them, by means of But Caffius was ill placed and extravagant bounties. more equitable than his friends, and yielded to Brujus the third of his treafure, Tiiey further agreed perfeftly well in an a6b of cle- Bio. mency towards a very unworthy objeft. Gallius ' ^^^"* Poplicola, the brother of Mefialla, but very different from 'him, having formed the horrid defign of affaffinating Brutus, had obtained pardon in confideration of his brother. Some time after he renewed the fame attem.pt againft CafTius, and was convifted of it by the teftimony of Polla his mother, who being willing ,,,to fave Caffius, and obtain pardon for her fon, thought the beft' means of fucceeding was to difcover the criminal herfelf. Brutus and Caffius were fo good as to
'

They

pardon

i^MlLIUS II. MUNATIUS, Confuls; ^ A/R. 710. pardon him. But bad hearts are not to be v/orked upon by afts of indulgence and generonty ; ior Gel2z. lius, the very firfl opportu:]iLy., betrayed his chiefs to v/hom he was fo much obliged, and went over to the enemy's carnp. After fome flay at Smyrna, the two generals departed for the two expeditions which they had proCalTius, to whofe lot the carrying on the war Appian. jefted. E>ioagamft the Rhodians fell, knowing that he had to do '" with a courageous people, and remarkably ftrong at fea, he caufed both his land and fea forces to be put Their rendezvous was in motion at the famiC time. at the town of Myndus in Caria. TJiere was a party at Rhodes which wanted them But the mioft ienfible party is to fubmit ro Cafiius. The body of the too commonly the molt feeble peoplf', animated by Icm.e ralli and fafticus perfons, wanted to malvc refinance, and did not doubt of fuccefs. The glory of their anceitors alTured them of it, and they called to mind with pleafure, Demetrius and Mithridates, princes a great deal more powerful than Cic. ad Cafllus, who were obliged ic retire Ihamefully from before Rhodes. Since the battle of Pharfalia, the aii. 14. Riiodians had aftually turned their backs upon that party which flood up for tlte liberty of the ancient
'

government

in

Rome.
flight.

They

Pcmpey

in

his

fhut their gates againft After the death of Casfar,

they attached them.felves to Dolabella, and refufed their afliitance to all thofe who made war againft him. Unluckily for the town, they perfifted in the fame plan when CafTius approached; and inflead of promifing him full fatisfa6tion, they infukingly propofed to him to wait for the orders of the Senate, which was then fitting at Rome, thereby meaning the orders of the Triumviri.

what manner Cafiius, one of the moil pafiionate of all mankind, received this
eafily
in

One may

judge

only anfwered it with menaces and threacenings, with which the Rhodians were not fo much -affeded as they ought to have been.
infulting

mefTage.

He

They

iEMILIUS
to

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

>
^j,

They made but one attempt

;

to Ibften him,

by fending ^^' 7^9*

him Archelaus, their fellow-citizen, who had inftrufted him in the Greek for in Rhodes there was a fchool for all the fciences, and there CafTius had been
during his youth. Archelaus acquitted himfelf of his commiffion in the mofl tender and pathetick manner ; but Caffius, content to have fhown a great deal of friendfhip to his old mafter, remained inexorable with regard to the principal point. There was then a neceffity of coming to blows, and the Rhodians were ralh enough to rilk a naval engagement. Dio reports, that they carried their infolence fo far, as to difplay to the eyes of the Ro*^ mans, the chains which they had prepared for them. But this excefs of folly and blindnefs does not appear probable. It is certain, however, that after they were twice vanquilhed, they were ftill fo obftinate as to let the Roman troops approach, and allow themfelves to ,be befieged both by fea and land. Neverthelefs at that time, thole who were defirous of peace took upon them, and began to negotiate with Fannius and Lentulus, who commanded the fiege by land. But while they were debating, Caffius, who went on board th<e fleet himfelf, and governed the attack on the fide of the port, appeared all at once in the middle of the ^own, with a number of chofen men, without having either made a breach in the walls, or fcaled them. The polterns on the fide of the fea had been opened to them by fome of the moft fenfible men of Rhodes, who fearing to fee their town taken by aflault, thought -they could not be too fpeedy in preventing fo great ^a
inftru6ted
iriifchief.
-^

An

expreiTion of Caffius feemed at

firii

to

promife

moderation ; for when a great many faluted him by the names of mafter and king, he quite rejected thofe =:titlcs-; faying that his greateft glory was to have killed 'tiim who dared to make himfelf mafter and king in -Kome. But the reft of his conduct did not anhver to this beginning. He caufed a tribunal to be ere<5led ia the middle of the Forum, and fixed at the fide of

B 4

it

AVU.Tio.
4'4-

it

^a 'halberd, as a fign

that

he propofed to treat

Rhodes as a town taken by force. to death, and caufed to be executed

He

condemned

in his prefencc,

Val.
J.

fifty of the principal authors of the rebellion, and pronounced the fentence of banifhment on twenty-five others, who had fled or abfconded. It is true, that he afTured the reft of the inhabitants of their lives and liberties, having forbid his troops, on pain of death, to exercife any violence againft their perfons. He further forbid them to pillage, but this was only with a defign to plunder it himfelf ; for it was one of the Accordingly, he took pofricheft cities of all Afia. lefl'ion of all the treafure, and every thing of value, which belonged to the publick, without fparing either the offerings confecrated in the temples, or even the And when the Rhodians prayed ftatues of the gods. him to leave them at leaft one of their divinities, he anfwered them that he would leave them the "Sun. In effed:, he neither touched the image non the chariot of that god, who was particularly honoured at Rhodes. But without doubt he played upon the amMax,|3Jgyj|-y Qf ^-f^g word, which might fignify that he would only leave them the enjoyment of the light. And by a third fenfe, which fuperftitious antiquity h^s put upon it, they have imagined, feeing he was reduced to kill himfelf a few months after at Philipp*, that by fpeaking in this manner he had foretold his own death, fo nigh at hand. CafTius likewife publilhed an order to oblige every one to bring to him all the gold and money which v/as in their houfes, threatening with death all who fhould difobey, and promifmg rewards to fuch as ihould difcover them. The Rhodians were riot much afraid at firft, and fuch as could conceal their treafures thought they ran no great ri(l<. ButAvhen they feme examples, by law, that the order was executed rigoroufly, they found they muft obey and CafBus having taken out of Rhodes, by different ways, eight thoufand talents, impofed eight hundred more upon ^''the Forum by way of line.- All the people of Afia, tho* Y3ci!l'Ji'j(i.io peaceable
:
.

JEMILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

peaceable and fubmiffive, experienced in the fame A.R.yio* demanded '^"\\^* banner the fevere ufage of Caflius.

He

that they Ihould pay

t)ute
J

him immediately ten years tribut Oftavius and Antony did not allow him

time to piifti this to the extremity. Brutus, though infinitely more gentle than CafTius, occafioned neverthelefs greater mifchiefs to thofe enemies which he had to engage ; but it was owing to their own fault, and the effed; of their blind fury. The Lycians, animated by one named Naucrates, refufed to furnilh troops or money, and marched up armed upon fome eminences which defended the entrance into their country. Brutus having obferved the time when going to their repaft, they were lefs upon

guard, attacked them, killed fix hundred of Afterwards, when;^them, and forced the paflages. ever he took any of their towns or villages, he fet at liberty thofe who fell into his hands, being defirous, by this good ufage, to gain. the hearts of the nation. But the Lycians were Herce and haughty, they were provoked at their lofies, and defpifed the clemency of the vanquifher. The braveft of them ihut themfelves up in the city of Xanthus, and Brutus was obliged to befiege them He foon reduced them to defpair of there in form. fafety but by flight, and a great many faved themfelves by the river which ran by the walls, fwimming below the water. But the Romans deprived them of y-this refource, by ftretching out nets, on the tops
their
--

were faftened little bells, which gave them - notice whenever any of them were entangled. An attempt which the Xanthians made to burn the machines of the befiegers, and which fucceeded at For the flame of the firft, was the caufe of their lofs. V- machines being driven towards the town by a violent ^wind, communicated icfelf to the fortifications and -: the neighbouring houfes ; fo that in an inftant the confiderable. The Xan-, conflagration became very thians had been driven back, and the Romans purf, "^>.(ued them but Brutus, in^ead of laying hold on this opportunity aldi--; -iu
,
j;
'

/of which

lo
A.R.
*
710.

-^MILIUS

11.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

Ant, c.
'

opportunity of carrying the place, was fully employed in preferving it, and ordered the foldiers to en-* The raee which deavour to extinguifh the fire. feized the Xanthians on this occafion is inconceivable. Far from thinking themfelves obliged to their generous enemy for the efforts which he made to fave them, they refolved to perilh in fpite of him. All,

both

freemen

and

flaves,

women and
afTift

children,

mounted
ftead

the walls, and threw darts againft the

Roin-

mans, who were ftriving to

of extinguifhing,
they

them.

And

augmented the fire, and made it fpread more and more towards the city, by throwing into it wood, dry reeds, and all kinds of fuel.
Brutus faw that the flame increafed inceffantly, and formed a circle round the town, he was overwhelmed with grief. He rode abcut the fortifications, trying all the means he could think of to fuccour them ; and ilretching out his hands to the Xanthians, he conjured them to have pity on themfelves, and allow him to fave them, together with their country. But ncbcdy gave ear to him. Furious and defpcrate, they puc themfelves to death all manner of ways. And not only the men and women who were grown up, were tranfported with this blind madnefs, but the very children with diftrafted cries -leaped into the middle of the flames, or threw themfelves headlong from the walls upon the pavement; while others prefented their throats to their fathers -fwords, befeeching them to kill them. In examining the ruins of this unfortunate town, they difcovered ^ .woman hanging in a cord, with which ftie had been ftrangled, having a young child dead at her breail, and ilill holding in her hand a lighted torch to fct fir/2 to her houfe. This horrid fpedtacle made thofe who were witnefTes of it tremble. They mentioned it to Brutus, who would not go to fee fo melancholy an objed ; but melting into tears he promifed a reward to every foldier who lliould bring him a Lycran alive; and they fay that the number of thofe whom it was poITibk .

When

iEMILIUS
poflible to fave

II.

MUN ATIUS,

Confuls.

i r

from their own rage, amounted to no A..R. 710, more than one hundred and fifty. '^li.^' This is the fecond time that the town of Xanthus Herodot. ^* perifhed in this manner, by the fury of its inhabitants. In the time of Cyrus, the Xanthians being attacked by Harpagus, that prince's lieutenant, they chofe rather to burn their wives and children, whom they Ihut up in the citadel, and expofe themfelves all to death in a
'
.

general fally, than fubmit to a conqueror whom all the Eatl obeyed. It appears that the Lycians were a very fierce nation, for the difafter of the Xanthians, and the humanity of their conqueror, made at firfl no impreflion

neighbours of Patara. They prepared to defend themfelves, and Brutus with great reludancc determined to attack them, for fear of renewing the Neverthelefs he invefted the town, but tragic fcene. Being refolved to try without battering the walls. every thing in order to gain them, he detached to them fome of the Xanthian prifoners, whofe infatuaHe alfo tion and madnefs had blinded their reafon. fent back to them fome ladies of Patara who had been taken at Xanthus, and whofe fathers and hufbands And thefe bore a diflinguilhed rank in the country. ladies, by the gentle infinuations, and the praifcs which they bellowed on the wifdom and generofity of Brutus, at laft overcame the obftinacy of the Patarians, and they furrendered at difcretion. Brutus granted to all their lives and liberties, but he took pofTelTion of all the money belonging to the publick, and publilhed, with regard to the inhabitants, an order like that of Caflius, threatening with death thofe who fliould conceal their riches, and encouraging informers with the promife of rewards. This rigour was too contrary to Brutus's charader for him ever to defign to go through with it, or indeed to be capable of it, and this appeared on a very remarkable occafion. (lave accufed his matter of having concealed his treafure, which was indeed very true. They were both brought before Brutus ; and while

on

their

,1.5 ;r

iEMILIUS
*

II.

MUNATIUS,

Conluxs.

A. :fe.

710.

^2,

while they went along, the mother of the accufed, trembling for her fon, followed, crying aloud, that ihe alone was blameabie for the difobedience to the orders of the Proconful, and that her fon had no
Ihare in
it.

The

(lave believed

he ihoiild

make

his

court to Brutus, and be fure of the reward, by infifting ftrongly to prove the mother's falfehood, and fully to convid his mafter, who during this difpute kept a profound filence. Brutus, as well fhocked at the infolence of the informer, as admiring the patience of the fon, and the good heart of the mother, treated them all according to their deferts. He fent back the mother and fon with the treafure, and caufed the flave to be crucified.

of Myra having alfo fubmitted voluntarily, and Brutus having become mafter of all Lycia, contented himfelf with taxing the nation at one hun,dred and twenty talents ; after which he returned towards Ionia, fignalizing his march with divers marks of juilice, always unbiafTed, and always impartial in the diftribution of rewards and punifhments. But that which he moft approved himfelf, and which gained him the moft honour among all the Romans of worth and charader, was, the revenge he took upon that wretched orator Theodotus, who had profcribed the head of Pompey. But I have mentioned
this elfewhere.

The town

Brutus and CafTius joined again at Sardis, in Lydia, and their armies being re-united, proclaimed each of them folemnly by the title of Imperator, or

"-"General-conqueror.

At

their

firft

interview,

like

great

feared no cenfure, they wanted to have a converfation together, concerning reciprocal com-

men who

.i^plaints

which had been made of both. They debated a long while, and it could not otherwife happen, confidering the importance and mtiTtiplicity of the affairs which they governed, and the great number of friends and commanders who aded under their orders. They
fhut themfelves

up

therefore together in the

venient houfe, and

made

contheir (laves guard the door,

firft

with

JEMIUUSII. MUNATIUS,
yffith.

Confulj.

i^
in to A. R. 71*.

exprefs

orders

riot

to admit

any

body
_

them. .The debate was very warm.

;^"A'.^' 4'After havir>g laid open their grievances, they entered upon proofs of They burft out thern^ and reproached one another. into tears, and the tone of their voices became morQ high and harfh, fo that their friends, who were {landing without the door, heard the noife, and began to be alarmed, not knowing where all this paflion might end. In the mean time, none of them durft venture to go in, on account of the orders given to the contrary. Favonius alone, an impertinent imitator of Cato, whom I have mentioned before more than once, attempted to enter. The flaves at firft would not admit him, but it was no eafy matter to curb FaHe valued vonius in a thing he was refolved upon.
himfelf upon a cynical boldnefs, v^hich knew no reftrainti and his fallies, though impertinent, were fometimes well received, becaufe they made people laugh. He then forced the pafiage, and with a theatrical tone of voice, addreffed Brutus and CalTius in thefe words, which Homer puts into the mouth of Neftor, exhorting to peace Agamemnon and Achilles " Yield * to my advice ; you are both younger than

"

I."

Caffius,

who was
,

naturally lively, could not

forbear laughing

but Brutus, who was more ferious, was angry, and drove away Favonius, calling him an impudent Cynic. This adventure, however, put an end to the debate betv/een Brutus and Caflius, and they parted on good terms.
Caffius that night

made

a great entertainment,
it.

Brutus invited

his friends to

down

Favonius came in tus's paffion was not yet over ; he declared before all the company, that Favonius came without being invited, and defired he fhould be put down to the loweit couch. But the cynical Senator came and placed himfelf forcibly in the middle of the moft hoto table,

and After they were fat from bathing. Bru-

nourabk

14

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Coilftil?'

^^*

The entertainment was accompanourable couch. 4^, / nied with a great deal of gaiety; the freedom and chearfiilnefs of the converfation feafoned the repaft, without interrupting the philofophical refledtions, to which the Romans of diftin<5tion had a particular
7**

turn.

Next morning Brutus

mortified CafTius

by

a con-

demnation he pronounced againft a man of rank, who had been Prastor at Rome, and afterwards honoured by Brutus himfelf with divers offices of truft. Plutarch tails him L. Pella, and fays, that having been accufed and convi6ted of extortion by the people of Sardis, he was condemned without mercy. Caffius, a few days before, had obferved a different condud; with regard to two of his friends, who being accufed before him of the fame crime, abfolvcd them; with a private reprimand, and kept them afterwards about his perfon. He a<5led thus out of principle, and even reproached Brutus with too great attachment to rules, at a time which demanded caution, alBut Brutus ^, who was lowances, and indulgence. always full of great maxims, referred him to the Ides of March, that famous day on which they had killed
did not extort upon mankind himfelf, but was a protedtor and encourager of publick rob" If," fays he, " there is any lawful pretence bers. *' for neglecting exa6t juftice, it were better for us ** to fupport the friends of Csefar, than to fhut our " eyes againft the villanies committed by our own *' people. In the firft cafe, we could only be ac' cufed of timidity but here, with a thoufand trou" bles and dangers, we purchafe the reproach of inCsefar,
,

who

juftice."

what we have formerly mentioned, difcovers that the virtue of Brutus was This
inftance, joined

to

* *0

/e

Tttiv ii^crv

Tm

Ma/J-r/ttV lutKfuiv

dvTov /uvXiUoymiv lnuvav,

at( KitiTipa. uTipa.

tut*

much

. .

JEMILIUS
much more pure

II.

MUNATIUS,

Cofifufe

'^

than that of GafTius. This laft, A.R.7>V doubtlcfs, deferved to be efteemed for his great qua- ^"^-f* lities ; but his paiTion was dreadful, and his command On the contrary, towards his friends he harfh. fhewed himfelf gentle and indulgent, even fo far as to facrifice in their favour the rights of juftice. He was by no means an enemy to pleafure, and in private company his morahty was not quite fmcere. But the condu6t of Brutus was always perfe6lly fteady. An unalterable gentlenefs, a noble elevation of fentii^ ments, a ftrength of mind over which neither paiTion, pleafure, nor envy, could have any influence, and aa inflexible firmnefs in the defence of juftice and honefty, compofed the charadler of that great man. In confequence of thefe qualities, he was beloved of his people and troops, doated upon by his friends, admired by good men, and even not hated by thofe who miade war ag-ainft him. The perfe61: confidence which they had in the juft^ nefs of his views, was chiefiy what gained him that univerfai affeftion and veneration. This is a glory to him, proper and diftinguilhes him from which is of parties oiher heads in the feveral wars amonpall the For it is not thought that Pompey the Romans. would ever have been difpofed to have reftored to the. laws the fovereign power, in cafe he had vanquilhed:
.

generally believed that he would have kept himfelf at the head of the government, under
Csefar.
It
is

the name of Conful and Didator, or feme other title of magiftracy, which would have mafked his ambition, and amufed the vulgar. great many imagine that Ca'oius had a defign of the fame nature;-' and although his averfion for tyranny cannot be dif--

puted, yet it is hard to be believed, that {q proud a man as he v/as, full ot haughty courage, and freyr: quently preferring the ufeful to the juft, fhould be free of all defire of pov/er, fliould enter upcm a war,,, lead a wandering life, and cxpofe himfelf to a thou-" fand dangers, only to re-euablirii the Citizens in the enjoyment of their liberties. If we mount ftili higher','"

Marius,

i6

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

A.R. 7io.Marius, Cinna, and Carbonius, certainly did not de- fend their country ; they looked upon it rather as a prize, or a prey, which they wanted to feize upon, and almoft owned themfelves, that tyranny was the But Brutus is freely abfolved 'objefl: of their wiflies.

from all fufpicions of this kind ; even his enemies did him juftice with regard to this point j and Antony was heard to fay more than once^ that he thought
Brutus was the only perfon, who in confpiring againft Csefar, had only regarded the glory of an enterprize, which to him appeared to be good and highly commendable J but that the reft were influenced by hatred and envy. The conduft of Brutus being fo pure and elevated, it is not furprifing that his language Ihould be lofty. When he faw himfeif near the crifis which was to determine his fate, he wrote to Atticus, that his fortune was as happy as he could wifh it. " For, faid he, either by gaining the victory, I Ihall reftore liberty to the Romans, or by dying, I fhall be delivered from Thus I run no great rifk, my conflavery myfelf. dition is fixed, and the only uncertainty that remains, is to know whether I fhall live free, or carry my liberty with me to the grave. It is Marc Antony, added he, who henceforward muft fuffer for his folly. He might have been put in the rank with Brutus, Cafllus, and Cato ; but he chofe rather to put himfeif in the fecond rank to Oftavius, with whom he will foon be obliged to fight himfeif, unlefs he happens t be overcome by us." Thefe laft words were a kind of gentle rebuke which Brutus gave to Atticus, on account of his connexions and friendfliip with Antony, and they contained a prediction which was
verified in the event.

Plutarch obferves upon the

firji

part of this fragment, that it is eafy to fee, that Brutus confided chiefly -in his virtue, and not in his fea or

land forces, how great foever they were. But it will appear at^ his death, as I have already hinted, that the hopes of fuccefs added greatly to his firmnefs.

Brutus

17 Brutus and CafTius having happily and fpeedily A.R. 710. ^' finiflied vvhac they had to do in Alia, thought next ^^^^^ of palling into Europe, in order to meet the Triumviri, who prepared to attack them. It was about this time that Plutarch mentions a pretended apparition,

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

which fliewed

This ftory is related fo ferioullylDy that great hiftorian, and is become lb famous, that I cannot allow myfelf to pafs it
itfelf,

as

is

faid,

to Brutus.

over in fiience. I have already mentioned Brutus's watchings. He naturally llept but very little, and he had increafed

by habit this natural difpofition, which was greatly He never allowed himafiifted by his great fobriety. feif to deep in the day-time, and he allotted only that part of the nighr for it when no bufinefs can be done,
nor any perfon treated with, becaufe all the world is But elpecially in the time of which we are at reil. now fpeaking, when a load of fuch important cares opprefled him, and inevitable inquietude in io remarkable a crifis difturbed- his brain, when he had fleptafew moments after his evening repaft, which v/as the only one he made, he fet about regulating his necelTary affairs ; and he employed the remaiwing time in reading till the third watch, which
v/as the
,-tent

hour when the general

relates,

officers

went

to

the

to receive his order's.

Plutarch then
night,

that in the middle of the

v/hen the whole

camp was

perfectly quiet,

Brutus was bujy, according to cuftom, alone in his tent, v/hich was but indifferently lighted. On a fudden he thought he heard a noile as if forrlebody entered, an-d looking to the door of the tent, he perceived a gigantick body, wi,th a frightful afped:, place without pronouncing one fingle itfelf before him, He had the courage to clVa it, " Who of rr.en word. *' or of the gods art thou and who hath brought " thee hither ?" " Brutus," anfwered the phantom, " I am thy evil genius, thou fhalt fee me again n>:;ar " Philippi." " Very well," replied Brutus without being difcompofcd, " we fhall' fee each other aeain." ^ ~ C Vol. X. The
.?

i8
A. R. 7 O'The Ant. c.
y^j^j-g^

i^MILIUS
^j^Q
iq\^\

II.

MUNATIUS,
-,

Confuh.

phantom difappeared
hiui

and Brutus called his ferthey had neither feen nor heard
,

any thing. He again applied himfelf to his bufinefs but being ftruck with fo ftrange a vifion, he mentioned it next day to CafTius, who being an Epicurean, and confequently neither believing a fpirit diftinguifhed from matter, nor providence, attributed a41 that happened to a fally of imagination, overheated by continual application and difquietude. *' For," faid he, '* there is no probability that there

"
^'

are genii

nor, fuppofing

them

to exift, that they

**
*'

have the human form or voice, or any power to And indeed I lliould be very glad a6l upon us.
they did really exift, in order that we might reckon not only upon our armies and our fleets, but further upon the afliftance of the gods themfelves, who could not be wanting in an entcrprizc fo juft, honourable, and facred, as that of which
if

" " " " " we

are the chiefs.'*

-,

and that thus that Plutarch relates the ftory nothing might be wanting, the fpedre comes faithfully to the rendezvous, and fhews itfelf again to
It is

Brutus the day before his death, but without fpeakincr. Appian's account is conformed to Plutarch's, and that of Florus preceded them both. But thefe B'or. IV. authorities, which doiibtlefs are fufBcient to give credit to an event in the order of nature, are not, in my opinion, ftrong enough to fupport fuch an abfurd None of thefe vv-riters quotes fo much as prodigy. none of them menone fingle cotemporary witnefs tions it as being received from Brutus, or from any one to whom he had difcovered it. Befides, I find the fame ftory repeated, with almoft the fame circumVal. Max. ftances, by Valerius Maximus, who relates it of Caf^- 7' In fine, what makes me rejedl the fius of Parma. teftimony of thefe authors in this affair without any fcruple, is the credulity which is common to them, with the moft part of the ancients, with regard to prodigies. They relate, for example, with the greateft
,

afTurance, that

two eagles lighted upon the two pnn8

cipaS

^MILIUS

II;

MUNATIUS,

Confuis.'

19

cipal ftandards of the two legions of Brutus and Caf-A-R./iOi Tius ; that they accompanied the army in its march ^"^' ^* '^'" till the night before the battle of Philippi, and then
is not very profuppofe but it bable ; was true, what ccnclufion drawn from could be it ? or what Ihould render it mentioned worthy to be in hiftory ? Befides, they -reprefages, late as miraculous the moft Hmple things iri world, as the the fuch want of addrefs or attention in a perfon who prefented a crown to CaPlus reverfed, inftead of placing it right upon his head. Writers fo very fuperftitious, may very well be Hifpeded to have received, without examining;, this llrange account, which had no other foundation than the po-i pular tradition. Brutus and Caflius pafTed from Afia Into Europe without any obltacle. Odtavius and Antony v/ere ftill in Italy, and two of their lieutenants, Norbanus and Decidius Saxa, whom they had fcnt before them with eight legions, marched through Epirus and Macedonia. Thefe two officers of the Triumviri marched with their troops beyond Philippi, and encamped at the entry of a pafs formed by two mountains, which left only a very narrow fpace betwixt them, being the only commodious pafTage from Cherfonefus of Thrace They had then behind them Phiinto Macedonia. lippi, and upon the right, towards the fea, Neapolis, a fea-port fituated over-againft the ifland of ThaThere they expedied their generals, who were fos. not a little embarrafied to pafs from Brundufium into

flew away.

This

ftory, certainly,

'

Epirus.

of the Republican party had powerful naval forces, Statius Murcus was detached by CafTius at the head of fixty fail, after flaying fome time before the Promontory of Tenarus *, to hinder and difpute the pafTage of the Egyptian fleet, which Cleopatra fent to afllfl the Triumviri as foon as he knew that that fleet v/as defliroyed, he came to poll
as the chiefs
:

For

Gape Matapan, in the middle of the Morea,

himfelf

20
'

JEMILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confcils.
to*

A. R.yTo.himfelf before the port of Brundufium, in order

42.

Befides, Sextus Pomprevent any from going out. peius being mafler of great part of Sicily, as I faid before, was a thorn which they would have been very glad to pull out, before they embarked on their great He diftreffed Rome and Italy by famine, enterprize. feizing all the provifions which were fent to them by fea, and had it likewife in his power to hinder provifions and ammunition from arriving to them, when For thefe reafons, they fhould get into Macedonia. and as befides they did not think it difficult to reduce an enemy who was, properly fpeaking, no more thana pyrate, while Antony was ufing means in Brundufium to tranfport the troops into Epirus, OcStavius fent Salvidienus, with all the veffels he had againft Sextus. Pompeius, and tranfported himfelf to Reggio, to ani-

mate the war by his prefence. This was not fo cafily done as the Triumviri had Sextus had made good ufe of the time imagined. when he was allowed to remain q-uiet, in acquiring confiderable maritime forces. Only at the approach of Salvidienus, he left off infefting the coaft of Italy, and contented himfelf with defending Sicily. 06lavius was fo ill provided with veffels, that his lieutenant tried to build, in imitation of what he had feen praftifed in Gaul, fmall barks of a light wood, covered with cow hides. But thefe little veffels were not proper to fuftain the violence of the waves in the
Streights of Sicily, and only occaiioned diverfion to

Oftavius, however, took with him a the enemy. fleet, and they had a naval engagement near the rock

which Sextus had the better. Octavius, not fucceeding by force, had recourfe'to ftratagem, and fought a/i opportunity of tranfporting his not doubting, but if he could troops by fbeakh once land his legions in Sicily,- their valour and experience would affure him of the vicflory. But all was to no purpofe the coafts were too well guarded 5
of Scylla
*,

in

* SciPflio, o

md

^MILIUS
and
as

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

21
*

Antony, who, in the mean time, found him- A.R. 710. felf greatly dillreffed by Miircus, in Brundufinm, de'^2. manded, in the moft prefllng manner, the fuccours and conjundlion of his collegiie, he was obliged to drop his defign of piifhing Sextus. Wherefore, leaving only as many troops behind them as was necefTary to defend the coaft of Italy, he went to join Antony with the reft of his forces. When he took his leave, he promifed to thofe of Reggio and Vibo, that he v/ould blot out their towns from the number of
be given, together with their territories, as a reward to the foldiers. The motive of this proniife v/as, the fear he was in left thefe two towns, fo very near Sicily, ftiould deliver themfelves to Sextus, to prevent the misfortunes with which they were threatened. The arrival of Oclavius's fleet at Brundufium, foon changed the fituaticn of aflairs, Murcus thought it moft advifable to take the fea, and even to approach the coaft's of Epirus, continuing however always to watch the troops of the Triumviri in their paflage. But whether it was owing to want of capacity or attention on his part, or particular circumftances of winds or tides favourable to the Triumviri, all their troops and themfelves were happily tranfported at diOclavius was ill, and he was obliged vers voyages. to remain at Dyrrachium, while Antony advanced as faft as poflible to join Norbanus and Saxa. Murcus, confounded and defpairing at the bad fuccefs of his undertaking, continued always cruifing on the fame feas, to hinder the convoys they might attempt to fend from Italy to Macedonia, and he was allifted
thofe
wer-e to
in
this

who

im.portant operation by Domitius

Caffius lent to

Ahenobar-

bus,

whom

him with
find

a fleet of fifty

vefTels.

Antony however did not

Norbanus and Saxa

in po^eflion of the pafs, which I mentioned before, on the other fide of Philippi. They had been obliged

and retreat as far as Amphipolis ; for Brutus and Caffius had loft no time. Being arrived
it,

to abandon

at

22

JEMILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS, CohMs,

A.K. yicat'SePios, after they had marched through CherfoncAnt. c. ^^^g^ ^i^^y reviewed their army, and found it to confift of one-and-twenty legions, not quire complete, but neverthelefs amounting to the number of four-

They had befides, thoufand fighting men. twenty thoufand auxiliary cavalry of all natiops Arabians, Ga\ Gauls, Spaniards, Mcdes, Parthians, Thole laft had for their latians, and alio Thracians. chief Rhefcuporis, whofe brother Rhafcus followed It was by agreement, apd out the contrary party. of policy, which has frequently been praftifed fince in like cafes, that thefe two princes were thus divided between two formidable powers, who came to Their intention was, that fight in their country. which ever fliould have the good fortune to be on the
fcore
,

conquering fide, lliould protect the other. This review prefented the moft beautiful fight tha| was poflible to be imagined, for Brutus, who was a great lover of fimplicity in every thing elfe, and demanded of his fubakerns the fame modeity of which he fet them an example, loved rich armour, and pleafed himfelf in ornamenting it with gold and filver. He imagined that this magnificence was proper to ^xait the courage of thofe who were fufceptible of elevated lentiments, and that the value of the metal interefting others to preferve their arms, would be a

had inotive for them to fight more valiantly. * author and example of this way of thinking, for the
the great Czefar,

He

who

followed that pradice from the

fame

principle.

Brutus and Cafilus accompanied the ceremony of As great the review with a fpeech to the foldiers. part of thefe troops had formerly fought for Cajfar, they thought it necefiary to lay before them the
* O' er great men have been of a contrary opinion. See, upon this fubjeiSl, the examples and authorities, for and againll it, colWithout prelefted by M. Rollin, Hift. Anc. 1. XVII. . 5.

tending to decide the queftion, I (hall only remark, that the cenfutera of this magnificence in armour, have been commonly fuch as could not attain to it.
'

great

.^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

23

great and juft motives which ought to attach them to A^.R.710. Ant. C, the caufe which they now undertook to defend. 42, For this purpofe they raifed a Tribunal, upon the

^op of which were placed the two generals, having about them all the Senators of their party. Caffius harangued the troops, Brutus having impofed upon himfelf this law, as I have faid, to yield to. him ia every thing the diilindtions of honour and preheminence. To the fpeech they joined another kind of argumer^t, which operated more effedlually on the minds

of the foldiers, and this was a large diftribution of money. -As they had amaffed great riches in the opulent countries of Alia, they found themfelves in a condition to give to each foldicr fifteen hundred denarii (one-and-thirty pounds five fliillings) five times as much to each of the captains, and to the Tribunes They even added particular gratificain proportion. tions to thofe who diftinguirned themfelves by their
obferved great order in this diftribution ; for as foon as each had received his prefent, he marched off towards the Hebrus, and made room for The general rendezvous thofe who were to follow. where the army was to affemble was the plain of Docelebrated in hillory for the review which rifea, Xerxes made there formerly of his innumerable troops. From Dorifea Brutus and Cafiius continued to march towards the Eaft, coaftino- alono; the fhore, s/ad acbravery.

They

companied by

a fleet

commanded by

Tiilius Cimber,

frequently landed, and marked out the proper places for their encampments. Norbanus and Saxa had not fufficient forces to refiill: Saxa, vvho was advancedfo formidable an army.
nearer the enemy, marched back to Norbanus and having joined their forces, they hoped that the ad-,

who

vantage of their fituation would make amends for their weaknefs, and that they might be able to maintain their ground in the narrow palTage in v/hich they were pofted. Brutus and Cafiius would have been, very much embarraffed to have forced this pafiage,

C 4

yvithout

24

JEMILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

That princen A. R-7'o- without the afTiftance of Rhefcuporis. ^^^' ^' being a native of the country, fhewed them a way through the mountains, but where they had no water,
covered with bullies, thickets, and woods,that they were obliged almoll at every ftep to clear the v/ay with the hatchet by cutting down the trees, which hindered their pafiage. They appointed him a number of picked men, at the head of whom was Thefe took with Bibulus, fon-in-law of * Brutus. them provifions and water for three days ; and after incredible fatigues, when they had begun to murmur ao-ainft Rhefcuporis, and to fiifped: him of treachery, at lail:, the fourth day, they perceived the plain and Upon this they gave a loud fliout of joy, the river. and it was that which faved Norbanus and Saxa., who mull otherwife have been furrounded, Rhafcus, v/ho, as I have faid, was in their camp, gueffed at the meaning of the fliour, and, extremely furprized that troop? fhould be able to pals by a way which he thought fcarcely prac5licable for wild beafts, immediately gave notice of it to the lieutenants of the TriThus umviri, who retired in hafte to Amphipolis. the Republican chiefs found the palTes open, and marched on to the other fide of Philippi, where they happened upon a ground very advantageous for encampment, where they might expe6t the enemy. Appian gives a defcription of thofe places, which will throw a great deal of light upon the account we are to give of what happened there. The city of Philippi, formerly Datus, and before that Crenides, took the name which it had at the time I am now fpeaking of, from Philip, the firfc author of the Macedonian grandeur, who had fortilied that place, as proper to keep the Thracians in awe. It was fituated upon a mountain, all which it covered, even to the out-let of the paffes, through which the army of Brutus and CafTius marched. Towards the

and

fo

* He was fon of Portia, who before fhe efpoufed Brutus, had been married to the ibu of the famous Bibulus, collegue and enemy ^f

Weft

;;

.^MILIUS
Weft
felf

II.

MUNATIUS,
it,

Confuls.
it- A^-

25
R- 7^ Ant. C.
4%.

there was a plain below

which ftretched

out in a gentle declivity, almoft fifteen leagues, In this plain, about two as far as the river Strymon. miles from the town, were two little hills, at about a mile's diftance from each other, and defended on one fide by thofe mountains which the Roman detachment under the conduft of Rhefcuporis had fuch difficulty to pafs over, and on the other by a morafs, which communicated with the fea. It was upon thefe two hills that Brutus and Cailius fixed their camps Brutus on the hill towards the North, and Cafiius on that towards the South ; and in the intermediate fpace which feparated them, they caft up lines and a parapet from one hill to the other. Thus they kept a firm communication between the two camps, which mutually defended each other, as if they had beert only one ; while in the mean time they were really diftin6l ; and this diftinction procured to each of them
greater facility in

keeping their men together, and making them obferve proper difcipiine. This encampment v/^as extremely commodious to them in every relpedl. The heights which they occupied preferved them from being attacked, and put them in a condition to keep upon the defenfive, if On the other hand, if they they judged it proper. chofe to fight, they had before them a large plain, to draw up their numerous armies upon. A fmall river called Ganga, or Gangites, ran at the bottom of their camps. Behind them was the fea, which furnifhed them with all kinds of provifions, which they could The ifiand of Thafos, at twelve Itand in need of.
miles diftance, ferved them for a general m.agazine and at the diftance of nine miles, the town of Neapolis

opened its port to their fleet, and there kept it So advantageous a fituation determined them lecure. not to go far off, and if they had even inclined to it, they would have found it very difficult. For Antony, upon the news that Norbanus and Saxa had
been obliged to
retreat, fearing left

he fhould

lofe

AmphipoHs,

i6
A.R.
7ie.

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuh:

^^^' ^'
^^'

Amphipolis, made fuch long forced marches, that he -arrived much fooner than he was expefted. He had the fatisfaftion to find not only his lieutenants mailers of Amphipolis, but the town forHe there tified, and put in a poilure of defence. depofited all the baggage, leaving a legion to defend 'it ; while v/ith the reft of his troops he advanced towards the enemy, and encamped at only a
mile's diftance.

This boldnefs aftonilhed Brutus and Caffius ; and fo much the more, that in the difpofition of the camps, all the difadvantage lay on Antony's fide. He encan:iped on the plain ; and his adverfaries on the They had their wood from vaft forifing ground. and he from refts, which were at their command marllies, which furnifiied him more with reeds than A river fupplied them v/ood proper for palifadoes. very commodioufiy v/ith plenty of water, for which In fhort, the the other was obliged to dig wells. provifions came to them from Phafos, an iiland at a while Antony was obliged fmall diftance from them to bring his from Amphipolis, almoft at the diftance of fifteen leagues. And, what is ftill more confiderable, the Republican Chiefs were fure of fubfiftence from Afia, and all the Eaft, which depended upon them, while the Triumviri had no refource but Macedonia and TheiTaly, becaufe the fleets of Murcus and Domitius on one fide, and of Sextus Pompeius on the other, hindered them from getting any proBcfides, vifions, either from Italy, Spain, or Africa. they were run Ihort of money, and upon reviewing
;
;

their armies, inftead of being able to imitate the magnificence of their enemies, they were reduced to diftri-

bute to each
denarii only.

foldier,

by way of

prefent, twenty-five

Weak

in

fo

many

different refpe6ls, they

had only

the advantage over the others in this, viz. the expeAfter rienced valour and number of their troops. Oftavius had joined Antony, their combined armies confifted

27 ^^7'^ legions^ compofed chiefly of confjftcd of nineteen ' C^eiar's old fokiicrs, and not only complete as to their ^h,, numbe:', but even augmented by a great many fuper"^

JEMILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

-Thus their infantry amounted at leaft to one hundred thoufand men. But their cavalry was lefs numerous than that of the enemy, for they had
numcraries.

only thirteen thoukind horfe to twenty thoufand of theirs. If we call to mind what we have faid of the
forces of the Republican party,

we

fhall fee that

two

fuch powerful

Roman

armies never before fought

for

againft one another.

Odavius did not make them wait long

on the contrary, he made
not being willing that the
in his
all

him

-,

the expedition pofiible,

affair

fhould be determined
lefs

vidory obtained by his collegue without him, than one obtained by his enemies. From this motive he remained no longer at Dyrracnium than the violence of the difeafe abfolutcly obliged him to ; and at the end of ten days, though he was very far from being perfeftly recovered, he began to march v/jth his army. After the two IViumviri were joined, they placed themfelves in fuch a manner,^ that Oftavius was oppofite to Brutus and Antony to Caffius. Their fcheme and intereft was to bring on a gelittle

abfence, and fearing

"

then offered battle to the enemy, who for the contrary reafon would not engage, and contented themielves with (drawing up their troops at the head of their camps, but without leaving the high ground, or going down into the ptain. Cafllus efpecially, who underftood ynsLT very well, was ftrongly attached to the fcheme of
as
poflible.
* I have faid before, according to Appian, that in the conference in the ifland of Reno, it had been agreed upon, that Oftavius and Antony fhould crofs the feas, each at the head of twenty legions. Here the fame Appian n^entions no more than nineteen, to which there is only one to be added, which Antony had left at Amphipolis to guard the baggage- It may be fuppofed that the forty legions, yhich were mentioned before, being far fmm completCj the Triumviri had reduced them to a much imaller number.

neral aftion as foon

They

letting

28
A. R.
710.

iEMILIUS
letting the

11.

MUNATIUS,

Conlu.s;

army of

the, Triumviri

decay with famine,

Ant. C.
4^.

which muft certainly have been the cafe in a fliort With this view, on Antony's arrival, knowtime. ing the bold and enterprizing charatter of the general who was oppofed to him, he applied himfelf to fortify And as between his entrenchments more and more. the left wing of his camp and the morafs which I have
mentioned, there remained a fmall fpot of ground, he drew a line from his camp to the morafs well palifadoed, to prevent all furprize, and fcciire his rear. Appian does honour to Antony, for having by his He boldncfs and ability forced Caffius to fight. fays, that while he amufed the enemy, by drawing out his men every day in order of battle, he detached

fome cohorts

to

work

conftantly, in order to

make

the morafs pafTable, and then to eftablifh lodgments between the camp of CafTiu.s and the ifland of Phafos.

They

on a line with the work they had begun, and formed a caufeway, which they made firm on each fide with a wall of ftones ; and when they met with any place where the marfh was too deep, they threw a bridge over it, In fhort, at the end of ten days and nights the work was finiilied, without the workmen's having "been obferved by the enemy, becaufe they were covered with a thicket of reeds, which was between them and the camp of CafTius. This, general was not apprized of fo tedious and important a work, till he difcovered the forts which feveral of Antony's cohorts had raifed, and v/here tiiey had lodged themfelves. Strangely furprized at the boldnefs and fuccefs of the undertaking, he refolved to raile a work of the fame kinc^ in the morafs, and to make a road which fliould go from his camp to that of Antony, Ihould cut the other, and thus break the communication between Antony's camp and the forts which were raifed beIn order to hinder this work, Antony in hind his. prefence of all the army, went at noon to attack furioufly the lines which CafTius had drawn from his
beat

down

the reeds, which were

camp

to the morafs.

The

fequel of the narration ap-

pears

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

29
71. ^'

pears to me not eafily comprehended. According to A. R. him, the troops of Brutus, thinking themlelves in- ^"^* fulted by Antony's boldnels, fell immediately upon him, without waiting for the order of their general,

and then turned themfelves againft 0(51:avius's army, which was oppofite to them. Thefe motions appear But however it be, it to me to be very irregular. was this afiault given by Antony to the lines of Caffius, which' gave occafion to a general battle, according to Appian's account of it. Plutarch relates the affair in quite a different manner, and will have it, that the battle was the effedl not of any accident, but of a deliberate refolutiony which had been taken in council between Brutus and Caffius, and of which he gives a full account. Caflius oppofed this plan, as I have laid, but Brutus at laft overcame his reluftance. He wanted to have the affair decided in the fpeedielt manner, in order either to terminate quickly the llavery of his country, or the
miferies

and difquiets which mankind fuffer in war. He was ftrengthened in this refolution by the advantages which his cavalry gained in different ikirmifhes, In fhort, fome diffeniions over that of the enemy. and fufpicions of the fidelity of feveral of the officers, determined a number even of Cafiius's friends to be There was only one of Brutus's of Brutus's opinion. friends, named Atilius, who was for delaying and Brutus having aiked putting off the rime till winter. him, in full council, what motive influenced him to " At leall," anfwered Atilius, be of that opinion " I (hall have a longer time to live." This expreffion, which denoted defpair, difpleafed every body exceedingly ; and CafTius feeing himfelf fo ill fupported, and always alone in his opinion, confented to a battle entirely out of complaifance, and againfl the conviction of his own mind. What he faid to Meffalla was a proof of this. After fupper, which was but a dull one, and during which CafTius, who was naturally gay, appeared extremely penfive, when Meffalla retired, he took him by the hand, and fpoke
:

to

30

'

T^MILIUS
:

JI.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

" I take you to witnefs, Meffalla^ ^^ ^^"^ ^" Greek ^'I'^Jn' Ant. C. " that I am in the caie ot Pompey, forced in fpite of " myfelf tc rilk the fate of my country on the hazard

" of
*'

However, let us take courage, and place our hopes on fortune, which can rectify " by one of her caprices, not extraordinary to her, *' the wrong refolution which we now take.'* Thofe
a fingle adlion.

were the laft words of Cafllus to Mellalla. He then embraced him, begging him to fup with him next Brutus, on the night, which was his birth-night. contrary, was full of confidence, and the great maxims of philofophy, with which he ftill encouraged and comforted himfelf and his friends, were all the entertainment during their repaft. Next morning very early, the fignal of battle, viz. the purple coat of arms, appeared on the tents of the Before the troops went out, they two generals. talked a little while together on that fpot of ground which feparated the two camps, and Caflius faid to Brutus " I willi we may fucceed, and enjoy long to*' gether the fruits of our vidory But you know ** very well, that the greatefl events are thofe whofe " fuccefs is the moll uncertain. As then, fuppofing '' we fhould fail of fuccefs, it will not be eafy for us '' to fee one another again, tell me what you think of " the choice between flight and death." Brutus anfwered him, " When I was young, I ventured " to utter, I know not how, a hardy maxim in *' morality, and dared to blame Cato for killing *' himfelf-, maintaining that it was neither conform a*' ble to the refpeft due to the gods, nor worthy of a man of courage, to yield to fortune, and fly from cc difgrace, infliead of fupporting it with conftancy. But now, finding myfelf in a critical conjundlure, *' I think quite diflferently. If the gods are not cc pleafed to favour our arms, it is not my inclinacc tion to run after new hopes, and to try new efforts. cc I Ihall lay down my life, giving thanks to deftiny cc that I have already facrificed to my country on the cc day of the Ides of March. Since that time I have
:
!

lived

iEMILIUSlI.
**

MUNATIUS,
"

Confuls.

31
54^-

" "
"

lived only for her, but have always preferved the A. Cafllus fmiled, rights of my liberty and glory."

t^'-.

^'i,

and embracing Brutus,

Let us go,"

faid

he,

are fure either to fight in this difpolition. conquering, or of not fearing the conquerors,"
It

We

of
it

may feem

furprizing that Brutus fhould

call

boldnefs in a perfon to

condemn a voluntary death. This he had imbibed from the maxims of the Stoics, who looked upon ibicide as the higheft degree of heBut wc know that other philofophers, more roifm.

moderate and judicious, have ellablilhed that maxim which Brutus here retradts, and * have thought, which is very true, that it is not allowable for any man to leave, of his own accord, the poft in which
his general, that
is

God

himfelf, has placed him.

Antony ac Triumviri did not expe6t a battle. the head of his troops, propofed to force the lines of Cafllus, on the fide of the morafs (in which Plutarch and the arm^y of Cflavius was agrees with Appian) drawn up in order, to fupport Antony in cafe of need* It is certain, however, that the action began by a brifk and unexpedted attack on the lines of Caffius, "With regard to the plan, profecuticn, and hiftory of this great a6tion, I find fo much uncertainty and confufion in the account given of it by authors, that I Ihall content myfelf to relate, v/ithout connexion, the mod remarkable circumftances, and fuch as are allowed to be true v-/ithout exception. The army of Brutus performed wonders, and indeed too well, without giving attention to the tumultuous cries from the morafs ; and even without They threw regarding the orders of the general. themfelves with fury upon the troops of 06tavius, v/iio were cppofite to them, and broke them, at the The legions which formed Brutus's iirft charge. right wing ruihed upon the left of the enemy ; and having made them, fall back, penetrated as far as the

The

ders.

* Vetat Pythagoras iiiijufiu imperatoris, id Cic. de Sen. n, 7j.

eft

Dei, de ftationc dece*

camp,

^2
A. R.
710.
"^4.1".^'

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls".

camp, of which they took pofleliion, after having tiit ^" pieces thofe who were left to guard it, and theil thought of nothing elfe but plunder. Brutus himfelf was tranfported with the ardour of his troops, and having crufhed the center of Odavius''s army, he alfo penetrated into the camp, v/here, by an unpardonable blunder, he thought of nothing but pufhing the ad^ vantage he had gained, perfuading himfelf that Caffius had the fame good fortune. But it was quite otherwife. The lines of that unfortunate general v/ere forced, and immediately his There v/as no effort cavalry fhamefuUy took flights which he did not try to make his infantry itand, even to the catching hold of the flyers by the arm, feizing himfelf the colours, and planting them on the ground, But he could not inas a fignal for them to rally. fpire his difmayed troops with courage by his valour. His army was entirely put into diforder, and his camp taken by Antony fo that very ill attended, he was obliged to retire under a little hill at fome di;

llance.

Brutus had gained a complete vlftory. He faw with great fatisfadlion the field of battle abandoned by the enemy, and covered v/ith their dead, their camp feized and plundered, three of their ftandards with feveral colours taken, and carried by his foldiers in But returning to his own camp, he was triumph. furprifed and aftoniihed not to find the tent of CafTius HeobHanding, and vifible as ufual above the reft. the afconiihment, fame that the ram-, ferved, with Then he parts were demoliflied in feveral places. apprehend misfortune happened, that a had began to thofe who were fcouring the counand fent orders to
try, to leave off^the purfuit,

and return

to their

camp.

Thus he

difpofed himfelf to repair the difaiter of his

it

and his flow motions only ferved to haften the death of CafTuis. Brutus detached a body of cavalry to find out CafThis fius, and brin^ him back certain news of him. detachment having been obfervcd at a diftance, by
collegue, but
late,

was too

thole

i^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

23

thofe who were wfth Caffius, (for as to himfelf he didA. R.710. not raile his head,) he imagined them to be his ene- ^^^ ^' mies in learch of him. In the mean time, in order to be poficivtiy informed, he ordered an officer, named Titinius, to advance and reconnoitre them. Titinius was joined by Brutus's detachment, who feeing a friend that was attached to CalTius, and being informed of him that his general was alive, Ihouted aloud for joy. Thole who were more particularly acquainted with him, alighted from their horfes, fhook hands with him and embraced him ; while the reft made a circle round him with all the commotions and noife of immoderate joy, which was the caufe of

one of the greateft misfortunes, for it was this which deceived Caffius, and perfuaded him that Titinius was " Muft I then," faid he with taken by the enemy. excelfive grief, " out of love to life, ftay to fee my

" friend made prifoner before my eyes ?" He faid no more, but retired into his tent with one of his freedmen, named Pindarus, whom he had kept about
fmce the time of the misfortunes of Cralfus, in the war againft the Parthians, that in time of need he might be his laft rclource, by taking away his life. That freedman then cut off his head, for it was found feparated from his body. Pindarus himfelf appeared no more after that time, which made fome ful'peft, but without any probability, that he had done
his perfon ever
it

without orders.
Titinius arrived

very foon after with the crown, which had been put upon his head by Brutus's party. Struck with the groans and lamentations of the friends of CafTius, he thereby underftood the difafter which his flownefs had occafioned ; and he punilhed himfelf for it immediately, by falling on his fword. Brutus already knew of the defeat of Caflius, and was informed of his death as he drew near his camp. He ran to him, bathed him with tears, calling him " the laft of the Romans," and faying, he had no hopes that Rome would ever again produce fo great a man as this refolute enemy of tyranny. Afterwards

V^L. X.

having

34
A, R.
'

^MILIUSII MUNATIUS,
'

Conlius.

having cauled them to wrap up the body decently, he ^^^' ordered it to be carried to the ifland Thafos, there 4** r r to receive the lait honours for fear that this mournful ceremony, if it was celebrated in the camp, fhould weaken the courage of the foldiers. ;. It was only the precipitate defpair and falfe heroifm* of CafTius, which gave the advantage of this famous; Otherwife theyaftion to the party of the Triumviri. were both equal, or rather the Pi.epublicans maybe The left wing on faid to have had the fuperiority. both fides was defeated, and one of the camps of each But the number of the party was forced and taken. ilain on the fide of the defenders of liberty, was one half lefs than on that of their enemies, viz. eight thoufand inftead of fixteen-, and the camp which Brutus had taken was common to the two armies of Odlavius and Antony, whereas that which Antony forced belonged to CafTius only ^ and though it was dellroyed, yet that of Brutus was dill entire, which offered a fecure retreat for the vanquifhed troops. The death of CaiTius made the balance incline in favour of thofe, whichj in other refpefts, were the molt unforIt deprived the Republicans of the moft fkiltunate. ful general of the two, and Brutus of a companion who was extremely ufeful to him, in direfting his military It alio gave fpirits operations, and ruling the troops. to the enemy, which before they heard that news, werC; But when a (lave of Caflius came to, greatly funk. inform them of it, bringing with him as proofs the coat of arms and fword of his mafter, they again took courage, and thought themfdves more in a condition, than ever to hope for victory. Veil. ii. 70. I have faid nothing of Odavius in this account of sS-Aul' the adlion, becaufe he had no great fhare in it. He was not yet recovered however, he made them carry 91. Appian. i^jj^ jj^ ^ litter into the middle of his troops ranged in Plut. Brut, order of battle, not out of bravery, but in cohfe& Anton, quence of a dream of Artorius his phyfician, who faid he had received orders from Minerva to carry Odavius out of the camp. This precaution v/as far
710.

,
.

from

^MILIUS

II.

MONATIUS,

Cohfuls.

35
in A, R. 710.
Ant"
'

from being ufelefs, for if Oftavius had remained the camp, he could not liave avoided being killed or His litter in which they thought he lay was taken.

pierced feveral times, and it was with great difficulty He made Suet.Aug. that he efcaped from the field of battle. ^^' them carry him as faft as they could towards a moral's, from whence he gained the wing which Antony com-

manded.
more, for he affirms that Odavlus Plin. vii. remained three days concealed in the morafs. This ^^' was fo little probable, and it is fo natural to think that the vanquifhed General would feek and meet with a fpcedy refuge from the victorious army of his coU legue, that I cannot help looking upon this account of Pliny's as a falle report, countenanced afterwards by * Antony. In the dillenfions which broke out afterwards between them, they have kept within no bounds ; and Antony, whole bravery was above all fufpicion, took pleafure in calting a reproach of tiI am not more furprifed atFlor.Iv. 7. midity upon 0(5tavius. "** the report Ipread to the difadvantage of Antony him- "'* felf, fignifying that he was not prefent at the adtion. Oftavius retorted upon him, and being unjuftly re-, proached by him, attempted to rob him of a glory he The paffions of men alter objedbs fo juftly deferved. ftrangely, that it is no eafy affair to difcover the truth, or even the appearance of it, through thofe clouds which fometimes obfcure the moft celebrated
Pliny fays
(till

adiions.

The
up

firfl

care of Brutus,

when he became

the fole

general, was to aflemble Caffius's

their courage.

troops, and roufe

they had loft every thing by the plundering their camp, he promifed them two thoufand denarii each, to make up the lofs which
Pliny Teems to derive his authority from Agrippa and MsecenaSj whofe tellimony muft be dotibtful in the prefent cafe, Eiit there is fome obfcurity in the text and befides, as he does not quote the proper exprefiions of thefe two witnefles, we may be allowed to jfpefl Any fuppofition appears to ms more that he niifunderftx)d them. probable than the fai5l wlych I here refute. ,. ^
; f

As

they

36
*

iEMILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

A- ^- 7^0 they had luilained by the enemy.

^j,

There was nothing giving them capable of joy more and confidence. They admired the magnificence of fuch a gift, and with loud fliouts of applaufe proclaimed Brutus alone invincible and vldorious among all the generals who
Antony, however, might Brutus was charmed at ihare this glory with him. the joy he law arife in the hearts of his vanquiihed
in the battle.

were engaged

troops, but he durft not yet truft fufficiently to them to accept the challenge which the Triumviri gave him

I^io*

When he law them drawn up to offer him next day. battle next day, he kept himfelf at the head of his camp upon the high grounds and when weary with waiting he obferved them retire, he alio did the fame. Brutus's fituation was extremely embarrafled, and he met with particular difficulties in each of his twoarmies, which conftrained him very much. The viftorious army was overcharged with a vaft multitude of prilbners, which were very troublefome to There was efpecially am.ong them a great guard. number of (laves, which it was not prudent to leave furrounded with arms, for fear they fliould lay hold of them, and occafion a great deal of diforder. Brutus determined to caufe them all to be killed ; which refoiution was very oppofite to the gentlenefs of his charafter, but Vv^hich he thought juilifiablc, as well from necefllty, as the example of the enen^y, who had killed all their prifoners. With regard to thofe who were free, who were taken in the battle, he fent back a great many of them, telling them, that they ought not to fuppofe that they had been taken by him, but m^orejuftly by his enemies; for in the camp of ,tbe Triumviri they were prifoners and flavcs, but free and citizens in that of Brutus. However, it was not pofTiBle for him to execute at large thofe generous fentiments, the cruel zeal of his friends, and the principal-officers of his army being fo greatly exafperated, that it was necefiary in order to fave tliofe unfortunate .prifoners, tQ procure them the means^ of hiding themielves^.or efcaping by flighty
-,

His

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

37
"'^"

His to two buffoons, one of whom Plutarch calls VoiuaiThey brought thefe nius, and the other Saculio. two men to him, accufmg them of ftill continuing
their

friends were efpeciaily inexorable with refpedt ^^7io

4Z*

"

low buffooneries, even at the expence of their Brutus, who was engaged in affairs of vanquifhers. more importance, did not fpeak a word ; and Meffalla, who was prefent, faid, that if they believed the accufation to be true, he thought they Ihould begin with whipping them heartily, and then fend them back to the Triumvin, to make them afhamed of the company they kept even in time of war. This propofal of Meflialla's diverted a great many. But Cafca, he who gave the firft blow to Csfar, was greatly dif'* It is not," fays he, " by indecent pleafed at it. *' jokes and pleafantries that we ought to exprefs our *' regret for the death of Caflius." And, addreffing " he added, You himfelf to Brutus, will teftify what " fentiments you preferve with regard to your col" legue, according as you punilli or fparc thofe who " infult his memory." Brutus, offended at this rude expreffion of Cafca, " Why do you then," anfwered why do not he, " trouble me with your queftions " you execute your pleafure upon them .'*" This They then brought anl'wer was taken for a confent. out thefe two miferable buffoons, and made them pay with their lives for the impertinence of their
.''

tongues.

The army of
Brutus.

Caffius

gave

ftill

more trouble

to

Thefe vanquiffied troops, deprived of the chief who ufed to command them, were timid before the enemy, and arrogant with regard to their new geBrutus, who was good-natured, and more inneral. clined to make ufe of reafon and gentle methods, than the rigour of command, could hardly reftraia his foldiers, who were always ready to mutiny. He was even afraid that they fhould give ear to the follicitations

of the Triumviri,

who

difperfed letters

among

them, inviting them to defert under very great proinifes. Thefe difficulties difturbed his conftancy, and

dilpofed

38
A. R.
7IO'
*

^MILIUS
ciples of

II.

MUNATIUS,
off,

Confuls.

difpofed him to threw

in

fome meafure, the prin-

42.

humanity and clemency, which, till that time, had been the chief objed of his conduct. In order to fix thofe reftlefs fpirits, who had it in their power at any time to efcape from him, he promifed to his army, after the victory, the plunder of two of the moil flourifliing towns of Greece, Theffalonica and Lacedsmon. Plutarch * looks upon that as the only reproach on the chara6ter of Brutus, which would admit of no
It is true, fays that grave author, that apology. Oclavius and Antony allowed their fold iers rewards ftill more odious, feeing they drove aimoft all the old inhabitants out of Italy, to diftribute their lands and houfes to their troops. But there was a great difference betv^een the Triumviri and Brutus. The former had no other motive than to fatisfy their ambition, and they only made war to render them.felves But as Brutus, on the conmafters of the Empire. trary, profeffed the higheft virtue, it was not allowable for him neither to vanquifl-j, nor to fave himfelf from danger, but by m^eans which were ftridly juft and honourable efpecially after the death of Caffius, who was blamed for having fometimes forced his col-r But fuch is the frailty of legue to violent meafures. a voyage, if the rudder of In certain conjunftures. the fhip happens to be broke, they endeavour to repair it with other pieces of wood, as well as poflible, which indeed have not quite the defired effecfl, but however are neceffary for the prefent purpofe. In the fame manner Brutus, finding himfelf in a very
,

Irct'/.ah
.rxiiV:#C

>,d'fw!7-/i'

T^f rmxK'ini iixmo'as >iV.-v7c, iva X^""^ imivot }y (ntoKus tolc juu itB-prtdhKa^HTiitt /Aiy ifxuv 31) npuiuv iTrix-itlo ti TX inr'AfyKS TlA(^.
Kj

'y.Toi'tkii-if'ZKjSiitaiii'

TvCrx,

KaCTcriu T6'Sv>i*o'r(^, if atTtuv

tv

tt^ff )y EfSTOV

evajf/v

in k
;^;f|/ai'

'fav [ii-xUTHtv-

'AKK utrnip

<nrXw

larMJ'tt'K'tK

a-<j'i}ftQifl@'

ertp*

iipo(

T.J11'

ct/Ti>

BffcT'

iv Suiu/i/.il
J(iplt3-^a.l

Tos-afTH
T'/lt

Kj /Adia'piilt

lafayfAtivn h is^*
lfpa<r<rUY

Itrcffiini.'il a.

g-p-j%y,)i

mn^Kei^VTii

turypirl,

K)

im<ih><.i

^hiyifl

troublefomc

^MILIUS
troublelbme

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

f^

providing ^-R- r^io* He could no ^2. * againft the moil prefling incidents. l-onger keep the equilibrium, becauie he wanted Cafflus, who had fervcd him as a counterpoife ; and allowed himfelf to be led, almofl againft his will, by the counfels of thofe who were about him, and to whom every thing appeared right which tended to calm the foldiers of Caffius. The Triumviri had the advantage, in being able to truft to the fidelity of their troops ; but in every other particular they were in a much worfe condition than their enemies. They began to fuffer from famine i their camp was fituated low, bordering upon marfhes, and confequently unhealthy and incommodious. The autumnal rains having come on fmce the battle, their tents were filled with mud, and a great quantity of rain, which froze immediately. To add to their misfortunes, they were informed that a powerful reinforcem.ent, which was fent to them from Italy by fea, had been beaten, difperfed, and utterly ruined by the combined fleets of Murcus and Ahenobarbus. That reinforcement confifted of two legions, one of which was the Martial, fo renowned for its bravery ; befrdes a Praetorian cohort of one of the Triumviri, amounting to two thoufand men as alfo between ten and twelve hundred horfe, and fome new raifed troops, whofe number is not fpecified. All thefe troops being embarked on board tranfports, under the efcort of fome vefTels of war, the Republican admirals, who guarded the coaft of Epirus and Illyrium, came to meet them with a fleet of one hundred and thirty gallies, each having three rows of Kt)ars. The engagement was very hot, and if val'our could have determined the fuccefs, the Triumviri's troops muft have had the advantage. But the inequality was too great between trading veflTels and armed gallies ; and the fmall number of thofe which ferved to efcort the convoy, was overcome by the multitude of the enemies vefTels. They all either perifhed by the fvvord, or fire, or faw themfelves obliged to yield to the - vanquilhers, and take part with them. Ther^ vyei efornc
fitiiation,

only thought of

few

40
A.K.
7IO'

iEMILlUS
,

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. C.
44.

few who faved thcmfelves on the rocks, or on defert . J ^, ^: ^u:__ iflands, and there, wanting every thing, hunger conllraincd them to gnaw the fails and cordage, and they endeavoured to quench their third by licking pitch and tar. Odlavius and Antony were punftually informed of and this was a fre(h motive for them to this difafter try by all manner of ways, and at any rare, to bring Brutus to an adion. But he, by an unexplicable piece of ill fortune, heard nothing of this engagement, though it happened the fame day with the battle be1
,

ibre-mentioned, till twenty days after, that is, till the If Brutus had been infecond battle of Philippi. formed of the vi6tory of his fleet, it is very certain that he would not have hazarded this fecond battle. For being fufficiently flocked with all forts of provifions,

advantageoufly fituated, and befides all this, mafter of the fea, he would have reduced his enemies to perifli by famine and mifery in their camp ; which the winter that fad approached, would very foon have obliged them to abandon ; and if they had

wanted

to return to Italy, the

Republican

fleet

would

render the paflage impofTible, or at lead very difficult and hazardous. Plutarch acknowledges here a Angular attention and an exprefs determination of ProviThe * Empire, fays he, could not be godence. verned by an authority divided amongft feveral, but

Thus the Gods, willing flood in need of one chief. to remove the only man who could ftand in the way of him whom, they defigned mafter of the univerfc, hindered Brutus from receiving advantage from an event which would have affured him of the vi(ftory. He was within a very little of receiving this information,
which
he had, would have entirely changed the For the evening before the fecond face of aff^airs. battle of Philippi, a deferter named Clodius, came into his camp, and told this piece of news as a thing which was publick in the army of the Triumviri. But
if

they

iEMIL-IUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.
it

41
his
"^'^^^

they defpifed his information, looking on

as a piece A.R. 710.

of flattery, by which

this deferter

wanted

to

make

In (hort, they were not at court to his new friends. the pains of communicating it to Brutus. Next morning, the armies being drawn up in order of battle, they remained a long while oppofite to each Brutus did not other, without offering to engage. fee among his troops an air of joy and ardour, which could infpire him with the affurance of vanquilhing. The cavalry were in no manner of hurry to begin the fight, waiting till the infantry fhould fliew them the example. Befides, while he reviewed the ranks, he received feveral informations, which made him fufpe^ the fidelity of a good many of the officers, and a great number of the troops and thefe fufpicions were the more eafily credited by him, as Csefar's old foldiers,
-,

which

army, might naturally be fuppofed to preferve an attachment to that party which they formerly belonged to. In fhort, a brave officer named Camulatus, who had been honoured with remarkable prefents for his valour, deferted to the enemy in the fight of Brutus. This grieved him exceffively ; and partly through indignation, and partly through fear of a greater defertion, he immediately gave the fignal, and began the attack towards the ninth hour of the day, that is to fay, within three hours of fun-fet. He had fl:ill the advantage where he commanded in perfon. At the head of his infantry he bore down the enemy ; and, fupported by his cavalry, he made a very great flaughter, and followed them a long way. But his left wing fearing to be taken in flank, fl:retched itfelf out in order to enlarge its front; by means of which the middle became too weak to refift the violent effiart of the troops of the Triumviri. It was here then that the army of Brutus began to yield. Tjie center being put into diforder and broken, the Triumviri, careful to make the befl: ufe f this firft fuccefs, infliead of amufing themfelves with purfuing, killing, and making prifoners, thought only of hinchiefly
his

compofed

dering

42
*

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Gonfuis.

A. R.7io-denng thofe troops to rally again, who had begun to With this defign they feparated from one retreat. ^j,

another ; and while 06lavius penetrated as far as the enemies camp, and took poflellion of the pofts to cut off the retreat of the fliers, Antony got in behind Brutus, and furrounded him. Brutus performed wonders in fo prefling an extremity i and ading both with head and hands, he Ihewed himfelf equally a foldier and a commander but he had nobody to fecond him. The troops of
Caflius,

amongft

whom

in the

firft

aftion there

was

more diforder than flaughter, had ftill preferved an impreflion of terror, which communicated itfelf to the reft of the army whereas on the fide of the Trium,mr'iy thofe who were vanquifhed were cut to pieces at the fame time, and left behind them none of that terror with which troops are naturally ftruck, when oppofed to their vanquifhers. And thus it appeared .to have been a great advantage to Brutus, to have loft fewer in the firft engagement than the enemy, and yet this was the caufe of his defeat in the
,

fecond.

Brutus, furrounded with the moft valiant officers Here it was that that he had, fought a long while. a fon of Cato made amends, by a glorious death, for
-the follies

of his youth. For he had not imitated the difcretion awd modefty of his father, and his connexions with a Cappadocian woman, had brought upon him a great many jefts and railleries. But upon this occafion he appeared worthy of the blood from which he fprung, demonftrating that it is eafier to have courage againft dangers, or even death itfelf, He was always in the heat of than againft pleafures. the fight, and, overcome with numbers, he neither .fled nor retreated ; but calling aloud to his enemies, .and naming himfelf by his own name, and that of his father, he fell at laft upon a heap of dead bodies, with which the ground about him was covered. great many brave men, and among others the brother of Caflius, periflied in this manner, fighting

befidc

^MILIUS
was
for
loft,

II.

MUNATIUS,
-,

Conilrls.

43

But after o-rcat and o;eneroiis efforts, A. R. 710^ befide Brutus. and feeing all he was obliged to yield to neceflity ",^^
he refolved to

him to do. by no means to

which was no eafy matter For Antony had exprefsly ordered,

fly,

fuffer the Chiefs to efcape, for

fear

they fhould renew the war. Brutus run a very great rifli of being taken, and it was owing to the generofity of a friend that Jie efcaped. troop of Thracians were abfolutely bent on taking him, and purfued him very clofe. Lucilius,

who accompanied him

being willing to allow him time to efcape, ftopt, and allowed himfelf to be taken by thofe barbarians, telling them that he was Brutus ; and, to confirm them in their miftak,
in his flight,

he entreated them to carry him to Antony, as to an old friend, whereas 0<5lavius was an implacable enemy to Brutus. The Thracians, overjoyed with fo good a prize, returned towards Antony, to whom they difpatched fome of their companions, to give him notice that they were bringing Brutus along with them. Antony marched to meet them, followed by a great number of officers and foldiers, whom this report had aflfembled, fome of whom regretted the bad fortune of fo virtuous a man, while others accufed him of degenerating from the glory of his anceftors, in fuffering himfelf, through an immoderate dcfire of life, to become a prey to a troop of Barbarians. When Antony faw the Thracians approach, he was a good deal embarrafled, hardly knowing in what manner he ought to receive Brutus. But Lucilius advancing " It is not Brutus," fays with an air of confidence he, " that is taken, fortune has not yet had the power '* of committing fo great an outrage upon virtue. *' You will find him, dead or alive, always worthy *' of himfelf, ITiave deceived your foldiers, and I *' prefent myfelf before you, ready to fuffer whatever *' punifhment you (hall pleafe to inflid: upon me for *' my boldnefs." At this, the joy of the Thracians, who had taken Lucilius prifoner, wa's changed into ihame and indignation, and they appeared quite confounded :
:

44
A. R.
710.

^MILIUS
founded
:

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

^Ax.^*

" Be not troubled at the miftake," fays -^"^^"y ^^ them, " you have taken a much better " prize than that which you fought after. You
*'

" me
**

*'

*'
*'

an enemy, and you have brought I take all the gods to witnefs that I a friend. fhould have been very much troubled to know how But men, fuch as Lucilius, to behave to Brutus. better to have much for my friends than my I love Having faid this, Antony ftretched out enemies.

wanted

to take

his

hand to Lucilius, embraced him cordially, and committed him to the charge of one of his friends,

he ordered to take care of him. Lucilius ^ever after this remained attached to Antony, and preferved for him the fame fidelity which he had Ihewn to Brutus, and with the fame ill fortune. In the mean time Brutus had paffed over a rivulet, the banks of which were covered with wood, and very Night being come on he did not go far, but rocky. fat down in a hollow place, with -his back againft a rock. He had with him a fmall number of his friends, and the firft officers of his army, amongft whom was P. Volumnius, whom Plutarch cites as the author ef this part of Brutus's life. I {hall not fcruple to relate all thofe little circumftances which Plutarch has taken from thefe memoirs. Brutus lifting up his eyes to heaven, which was alj fpangled with ftars, repeated a verfe out of the Medea of Euripides, the fenfe of which is as follows *' O * Jupiter, may he who is the occafion of fo many mifPie meant this chiefs, not efcape thy vengeance." whofe afTiftance and fupmod probably of Antony, order to had hoped for, in re-eftablifh liberty port he after the death of C^far ; and who, by embracing the contrary party, was really the caule of all the mifchicfs which followed. Brutus added another quotation of a Greek poet; two verles which Volumnius had for-^ got, but are hinted at by Florus, and mentioned by
:

whom

EuRiP.Med.

V.

33*.

Dio.

iEMILlUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

45

* un-A-R. 710. It is a blafphemy againft virtue. Dio. ^^^^' fortunate virtue, fays Hercules, in that poet, thou art nothing but a name, and I have worfhipped thee as if thou hadll been a real good, but thou art only Language of delpair, which the flave of fortune." expoled the conftancy that Brutus had hitherto fhewn, and evidently difcovered, that the hope of fuccefs was a necefia^ry fupport to him. It is thus that virtue, which is purely human, and not founded upon the revelation of another life, where happinefs will always reconcile itfelf to virtue, never fails to contradict
itfeif.

Brutus then called to mind, with a great deal of concern, thofe which he had feen perifli in the battle,

and particularly regretted Flavius, chief engineer of his army, and Labeo, one of his lieutenants, the father of the celebrated lawyer of that name. Mean while one of the company was thirfly, and obferving Brutus in the fame condition, he took a helmet, and went to fetch fome v/ater from the rivulet, which was hard by. In the mean time they heard a noife from another quarter, and Volumnius, together with Dardanus, Brutus's equerry, went to fee what was the caufe of it. When they came back again they enquired after the water, but it was drank while they were gone. Brutus was ftill compofed enough to fmile
water is drank,'* fays he, you muft therefore go and bring more." The fame perfon went again, but he narrowly efcaped being taken, and got back with great difficulty, having been wounded. It would appear that Brutus had ftill fom.e remains of hope. He imagined that the number of the flain was not fo very confiderable on his fide. Statilius, whom we have already mentioned on the occafion of
*'

at this little adventure.

**

The

Cato's death, offered to go and

make

the difcovery,

and

in cafe the
*

camp was
\iy^'
j"'

entire,

he promifed to hold

r'SMf/.ov ixfSTw,

oip

i)9^'' tyii cTs

'Q.i ifyor

WMtV

ffi

a.f

k^likiUiStV^t

up

4^
'^^7jf
*

iEMILIUS
up
a light.

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

The

light appeared, but they waited a

42.

" He of Statilius. " will certainly return," fays Brutus, " if he is alive/' But he never did, having been met with by a body of the enemy, who killed him. According to Appian, Brutus paffed not only the whole night, but part of the next day, wholly taken up with the care of gathering together the remains of and now he faw about four le-^ his fcattered forces It was an eafy gions of them aflembled around him. matter to found thefe troops, and to know their diipofition. Being afraid hov/ever to do it himfelf, he charged their officers to propofe to them, to make an effort to get back again to their camp, arid to drive out the enemy from it. The foldiers being difcouraged, anfwered bluntly, that they thought they had done their duty to Brutus, and that nothing remained for them, but to make peace with their enemies on the beft terms they could. Plutarch makes not the leaft mention of this at-^' tempt, and relates the death of Brutus as happening the fame night after the battle, which account I ihall
long
"while in vain for the return
.

follow.

not returning, Brutus judged very right: and being pofitively determined that he was killed to die -himfelf, he bended a little, ftill fitting upon the ground, towards one of his flaves, called Clitus, and whifpered fomething to him. The flave kept Brutus filence, and anfwered him only with tears. then called to him Dardanus, his equerry, who giving him no more fatisfaftion than the flave, he addrefled himfelf to Volumnius, and Ipeaking to him in Greek, he put him in mind of the maxims of the Stoics upon voluntary death, and the firm courage with which he ought to be provided for fuch a conjunflure. He then entreated him to help him to hold the fword, Vothat he might plunge it in the more forcibly. lumnius, and all who were prefent, refufed to render him fo melancholy a piece of fervice. And in order to divert it, one of the company told them, that they
.

Statilius

-,

muft

JEMILIUSII.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls'

4f

muft not ftay in that place where they were, and that A. R. rro*;" Yes," re- '^"*' ^* it was moil advifable for them to fly.. plied Brutus brifldy, " 'tis neceflary to fly ; but it
"'

" muft be with the feet."

.

the afTiflance of the hands,

and not of

pronouncing thefe words, and ftretching out his hand to each of them, with a ferene countenance, he told them, " That it gave him great joy to find that his friends were all faithful to him, and that if he complained of fortune, it was
raifed himfelf
in

He

up

That as to his own only with regard to his country. pcrfon, he looked upon himfelf as more happy than the conquerors, not only with regard to his former lituation, but even at that very junflure, becaufe he left behind him a glory of virtue, which neither their power, nor their arms, could poflibly procure to them. That, on the contrary, all pofterity would judge them to be unjuft, v/ho had ruined thofe who had the beft right ; and wicked, for opprelling good men, in order to ufurp an unlawful and tyrannical power." He liniHied by exhorting and befeeching, them to think of fecuring their lives. He then retired to a Httle diftance, accompanied only by two or three perfons, one of whom was Strato Egeates, who ufed to direct him in the exerciles of? eloquence. This Grecian Brutus depended upon, to Egeates however exprefTed aflifi in difpatching him. a great deal of relu(5Lance in taking upon him fo.^ But when he faw that Bruuus had (hocking an. office. recourfe to one of his flaves, " If you are abfolutely " determined," faid he, " I can never fuffer that you '' fhould find more afTiflance in a flave than a friend." He then laid faft hold of the handle of the fword, and turning away his face, he kept it firm. Brutus, raifmg his left arm above his head, feized with his right hand the point of the fword, and having placed it at the left breaft, oppofite the part where the pulfation of the heart is felt, he pufhed himfelf ftrongly upon it, and^died immediately.
,
=

"

.z&^

^mr.i

Others

4t
^.R.
7to.

mmUUS IL MaNTATIUS,

Confiils.

Others fa/ that Strato was only a witnefs of thiJ ^^^^' bloody fcene, and that Brutus, holding the fvvord with his own hand, ftabbed himfelf by falling upon it. But he had no need of afiiftancc to die in this manner
and, befides, Plutarch has given us an unexceptionable proof that Strato was more than a fpedlator on For he relates, that ibme years afterthis occafion. wards, MciTalla, when he was reconciled with Oifla-^ius, and in the firft rank amongft his friends, prefented to him that orator, faying to him, with tears in his eyes, " Casfar, behold him who rendered to ''^ my dear Brutus the laft deplorable fervice." When the body of Brutus was brought to Antony, he called to mind his brother Caius, who had been killed by that general's order, and reproached hismemory with it. However, he rather chofe to lay the fault upon Hortenfius, who had been charged with the execution of the order, and caufed him to be With rekilled as a viflim due to his vengeance. gard to Brutus, he ordered the laft honours to be paid to him, and gave a very magnificent and coftly miliHe even punifhed tary robe, to cover his body with. rio-orouHy the avarice and infidelity of the freedman,

he had committed the care of the funeral, and who, tempted by the richnefs of the robe, feWhen creted it, inftead of burning it with the body. Antony v/as informed of it, he caufed him to be put The alhes of Brutus were put into an urn, to death.
to

whom

and fent to Rome, to his mother Servilia. The head had been fevered from the trunk, before the funeral. Suet. Aug. oftavius, far lefs generous than Antony,' was dedevoted to fatisfy the manes VeUi. 72! lighted, and as it were of Csefar, by placing at the foot of his ftatue in Rome, but it was loft at fea, in the head of his murderer Brutus was the paflage from Dyrrachium to Italy. only in the thirty-feventh year of his age when he
;

died.

belongs to the hiftory of Brutus, it remains that I give an account of the death of Porcia, his wife, which is related, in a very tragical manfinifh all that

To

ner.

^MILIUS
ner.

II.

MUNATIUS,
this

Confuls?

497 'b?
'^*"^'

They

fay

that
fate

heroine,

being

informed A. R.

of her hull^and, relolved not And that, "as his friends, and the to furvive him. people in the houfe, kept her conftantly in their fight, and took care to keep all fharp inftruments out of her way, fhe put live coals into her mouth, and

of the melancholy

This ftory, tho' fupported by the authorities of Nicholaus Damafcenus, Valerius Maximus, and Dio, may neverthelefs Plut.Erut, be only fabulous, and credited from that tafte which J^'v^^^* men have for the marvellous for Plutarch quotes a letter of Brutus, in which he complains of the neo-ligence of his friends with regard to Porcia, who having been feized with a iangui{l:iing ilLnefs, formed a refoIhutting
it

cloie, fuffocated herfelf.

lution to die, without their offering to hinder her. It is true, this hiftorian feeais to queftion the authenticity

of that letter ; but among the letters which we have of Cicero to Brutus, there is one, the fubjeft of S'.^*^'^ which has much embarraiTed interpreters, and which evidently appears to be a * letter of confolation on the Thus it is very probable that Porcia death of Porcia. was dead before Brutus. Hiftory has preferved to us the names of fome il- Veil. 11. luftrious perfons, who perhhed either in the battle ofyai.^Max. Philippi itfelf, or in confequence of that memorable IV. 7. engagement. Befides the fon of Cato, the brother of Caffius, Labeo, and Hortenfius, whom I have already mentioned, I find Varro and Lucullus, according to Valerius Maximus, killed by order of Antony ; and after whom, Volumnius, his friend, defired to be put to death, repenting for having en* gaged in fo unfortunate a party. Quiniilius Varus caufed one of his freedmen to kill him, after puttinoon the ornaments of his dignity. But there was none of them all whofe cafe was more fingular, or more proper to point out the uncertainty and caprice of human affairs, than Livius Drufus, the father of Livia, who was very foon after married to Cdavius, and whofe
*

This

is

the opinion of Dr. Ivliddleton in his

life

of Cicero,

Vol. X.

fon.

56

J^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

A.R.yio-fon, Tiberius, was afterwards raifed to be emperof^ Ant.c. /j^i^jg ^^j^g Drufus killed himfelf in his tent, to avoid
falling into the

hands of him who was going to be his

fon-in-law.

But he would not have obtained any quarter of hini ; for Oftavius, who had but a fmall fhare in the ridory, was extremely infolent with regard to the
Suet.Aug.vaTiquifhed.
*^*

caufed to be put to death, without mercy, all thofe of diftinguiftied rank amongft the prifoners, even loading them with infults and bittereft To one of them, who had defired him reproaches. to allow his body to be buried, he told, that the vulfatures and beafts of prey fhould be his grave. ther and fon befeeched him to grant them their lives, but he ordered them to caft lots, and had the inhumanity to feaft his eyes with the cruel fight whenj refufing to accept of fo barbarous a favour, the father delivered himfelf up to the aflaflins, and the fon killed himfelf. This unheard-of cruelty of his, turned the hearts of all people againft him ; and when the prifoners, loaded with chains, were brought before

He

the vanquifhers,

of them, and particularly Favonius, heartily reproached him ; while they faluted Antony with refpeft, calling him GeneraL If we enquire into the caufe of this difference of condu6t between Odavius and Antony, I believe we Odavius ihall find no difficulty in accounting for it. principle, wanting and to arrive at was cruel out of the way for it by dehe paved the fovereign power, ftroying all thofe who might poflfibly preferve the Republican fpirit of liberty. "Wherefore, as foon as his wifhes were accomplilhed, and he thought there was iio more need of cruelty, he became the moft humane of all princes. Antony, who ftudied humanity more, and politicks lefs, followed the inclinations of a heart naturally inclined to generofity, and from which paffion alone fometimes biafled it. With Brutus perifhed, properly fpeaking, the Republican party. For thofe weak efforts which the remains of the armies, both by fea and land, which acknowledged
all

^MILIUS

II.

MUNATIUS,

Cp^fuls;

51
A. K.
710-

acknowledged them for their chief, afterwards made, can only be compared to the laft convulfions of a dying man. With regard to Sextus Poiripeius, wha difcovered true ligns of life, he ought not to be confidered as a Republican, but as one whofe chief care, as well as the Triumviri, was to fatisfy his amckion. Of the remains of the army vanquilhed at Philippi, there was affembled a body of about fourteen thouland men, who offered the command to MefTalla. Though he was very young, his reputation was great, and next to Brutus and Caflius, he made the greateft figure in that party. He gave aproof of his wifdom, in not driving injudicioufly againft fortune. For in concert with him, whofe birth and rank made him in a manner his collegue, that is to fay, with Bibulus, fon-in-law of Brutus, he made ufe of that authority which thefe unfortunate troops inverted him with, to determine them to fubmit to the conquerors, who received them very willingly, and divided them amongft
their legions.
I

42.

ought to mention here an exprefllon of MefTalla Plvi. Brut. to Odavius, though it happened feveral years after. The judicious and faithful Meflalla attached himfelf to Oflavius, and ferved him very honellly in the war againft Antony. Odbavius teftifying his acknowledgments to him with fome furprife, that after he had been fo warm an enemy to him at Philippi, he fhould give fuch fhining proofs of his attachment to

" Be not furprifed at that,'* reA6lium plied MefTalla, " you have always feeri me on the

him
*

at

of the queflion.'* An cxprelTioh equally bold and obliging, and further, flriflly true in every circumftance. The caufe of Brutus was certainly more juft than that of the Triumviri. Between Oftavius and Antony, juflice was not in the queflion. But it is certain that the good of the Empire required that 06lavius fhould be conqueror. I return to what followed upon the 'battle of Phi- Anpian. lippi. The forts about Philippi, with the troops which pofTefTed them, together ^with the magazines E 2 of
beft fide
.

52
*

iEMILIUS
-,

II.

MUNATmS,

Confuls.

A.R.yiO'of the iflands of Thafos, fell into the hands of the ^^ and all the riches which were found in conquerors j\
thofe different places, as well as in the camps of Brutus and Caffius, became the prey of the foldiers.

fquadron

commanded by

Caffius

of Parma,

which came from Afia, and did not arrive till after the battle, with provifions and troops for the Republican army, was foon augmented by the jundion of fome other fmall fleets, which, after Brutus's defeat, were fcattered up and down, without knowing what It was likewife ftrengthened by a great numto do. ber of officers and foldiers who efcaped from the batThe fon of Cicero, and fome other perfons of tle. diftin6lion, having efcaped from Thafos, went likewife on board this fquadron, which, by means of thofe In this feveral additions, became a confiderable fleet. condition they failed to the Ionian fea, and ranked themfelves under the command of the admirals Murcus and Domitius Ahenobarbus. There they held a great council of war, the bufinefs of which was, what refolution ought to be taken with regard to the ffiattered remains of a power, which In fpite of the a little before was very formidable. defeat at Phiiippi, the two commanders were equally
averfe to court the friendffiip of the Triumviri, who appeared to them, and not without reafon, deferving
their hatred.

But though they

readily agreed

upon

were neverthelefs divided in relation to what courfe was proper for them Murcus, who had more folid judgment to follow. and lefs vanity, faw that it was not poffible for them by themfelves to refill the Triumviri, and was of opinion, that they ought to join Sextus Pompeius, and thereby form the whole enemies of the Triumviri into one body. Domitius, v/ho was proud, courageous, and haughty, jealous of the rights of liberty, and probably of the quality of chief of the party, could no more prevail upon himfelf to obey Sextus, than he could fubmit to Antony and Oflavius. That ambition which his rank and birth infpired him with, would

what they ought

to avoid, they

not

^MILIUS
not allow

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

53

him to fiibmit to any of thofe, whom heA.R. 710. He pro- 42 ^' looked upon as no more than his equals.

pofed then to defend the Republick with all the forces which remained, and maintain themfelve* independent till the lalt moment, which alone was worthy of Romans. Murcus and Domitius not only maintained their feveral opinions very warmly, but they put them in exMurcus, with thofe who were willing to folecution. low him, pajflfed into Sicily, and carried with him a great augmentation of force to Sexcus Pompeius. Domitius was obilinate in keeping the lea as a commander, till he was at laft obliged to fubmit to Antony, as we fliall fee in its proper place. I mud beg leave to propofe here, to the lovers of letters, a thought of my own concerning that famous allegory of Horace, which has been fo differently ex- Horace ^*' plained, and has relation to that circumftance which There the poet reprefents the I have juft mentioned. Republican party, after the battle of Philippi, under the image of a fhattered veffel, which is deftitute of refource, and which mud certainly perifh, were it to flrike again upon the fame,l]ielves upon which it was All the parts of this allegory before fhipwrecked. are perfedily explained in the above circumftance.

Horace took, upon this occafion, that refolution which he advifed others to. I have faid, that upon finifhing his ftudies at Athens, he had been taken care of by Brutus, and made a legionary Tribune.
was in this * ftation at the battle of Philippi, where he made no great figure as to his courage ; for he fled, and threw down his buckler, which embarBut if he did not lofe his life, he loft all raffed him. his goods, and the little fortune he had, which was
confifcatcd to the vanquifliers.

He

We

owe

to the

me-

lancholy fituation which he was in at that time, thofe beautiful pieces of poetry, which have been either the
*

Tecum

Philippos

Senfi, relidta

& celerem fugam non bene parmuK.

HoR. Od.
II. 7.

admiration

54
A. R.
7 10-

iEMILIUS

11.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

^Ax*^

admiration of, or afforded an ufefiil amufement to," men of letters of all ages. It is poflible enough, he might never have cultivated that happy talent which he had received from nature, had not neceflity forced him to it. He has taken care to inform us of this * faved myfelf, fays he, at the battle of himfelf Phiiippi, very much reduced, like a bird whofe wings are cut, and robbed of my houfe and the place of my In this diflrefs, bold poverty forced me to nativity. make verfes.'* He had no reafon to complain of the Mufes; and the favours of Maecenas, which he gained by his poetry, reitored to him, with fufficien^
:

"I

xifury, all that

he had

loft.

Unde Ut

fimul primum me dimifere Phiiippi, Decifis humilem pennis, inopemque paterni JEt laris fundi, Paupertas impulit audax

&

verfus facerem,

Ep.

II.

THE

55

THE

ROMAN HISTORY.
BOOK
THE FIFTIETH.

TH

The origin of AnPerufian war. A treaty tony's love for Cleopatra. between the Triumviri and Sextus Pompeiiis. Vidiories gained by Ventidius over the Parthians. The war between Odiavius an4

Sextus renewed.

An. Rom. 710-715.

SECT.
T^he

The Repuhlican triumvirate becomes triumphant. party is defiroyed. Antony and O^avius make a new divijion of the provinces hetween them^ to the prejudice

O^avius returns into Italy, and takes of Lepidus. upon him the dijtrihutlcn of the lands promifed to the Veterans. 1.'he advantage which he found in this 'The immenfe number of thofe whom he had to fun^ion.
of Otavius at Brundu The origin of the Perufian war. The vain chafium. ra^er of L. Antonius. The oppofite interefts of the
reccmpenfe.
indifpofition

The

and the pofjeffors of thofe lands which were appointed for them. The avarice and infolence of the foU
foldiers^

it

diers

56

^MILIUS II. MUNATIUS, diers. A third interefi interfefd^ viz.

'J'he

Confuls.
that of Antony
.

which animated Fulvia againfi O^iaThe fruitlfs attempts ofO^iaviiis tojhtin a war. n)ius. His artjulnefs and confiancy. The difference between the forces of O^iavius's party ^ and of that of Lucius. The beginning of the war. Lucius is befieged in Pefamine in Per ujia. Lucius goes rufia by OStavius.
fecret motive

himfelf to find 05favius, in order to fur render at difGood exprejfions cf Oclavius^ who never thelefs cretion.
orders bloody executio>:s.

The town of Perufia

is

re-

duced to ajhes by an unforefeen accident. Lucius's dep-oycd in Italy. party is abfolutely The flight of Ti. Livia, and Nero, the hufiand of father of the emperor
Tiberius.

The flight and death of Fidvia. Julia, the capes to Sicily, where Sextus Pommother of Antony, ef
her to pafs into Greece.
title

pe-tts obliges
-

Spain, With the

of Prcconful.

Lucius is fent into Antonyms mild and

popular cunduul in Greece.

him into debauchery. mourning in the other, in Afia. The fimplicity and gentlenefs of 'Monfs characlcr, the caitfe both of good and The origin of his paffion for Cleopatra. evil effetls. The magnificent and gallant entry of that Princefs into Tarfus, where Antony was. The mutual entertainments between Cleopatra and Antony. The charms of ( leopatra's mind were more feducing than ihofe of her beauty. She fubdues Antony. She makes ufe of her power over Antony to confirm to herfelf the pofleffton of Egypt. She relurns to Alexandria, and Antony prefently foUoivs The childiflo amufements and extravagant expenses her.
of Antony.
A.R.7J0.
Ant. c.
4.Z.

luxuries of Afia plunge Rejoicings in one part, and

The

T3Y the vi(5lory Jj triumphant.

Triumviri became There remained ahnoft none of the Republican forces, and Sextus Pompeius, on all accounts an enemy to Csfar's fadtion, poffcfTing Sicily only, was no formidable enemy to thofe, who
* Bruto

at * Philippi the

&

Caffio caefis nulla

jam publica arma.

Tac. An.

1.

a,

fkw

^MILIUS
faw
all

II.

MUNATIUS,
Roman

Confuls.

si
'^42.^*

the reft of the

empire fubmit to their A. R. 710.

Dio.
1*.

authority.

According

to the terms

of that treaty which was

the bafis of the triumviral league, the three alTociated ^i^m. generals were to fhare equally the fruits of their civil. l.V.

but the faith of treaties is very little reOftavius and Angarded among ambitious perlons. tony, who had all the troops under their command, agreed together to fpoil the feeble Lepidus. They accufed him of having kept a correfpondence with Sextus Pompeius in their abfence, and under this pretence, but really upon account of his being without fupport, as well as without genius, they agreed to appropriate his provinces to themfelves ; only allowing him, as from a kind of commiferation, Africa, properly fo called, provided he was not found blameable. Odlavius, who was not very favourably treated at the firft divifion of the provinces, took care to make amends for himfelf in this. He took to himfelf Spain and Numidia, and even detached from Antony's lot Cifalpine Gaul, not to add it to his own, but in order that it might be incorporated with Italy, according to Csfar's ancient plan, and that it might no longer be regarded as a Roman province. Odavius's fyftem was not to part with Italy, but to eftablifh his
vidlory
;

authority there

upon

a lafting footing.

Thus

it

was

not agreeable to his views that any other general fliould have a right to keep his legions on this fide the Alps. They had experienced in the war between Casfar ^nd Pompey, and afterwards in that between Decimus and Antony, of what importance the government of Cifalpine Gaul was, to keep Rome in awe. Antony's fhare then only comprehended all Gaul on the other fide the Alps, with that part of Africa -which Cornificius poffefi^ed, But that which feemed to give the fuperiority to Antony, was the commiffion which he took to go and eftablifh the triumviral power in the Eaft. That is to fay, to take pofTelTion of thofe vaft and opulent countries, where there was

no

58
A, R.
710-^^^- ^'
piin. vii.

^MILIUSII. MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

no fear of refiftance, after :the defeat and death of Brutus and CalTius. Odavius was very fenfible how much he was hurt
here, but neceflity obliged
'

47-

him

to

make

large allow-

ances to a coUegue who was, at that time, his fuperior. The vidlory of Philippi belonged properly to

Antony. The whole army attributed the honour of and by the glory of that aftion he quite it to him eclipfed Odtavius, who had but very little Ihare
;

in

it.

It

may be

faid

however of that

artful politician,

that he only yielded to

Antony the appearance, and

retained 10 himfelf the real advantage.

colonies the veterans, to

He

returned

into Iialy, and charged himleif with eftahlifhing in

whom

they v/ere

pay the

rev/ard of their fervices.

bonnd to From this he drew

a double advantage. rupture, he had

In the

firft

place, in cafe of a

on his fide, and he could give authority to his caufe by the names of the Senate and Roman people, v/hich was a great advantage in a civil war. Befides, the foldiers were to receive their rewards immediately from his hands. He mufl then become the dired objed of their gratitude and attachment, and it was only by reflexion that Antony could pofTibly enjoy any fhare in it. Appian. The number of thofe whom he had to recompence "^^^ ^^^y g^^^t* Antony, in a fpeech which he made Plut Ant. to the deputies of the jEaft, as Appian teftifies, makes them amount to more than one hundred and feventy thoufand. To fuch a prodigious number of veterans, Odavius was to affign houfes and lands in Italy, over and above a gift of twenty thoufand feItaly

Rome and

flerces each.

The money

neceffary for this diftribu-

was not ready. Antony however took upon him to raife it by taxes, which he would lay on the proFor this reafon, he marched into vinces of the Eait. After Afia with fix legions, and ten thoufand horfe. he had made fome ftay in Greece, Odavius brought the reft of the troops back to Italy.
tion

The

iEMILIUS
The

II.

MUNATIUS,
am
Antony

Confuls.

59

reparation of thefe

two generals obliges

for a while,

me

A.R.

71Q.
'

likewile to divide the account I

to give of them.

We

^^^

and confine ourfelves to Odtavius, who had work enough on his hands from the commiflion he had underfliall

therefore leave

taken.

thing which happened to him was his and in this illnefs he had almoft being taken very ill He had not been well cured of the loft his life. difeafe he was attacked with when he went from Macedonia. He had always been in a languifhing condition, and too much hurried with affairs to have time to take care of his health, fo that he had nearlydied at Brundufium. There was a report fpread of his death, which occadoned a good deal of trouble at Rome. Several had conceived hopes, and formed Others, on the contrary, imaprojefts of a change. gined that his difeafe was only a feint ; and that the report was publifhed on purpofe to found the fentiments of the citizens, and to have an opportunity of repeating the violences and horrors of the profcriptions. So great a fermentation in the fpirits of the people, made the prefence of Od:avius neceffary in Rome. He therefore {et out as foon as he was able to bear the fatigue of the journey, fending before him letters, which he wrote to the Senate, to calm their fears, by the promifes of a mild and moderate condu6l. It was hardly poflible for him to make good a promife of this kind, confidering the odious operation which he had to go through, and the trouble he was going to occafion all over Italy, by driving from their houfes and lands the lawful pofleiTors, in order to cftablifh foldiers in their room. Another great obftacle to his tranquillity was L. Antonius, the brother of Antony, and prefent Conful, a man lefs vicious perhaps than turbulent, and whofe proper charader feems to have been levity, want of confideration," and
firft
,

The

vanity,

'

"

''

This

^o
A. R.710.

^EMILIUS
This
lall failing

II.

MUNATIUS,

Confuls.

^**

^'

has been already taken notice of in this hiftory, by thofe ftatues which he had caufed to be made for him, and by the vain infcriptions, where

Knights and the thirty-five very tribes acknowledged him for their Patron. * as if the thirtyextravagant and unheard-of title
the order of the

Roman

people, the vanquifliers and mafters of the world, could have need of a patron, or bellow that title upon one of
five
tribes,

that

is

to

fay,

the

Roman

their citizens.

Pigh.
riio

In confequence of the fame vanity, he was charmed with honouring himfelf, that very fame year, with the but he was a Cenfor withCenforfhip and a triumph out office, and had a triumph without merit. He was An- Cenfor with P. Sulpicius, and made out no roil which properly belonged to this office. As to his triumph, he demanded it in virtue of the pretended exploits againft But what he did was the mountaineers of the Alps. extremely trifling, and he even had not the command in chief, which was always an effential condition of a Befides all this, he would never have obtriumph. tained it, without the affifcance of Fulvia, his fifterThis bold woman, in abfence of Antony her in-law. hufband, and Occavius her fon- in-law, exercifed in Rome the triumviral authority, which Lepidus did She granted her pronot know how to make ufe of. tedion to L. Antonius, in order to obtain a triumph, on account of that refpeft, or rather obedience, by which he recommended himfelf to her in the admiHe triumphed the fame niftration of his Confullhip. day that he entered into office with P. Servilius Ifauricus, that is to fay, the firft of January.
,

latro,

Non modd hic Romani igitur eft patronus L. Antonius quern clientem habere nemo velit; fed quis unquam tantis opibus, tantis rebus geftis fuit, qui fe Populi Romani vi6toris dominique oriinium gentium tutorera dicere auder^t ? Cic. Phil. vi. 12.
* Populi
!

L. Antonius.

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
L. Antonius.
P. Servilius

11,

Confuls.

6t
A.R.711.

Vatia Isauricus

II.

After the ceremony of the triumph, L. Antonius came to hold the Senate. In order to this, he put off the ornaments of the triumpher, when he took occafion to compare himfelf very cruelly to Marius, who ahb had occafion to put off the triumphal robe, in order to prefide in the Senate as Conful. Lucius obferved a difference between him and Marius, wherein he had the advantage ; which was, that Marius was obliged to be put in mind not to mix the military pomp of triumph with the pacific office of Prefident of the Senate whereas, with refped; to himfelf, his modefty was purely voluntary, and required no hint. Another thing flill in which he gave himfelf the preference to the vanquifher of Jugurtha and the Cimbri, was the great number of flatues he faw eredted to his 'glory, whereas Marius had fcarcely one. may eafily conceive by this what a vain man L. Antonius was, and what an eafy matter it was for a haughty abfolute woman, fuch as Fulvia, to govern a man of
,

We

that character.

Thus

it

was commonly

faid

that

Fulvia triumphed, and enjoyed the confular power. 06lavius however was not of that ftamp as to allow her to ufurp fuch an authority over him. In confequence of which there foon happened a divifion between them, which encreafed to an open war. The occafion of it was the diftribution of the lands promifed to the foldiers, which fhe exclaimed againft. The execution of this was in itfelf as difficult as it Appian; was unjuft. The proprietors, whom they drove from ^^^' their eftates, complained bitterly. They came in flocks to Rome, with their wives and children, cryinoaloud, and demanding what crime they had committed ; and why, as they were born in Italy, members of the Empire and the Republick, they were treated as vanquilhed enemies. Complaints fo juft exafperated all the people j and thofe who were capable of viewing ^

62
'

ANTONIUS, SERVILIHS

11.

Confuls;

A-R- 7" viewing things in apolitical light, were fenfible befides that theie lands, diftributed to the foldiers, con^i. firmed the power to their general, became fetters to
enflave the ftate for ever, and deftroyed all hope of Befides, they ever feeing liberty again re-eftablifhed. had made a choice of the beft towns of Italy ; for this

calamity was not common to all of them, but fell precifely upon the moft beautiful, and thofe whom the By this means the foldiers beft lands belonged to. were better recompenfed, and this the Triumviri had a particular eye upon. But an odious-enough di^ ftinftion gave a new force to the murmurs and indigIn fhort> nation of thofe who were the fubjefts of it. fome of the moft powerful Citizens and Senators found themfelves included in the difgrace, on account of The the fituation of the lands which they pofTefTed.
credit of thofe
plaints.
It

augmented the weight of

their

com-

was not poffible for Odlavius to to the rigour with them, and he was obliged to abate, at leaft in fome meafure, fo evident and tyrannical an
injuftice.

keep up

exception granted, necefiarily introduced others. Sometimes he was obliged to yield to the force of recommendations, and poverty itfelf fpoke
for thofe

One

who had

loft all their

fubfiftence in

lofmg

their little heritage.

On

the other hand, the avaricious foldiers looked

as

virgU.
Eel. ix.

&

taken from them, which was Not content with the ftiare left to the proprietors. which was allotted them, they violently took pofTefVirgil was a fion of the lands of their neighbours. famous example of this. His little eftate havino; been exempted from the common law, by the favour which he found with 06lavius, the Centurion Arius, who was fettled in his neighbourhood, wanted to enlarge his boundaries ; upon which he quarrelled with him, and Virgil run a rifk of being killed by that brutal officer, if a fpeedy flight had not faved his life, and preferved to the Latin Mufes him who was to become

upon every thing

their principal glory.

Odavius

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
Odavius himfelf had a

11.

Confuls.

63

great deal to fear from the A, p.. 711, Their infolence was ex- '^"'^* ^' difcontent of his foldiers. ^^' ceflive, and proportioned to the need which they 11 n-

He faw himfelf expofed derftood he had of them. more than once to the danger of becoming a vidim to their fury, and his happy efcape from it, efpecially
commotion which I am going count of, was owing to his dexterity,
in that

to give an acin joining to a

firm courage, that indulgence which the circumftances of the times required.

had appointed them to affemble in the Campus Martius, where they were to receive his orders, with regard to the diftribution of the lands which had been promifed them. They alTembled very early, even before day-light ; and as Odlavius made them v/ait, A Centurion, called Nonius, they began to mutiny. had the boldnefs to reprefent to them, that they wanted refpe6l for their general, and excufed his flownefs as an effeft of his bad Hate of health, and not of any want of regard for them. Thofe who heard him called him a flatterer, mixing railleries with their inThe- quarrel encreafed they foon came to vedives. threatenings, and Nonius feeing himfelf attacked by a number of furious people, found no other refource left than to throw himfelf into the Tiber, in order to fwim over it. But the fedltious foldiers followed him, pulled him out of the water, killed him, and expofed his body in the flreet where Odlavius was
;

He

to pafs.

hearing of this, the friends of 06lavius advifed him not to truil himfelf to fuch mad people, who were capable of carrying things to the greateit excefs. But he was fenfible that he mull be ruined for ever, provided he drew back upon fo critical an occafion. He refolved then to face the danger, how great foever it v/as, avoiding in the mean while, to encreafe the evil by too haughty a condutl, which in fuch a conjuncture would have been very imprudent. Upon arriving at the Campus Martius, he faw the body of Noni'.is- and turned afide from it. Afterwards,

Upon

64
A.R.
711.
*

ANTONIU, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.

^i.

wards, being mounted upon his tribunal, he complained very modeftly of the murder of that officer. He imputed it only to a few of thofe v/ho heard him,

and exhorted them to ufe more moderation with regard to one another, and mutually to fpare the lives of each other. After this fhort fpeech, he executed what he had promifed, as if nothing had happened to He diftributed the lands, give him any uneafmefs. He affigning to each corps their lot and diftrid. military gifts on who beftowcd thofe deferved even them, and upon fome who deferved them not ; and all this with a gentlenefs and dignity v/hich not only calmed the mutineers, but filled them with admiraAfhamed and confounded at their own infotion. lence, and fenfible that they deferved a different treatment, they wanted to give proofs of their repentance for what they had done, by olfering to 06lavius, to difcover thofe v/ho had killed Nonius, and bring them to him, in order that juftice might be But he pufhed his indulgence executed upon them. to the very lall, telling them that he knew very well thofe who were culpable, but he thought they would be fufHciently punifhed by the reproaches of their own confeiences, and the condemnation which their comThis laft artful panions pronounced againft them. exprelTion gained their hearts efFc6lually, and they all ftrove who fhould praife him moft, and teflify to him their fatisfaftion by repeated acclamations. It may now be eafily conceived into what ftrange perplexity, and what a labyrinth of difficulties and dangers the oppofite interefts of the proprietors of lands, and an infinite number of military people, acquftomed to give laws to-their Chiefs infiead of obeyTo encreafe the ing them, muft throw Odiavius. trouble and confufion, a third interefl interfered, viz. Lucius his brother, and Fulvia his that of Antony. wife, were very fenfible that Oftavius, by taking upon him entirely the diftribution of the rewards, mufl engrols to himfelf all the merit of it. In order to remedy this inconveiiiency, they demanded 06tavius

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.
A.-

6
R-rn*
'

vius to divide the charsie of cftablilhins; the veterans in colonies, fo that he might regulate Vv-hatever con-

cerned his own foidiers, and they thofe of Antony. Odtavius alledged in oppofition to this, the authority of the convention made with his collegue, whereby it was itipulated, that the direction of this whole affair This reafon mighc fhould be left entirely to him. prove the juflnefs of Oflavius's pretenfions, but was not fufficient to appeafe the fears of Lucius and Fulvia ; and befides, this laft had a fecret motive which rendered her implacable tovvards Oflavius. She had been informed that Antony, whofe inclination to debauchery flie very well knew, entertained publickly in the Eaft, Glaphyra, the wife of ArcheShe wanted to laus, grand Pontiff of Comanes. avenge herfelf, by means of Oflavius, on the infidelity of her hulband, without being fliocked at the for he whom fhe follicited fo horror of the inceft The young Triumimpudently, was her fon-in-law. vir rejefted the advances of that impudent and imand even fent her daughter back to perious woman
,
,

was a virgin. This double affront exafperated Fulvia beyond all meafure, and fhe gave herfelf no reft till fhe had excited a Vv'ar, by which flie propofed, at the fame time, to fatisfy her refentment againft Occavius, and to force Antony from his new a/nours, by obliging him to return to
her, affuring her that fhe
Italy.

Oclavius had great reafon to fear a war in the cirfor befides thofe difficulties cumftances he was in which I have already mentioned, the bare name of Antony, who was at that time much extolled for the glory of his exploits, and the reputation he had of joining clemency and generofity with his bravery, was
,

a great obftacle to 0^5cavius's fuccefs.

He

therefore

did not negled to inform them, that he agreed in every refpe6t with his colle^-ue, and that Lucius and Fulvia afted without the orders^ and even contrary to the intentions ct: Antony. But it was very natural to think that a party., at the head of which appeared the F brother Yql X.

66

ANTNIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.

A.R. 7"- brother and wife of Antony, muft certainly be his, ^"'^" ^' and this impreffion continued upon people's minds. Befides, a faftion fo much efteemed, had of itfelf a I find in Italy, at the time we are very great force. now fpeaking of, fix or feven chiefs, and as many
armies, which acknowledged Antony's authority. chief of thefe, for the moft part men of merit
fkilful in

The

Piancus. troubles and dangers of Oftavius, Vv'as the famine which arofe in Italy, on the one hand, uncultivated and laid wafte by the expulfion of the old proprietors ; and on the other, deprived of the alTiftance which it ufed to receive from abroad, and harralTed with incurfions both by Sextus Pompeius and DomiThe famine began already to be tius Ahenobarbus. felt in Rome, and there to occafion popular infurrections.

and war, were Ventidius, PoUio, Calenus, and In Ihort, that which added moft to the

Influenced by fo many united motives, Oftavius thought himfelf bound to try every expedient in ordeir He granted to Lucius and Fulvia to Ihun a war. that which they demanded, and conlented that they fhould prefide at the diftribotion of the rewards which

belonged to Antony's fpldicrs. This was all they But Fulcould pretend to with an^ colour of reafon. via wanted to be revenged ; in which Ihe was very well feconded by Manius, who had the care of Antony's affairs in Italy during his abfence, and was a Thefe two heads govery bold and intriguing man. verned Lucius, It v/as refoived in council to labour to unite the DofieiTors of lands and the foldiers ascainft Oflavius. Thus Lucius and Fulvia, inftead of continumg, as they had begun, to give eftablifhments to Antony's foldiers, received on oiae hand the complaints of thofe who were driven out of their pofTeflions, thereby making a fhew of protcfting the opprefled ; and on the other, they publifl-ied, that the confifcated goods of the profcribed, and of thofe who had been declared enemies to the Publick^ were fufficient to pay off the rewards

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
-,

71.

ConfuIsV

67
A. R. 711;
Ant.
r^
*

to which they rewards promifed the foldiers J added r . as a fnpplement in cafe of need, the money which Antony was then raifing in Afia There could be nothing more fpecions than thofe allegations. Oftavius, far from having thofe immenfe fiims to difpofe of, found his finances run fo Ihort, that he was obliged to break upon the treafures of the mofl: revered tem.ples of Italy, and even thofe of the Capitol ; engaging himfclf however to feftore them afterwards. And with regard to Antony, the mofl profufe of all mankind, it would be only deceiving themfelves to expert money from him. Mean while, thofe fpeeches of Lucius and Fulvia, authorized by the name of Antony, were greedily fwallowed by the pofTeflbrs of lands, who found themfelves thereby agreeably flattered ; and the foldiers themfelves, provided they were to lofe nothing by it, preferred that kind of reward which v/as lefs odious
,

"**

4^'

and tyrannical. I do not know if ever there was a fltuation more delicate and critical than that which Oftavius was in at that time. It were greatly to be wifhed, that we were acquainted with the motives of his policy upon that occafion, explained by fome able hand. But fuch writers as Appian and Dio give us only bare acranged, loaded with ufelefs details, wanting necefTary materials, and always void of life and fpirit. The idea which I have formed of the condud of Oclavius from the idea given of him by
counts, frequently
ill

thele authors,

is

as follows.

and fleady in his views, he very well underflood that his power, which was founded upon arms, could only be fapported by them. Thus he placed all his hopes on his army, and tho* he felt the juftnefs of the complaints of thofe whom they had fpoiled of their inheritances, he did not aC all hearken to them, and contented himfelf with grantsin his principles,

Firm

ing fom^e gentle mitigations. As to the reft, he followed fteadily his plan, of putting the foldiers in poffelTion of thofe lands which had been promifed to them. F 2

68

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confub.

This fyftem was the only one which was truly A. R.?!!- them. Ant. c. j^^ivantageous to the troops, and coniequently the only 41. one capable of attaching to him inviolably his own
foldiers,

and bringing back to him, fooner or later, thole of Antony, whom they made to ad contrary to their proper interefl. His bufmefs then was to point out to them the illufion with which they were abufed. In order to this, there was nothing more proper, than to propofe an explication with his adverfaries, to enter into a negotiation with them, and to take the foldiers themfelves This 06tavius did and what made it as arbiters.
,

ftill

more eafy for him was, that Lucius's vanity had jnade him attack the Triumvirate, and undertake to But he was re-eftablifh the Confular government.
neither difmterefted

he parts or judgment fufficient to execute fuch a projeft. But he advanced that his brother did himfelf honour by it and that fince Odavius and Lepidus confented to it were obftinate in oppofing the good of the Republick, they ought to fuffer the punifhment of thofe crimes which they had committed in the exercife of
,
-,

enough, nor had

their office.

If thefe notions of Lucius could have taken place, none would have luflersd fo much by it as the veterans,

whofe whole fortunes and eftablifliments had no other bafis and fupporc than the triumviral power. Octavius put the finiiliing ilroke to gain them over to his interefl, by fubmitting his difpute with Lucius to

"their at'bitration.

number of veterans, with

the de-

puties of fome of the legions, afiembled in the Capiand from thence they fignified to Lucius, that tol
',

he muit make

complaints to them, and agree to their decifion, unlefs he chofe to have them for his The fame was fignified to Odavius, w4io enemies. readily fubmitted to it. Lucius at that time poiTcfPid Prencfte, having left Rome, where iie f\w his adverfary had the chief power. He afiembled troops, aUvays attended by Fulvia, and governed by the influences of that audacious woman.
his

Though

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
Though

II.

Confuls.

69

the order which was intimated to them from A. R.7,i. the army, difpleafed them very much, yet they durft ^'"- ^' and Lucius promi'ied to go to not refule to obey Gabii, a place fituated almoft at an equal diftance be*
''"
,

tween

Rome

and Prenefte, and made choice of on

trial fo

this

account, for a
flances.

extraordinary in

all its

circuai-

Oclavius rendered himfelf firft at the rendezvous, and immediately detached fome of his people to reconnoitre the country, in order to fee that there was no ambulh laid for him. It is very likely that his

was what actually happened for his fccuts meeting thofe which went before Lucius, quarrelled with them, engaged them, and killed fome of them. Lucius, frightened at this event, turned back immediately, and it was not poffible to perfuade him to
intention
;

prefent himfelf before the. new military tribunal, tho* the principal officers offered to guird and efcort him.

This obftinate refufai turned the minds of the veterans againft him ; and as they remembered befides, that Lucius and Fulvia fpoke of them with contempt,
calling

them the Spatterdalh Senate

*,

they declared

themfelves loudly for Odavius, and took up arms in

his favour.

06tavius faw himfelf then very well fupported, having on his fide, befides his own proper troops, all that multitude of veterans, which was flill more formidable by their valour and experience, than by their numbers. Lucius on his fide appeared to oppofe him with confiderable forces, but, he had only a precarious authority over the greateft part of them, excepting fix legions, which were perfonally attached to him, becaule mod part of the foldiers v/ho compofcd them had been raifed among the people of Italy, whofe caufe he defended. As to the reft, he was ferved but very fuperficialiy by the lieutenants and They could not eafily armies of his brother in Italy.
* Senatum caligatura.

The word

Caliga

figiiifies

the hofe othp

common

foldiers.

perfuade

70

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

il.

Confuls.

A.R. 7"- perfuade thenilelves that Antony would, approve of a ^"^" ^* war againil his collegue. Befides, the equality between the different chiefs of thefe armies, rendered them rivals to each other, and divided them. On the

ether hand, all the forces of Oftavius, as well thofe which he commanded in perfon, as thofe under the orders of Agrippa and Salvidienus, united by a com-

'

attachment to one fupreme chief, concurred in the operations of the war, with a harmony extremely advantageous to gain fuccefs. 'Thus he commenced this v/ar with a fuperiority, which was not counterbalanced by any uncertainty. Only Lucius took the advantage at firft of his abOflavius was gone to Umfence to re-enter Rome. bria, with a defign to feize a body of troops, commanded by Furnius, one of Antony's lieutenants, and had charged Lepidus to guard the city with two leLucius, whofe projedis againit the Triumgions. viri had gained him the affedlions of the moft illuftrious Senators, and who befides had to do with fuch a contemptible adverfary as Lepidus, prefented He defeated the Triumviri, himfelf before the city. who went out to meet him, entered Rome, called immediately an affembly of the people, whom he harangued in the military robes, contrary to the conflant cuftom pra6tifed before him ; and a few days after he returned back, carrying with him the reward of his expedition, the acclamations of the people, and the decree of the Senate feeble arms againft an enemy He, upon refo powerful and alert as Odavius. ceiving the news that Lucius was mafter of Rome, made all the hafte he polTibly could to relieve it ; but on his arrival there, he found that he was gone. He took meafures to hinder this capital from being furprized for the future, and from thence went to Perufia, where Lucius was already befieged by The manner in which things were Salvidienus. carried to fuch a length by them was as follows. Salvidienus, at the head of a good army, came

mon

from

Cifalpine

Gaul

to join

Odavius

his general,

and

'

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUSII.

Confuls.
''

71

was purfued by Ventidius and Pollio, Antony's lieu- a.r. 711. Lucius undertook to go before Salvidienus, '^/^ tenants.

him between two armies. But Agrippa, who knew his defign, marched immediately after, with a defign to enclofe Lucius between him and Salto enclofe

Lucius underilood the danger he was in, and changing his fcheme, he wanted at firft to reBut finding unite himfelf to his brother lieutenants. the difficulty and rifk in that, he took a refolution, dictated very probably by timidity and inexperience, to retire under the walls of Perufia, a very ftrong town, there to wait in fecurity for Ventidius and PolThey, who, as I have faid, entered into Lulio. cius's projeds with reludlance, made no great hafte to
vidienus.

fuccour him. On the contrary, Oclavius's lieutenants, a6tive and ardent to ferve their chief, follov/ed Lucius very clofe, and began to furround him with lines and Oftavius himfelf made hafle to come up trenches. to them, for he would not allow his enemy to efcape, who was imprudently fhut up in a place which he He refolved to fmifli the war could not get out of. at one blow, by taking Perufia and Lucius together. He affembled all the forces he had for this decifive enterprize, and ordered all the troops which were under his command, in the different parts of Italy,
to

come

up.
fiege

was long and troublefome. The befieged defended themfelves vigoroufly, and the fuccours which thev called to their afiiflance, o;ave a good deal of difquiet to the befiegers. Lucius made them prefs all his brother's lieutenants to relieve him j and Fulvia joined to the follicitations of Lucius, all She was the activity of her hatred againft Odavius. at Prenefle, with a number of Senators and Roman Knights, and fome bodies of troops afTembled about her perfon. There fhe governed with an abfolute.Dio. authority, prefiding in council at one time, and at another, haranguing the foldiers with a fword by her

The

fide.

She

ji

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
She fpared nothing
-,

II.

Confuls.
-,

for order to fave Lucius "^4*.*^* 'v/hich end, ihe made Ventidius, Pollio, and Plancus and if fhe could have communiAppian. exert themfelves cated to them her vivacity and fpirit, they would pofiibly have given Odavius a great deal of trouble. He was obliged to leave the fiege, and to march with Agrippa, in order to hinder the junftion of the three At chiefs and their armies, in vs^hich he fucceeded. his approach, Plancus retired to Spoletum, VentiOflavius dius to Ravenna, and Pollio to Rimini. fent troops againit each of them, to keep them in awe, while he returned himfelf to preis the fiege of
in

K.yii-

Perufia, as brifi^ly as poffible.

Lucius made a great many fallies, but all without Antony's three lieutenants, whom I have fuccefs. juft now mentioned, found means of re-joining their but being ftopt by Agrippa and Salvidienus, forces who marched in order to meet them, they durft not attempt to affifc Lucius. Mean while, the courage of the beiieged fupported them under all their defeats, and they would certainly have made a very long refiftance, if famine had not rendered their vaAs they had by no means expeded a lour ufeiefs. Hege in Perufia, they had confequently made no provifions againft it. By this means a very great fcarcity prefently arofe, in which they took all thofe precautions even contrary to humanity, which are ufed in the They not only meafured out to like circumftances. each perfon his quantity of provifions, but refufed giving any to the flaves, hindering them at the fame time from going out of the town. Thus thefe miferable wretches died in the ftreets, and they threw their bodies into wells and deep ditches, left they fliould in\

fed

the air with their corruption, or,

left

in cafe

they

burnt them,

the great

number of

fires

ftiould in-

form the befiegers of the vaft multitude of thofe who periftied, and the great mifery which- they, fuftered in In ftio/t, they were obliged to yield to the plice. neceffity, which has no law ; and Lucius having fent fome of his principal officers to capitulate
yvitl>

7^ with the vanquiilier, and they not bringing back a A. R. 711. fatisfaclory aniwer, he relblved to go and find Oda- '^"** ^* vius himlelf, to endeavour to engage his honour by a frank and generous lurrender, which might move him to clemency. If we beheve Appian's account of this affair, LuBut I find no orher cius fpckc and afled like a hero. writer defcribe him fo much 10 advi.ntao;e, and I'ome of them give him a very bad character. Cicero, in treats him with the greattft conhis PhiHppics, Velleius * alTures us, that iie had ail the vices tempt. of his brother, but did not refemble h.m in any of I therefore continue to have the fame his virtues opinion of him which I have hitherto exprtifed and though it is difficult to deny fads {o circumllantial as thofe related by Appian, we may be allowed at leafc to believe, that the vanity of Lucius, and the confidence which he had that the brother of Antony wculd be fpared by Odavius, conftituted all his heroifm on this
;

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.

occafion.

went out of the town and advanced towards the camp of the befiegers, without taking any other precaution, than fending word to Odavius that he was coming to wait upon him. Odavius went to meet him as foon as poffible, and there was a jftruggle betwixt them who fhould behave with the g-reatefl comLucius propofcd to enter within the plaifance. trenches, fo that he might put himfelf entirely in the power of his vanquiflier. But Odavius would not allow him, and made hafte to go out of his lines, in order that he who demanded peace, might do it freely, and without conftraint. The fpeech Appian puts into the mouth of Lucius on this occafion, expreffes a noble greatnefs of foul. By it, that unfortunate Chief appeared to be in no pain to juftify himfelf, and was only troubled for thofe who had attached themfelves to him. He
* Vitiorum fratris fiii confors, fed virtutum, quse interdum in Vell. ii. 74.. rVar^t, expers.
i..

He

illo

>''

rci-kjned

74-

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.

A.R.

7 II.

^*^" ^'

reckoned it a great ihonour to have attempted to abolifh the Triumvirate, and to re-efcablifh the Republican governnienft, in prejudice even of his own brother, if he had not found it altogether as equitable to drop that fcheme for the good of his country. He gave a full difcharge to all thofe v/ho had followed him, telling them that he had deceived them, in that he had reprefented things to thern in a falfe light, concluding v/ith offering to deliver himfelf to the revenge of 06lavius, provided his innocent followers might be fpared.
OcStavius affefted

generofity in his turn.

*'

" You

" " " " " "

by the noblenefs difarm me,'^ fays he to Lucius, and franknefs of your manner of ading. If you had pretended to capitulate with me, I fhould then have been at liberty to ufe the right of a conqueror. But by fubmitting your fortune, together with thofe of your friends and foldiers, to my difcretion, you oblige me to confider what is worthy of myand your caufe felf, and not what you deferve ; cannot profper better, than by being afTiftant in
:

promoting my glory." Thefe were fine words but I do not fee that in reality the clemency of 06lavius v*'ent beyond the bounds which policy didatcd. He treated Lucius honourably ; becaufe he was too much afraid of AnHe infliiled no punifhtony to ufe his brother ill. ment upon the foldiers, neither the veterans nor others ; becaufe his own trocps would have taken it But as for the people of quality, the Roman amifs. Senators cr Knights, whofe attachment to the liberty of the ancient government he feared might continue, If any of them went to Suet.Aug. he gave them no quarter. '5* afk pardon of him, or to excufe themfelves, he anfwered them barbarouily, " You mufc die.'* The acknowledgment which he owed to the fervices that Canutius * had formerly done iiim againft Antony,
It

* 1 follow Appian and Die. According to Velleius ii. 64- Canutius had been one of the firft victims of the Triumvirate's profcription.

wheja

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
when he was Tribune of
the
fure
life

II.

Confuls.

^^

the people, could not fave A. R.7H. of that ancient fervant and friend, who to be '^"*^' ^*

was too zealous a Republican.

In Ihort, they

Sen.

d'e

even relate, that out of the number of thofe who fell ^'iem.i.ir. under his power upon this occafion, he chofe three hundred of the moil diilinguillied to be facrificed as vidims the day of the Ides of March, at the foot of an altar erefted in honour of C^far. It is true, he pretended that he was forced to perform thofc afts of vengeance, by the clamours of his foldiers. But it was he himleif who excited them under-hand, and nobody was impofed upon by this apparent artifice, 06lavius alone remaining charged with the odium of To fuch inhuman lengths a fo horrid a butchery. man of this charafter is capable of carrying things , artful and deceitful, regarding nothing but himielf, infenfible to friendfhip, favour, and pity. He fhewed himfelf here bloody without paffion, as he became afterwards bene.^cent without humanity. With regard to the city of Perufia, Odavius followed ilill the fame maxim of deilroying the heads, fparing the multitude. The Senators of this unfortunate city were all put to death, excepting one only, who had been one of the judges of Brutus and Cafiius at Rome, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his zeal in condemning them. Odlavius's fcheme in granting their lives to the reft of the citizens, was to deliver the town to be plundered, as a recompence for the foldiers. But an accident, which he could not fore- Vel. H. 74, fee, determined the affair otherwife. Ceftius, one of "^PP*^* the principal inhabitants of Perufia, a man of an unfound head, refolved, out of a foolilh defpair, to {(tx. iire to his houfe, and throw himfelf into the flames, after having firft ftabbed himfelf. As the wind happened to be high, the fire communicated itfelf to the neighbouring houfes, and fpreading itfelf gradually, confumed the Vvhole town. 06tavius forefaw that the taking of L.ucius would put an end to the war. After this decifive blow, all Antony's lieutenants thought Qi nothing but flying as
,

faft

76
A.R. 7".
*

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
fafl as

II.

ConRils.
pafled

they could out of Italy.

Some of them

^^i.

into Greece

and the Eafb,

to join themlelves with their

general, whilft others fought a nearer retreat in Sicily,

under the proteftion of Sextus Pompeius. Amongft the laft, the Angularity of the adventure renders Tiberius Nero, hufband to Livia, and father of the emHe was conperor Tiberius, the moil remarkable. Yeii.ii, 75, Suet. Tib. ilantly attached to the Republican party after the ^' death of Caefar, and had ferved Lucius zealoufly, as During the the only and laft refource of liberty. fiege of Perufia, he was in Campania, appointed to keep the country in fubjeflion to Lucius. After the vi6lory of Oftavius, he ftrove ftiil to make ibme refiftance himfelf j and in order to augment his forces, he went fo far as to offer liberty to the flaves who Surprifed at the diligence of Diould follow him. Odtavius, who marched towards him, he took the reThis was not to folution of faving himfelf in Sicily. be done without fome difficulty. He carried with him "^ his wife, and his fen Tiberius, who was not then full two years of age, and ftill at the breaft. Being obliged to conceal his march, in order to efcape thofe who were fearching for him, he was twice afraid of being difcovered by the cries of the child, which one day was to be fucceffor to him whofe vengeance was at that time fo terrible to his whole family. Thus all Italy acknowledged the authority of OdaHowever, there ftill remained on the fide of vius. Appian. the Alps an army confifting of feveral legions, under the command of Calenus, who dying at that junfture, Glavius very eafily brought over to him thofe leFufius, a fon gions which had loft their commander. of him who was lately dead, gave them himfelf up to Odavius. It may eafily be judged what confufion and rage Fulvia muft be in, when flie faw all her projefts dilappointed, all her efforts rendered ufelefs, and him whom fhz hated efcape vidorious and triumphant Slip Plut. Ant. from all the fnares which flie had laid for him. went into Greece to conceal her fiiame and malice, and wrote
'

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls:

77

wrote very melancholy letters to Antony, who was A. R. 711. Ant. C then at Alexandria, already enchanted, as we fhall prefently fee, with the feducing charms of Cleopatra. He came to her, and having learned that the principal caufe of the war of Perufia was the jealoufy and intriguing fpirit of Fulvia, he ufed her very roughly, and departing for Italy, he left her ill at Cicyon, where ihe died with grief very foon after. Her death, which was occafioned by afpiteful rage, correfponds perfedtly well with the condud: of her whole life; and Vv^hat we have related of her, difcovers what a juft pi6ture Plutarch has drawn of her, when he fays, that * fhe was not a woman made to confine herfelf to her diftaff, and to manage a family. It was not fufficient for her even to govern a hufband who was of the common rank ; ihe muft have one who commanded others to obey her, and the general of an army to acknowledge her for his chief. Thus Cleopatra was very much obliged to Fulvia, of whom Antony had learned to be governed by a woman. She received him from the hands of a high-fpirited wife, quite form.ed to the yoke, and accuilomed to bear it of a Jong tim.e. Fulvia had for her firft hufband Clodius, who was killed by Milo ; after him Curio, who periflied in Africa ; and her third hufoand was

Antony.
Antony's mother, a lady of a very different charadler from Fulvia, and ftill more refpedable on account of her virtue, and her rank and high birth, thought it was not proper to ftay in Italy after her and though fhe had cerfon's party was dcfcroyed tainly nothing to fear from Oftavius, fhe chofe rather to trufb herfelf to Sextus Pcmpeius, and pafs into Sextus received her very honourably, and Sicily. gave her an efcort of feveral vefTels to conduft her into
Julia,
,

Greece.
* 'Ov
TitXasr'5'Vi
stT' c/xss'/av

oocyKv ySvutiy, ssV ctvJ c(^ ISioItx xparttv u^iSv,

(/.buv

xn df/jM

iiKfif3-:ii

yvvutKu; -a;a\a &* di/TiV,

Plut. Ant.

Oclavius

78 A.R.
Ant"

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
711.
C^

II.

Confuls.

^i_

Oiftavius kept Lucius with him for Ibme time un* der a good guard, which paiTed however as a retinue,
that attended

him out of

refpecl.

But he prefently

found himlelf embarraiTed with fuch a prifoner in Italy, and therefore he fent him into Spain, with the title of Froconful, but without any real authority. All the power was lodged in the hands of his lieutenants Sex. Peduceus and Carrinas, who were to be anfwerabie to Oftavius for his perfon and condudt. After this time hiftory makes no more mention of Lucius Antonius.

Plut.

taking of Perufia, and the confequences of it abovementioned, come under the year when Domitius Calvinus was Confui for the fecond time, together But before we finifh the account of the with Pollio. events of this year, we muft return to the preceding, and follow Antony in his journies in Greece and the Eaft, after the battle of Phiiippi. Ant, His conduct in Greece gained him entirely the afHe was pleafed to hear himfedlions of all people. felf called a lover of the Grecians, and efpecially of He decided debates, and ruled afthe Athenians. His amufements fairs with equity and gentlenefs. had alfo fomething of popularity in them ; and the Grecians were charmed to fee him aiiift at their fhews, hear the lectures of their men of letters and philofophers, and initiate himfelf in their myfteries. Afia, whither he went the firft favourable feafon, made him quite another perfon, or rather awaked The in him all the vices to which he was inclined. riches and pleafures of this delightful country, a numerous court of kings, who v/orfhipped him fervilely, and of queens, who ftrove who fliould pleafe him the moft J in a word, all the allurements of pleafure and grandeur united together, intoxicated his reafofi, and plunged him again into thole debauches, which bufiHe nefs and dangers had for fome time fufpended. abandoned himfelf more than ever to the pleafures of feafting, and to companions ill becoming a perfon of Pie v/as conftantly furrounded with fo high a rank.
muficians,

The

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.

79

muficians, dancers, players, and all forts of whole buiinefs h. is to enervate and corrupt the
ners.

men
man-

A. R. 71*.
^^^' ^*

Afia furnifhed him with perfcns of that ftamp, ftill more able, and better verfed in this pernicious art, than thofe who had followed him from Italy. They engroffed his whole affedion, and governed his Avaricious as well as profligate, they took court. advantage of his prodigality to confume immenle fums, which were raifed from the people by the moft rigoplayer on the flute, named Anaxe- Strabo. rous methods. ^^^* nor, was charged with the gathering the tribute of four cities, having foldiers under him to execute his orders ; and a cook having fucceeded in pleaflng An- piut, tony's tafte at a feaft, received as a reward the houfe and goods of a rich citizen of Magnefia. Hence it happened, that Afia at the fame time rung with the noife and preparations of the moil magnificent and extravagant feafts in one part, and groans and lamentations in the other. When he made his entry into Ephefus, the women drefied themfelves like Bacchanals, and the men and children like Satyrs and Fawns, and in this odd drefs they gambolled before him. The town was filled with feftoons of ivy and thyrfes, and v/ith concerts, vocal and inftrumental, finging the praifes of Antony, whom they called a new Bacchus, beneficent and gracious. He fhewed himfelf really fuch with regard to fome of them, but the greateft part found him rough, cruel, and fevere. He took away the efl:ates from people of diilinftion, to bellow them upon his meaneil fervants and flatterers. They ai]<:ed and obtained of him the Ipoil of perfons alive, vv^hich they paflTed upon him for dead. In fhort, he demanded of the people of Afia double the tribute v^^hich Brutus and Caffius had impoied upon them. Upon this lafl: article Hybreas, one of the moft famous Orators of that time, miade reprefentations to him in the name of all Afia, of which Plutarch has preferved to us an ingenious fpecimen, and in the taile of that brilliant and popular eloquence, whicii was

1,

'

8p
Ant. C.
^^'
cc

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
j^i^g

II.

Confuls.

A.R. yiT.was extremely pleafing to Antony.

"

If you will

tributes in one year, from us," fays he, " you muft give us two fprings and two autumns in " the fame period of time." Upon another occafion the fame orator fpoke to him very boldly, and cut him to the quick. After two hundred thoufand talents furnifhed by Afia, Antony demanded ftill new Hybreas had the courage to fay to contributions. him on this fubjed: ; " If you have not received that *' which we have given, make thofe who have the " management of your finances give an account of it *' but if you have received it, and already confumed

" two

"

it,

we

are infallibly ruined."

This expreffion of Hybreas made a flrong impreffion upon Antony, who was ignorant, for the mofc
part, of things that palled, lefs out of negligence, as Plutarch imagines, than out of a fimplicity of cha""

which made him truft too much to thofe who were about him. For he was mild and of an open behaviour ; and if he was not quick in obferving thofe crrievances, and a6ts of injuftice, which were authorized by his name, at leaft when he was informed of them, he regretted them fmcerely, and ov/ned them frankly, even to the fufrercrs themfelves. Re^ compencing very liberally, and punifhing with rio-our, he exceeded the bounds of moderation more in the diftribution of favours, than in the inflifting of punifhments. We muft not be furprifed then, that many of thofe who had carried arms againft him, having taken courage to implore his clemency during his ftay in Afia, received the good effeds of it ; and, among others, the brother of Caflius. If there were any to whom he would not grant a pardon, it was in efpecially he thought himcafes very unfavourable felf obliged not to fpare any of thofe v/ho had had a
radter,
,

hand

On the conthe confpiracy againft Cfeiar. trary, thofe towns or nations whofe attachment to the memory of that great man, and thofe who avenged
in

his death,

had brought upon them rigorous ufage from Brutus and CalTius, received acknovv'kdgmcnts from

ANtONIUS, SERVILIUSil.

Confuls.
his

8i
7 ^t-

7rom Antony, and were loaded with Among this number were the Rhbdians,

favours. -^R^"^j'

the Lycians,

^V

the towns of Xanthus, Tarfus, and Laodicea in Syria; and in fhort, the Hate of the Jews, which Herod J?^ "^"^* and Phafael, ions of Antipater of Idumea, governed ^^/^ at that time, under the name of Hircania. Herod found an avowed protedor in Antony, by whom he was fupported againft all his enemies ; in confequence of which he engaged himfelf heartily in his interejfl, and continued faithful to him, as we fhall fee after^ wards, even to the laft extremity. Antony's good-nature and eafmefs of temper, were ^^^t* carried in private converfation to an indecent famiHe loved to joke with thofe whom he adliarity. mitted to his parties of pleafure, and allowed them the fame liberties which he took himfelf; being no lefs pleafed to fee himfelf the objedl of laughter, than to laugh at the expence of others ; upon which Plutarch makes an obfervation, which appears to me very judicious, and at the fame time very ingenious. He * alledges that that licence of raillery, which Antony allowed to thofe who were about him, hurt his affairs very much ; for not imagining that thofe who ufed fuch freedoms with him in their pleafantries^ would flatter him when they fpoke ferioufiy, he eafiiy became a dupe to their praifes. He was ignorant: that able courtiers know hov/ to mix freedom with flattery, as an agreeable feafoning, which prevents fatiety ; and that by the boldnefs of their prating, when they are merry in company, they fo order it, that: their approbation and pliantnefs does not feem at aji to be the efieft of complaifance, but of that conviction and fubmiflion which they cannot refufe to fupq^
"

rior geniuflfes.
* Tto
oyV'joiv art
ci<prfi.i:t

(ftiXvuvvalo

lar^KKc^. toiti

tspayf/.si.tm> Tisc

y-}/i \y tCo

'crui^itv

irrt/opti^tAFi"

im

T/:v waf/J/itriai' T/rtf u( VTtWv^iV h^ii(ry.x TiT koXukuo, iorxfafJi.ty\i.'ii!f tI tjrK/.ff/.mr, tn <arx(.i tJiv hCkux ^(i3.a-t/Tili K^'KxKiS. S'tif/.wx^.'fijifJi.iy.t t)\1 Ty isroxyiMtTav lOiiviv x) ert>tna^l^iftv, /uh Vfif /u^f.l/A.ifultl'Jiy, dKKa. -ru cpt,-

7u?>irice/Ab<v, ^xiiit^nt,

Vol. X.

Such

82
'^;?J Ant. 'I"'
C.

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
Such a man was Antony,
and

II.

Confuls.
this

in

mannef

41.

he laid the foundation of his ruin. This was rendered inevitable by his paflion for Cleopatra, which roufed and brought to light a great many vices which were before concealed, and, if I may ufe the expreffion, lay afleep, as it were, at the bottom of his foul; and banifhed every thing good that remained in him. The manner in which he fell into the Ihare of that

Plln.

Appian.

Egyptian enchantrefs was as follows. I have already obferved, that Serapion had furnifhed fome fuccours to Caflius from the ifland of Cyprus. It feems there were fome reafons for rendering the Queen of Egypt refponfible for the condud; of the governor of an ifland which depended upon that crown. It v/as doubtlefs on this account that Antony, when he was preparing to march againft the Parthians, who had made an irruption into Syria, fent orders to Cleopatra to come to him, to clear herfelf of a reproach of having favoured his enemies. Her caufe was very good, for it is very probable that Serapion did not a6l by her orders, nor even acknowledge her authority. And, with regard to herfelf, ihe had given proofs of her attachment to Casfar's party, by the fuccours {lie had fent to Dolabella, as I have already mentioned, and by a fleet put to fea to aflifl: the Triumviri in the war againfl; Brutus and Caflius. But flie did not fl:and in need of any apology. Dellius, who v;as charged to bring her into Cilicia, no fooner faw her than he was convinced that fo tempting a wom.an had nothing to fear from Antony and that, on the contrary, by her beauty, gracefulnefs, and efpecially by her addrefs and engaging behaviour, flie mufl: certainly obtain a very great inThus infcead of afliiming any aufluence over him. thority over her, he fliudied to make his court to her, and advifed her not in the leafl: to fear Antony, who was the mofl: good-natured and humane of all man-,

P3i?t.

kind.
^

Cleopatra^

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.

S^

Cleopatra, encouraged by what Dellius had told A.R. 717, * her, and ftill more by the experience which flie had ^i^

had of the power of her * charms over the eldefl fon of Pompey, and likevvife over Caefar, promifed the more chearfiilly to fubmit to Antony. For at the time of thefe firfl intrigues fhe was very young, and quite unexperienced in affairs whereas fhe was now in the twenty-feventh year of her age, and confequently in the ftage of life when the charms of the body and the talents of the mind are the mod brilliant. She prepared then rich prefents for Antony and his friends and took with her large fums of money, and the moft precious jewels. In a word, (he
-,

fupplied henelf with whrxtever the v/ealth of a great and powerful kingdom could furnifh her ; but placing her chief hopes on herfelf, and the bewitching charms

which fhe had

too great a fhare of, fhe fet out with an entire confidence : and though fhe received
biii:

upon the road

and repeated orders to make hafte, fhe did not in the leafi: hurry herfelf on thcT account, and feemed to have fo little
a great

many

couriers,

regard to the Roman general, that, accufed as flie was, Ihe made the moft magnificent and gallant entry that can pofTibly be imagined into Tarfus, where Antony was at that tim.e. The city of Tarfus was divided by the river Cydwhich, two or three leagues below, difcharged nus itfelf into the fea. It was by this river that Cleopatra chole to enter. She was feated in a barge, the ftern of which was covered with gold, the fails of purple, large and floating in the wind, and the oars of filver, which keot time to the found of flutes and guitars. She herfelf lay reclined on a heaven, fpanglcd with ftars of gold, with fuch ornaments as the poets and painters give to Venus. On ^zq^ fide were young
;

Antony was ali-early in love with Cleopatra, Egypt Vyith G.abinius, in orJsr ta re-eftabiiih Ptolemy Auletus. 3at this is hardly probable, becaufe Cleopatra was at that time only thirteea years old, an age very improper for raifing
fays, that

Applan

when he

v/ent into

that paffion,

'

children,

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.

A.R. 7"- children, fuch as they paint the loves, who fanned ^' The moft beautiful of her her with handkerchiefs. "^^l women, drelled like Nereids and Graces, were placed, fome at the helm, and others about the cordage. And upon the banks of the river they burnt the moft Such a magnificent appearance exquiiite perfumes. drew a prodigious crowd together. Some from the ii"south of the river accompanied the barge, others flocked out of the town to meet them, fo that the place where Antony gave audience was deferted, and he left alone feated upon his Tribunal. They thought of nothing but going to fee Venus, as they faid, who was come to vifit the new Bacchus, and render all
'

Afia happy. When Cleopatra was arrived, Antony fent to in^ She anfwered, that fhe rather vite her to fupper. wifhed to have the honour of receiving him as her gueft ; and the general, not willing to begin with a refufal, and valuing himfelf upon being polite and The enterobliging, promifed to wait upon her. tainment was magnificent, and the apartment decoBut what ftruck rated in the moft elegant manner. Antony moft, was the number and fine difpofition of the lights, which were almoft without number, but very orderly difpofed, forming defigns and reprefenr here difpofed in fquares, tations of different figures and there in circles fo that they had a charming efand afforded a delightful entertainment to fe6t,
-, ,

the eye.
Athea.

According

to an antient writer, quoted

by Athe-

neus, Cleopatra added large gifts to that elegance and pomp. She repeated her entertainment feverai times, and always in a new tafte, and with new orna-

ments, giving Antony each time

all

the equipage of

the feaft, that is to fay, all the velTels of gold adorned with precious ftones, with which the fide-boards were

ornamented, and the tapeftry, and cloths of purple embroidered with gold, which ferved to decorate the apartment. To his friends, a great number of which be took with himj fince there were twelve tables furrounded

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls;

Sc
;

rounded with three couches each, and therefore muft A. R.?"* C. amount to one hundred and eight: perfons at leaft I Ant. 4.1. fay, to aii that great number of gueils, Ihe made very rich prefents. Upon them Ihe beftowed the couches on which they had fupped, and the veffels o^ gold in which they had been ferved. When they re*' tired, Ihe made prefents to the moil diflinguifhed amongft them, of litters, with people to carry them ;
to others, Ihe prefcnted horfes, very richly harneffed
j.

of them, yotnig Ethiopian flaves, to carrytorches before them. The author abovementioned likewife relates, that at the third entertainment which Cleopatra gave to Antony, fhe made them ftrevv with rofes all the floor of the hall a cubic
to all

and

thick.

and attempted to^^"*^ furpafs her in magnificence and tafte but not being able to fucceed, and falling far fhort of hers in every refpeft, he was the hrft that turned into raillery the
;

Antony

treated her in his turn,

ruftick fimplicity of his equipage,

compared

to that

of Cleopatra.
Egyptian immediately entered into the humour of him whom (he wanted to gain: and havinor obferved that Antony's pleafantries were not very delicate, but in the military fcrain, Ihe entertained him in his own way ; and with a free, eafy air, full of affurance, diverted him in fuch a manner, as to fhew herfelf no more delicate than he. It was by this dexterity, and the charms of her wit, that fhe was fure to pleafe, for her beauty was by no means extraordinary, or capable of making conquefts. But nothing could be more engaging, or enchanting, than the charms of her converfation, which carried with them always an almoft inevitable feducement. The very tone of her voice had a delightful fweetnefs ; and Plutarch compares her tongue to an inftrument of many firings, with melodies di-_ verfified a thoufand different ways. For whereas her predeceiTors, rendered quite flupid with indolence and plcafure, could not even fpeak the Egyptian language, G 3 and ^
artful

The

26
A. R-yiT-and
^^^' ^'

ANTNIUS, SERVILIUS
fome of them had forgot
-,

IL Confuls.

their

own Macedonian

Cleopatra gave audience to all the neighbouring nations, without the help of an interpreter. Hebrews, Arabians, Syrians, Medes, Parthians, Ethior pians and Troglodytes, had all the fatisfadlion to hear her fpeak their own language, as free and eafy as they could do themfelves. Antony was not made to refift fuch powerful charms he did not fo much as attempt to arm himfelf againil them. On the contrary, he yielded himfelf up to them with all his foul. From the judge, he became and that artful the conqueft and flave of Cleopatra princefs, who knew how to excite love, without fuflering herfelf from that paflion, began to make ufe of that fway which fhe had gained over Antony, by caufing him to confirm to her the free and peaceable poffeffion of the kingdom of Egypt. Very foon after the death of Csefar, Ihe had taken care, as I faid before, to get rid of her brother, v/ho But Arfinoe, her filler, enjoyed the throne with her. Tofep. XV. and though Ihe was obliged to ihut v/as ftill alive 4. & ^ppian. jjei-felf up in the temple of * Diana at Ephefus, and to owe her fafety entirely to that fanftuary, yet fhe Cleopatra therefore obtained ftill gave her umbrage. an order from Antony to take Arfinoe by force out of the temple, and to put her to death. Even the prieft of Diana, who paid honours and refped: to that unfortunate princefs, ran a great rifk of his life, if the Ephefians, by their moft humble fupplications, had The not appeafed the wrath of the queen of Egypt. facred rights of an inviolable fandluary were no more regarded with refped to Serapion, than they had been with regard to Arfinoe, whofe interefts I am afraid he had efpoufed. He was taken out of the temple of Hercules, at Tyre, and delivered to Cleopatra, who found by his death her vengeance fatisfied, and at the fame time, a juftification towards Antony for the fucdialeft
,
,

* A-ppian

calls
is

Xhe

difference

it the temple of Diana Leucofrini, at Miletum, not material.

ANTONIUS, 6ERVILIUS

II.

Confuls,.

87

In fhorr, llie obliged the in-A. R. yn*; conrs fent to Caflins. ^* habitants of a fmali ifland of Syria, named Aradus, ^"^; to deHver up to her a young man, who pretended to be the eldeft brother of Cleopatra, formerly vanquifhed by C^far, and happily efcaped from the battle, according to the llory which he told ; though the common report made him pafs for dead. Cleopatra having thus obtained of Antony all that^^^ut. & Ihe defired, fet out to return to Egypt, leaving in the. Pl"^"' heart of the Roman general a Iting, which would foon make him follow her. In fnort, inflead of marching, according to his firft defign, againft thetParthians who afiembled their forces in Mefopotamia, he contented himfelf with marching through Syria, and deciding haftily thofe affairs which were referred to him and, after having tried without fuccefs, to infult and plunder the town of Palmyra, he fent his forces into winter-quarters, appointed Decidius Saxa
,

to to

command them

in

his abfence,

and prefently flew

where his heart called him, I m.ean to Alexandria. There amufing himfelf idly, like a thoughtlefs boy, who minds nothing elfe but pleafure, he loft and fquandered away in trifling amufements, the moil: precious of all enjoyments, which is tiine. He formed a fociety of pretended " Members of the Inimitable '^ Life," which was the title they took, and the rule was to entertain one another with profufions which furpafs all belief. I fliall infert one inftance, which will help, us to form an idea of it. Lamprias, Plutarch's grandfather, was told by the phyfician Philotas, who v.'as young at that time, and happened to be at Alexandria to learn his profefllon, that having made an acquaintance with one of the chief perfons in Antony's kitchen, he was invited by him to come and fee the preparations for one of thefe fuppers. He went then into the kitchens, and was furprized to find, befides a very great quantity of
other meat, eight wild boars upon the fpir. He thence concluded that the company muft be very nupierous.

'

" Not

at all,"

faid

his friend,

laughing as
his

88
A. R.
^^j
'

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
711, his furp;-ife,

II.

Confuls.

"

there will not be above twelve at table.

^'

" But every thing muft be roafted to a turn, for a '* moment more or lefs is capable of fpoiling it. it Now it may happen that Antony may call for fupu per immediately, or in a fhort time, or perhaps he

may defer
^'

it

good while, being amufed with wine

or ibme agreeable fubjett of converfation. On this not make one muft ready we fupper account alone, becaufe it impoflible is for feveralj us to but guefs " the moment he will fup." Philotas told him another ftory of a different nature, but which equally proves the prodigality of Antony. He faid, that being engaged in making his court to the eldeft of Antony's ions by Fuivia, he was fometimes admitted to his table with other Greeks; a,s the young gentleman did not eat with his father, being only a child. At one of thefe repafts, among the reft of the guefts, there happened to be a phyfician, who fatigued the whole company with his learned nonfenfe. Philotas illenced him by afophifm, which he defired him to refolve. " There is," fays he, " a certain fever in which it is proper to give *' cold water to the patient. Every fever a certain f' fever; therefore in every fever you cugjic to give ^' cold water to the patient." The prating dodior iTiiift have forgot his fyilogiftic rules, not to difcover,
i.^

at

was, he had nothing to anfwer, but remained quite confounded. This little adventure was extremely pleafmg to young Antony, who laughed very heartily at it, and wanting to recompence him, whom he wa?- {q " Philotas," faid he, " I will well plealed with *' give you all that you fee before you ;" fhewing him a fide-board covered with veffels of gold. Philotas teftified his gratitude, and returned him a great many thanks but was far from thinking that a child of that age v;ould be allowed to make a prefent of fuch importance. Mean while, upon taking his leave, an brought officer him all the plate enclofed in a bag, arid afked him to put his feal upon the mouth of the
firft,
it
,
,

the fallacy of this fyllogifm.

However

bag.

ANTCNIUS, SERVILIUS

II.

Confuls.^

^^

Philotas A.R-7^i'bag, that nothing might be taken out of it. darted bacic furpriled, and refufed to take a prefent "^"'j^^* of fo great a value. " You are very fimple, fir,'* replied the ofBcer ; " you do not know then, that " Antony's fon can make more confidcrabie prefents " than that you are furprized at. However, if I may *' offer you my advice, you will take money inftead *' of the plate, becaufe there is fome of them antique, *' and very curioufly wrought, which Antony may *' polTibly call for again." It is plain enough that fo extraordinary a profuficn committed to his fon, who was but a child, mull be owing to the father. But we muft not alJow ourfelves to be deceived bv a falfe

appearance of bounty and generofity this is not to give, but to fquander away. During Antony's lirftflay at Alexandria, Cleopatra had the addrefs to captivate him entirely. She made life of every method that could be thought of to flatWhether he was engaged in amufements, ter him.. or ferious affairs, fhe always contrived fome new pleafure to divert him, never leaving him night nor day. For fhe conftantly kept him company at games, at If he was emtable, and in his parties of hunting. ployed in any military exercife, fhe afUfted at it, at She followed him even in the leafl as a fpedlator. town, when he went difguiled during the. night, in order to divert himfelf by flanding at the doors and windows, talking facetioufly to the people who were within ; for Antony had a tafle for thefe kinds of low diverfions, which people of diflindion are fometimes foolifhly fond of, being v/eary of ordinary and natural pleafures, which pall, by being fo frequently repeated, DrefTed like a flave, with Cleopatra difguifed after the fame manner, he fpent whole nights in running about the flreets of Alexandria, teafing every body ;hat he could find to talk to, flriving to put them out of humour by fcurrilous jefts, and was always repaid with repartees, and frequently with blows. He impofed upon every body with it at firii ; but afterwards, when they knew t|iat he diverted himfelf in
:

thi?

90
A.R.
4.1'.

ANTONIUS, SERVILIUS
711. ^j^jg
'

II.

Confuls.

nianner, the Alexandrians entered very willingly They contrived and acied into the humour of it. merry fcenes on purpofe, which likewife diverted

themfelves, and faid, that

dian

with

the

Romans,

Antony aded the Trageand the Comedian with

them.
give a detail of all the amufements f Antony Howv^ith Cleopatra, would be unworthy of hiftory ever, the following adventure deferves, I think, to be mentioned, as having a good deal of fpirit in it. Once as he was diverting himfelf with angling in the Nile, but with very bad fuccefs, it was mortifying to him to be difappointed in prefence of the

To

queen.

He

gave

oi^ders therefore for

plunge into the water, and fallen been catched before, to his hook. not be repeated again without Cleopatra's perceiving
it.

feme divers to a fifn, which had This trick could

However,

ihe feign'd to be very

much

furprifed,

and engaged a new party for angling the next day, informing them of the trick which he had made ule They went thither in great numbers, on board of. of barges, attentive to what was to happen. Antony, who had no fufpicion of being difcovered, having thrown his line, the divers, by Cleopatra's order,
motion, and, thinking he had hold of his prey, pulled the line out of the water. You may eafily judge what mirth this Cleopatra, however, fait fifh of Antony's occafioned. made him a very artful compliment upon it. " Sire *," faid fhe, " yield that diverfion to us fovereigns of " Pharos and Canope. As for you, your jBlh, and cc your game, are towns, whole nations, and empires.'*
fattened a fait fi(h to
it.

He

felt the

itweriv' h

<i'i

<ry\

-Jitoa, nsiiKut '<

""< fuffihlis

k^ iiTJ'/is'.

Px.ut. Ant.

E C

CONTENTS.
SECT.
II.

gt

He ^Jje recfjjity of Antonyms affairs calls lim into Italy. The pcu^er ef Sextus. is courted by Sextus Po?npe}us.
The marriage of 05favius with
Scribonia^ the fijler cf

Domitiui Libo^ father-in-law of Sexttis. Antony. Antony joins (.is fleet to that of
trance into Brundufiiim.

Ahemharbus
is

refvfcd en-

He

lejieges

the town.

Dif-

f oft ions for a peace. The

Nerva. O^avius and treaty concluded between Antony^ uy Cocceius. Antony's Mace7ias, Pollio, and marriage tnumph decreed with Cofa'uia. to the two A fmall
negotiatic n cf Cocceius

generals.

Sahidicnus

is

condemned for his

t -reach cry

to

O^avius, and

kills himfelf.

Camdius and Balbus fttb-

jiiiuted in the Confulfhip^ in the room cf Pollio aitd

.

Do-

mitius. The fortune of Balbus. The iriumph of PelThe triumph of Cahinus. Jio. His great karning. od declared His fever iiy with regard to dijapline.

Ha

king of judra.
jctarus.

The FaUidian law.

The death of DeHis

cruelty to his

family.
Confiils.

His commendable qualities. Changes in ti:e Coifuifhip.

Ccnfiifion

No

more p.nnual

and

diforder in all the States.

Rome

and

Italy

famifhed by Sextus.
rijk

An

people againfi the Triumviri.

infurre^lion of the furious tumult., where

and is delivered by Antony. A feafi given by O^avius ; a new fubjel of complaint. O bavins confents to a negotiation with Sexnis,
05iavius runs a
of his
life.,

Sextus yields to

it,

contrary to his inclijiaticns.

con-

ference bctv;een the three generals.

treaty.
'

Conditions of the

The extreme joy which

chiefs

this

peace occoj.cncd.

The

thyie

entertain one another by turns.

An

exfreffion'

of Sextus to Antony.

A remarkable inflance

cf his generofjy., in reje^iiig the cdvice of Menas. Antony is out of humour at Icfing all kinds oj games {igainfi O^avius. He leaves Italy., and arrives at Athens. His popular behaviour with the Athenians. They treat him as a new Bacchus. The dowry he demands oj them for his marriage with Minerva.

Cn. DoMIT-iUS

^2r^

DOMITIUSII. ASINIUS,
Cn. DoMiTius Calvinus C. ASI^IUS POLLIO.
II.

Confuls.

A.R.712.
Ant. C.
40.

HILE

Antony

v/as entirely

engaged

in thojfe

childilh diverfions,

and

fallen into a

kind of

lethargy with regard to affairs, he was roufed from his indolence and negligence, by two very difagreeHe was informed on the one able pieces of news.

Ap. DIo.

'

hand, of the troubles of Italy and the Perufian war ; and on the other, of the entry of Labienus into Syria, This irruption at the head of an army of Parthians. of Labienus, of which I fhall give an account elfeHe adwhere, appeared to him the moft preffing. vanced as far as Tyre, with a defign of repelling the Parthians ; but letters which he_ had received from Fulvia, half blotted out v^'ith her tears, called him He arrived in Greece, and being towards the "Weil. informed of what had paffed in Italy, he was in a great pafTion with Fulvia, as I have already related, and at the fame time extremely troubled at the en^ creafe of 06lavius's power. In thofe circumllances he v/as pleafed to find himHe had formerly felf courted by Sextus Pompeius. been obliged to him for having given refuge to his mother Julia and his intereft being joined to' this motive of honour, he gave a very kind reception to Libo ; who, under pretence of bringing back his mother, came to propofe to him a treaty of fricndAnfhip and alliance with Sextus his fon-in-law. tony, however, conduded himfelf very prudently, and thought that he ought not to break ^^ith Odabut he promifed to Libo, j^hat if he vius abruptly fhould be obliged to make war againit Odavius, he would accept Sextus's propofal and that if, on the contrary, their differences fnould be amicably determined, he would certainly take care to reconcile him with his collesue. Sextus at this time had a great deal of fvvay. Placed between the two Chiefs of the vidorious party,.
,

-,

it

DOMITIUS
it

11.

ASINIUS,

Confuls.

93
77*. ^'

was a kind of triumph for him to make himfelf be A.R. confidercd by Antony, and feared by Odlavius. His power had increafed confiderably during the time that the war againil Brutus and Caffius employed all the forces of the avengers of Casfar's death. He made himfelf entire mafter of Sicily, of which he pofielTed only a part at firil; and had put to death Bithynicus, governor of that ifland, whom he aceufed of having plotted Statius Murcus, after the battle of againft his life. Philippi, had brought to him, as I faid before, a powerful reinforcement. He had alfo fubdued Sardinia ; fo that with a very numerous and warlike fleet, he was mafter of the whole fea between Italy and Africa. This fituation was exceedino- favourable, and he became extremely proud upon it, even fo much as to ftyle himfelf the ion of Neptune, as renewing the naval glory of his father, and poflefling. the hereditary empire of the feas. In the mean time he owed his rife, in a great meafure, to fortunate in^ cidents and he had, by no means, all the qualities which were neceflary in order to reap a Iblid and laflVelleius * defcribes him to ing advantage from it. MS as brave, attive, and eager, of a quick imagination, faithful to his engagements, as much as his father had been deficient in that point, but of a rough behaviour, which appeared even i(i his fpeech ; allowing himfelf to be governed by his fervants, and,
,

to

make
of

ufe of the hiftorian's

his

expreflion, the freedflave

of his flaves. He envied thofe who were above him, and obeyed In Ihort, thofe in whom he conthofe below him. fided the moft, and whom he put at the head of his fquadrons and fleets, were men who had been made free, the moft famous of v/hom was Menas f, whom
the
* Hie adolefcenj erat ftudiis rudis, fermone barbarus, impstu ffremanu promptus, cogitatione ceier, fide patri diffimillimus, li bertorum fuorura libertiis, fervorumque fervus, fpeciofis invidens UC pareret humillirais. Vell. II. 73. f I have followed the common and ancient interpretation of that ode of Horace which I have quoted, though an able commentator has
|iuu3,

man

freed men, and

Horace

94
A. R. 7tz,
^"*^' ^'

DOMITIUSII. ASINIUS,

Confuls.

Horace has immortalized by the emphatical defcription which he has given of his pride and infolence,
Staan eternal obje6l of indignation and contempt. tius MurcLis, a man of courage, and of a high fpirit, could not fubmit to fo fhameful a yoke, nor bend to

Hor. Ep.
^^-

This cod him his life. a favourite fo lately a Have. For they accufed him of treachery, and urider that pretence he was put to death. Such a man was Sextus Pompeius, whofe union with Antony, if it had been confirmed, might have By joining their lea become fatal to 06tavius.
forces, they
fail,

would have amounted

it

and thus

hundred v/ould have been eafy for them to

to five

have invefted Italy, if I may be allowed the expreifion, and to ftarve it ; and Oftavius, powerful in legions, having forty in his fervice, but quite deftitute of veffels, muft have feen him.felf reduced to the greateft extremity, and obliged to fubmit to them. He tried to gain Sextus, and in order to pave the

way

for a reconciUation with

him, he contrived to

make an

alliance with his father-in-law.

M^cenas

was charged on the part of the young Triumvir, to demand for him in marriage Scribonia, the filler of Libo ; who being charmed at the thoughts of joining to the quality of father-in-law to Sextus, that of brother-in-law to Odavius, very willingly confented to The marriage was agreed upon, and Oftavius it. efpoufed Scribonia, though fhe was a great deal older than he, and had been already married to two men of Confular dignity, by one of whom fhe had children. Mean time, the peace could not be concluded, and 06tavius feeing himfelf obliged to make head againft Antony and Sextus both at once, began by ridding himfelf of Lepidus, whom he fufpeded, and made him be fatisfied to depart to his government of Africa
Some difficulties which luj lately attempted to render it doubtful. finds in applying to Menas certain circumftances of this little fatirical ode, do not appear to me fjfBcicnt to prev'ail over the authority of manufcripts and ancient Icholiafts, freedman of Sextus to t)e the perfon here meant,

who

point out the

with

rOMITIUS
Avith fix legions,

II.

ASINIU3,

Confuls.

^5
to A. R. 711.
'^"** ^'

which having formerly belonged

Antony, preferved ftill an attachment for their an^ cient general. It was alfo at this time that he fent Lucius, the brother of Antony, into Spain, under pretence of making him Proconful of that great province.

In the mean time Antony, having departed from the ifland of Corcyra, at the head of two hundred fail, advanced towards Brundufium. He met in his paffage Domitius Ahenobarbus, who came to join him with all his fleet, which was very confiderable. Do-

mitius had preferved under his command a great part Sf the naval forces formerly aflembled by Brutus and Caflius ; and his fir'ft plan was, as I Ijave before- mentioned, to keep himfelf independent of any party. But very foon finding that fcheme to be impracticable, he confented to the propofal which Pollio had made to him, of attaching himfelf to Antony, and acknowledging him as chief. The agreement was made, but the queftion was whether it would be kept. "When the time of putting it in execution approached, feveral of Antony's friends apprehended, that, bold as Domitius was, and befides remembering not only his being profcribed, but condemned under the title of one of Casfar's murderers ; either from the motive of pride or fear, he would hardly think it proper to put himfelf in the power of one of the Triumviri. Plancus efpecially, who valued himfelf upon his prudence at the fight of the leaft danger, preiTed Antony not to truft him, but to flop his courfe, till he was fully aflured of the difpofitions of Domitius. But Antony, though he had no more than five veffels with him, with which he advanced before the reft of the fleet, rejefled this timorous council, declaring that he chofe rather to perifli by the perfidy of another, than to fave his life at the expence of being branded with timidity. Prefently the two admirals gallies approached each other, and Antony's licftor. Handing on the prow, ordered Domitius's men
to ftrike their flag, which was

immediately obeyed.

Domitius

9
A. R.yi2.

DOMITIUS

n. ASINIUS, Confuls.

40;
^

Domitius then came to the fide of Antony's galley*, and went on board. In the mean time the troops faluted the Triumvir as general, and Planciis reAfterwards Antony, with this covered his fright. new reinforcement, went to prefent himfclf before Branduiram. Odavius kept in this town a garrifon of five cohorts, the commanding officer of which refufcd to admit Antony, under pretence that he brought v/ith him Domitius, who had always been an enemy to Antony, offended at this, beCsefar and his party. fieged Brunduiium, and invited Sextus to make a deferent upjn Italy ; which was executed. Oftavius, on his part, aiTembled his troops to relieve the befieged town, and prepared to force the lines of Antony. It was thought at that time that a ftorm was juft at hand, which would renew all the mifchiefs which were hardly quieted. Hoftilities were really commenced, but very inconfiderable. Among the three Chiefs who entered into this war, the weakeft of them only, that is to fay, .Sextus, had a hearty inclination The two Triumviri were afraid of themfelves ; to it. and their foldiers, whofe power was exorbitant in thefc troublefom.e times, and who gave laws even to their generals, were no ways difpoled to fight againft one another. They looked upon themfelves as united by Bethe fame caufe, and conftituring only one body. fides this general motive, the troops of Oftavius had a particular one, from the fear and refpedl which they bore to Antony, as the author of the vi6lory at Phiand thofe of Antony, on their fide, were not lippi
,

pleafed with their

exiles,

Chief's uniting his intereft with

and profcribed perfons.

Fulvia,

While

thefe things

were

her hufband had left ill at Cicyon, happening to die, this event opened a way for a pacification. The negotiation was firft bein agitation,

whom

gun by Cocceius Nerva, a common friend of both the Triumviri ; and Appian gives us, upon this fubjed, an account, v/hich appears to

mc

to

be taken

fcom

DOiMITIUS

II.

ASINIUS,- Confuls.

'97

for this reafon deferves ^^' 7> Ant O' ** to the reader, leall an be prelented abridgment a: to ^^-

from fome ancient record, and

of
it.

Cocceius had been fent the year before to Antony in Phenicia, about fome affairs which we are ignorant of, and had remained with him until the time I ani now fpeaking of; when feigning to be recalled by Oclavius, he demanded leave of Antony, who granted " Will not you give me a letter to Cccfar," fays it. Cocceius, " as I brought one to you ?" " No," replied Antony haftily, " I never write to my enemies.'* Cocceius reprefented to him, that he ought not to reckon Csfar his enemy, after the clemency which he fnewed at Perufia to his brother Lucius, and the reft of his friends. How '/' replied Antony, " fhall not

"

I call

into

him mine enemy who has refufed me entry Brundufium, and who has taken from me my

and my troops ? With regard to my " friends, if he has ufed them well, he did not do ic to preferve them for me, but to render them mine Cocceius did not think enemies by his favours." it proper to infift any further on the fubjeft, for fear of irritating that impetuous temper in Antony, v/hich he propoied to calm; and contenting him.felf Vv'ith having drawn out of him the caufe of his complaints, he returned to 06bavius. He pleaded before him the caufe of Antony, as he had pleaded before Antony the caufe of Odavius. He expofed to the young Triumvir the grievances of his coliegue, andjultified his alliance which Antony had made with Domitius and Sextus Pompeius, alledging that they were both innocent of the murder of Csiar, and that they were more unfortunate than culpable, even according to the principles of the victodous party. Obferving that thefe reafons made but little imprefnon, he fortified them by the fear of danprovinces
ger, declaring to

him frankly the

to

refolution

which

maritime of his ovv'n, of joined forces Sextus, to thofe in order This laft confideration to lay wafte and famiih Italy. Itruck Vol. X. i^
ufe

Antony had taken

make

of

the

i^OMlTIUS
'A.R/TTi ftrnclc- Oiftavius
5

II.

ASINltJS, Confuls.

Anf.t.
40.

fpokie'fohrinj

and Cocceius, who obferved "it then upon the death of Fulvia. "Thkt

wotpan," fays he, " has been a torch of difcofd ^ between' yon, but (he is now dead'. What hin*^' d'ers you then to make advances to eac:h other; pro^'^ vfded you rather chufe to clear up your reciprocal "complaints, than to nourifh refentment in yoiir
'"'^

*'

hearts ?"

C6lavius after this becoming very calm, Cocceius propofed to carry a letter for him to Antony, and reprelented to him, that as he was the youngeft, he thought he might very well write firit to a collegue,

who had

fo great

a fuperiority to

him

in

age.

The

point of honour would not allow Odtavius to do this but he contrived an expedient, which was to write a polite letter to Julia, the mother of Antony, complaining, that being his relation, he fhould have taken the refolution of flying out of Italy, as if fhe might not expe6l from him the fame tendernefs and regard as

from her

'

fon.

Cocceius, with this letter, returned to Antony, and adviied him, in order to take away every obftacle to a peace, to begin by removing Domitius from his Antony, perfon-, and fending Sextus back into Sicily. at firft, was very loth to give his confent, efpecially Becaufe he to that part which regarded Sextus. "thought that thereby he would be too much engaged to Oftavius, and, confequently, give him too much But at laft, fearing the valour of Octhe advantage. tavius's legions, who, though full of efteem for Antony, were neverthelefs determined to make fmart war againft him, in cafe he obftinately rejefled a peace, he yielded to the inftances of Cocceius and his mother
-,

and having fent Domitius to Bithynia, of which he made him governor, he gave Sextus to underftand, that he had no more need of his fervices in Italy, pronrifing him in the mean time to take care of his
"interHls.
-

Jj

After thefe preliminaries, Casfar's foldlers being fatisfied with him, formed a deputation among them

felves,

DOMITIUSII. ASINIUS,
felves,

Confuls.

99
"

which they addrcflcd in common to the twoAvR-7s,a generals, fignifying to them, that the inclination of 4. As to the the army was tor them to make peace.
'

terms of
difcufs

it,

the foldiers did not take

;

but they gave full mittee compol'ed of three commilTaries, M^cenas engaging for Oclavius, Pollio for Antony, and Cocceius Thcfe three negoas a common friend or mediator. tiators concluded the treaty under the authority of the army, which aded as the depofuory of the fove-

them

upon them to power to acorn*

reignty.

of the treaty were very fimple ; forgetting what was pad ; friendfhip and a good correfpondence for the future ; and a new divifion of the Roman Empire, the eaftern part of which was put under the power of Antony, and the weftern under The town of Scodra in Illyria, was that of Oclavius. the common bounds of thefe two great divifions. Africa was left to Lepidus, who was always forced to be contented with whatever his collegues pleafed to allot him. Odavius took upon him the war againft Sextus Pompeius, in cafe they could not come to an accommodation with him, and Antony that againft It was likewife exprefsly ftipulated, the Parthians. that the two generals fhould have an equal power of raifing troops in Italy. But Od:avius preferved to himfelf always the advantage of never giving up the Domitius v/as accapital, and feat of the Empire. quitted of the condemnation pronounced againft him, and the good ufage he had received from Antony, was approved of by Oclavius. With regard to the Confulfhip, which was no more than a fliadow, but a ftiadow of fome dignity, and capable of taking life again in the hands of perfons who knew how to reanimate it, they agreed, that whenever the Triumviri Plut. did not exercife that office themfelves, they ftiould In ftiort, the feal of fhare it amongft their friends. this reconciliation was Antony's marriage with Oc*
articles

The

Ant.

tavia, fifter to

young

Csefar.

Hi

Oaa-

loo
A.R.7I1' Ant. c.

DOMITIUS
Oflavia,

II.

ASINIUS,

Confuls.

elder than her brother, was ten^Q^.\y belov.ed of hnn, though fhe v/as only his fifter by the father's fide, by a former marriage. She had

who was

C. Marcellus Antony pafTed for a widower after the her hulband. death of Fulvia ; for as to Cleopatra, though he did not deny his intrigues wich her, yet he did not ufe her on the footing of a wife. All the friends he had, who were fenfible and judicious, wiilied extremely that he would marry Odtavia, whole merit was equal to her
loft
^

been a fnort time a widow, having

They hoped that this lady, who other charms. joined to an exquifite beauty, a fedatenefs of manners, fweetnefs of converfation, and a greai deal of wit, could no;; fail of being beloved by Antony, wheh he was her hulband, and thereby cure him of his foolifh paffion for the queen of Egypt, the confequences of
which made them tremble.
affair v^^as prefently

Thus

all

their wiflies

liniting in an alliance fo agreeable in every refpedl, the

concluded, and the marriage immediately celebrated, without even waiting till the And as time of * Oclavia's mourning was expired. ftain upon this circumftance muft have occafioned a her, according to the Roman cuftoms, the Senate, by an exprefs decree, dijpenfed with the rigour of the

law
'

in this cafe.

.'

Such was the treaty of Brundufium, which delivered The joy of it Italy from the fear of a bloody war. was fo great, that in order to teftify it to the two generals, they thought they could do no lefs than decree them a fmall triumph. But before they made their folemn entry into Rome, Antony being ftill at Brundufium, or near it, faw himfelf expofed to great danger from Csefar's old They rememfoidiers, who had followed 06lavius. bered that he promifed to fend money from the Eaft, and he might eafily to be diftributed amongft them have done it, if his luxury and prodigality had not pre;

flie was with child, but Plutarch's filence on me-realbn to ful'peft it. fubjcit gives
"'

Dion adds, that

Ihitf

-^'

vented

DOMITIUS
vented
led
it.

II.

ASINIUS,

Confuls.
'

loi

The

upon him

veterans flocked about him, and cal- A.R. 7^. to perform his promife. As he was not nt.
40.

them, they burfl out into reproaches, became very warm, and Antony would certainly have been in very great danger, if Odavius had not engaged in his behalf. In order to avbid any thing of this kind for the future, the veterans were
in a condition to
fatisfy
all

fent

home

to their colonies.

The

reconciliations of great
friends.

men

are too frequently

This Vv^as experienced on the above occafion, by tv/o of thole who had the chief confidence of Oiftavius and Antony. Manius was delivered up by Oclavius to his collegue as che principal author of the Perufian war, in confequence of which Antony put him to death-, and, at the fari^e time, by
fatal to their

way of compenfation, he
fecret pradiices

'difcovered to Ocldvius the

of Salvidienuj, who at that, time commanded an army in Gaul. This man, who was of an obfcure birth, had pufhed himfelf, by his talents and ambition, to become one of the principal lieutenants of Oftavius, who had even advanced him to the dignity of a Conful, without having the orier of a fimple knight, a diflindion almofh quite fingular, and v/hich never had been granted, at leaft in latter times, to Mean while this high fortune did any but Pompey, not fatisfy the inlatiable ambition of that officer ; who, betraying his commander, had offered his fervice to Antony during the fiege of Brundufium. Ocflavius being informed of this perfidy by Antony himfelf, ordered Salvidierius to Rome under fome certain pretence end when he had him there in his pov/er, he caufed him to be tried by the Senate, v/ho condemned
,

him

to death as an

enemy

to the publick. Salvidienus

executed the fentence himfelf, and prevented the punifhment by a voluntary death. There was a great affair iliil remaining to be executed by the two Triumviri, v/hich was either to deftroy Sextus Pompeius, who harrafied Italy very much, or elfe to come to an agreement with him. But this \^buld lead me to the following year, and I ought
'

H3

to

M.u
.102
A. R.
71^-

'
.

DOMITIUS
to

II.

irih/ioa ASINIUS, Confuls.

Ant. c.
**

mention here fome fafls, which, though they are ^ ^^ great importance, yet ought not to be negleded.

Thq.change introduced into the government, difcovergd itfelf more and more, by the Conluls having but a, very fmali fha.re in publick affairs. Pollio and Domitius Calvinus, who enjoyed this title, which was
formerly To great, appeared only as having a fecond hand at moii in all the events of this year. They were even obliged by the Triumviri, after having enjoyed this vain piece of honour for feme time, to yield their place to others, whom the Triumviri wanted to Their fucpleafe with the fame piece of honour. cefibrs were L. Cornelius Balbus, and P. Canidius Crafius, the one a friend of Odavius, and the other fhall fee afterwards Canidius at of Antony. the he^d of Antony's forces ; and with regard to Balbus, he had been many years attached to the houfe His fortune had fomething fingular of the Caefars.

We

cic. pro
^'

enough. He was a Spaniard, born at Cadiz, and having done great fervice when he v/as very young, tO Metellus Pius and Pompey, in the war againft Sexfoa rius, he was made a Roman citizen by Pompey privilege which was difputed him injuftice, but he ..;maintained the poffcffion of it by the credit of him 'who had procured it to him, and by the affiilance of His ambition no doubt deterCicero's eloquence.
,

mined him to attach himfelf to Cjefar, as a patron, who was capable of advancing him higher than Pompey could do, and by this condu6t he did not at all for Caefar and incur the reproach of ingratitude
,

Veil. II.

vlin. VII.

43.

After the ruptime friends. ture between them, he remained with the flrongeft and by his conftant fidelity to Csefar, and his party zeal to ferve Ovf^avius, he became lo much confidered, that though he was a ftranger by birth, and adopted a citizen, not without a difpute, he arrived at the
at

Pompey were
,

that

Confulfhip, and was the

P''

firft

example of a foverei^n
Italy.

magiftrate of

Rome bom
.

ovu of
'

He

acquired
like-

DOMITIUS
likewife

It.
-,

ASINIUS,
fo that

Confuls.
be-

103

immenfe

riches

when he died he
lefs

^^10
s.

rn.
54.

queathed to the

Roman

people no

than twenty-

"40.^"^*

five Denarii a head.

Pollio, at the expiration of the Confulfhip, was fent by Antony to make war againft the Parthians,

people of

Illyria,

who had fhewn

a ftrong attach-

took the town of Salonea, and did other exploits which entitled him to a triumph. But that which fecured him an honourable rank among illufirious perfons, was that variety of talents which were united in him, in an eminent degree. He ^? jf^ excelled in all kinds of eloquence, poetry, and hiftory ; and he patronized in others, that tafte for thole arts, which he cultivated in himfelf with fuccefs. proof of this was Virgil, whom he maintained in poffefTion of his- paternal eitate, and introduced to 06lavius's friendlhip. Pollio. had great views, and had the honour of being tKe firrt who founded a publick library for the ufe of men of letters. He adorned it with ftatues of the moft learned men P^i"- vii. of antiquity Varro was the only living one to whom xxxv 2 -' ". he did that honour. His collegue, Domitius Calvinus, makes a more ^'o^^' hining figure in hiftory by his employments and titles, ^g^^'* than by his real merit. After his Confulfhip he went to make war againft the Cerritani in Spain, where be acquired the honour of a triumph. His exploits have nothing very remarkable but he deferves praife vvih regard to military difcipline. A body of troops "having allowed thcmfelves to be defeated by the enemy, and fhamcfully taken flight, Calvinus punilhed thole who were guilty, by decimating a great many companies, without fparing the officers. Some Centurions, and among the reft the firft captain of a le-

ment

to Brntus.

He

Vibulius, fuftered the Baftinado, which was an ignominious punifhment, and frequently morgion,
tal.

named

the Confulfhip of Pollio and Calvinus,^ Herod was declared, by the Romans, king of Jud^a.
It
is

Under

joferh.
''*"*^<l*

furprizing that this

;l
:.

title,

>

which had been extind |^Je b

4'

^i ^'i^forJutiI. tit

,04

DOMITIUS

11.

ASlNltJS, ConfulC^

A.R.7t. for fo many years, and refnfed formerly by PoiTfp4f jA.nt. c. ^^ Hyrcan, fprung from a race of kings, fhouid be ^* renewed in favour of a man, who not only did not

belong to the royal line, but was even a ilranger, and an Idumcan by origin. Herod was obliged for this Thofe people were acto the war of the Farthians. Hyrcan v/as tually almoft entire mailers of Judca. their prifoner, and they had let up as a king, Antigonus, chief of the branch, in enmity with Hyrcan. In, this fituation of affairs, Antony thought it would be of fervice to him,- to oppoie to the king eftabliihed by the Farthians, one who v^as in friendfnip with the Romans. Herod then, who had come to Rome, to reprefent the melancholy condition of Judea, and to implore a fpeedy affiftance, obtained more than he demanded. As he knew that the Romans did not vifually grant the name of king, but to thofe who are of the royal progeny, he intended to afk that title
for his brother-in-law,

brother to the unfortunate Mariamnc, grandibn of Ariftobulus by his father, and of Hyrcan by his mother ; while in the mean time, he intended to referve all the power and functions

;.

of royalty to himfelf Antony, however, thought Herod it more proper to join tht title to the office. was agreeable to him, and to all Csfar's party, both on account of the fervices he did them himfelf, as He was well as of thofe of Antipater his father. ther^ore declared king by a decree of the Senate, and the Triumviri added to it tokens of honours of all 'kinds, an account of which may be feen in the hiftoi
rian Jofephus.

law very famous in the Roman legiflature, was It paired this yeaf by the Tribune F. Falcidius. ffi'^' liberty of m.aking unbounded uttk.22. tended to reflrain the wills, which the citizens enjoyed, and very frequently
Dio.

'

'

It was no rare cafe, for exam.ple, for the abufed. Teftator to drain the.eilate by the number and greatnefs of the legacies, (6 that there remained hardly any They had, for a great thincy for the natural heirs.

while, f^^^ th^ inconveniency of this

^

laft

abufe, and

had

DOMITIUS
had endeavoured
to

II.

ASINIUS,
it,

Confuls.

105

but without fuccefs. A. R. 71*. Falcidius therefore caufed a law to be made, order^^^^f^ ing that the fourth part of the goods of the Teftator, and if the fum iliould abfolutely belong to the heirs of the legacies exceeded three quarters of the eftate, it fhould be lawful for them to take from the legatees
-,

remedy

as

much

as

would make up the quarter due

to them.

This privileged quarter has been called the Faicidium, from the Tribune Falcidius. The old king Dejotarus, whom I have had occa- pj^^
.

fion frequently to mention, died

at lau in a his affairs

vanced age.

He

had managed

very advery v/ell,

with regard to his political condud:, and his proceedings with the Romans who were his proteftors, or Being in friendfliip with Cicero, rather his mailers. Cato, and Brutus, in the civil war between Csfar and Pompey, he attached himfelf to the bed party. Neceflity, however, obliged him to yield to the conqueror ; but after the death of Ca^far, he fhewed to the world that neither difgraces, nor even torpid old age, had been able to leffen his courage and boidnefs. But he forcibly recovered all that had been taken from him by the refentment of the Dictator. Befides, he gave afliftance to Brutus, the laft affertor of the Roman liberty. I am forry that Dejotarus, who had
{6

many commendable

qualities, fliould

have tarnifhed

the glory of them by his domeilick cruelties. Strabo, strabo i and particularly Plutarch, accufes him of havin^oeen xii. Pl'ut'. the executioner of his whole family. He treated it ^*^?*^*
as
a

vine-drefTer treats a vine,

cutting off

all

the

^^^^

'

branches but one, in order to make that fiourilh. Thus Dejotarus put all his children to death, to raife the fortune of him whom he chofe to make his heir. But authors have not informed us, whether this project, w^hich he pufhed by fuch barbarous means, llicceeded or not. His fuccelTor, in the tetrarchy, is called Cailor by Dio. The Confuls were chofe for the following year, according to the plan agreed on by the two Triumviri ; that is to fay, out of a nutnber of the fr'ends

of

io6

MA^CIUS,

A
'

R. 712.
4iP.

of each of them. Marcius. Ccnlbrinus, and Calvifius Sabinus, one of whom had been left by Antony to command in tjreece during his abience, while he p.aflfed into' Afia ; and we (hail fee the othqr at the head of the naval forces of O^lavius, againlt the generals of Sextus Pompeius.

GAIvVISIUS, Coiifuls.Thofe who began the year were

A.R.

713.

L. Marcius Censorinus.
C. Calvisius Sabinus.
authority of the Confulfliip was very much weakened, and reduced almoft to nothing. But at

Ant. C.
39-

The

they had kept up to the form with regard to the duration of it fo far, as that there had been none created Confuls, who were not named to contileaft hitherto

nue to the end of the year ; though feveral of them were obliged, both by the Di(5tator Casfar, and by the Triumviri, to refign before that time was expired, in
jDio,

order to leave this honourable title for others, whom Marcius Cenforinus they wanted to invefl with it. and Calvifms Sabinus were the firft Confuls, who, entering upon the office the firft of January, were

Ordinarii.

Suffeai.

Minores.

only to continue a certain number of months, at the end of which they were to be relieved by fuccelTors, This pracappointed at the fame time with them. tice^ which viHfied and degraded more and more the Confulfhip, was followed conftantly by the emperors. Afte? this there were no more annual Confuls. Thofe who began the year, gave in their names, and were Called the Ordinary ; the others whom they called Subftituted, were hardly known but in Rome and In the provinces they were but little heard of, Italy. and for this reafon they were called The Little Confuls.

The
had
to

great

number of

thofe,

whom

the Triumviri

recompence, was one of the caufes which In-

The fame fluenced them to multiply the Confulfhip. motive alfo engaged them to introduce, or allow to
come
even
into the Senate, all kinds of
as far as

common

foldiers

unworthy members, and llaves. One Vh

bius

iVTARCIUS, CALVISIUS,
t)ius

Conlitls.

107
\^''^q*'
39.

Maximus, appointed

Quseftor, was

known by

his mafter,
flavery.

who

claimed him, and fent him back into

alfo

found amongft the legionary foldiers, a.flave, who had been thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, after he had been firft made free, in order to give more diflindion and folemnity to his puIn a word, confufion and licentioufnefs nilhment. reigned in all ranks, and thofe who itill preferved any fentiments of decency and publick honour, or any tafte for the ancient manners, faw nothing on all hands but afflicting objefts. But the thoughts of the people were taken up with Applan. a difafter, which affeded them more nearly ; and this ^^io* was a famine, which the fquadrons of Sextus Pom-

There was

peius lta,tioned along the coaft, occafioned in Rome and Italy. As he was mafter of the iflands of Sicily, NSardinia, and Corfica, he interrupted the commerce

both of the Eaft and Weft, and his corfairs kept conftantly at fea to intercept their convoys, which might come from Africa. Hunger is a very great incentive. The people grew tumultuous, and called aloud upon the TriumBut Oflavius reviri to make peace with Sextus. maining inflexible, Antony concluded that they muft put themlelves in a condition to make war immediately, before the famine fhould come to an extremity. It was not polTible to undertake the war without having recourfe to new impofitions. They gave out orders, to tax the mafters at the rate of twelve Denarii and a half, for the head of each flave which they pofleiTed, and to retain a certain quota upon the fucceffions and legacies for the publick expence. Then the people loft all patience, and the placards of the money edifts were pulled down. They thought it ftrange that the Triumviri, after having drained the publick treafury, fpoiled provinces, harrafled Italy with profcriptions, confifcations, and all manner of extortions, fhould ftill rob the citizens of that little which was left them ; and that not for a war which interefted the State, or tended to the good of the em,

pire.

,p8

MARCIUS, CALVISIUS,

Confuls.

A. R.713, pire, but for their particular quarrels, for their arn'^'' ^' bition, and deilroying a family which was an enemy
^^*

to their grandeur.

publick indignation againfi: the Triumviri, turned into affeftion for Sextus j and the common people teflified their fentiments at the games of the Circus, where it was the cullom to carry in pomp the They received it with extraordillatue of Neptune. nary applaufe in honour of Sextus, who called himOdavius obferved this infclf the fon of that God. clination in them, and in order to prevent the like fcene afterwards, during the time of the feafts, he forbid them to bring thither the ftatue of Neptune. But the people demanded it, and not being able to

The

They beobtain fatisfadion, they became furious. gan to throw ftones, and 06lavius coming to prefent himfelf to the enraged populace, run a rifk of being Neither his firmnefs in expofing himlelf to killed. their blows, nor his reprefentations, nor even his entreaties, when he faw the danger became prefTmg^ Antony came to could calm the fury of the tumult. his affiftance, and as he pafled for being well enough difpofed in favour of the peace they defired, the people at firil did not offer to hurt him, but only begged him to retire. Upon his refufmg they threw ftones at him, and he was obliged to fend orders for the troops, who having made a great flaughter among the mutineers, opened a paffage for him to where his coUegue was, whom he at laft difengaged. The dead bodies were thrown into rhe Tiber, and their number, together with the licentioufnefs of the fol,diers and mob, who plundered them, was a new fub^ jecl of grief, but of a grkf v^^hich fear obliged them to
.

conceal.

Odavius

increafed

this

difcontent
to

by the

feaft

which he gave according

-of his firfl The beard, confecrated in ceremony to fome God. young Romans never fliaved till the agie of one" or two and twenty years; but contented themlelves with
clip-

cuftom^ u'pon occafion ufing the Razor, and the firfl- fruits of his

iV^ARCIUS, CALVISIUS, ConlSl^

109
7x3.
*
'

06tavius had A.R. clipping the hairs which were too lonp;. He waited till he was five and twenty years old. wanted to celebrate that day with magnificence, and But inftead of being give a feaft to all the populace. applauded for this by the multitude, it renewed their complaints. They obferved, that this extraordinary and ufelefs expence was very ill placed, at a time

when the citizens were itarving. Odavius at laft was obliged to

yield to the people,

or rather to neceflity, and give his confent to an accommodation with Sextus. In the mean while, to fave appearances, he would not be feen in the begin-

ning of a negotiation. It was Antony who firft propofed the affair to Libo, the father-in-law of Sextus, and brother-in-law of Oclavius. He propofed to Libo's friends at Rome to invite him by letters to come and vifit his country, in order to enjoy the advantages of his new alliance with Ocflavius, and on another account ftill more important. Libo having obtained the confent of Sextus, came to the ifland of Enaria, upon the coafl of Campania, at a fmall dif-If'-'^is; tance from Naples. But he would not proceed any further without a fafe-guard from Odlavius, v;ho ftill made the people prefs him to grant it. The ardour of the multitude for peace was fo great, that they forced Mucia, the mother of Sextus, to go to her fon, and join her maternal authority to the wifhes of the citizens y and upon that lady's making fome refiftance at firft, the people were in fiich a rage, as to threaten to burn her in her houfe. This precaution of the people was by no means fup^rfiuous. Sextus himlelf had no inclination to peace, and Menas, his freedman and confident, who at thac time commanded confiderable kd. and land forces in Sardinia, wrote to him not to leave off the war, or at leaft to fpin out the negotiation as long as he could,' that the famine might render the Triumviri more tradable, and procure hirp more advantageous con.

ditions.

It

no
^:^:V^' Ant.
C.
39.

.MARCIUS,, CALVISIUS,
Jt
is ti'-ue

Confuls.

that thofe

illuftrious

Romans, who had

found a retreat in Italy, were of a contrary opinion, and alledged that he only advifed the continuation of the war, becaufe thereby he gained great profits and And they probably guefled right, but it honours. was an eafy matter to retort the reproach againft themfelves, for their intereft was manifeft in the opiIt was vifible that they wanted nion they embraced.
to return to their

and Sextus,

own country after fo long an exile j no doubt, knew well enough that they
which
his

freedman had with him. It was at this time that Murcus, behaving with more haughtinefs than the reft, was bafely afialTmated by order of Sextus ; and as this tragical example ferved as a warning to thofe who were of his way of thinking, to be more circumfped with regard
fuffered impatiently the credit

to their external behaviour, it only encreafed their defire to free them from the dependance on a chief,

capable of afting in fo cruel a manner. Libo felt the difficulty of conducting a negotiation, which could not fucceed but contrary to the natural In order to wiflies of the parties to be reconciled. not to expofe himfelf to get rid of the trouble, and conference between the reproaches, he propofed a. they might terminate the difthree generals, that lb themfelves. The people of Rome ferences between fled for fugitives refuge to Sextus on one fide, and the on the other, fupported the propofition fo ftrongly, Antony and Oflavius marched that it was accepted. with their troops to the coaft of Baiae ; and Sextus came to lie before the Promontory of Mifenum, on Jjoard a gaily of fix rows of oars, attended by a beau;

who was

tiful

and numerous

fleet.

In preparing for the conference, they took fuch meafures as fliewed they had but little confidence in Upon fl:akes drove into the fea they one another. raifed two bridges, between which they left an empty
fpace.

That bridge which joined

to the land

was for
firfl;

At the the Triumviri, the other for Sextus. were widely diflerent. ^terview, their' claims ^'"^ "' '..',''
"
' '

in-

'

'

Sextus de'

M'ARCIUS, CALVlSmS,

Confuls.

m
A. R. 713. ^^^^''
3?-

demanded no lefs than to be made a coUegue with Odavius and Antony, and to be fubftitiited in the room of the weak Lepidus. The Triumviri, on the contrary, would only allow him the fimple liberty of They parted then very little fareturning to Rome. tisfied with one another, but in the mean time, without breaking off the negotiation. The famine was a prelTmg reafon for the Triumviri, and Sextus faw himfelf warmly follicited by thofe who were about him. They even committed violence upon him in a*- manner ; and at a time when they fatigued him with thek foUicitations, he cried out, tearing his cloaths, that he was betrayed by thofe whom he had faved, and that Menas was the only perfon, whofe bravery and fidelity he could depend upon. However, in fpite of fo Itrong a proteftation, he could not refill the entreaties of fo many great perfons, Ibpported by thofe of his mother. The peace was concluded upon very honourable terms for him, if he could have depended upon their being punctually obferved. In this treaty he ftipulated for himfelf, for the illuftrious fugitives to whom he had given fanftuary, and for his foldiers. For himfelf he obtained, the confirmed and peaceable pofleflion of the iflands of Sicily, Sardinia, and

was likewife added Achaia. All which he was to pofiefs, as long as the Triumviri themfelves Ihould enjoy their proper diflrids. They iikewife prbmifed him the Confulfhip, with a power to exercife that office in his abfence, by means of aiiy of his friends whom he- Ihould appoint hi-s proxy. They alfo aflured him of the dignity of Augur, and feventy millions of Sefterces on his father's eftatc, five hundred and forty-fix thoufan'd nine hundred andfortyfive pounds fterling. As to the fugitives, or exiles, they were diflributed into three clalTes, the murderers of Casfar, the profcribcd, and thofe who had fled voluntarily. The firft were not comprehended in the treaty.' But according to the teftimony of Appian and Dio, they had
a ver-

Corfica, to which

112
A. R.
'^"^.'

MARCIUS, CALVISIUS,
7*5-

Confuls.

"*

a verbal commiffion granted them, to chufe a place of exile, where they might live in fafety. The profcribed were re-eftablifhed in all their rights and pribut they reilored them only a fourth part vileges of their goods which had been confifcated. Thofe who had neither been condemned nor profcribed, were reilored to all their privileges and eftates, except their moveables. Some of the moft diftinguifhed amongft them obtained exprefsly magiftracies and
,

prieftlhips.

of Sextus were likewife treated very There were a great many of them in favourably. Being fure of finding liberty the condition of (laves. in Sicily, the (laves had deferted in flocks out of Italy and this defertion came to luch a height, that the

The

foldiers

amongft the vows which they addreffed to the Gods for the good of the empire, had received orders the preceding year to add a prayer, defiring a cefTation of that calamity. The (laves, who had inlilted with Sextus, were preferved by the treaty in the enjoyment of their liberty and they promiied the free foldiers, who ferved in the army and fleets, the fame recompences, after their term of fervice fhould be expired, which had been granted to the foldiers of the
Veflals,
-,

Triumviri.
'

Sextus reaped from this treaty, he reciprocally engaged himfelf to draw off his troops from the ports which they occupied in Italy j no more to receive any fugitive (laves ; not to augment his naval forces to defend Italy againfl the pirates, and to fend to Rome the fame remittances of

For

lb

many advantages which

corn and other taxes, v/hich thofe ifles that were yielded to him ufed formerly to pay. After thofe articles had been adjufted, the folemn aft which confirmed them was fealed by the three contrafting generals, and fent to Rome to be kept by the I'he conVeftals, as a precious -and fac red charge. ferences ended v;ith teftimonies of reciprocal friendthey (liook hands and embraced. fhip
,

'^

The

MARCIUS, CALVISIUS,
The joy which
this

Confuls.

113

peace occafioned, was'equal to

Italy delivered the ardour with which it was defired. from the fear of a famine, which already began to be violently felt, and a great number of the Citizens of

^ ^- ^*
J,"

7^3*

Rome

reftored to their country after a long exile,

were for <i while inexhauftible fubjefls both of publick and particular congratulations. The moft illuftrious of thofe who were re-eltabliHied by this treaty, were L. Aruntius, and M. Julius Silanus, vdl. C. Sentius Sattirninus, and M. Titius, who, after ''7* returning thanks to Sextus proportioned to the favour they had received of him, followed Odavius to Rome, and were afterwards advanced to the highell
honours.

11,

Thofe who were the lead contented with

It
is

this peace,
it.

were doubtlefs the three Chiefs who concluded

very certain, that Odavius efpecially, at the fame time that he fwore, was firmly refolved to break They all three, however, it the firft opportunity. fhewed great appearances of rejoicings, by the entertainments which they agreed to give one another by
turns.

fhould begin ; and the lot falling upon Sextus, Antony afked him where he would receive them " Jn my keel,'* replied Sextus J " for that is all the paternal houfe which relots
:

They drew

among them who

piut.

Ant.

A^P'^''^'
^*

mains to Pompey." This was a reproach to Antony, who had ufurped the houfe which belonged to
**

Pompey
in

more happy the Latin, becaufe the fame ^ word which Sextus
in

Rome.

The

allufion

is flill

made

ufe of to exprefs his veffel, was the

name of

that

part of

houfe ftood. During the entertainment, they were very merry,

his father's

Rome

where

expence of Antony, whofe palTion for Cleopatra furnilhed matter for a great deal of pleafantry ; but the fcene would have changed, and become very ferious, if Sextus had yielded to Liie advice of Menas, who whifpered him in the ear j " Al-

and

chiefly at the

In carinis meis.

Vell.
I

II. 77,

Vol. X,

<

low

114
A. K. 713." Ant. c. tt

MARCIUS, CALVISIUS,
low

Confuls.

of the anchors, and thus make you maftcr not only of Sicily and Sardinia, " but alio of the whole univerfe." The enticement was ftrong, and Sextus had need of reflection to conHe firm himfelf againil fo powerful a temptation. confidered it a moment, and honour prevailing over " You his intereft and ambition, he anfwered Menas " ought to have done it without telhng me ; but '* fince you have mentioned it to me, we muft be *' content with what we have, for I cannot perjure
to cut the cordage
-,

me

"

myfelf."
Sextus's guefts heard nothing of what was faid,

Appian.

and the entertainment ended as gaily as it begun. They even began to talk of publick affairs, and projedle'd a marriage between two children who were very young, viz. the daughter of Sextus with young Marcellus, the fon of Odiavia, fon-in-law to Antony, and nephew to 06tavius, Appian adds, that next day they entered into fchemes amongft themfelves with regard to the Confulfhip for a great while to come. I lliall hereafter mention what is neceflary about this, The Triumviri treated their new in its proper place. allies fuccefiively in their turns in tents pitched purpofely on the beach j after which they parted, Sextus returning to Sicily, and Odavius and Antony to

Rome. They
Plut,

pafied fome time there in perfefl harmony, and agreed in all affairs of confequence wherein they

were concerned.

games and amufements, the fuperiority of 0<5lavius above Antony, put the In fhort, Plutarch afTures us, latter out of humour. But
in their

that in every

game of chance between them, Oftavius had always the better. At other times, when they had cock-fighting, or quails, which they trained up
to that exercife, the vidory was always on Odavius's This continual train of bad fuccefs in trifles, fide. was a real- mortification to Antony, and difpofed him

to liflen to the advice of an Egyptian aflrologer,

who

belonged to

his

retinue,

himfelf the dupe of his

and who, whether he was own deceitful art, or, which

is

MARCIUS, CALVISIUS,
is

Confuls.

115

more likely, was gained over by Cleopatra, toA-R-7ii ^^^' ^' bring back Antony to her, was conftantly telling him 39'
and exalted,

that his fortune, which of itfelf was great

was obfcured by that of Oflavius. He exhorted him in confequence of it to Ihun the prefence of his young' " For," faid he, " your genius is afraid collegue. " of his. When it is alone, and far removed from " this competitor, it is fierce and elevated ; but when " they approach near each other, it is fearful and de-

" je6led." However contemptible fuch a philofophy may be, thefe fuperftitious notions, joined to thofe fmall, but fenfible and repeated difguils which Antony received, had their effedt. He left Italy, and arrived at Athens, taking with him Oilavia, who a little while before was delivered of a daughter. Antony's (lay at Athens was very agreeable to him, and he palfed the winter there, laying afide the pomp of his high ftation which conftrained him, and
familiarizing himfelf willingly with a people,

who

have always, had the chara6ler of gaiety, politenefs, and an ingenious flattery towards their fuperiors. Thus in the feaft which he gave to the Athenians, on account of the viftories which Ventidius his lieutenant had obtained over the Parthians, as I fnall very foon relate, he exercifed himfelf the office of mailer of the He fubftituted the badges of his office of a revels. citizen, to the magnificent equipages of his triumviral dignity, and prefided a: the feaft in a cloak and focks after the Grecian manner. It was in confequence of the fame tafte for fooliffi Athen.iv, trifling, that partly from drunkennefs, and partly g^*^^ Su^ from a popular vein, he renewed the fcene which he/or. L had afted before in Afia, m making himfelf be honoured as a new Bacchus. They obferved, on his account, all the joyous ceremonies of the God of wine, and he reprefented him perfonally perfectly well. Bat the Athenians being willing to encourage this humour of Antony, were but very ill rewarded for their pleafantry. For taking into their heads, after having laluted him as Bacchus, to offer him in marriage the godI 2
,

,,6

CONTENTS.
her dowry.

A.R.71V goddefs Minerva, their protedlrcfs, he accepted the Ant. C. pj-Qpofai^ and taxed them at a thoufand talents as
39*

wag

in the

him on
brcnif^ht
fifled in

this

fubjedl,

reprefented to that Semele her mother had

company

delay

But Antony ftill perdemanding the thoufand talents, and without though Dellius, ftill purluing the fame huno portion to Jupiter.
to him, that according

mour, obferved
praftice at

to the ufuaj

Rome, they had commonly

three years al-

lowed them to pay the portion at three different payThis affair put the Athenians into an ill huments. mour, and fet them on pafquinading Antony for it, which only diverted him, not at all envying them this
little

revenge.

While he amufed himfelf with thofe frivolous pastimes, Ventidius made war for him againft the Parthians with fuccefs capable of raifing his jealoufy. His
thirft after

the glory of arms was not at all abated. He was afraid that his lieutenants would leave him and having refolved to put himfelf at nothing to do
,

the head of his armies in the Eaft, he fet out from Athens the beginning of the year, when Ap. Claudius and Norbanus were Confuis,

SECT.
Motions of the Parthians.

in.

Conduced by Lahienm the

T'hey ejiablifo Antigonus king fon^ they invade Syria. Lahienus of Judea, and carry away Hyrcan prifoficr.

Venconquers Cilicia, and penetrates as far as Caria. tidius, Antony's lieutenant, arrives, and obtains over
Antony^ jealous of the glory of Ventidius, leavss Athens to put himThe third victory of felf at the head of his armies. Ventidius, where Pacorus prince of the Parthians is
killed.

the Farthians two vil cries fuccffjively.

Ventidius dares not pufh

his advantages,

fear of provoking the jealoufy of Antony. Samofates, the fuccefs of which does no honour to AnThe triumph of Vmtidius, The taking of Jetony,

for The fiege of

rufaleni

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Confuls.

u;
and

Antigonus is whipped rufalem by Sofius and Herod, with rcds^ and put to death like a criminal. Herod

put

in peaceahle pojjejfion

of the crown.

Confujion

O^avius falls in contempt of all the laws in Rome. He divorces Scribonia the fame day love with Livia. He marries Livia, who jhe was delivered of Julia.
him by her hupand, when fhe was fix The birth of Drufus. Tibemonths gone with child. rius and Drufus brought up in the palace of O^avitis. Caufes- of the rupture between Ohavius and Sextus. Menas made free by Sextus, goes into O^lavius's fervice. Preparations of 05iavius for the war. fea-fight near Cuma. Another near the rock of Scylla, where 05favius^s fleet is very much damaged. tempefl compleats the ruin of the ?iaval forces of O^avius. Sextus does not know how to make a right ufe of this opportunity. O^avius takes time to make new preparaAgrippa^ conqueror in Gauly refufes a triumphs tions. A continuation of the Triumviri for five years. Agrippa charged with the prep-a?-ations for war againfi Sextus. The port of Julius formed by the junSiion of the lakes A pretended Omen which of Lucrinus and Avernus. happened to hi via.

was

yielded to

Ap. Claudius Pulcher. C. NORBANUS FlACCUS.

a t. A.R.

714,

Ant. C.
38.

Have

deferred

till

now mentioning
I

the Parthians, that

into one fubjecto

the motions of might be able to conne6t

therefore be necefiary

'

them

It will

to begin farther back.

the beginning of the civil wars amongft the juftin. Romans, the Parthians had always an inclination to^^^'4'

From

They remembered that that follow Pompey's party. general, when he was formerly in the Eaft, had obferved a pacific condud: with regard to them. And befides, they knew that M. CrafTus, fecond fon of Craffus their enemy, was attached to Csfar, and had ferved in his army, which was another motive for them to imagine, that if this faction became vi6toriI

ous.

ii8
A'.R.7i4. Giis,
*-

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Confuls.

'^"It

Dio.

And, indeed, they had reafon to expeft a war. we have leen that Caefar was ready to make war upon them, at the time he was affafllnated. After his death, the Parthians ilill purfuing their They had preplan, favoured Brutus and Caflius. pared to fend them fuccours, when they received the news of their defeat, and deplorable end. The perfon who follicited their affiftance, was Labienus, the fon of the famous deferter, who from
,

being Ccefar's creature and lieutenant, became his The fon inherited his father's implacable enemy. hatred againft Ca;far's party ; and having loft his hopes by the ruin of Brutus and Caflius, he chofe rather to remain under a foreign power, than to expofe himfelf to inevitable death in his own country. At firft, he was but little confidered by thofe who but having always his eye upon the protefted him turn which affairs took in the Roman Empire, upon the firft troubles which arofe between Odavius and Antony, he reprefented to the Parthians, that it was a favourable opportunity for them ; and that while the principal Roman forces deftroyed each other in Italy, by the Tufcan war, and Antony was, rendered effeminate in Egypt by Cleopatra, they might avenge themfelves for the unjuft war which CrafTus had made againft them, and even invade the Roman provinces, which were fituated in their neighbourhood, and lay conve,

Viient for

them.
liftened to,

and Orodes, king of the Parthians, raifed a powerful army to make an inHe eftabliftied his fon Pacorus vafion upon Syria. general of this army, and gave him for his counfeljors Barzaphirnes and Labienus, in whofe good condud he chiefly depended for fuccefs. And indeed, he was not difappointed in his hope. Antony had left DecidiLis Saxa, who had been a long time ftrongly But the attached to him, to command in Syria. troops which he gave him, had ferved under CafLabienus found then among them friends and fius. acquaintances, and he knew fo well to take the ad-

His advice was

vantage

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Confuls.

119
'

vantage of that, and to put them in mind of theA-^'74 oath they had formerly taken to the defenders of the -g, Roman 11 berry, that they revolted to a man. All the towns opened their gates to them, and even Apame and Antioch received them, and Saxa, abandonee^ by his army, was reduced to kill himfelf with his own hand, that he might not fall into the power of the conqueror. There was only Tyre which refifted the Parthians, conduded by Labienus. The garrifoa was faithful, and was fupplied by a concourfe of all thofe who had left Syria, in order to fhun the new yoke of the Parthians. Having thus fubdued Syria, the Parthians pafled jof. Ant, into Jude^, whither they were invited by Antigonus, xiv, 23. nephew and rival to Plyrcan. That prince, polTefTed J^j^j *,^ with the blind fury of reigning, was not afhamed to promilc them, in order to obtain their afliftance, not only a thoufand talents of filver, but five hundred women. The Parthians over-run all Judea, and, feconded by Antigonus's party, they cafily rendered themfelves mailers of the whole country, and penetrated into Jerufalem. Herod and his brother, who defended, or rather governed Hyrcan, made neverBut the Parthelefs a ftrong refiftance in the palace. thians, joining perhdy to force, according to their ufual practice, perfuaded the weak Hyrcan, and even Phazael, the brother of Herod, to come and negotiate a peace with them ; and when they had them in their power, they put them in chains, contrary to their oath, and delivered them to their enemies. Phazael killed himfelf in defpair. As to Hyrcan, the rage of Antigonus hurried him to fuch an unnatural ex-

and tear his ears off, thereby to render him for ever uncapable of the fovereign priellhood, which by the law could not be enjoyed by a man who was maimed in any of his members. The Parthians even carried away with them the unfortunate Hyrcan, that Antigonus, whom they had eftablilhed king of Judea, might have no umbrage. It was at that time Herod, having no more refource in any 1 4
cefs,

as to

make him

bite

I20

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Confuls.

A.R. 7U. any of thofe whom he faw about him, went to Rome, "^"38.^' as I have before related, and obtained of Antony and Odtavius the title of king.
Dio.

Labienus pufhed his viftories, and entered into Plancus was charged by Antony to defend Cilicia. the provinces of Afia-, but being a very indifferent v/arrior, he tied at the approach of the enemy, and went over into fome of the neighbouring ifles, where he found a fure retreat, bccaufe the Parthians had no The country thus abandoned, lay at the veffels. mercy of the conquerors, and Labienus penetrated even to Caria, where he took and deifroyed the towns But he failed in his attempt of Mylafa and Alabanda.

upon

Stratonicia.

Stfabol XIV, p.
Vk>.

have had occafion already to mention, did the duty of a good citizen upon this cccafion, and animated the Carians, his countrymen, to defend themfelves with courage. As he was a man of an agreeable wit, he ridiculed the vanity of Labienus, and in order to contrafl the title of Parthian, which that general took, he caufed himThis pieafantry was very fg]f to be called Carian. ^^^'^11 founded, for Labienus afted quite the reverfe of the Roman generals, who borrowed new firnames of the provinces which they had vanquifhed, and not of thofe whom he led to make war againft their coun-

Hybreas, the Orator,

whom

trymen.

The

fuccefs

afterwards

Vv^as

not favourable

to Hybreas j his country and the town of Mylafa were ruined, as I have faid, and he himfelf obliged to retire to the iiland of Rhodes, in order to fave his life.

Such was the

fituation

of

affairs

when Ventidius

arrived in Afia, being fent by Antony, who had jull concluded the treaty at Brundufium with Odavius.

foon as he arrived, things entirely changed their Labienus retreated immediately as far appearance. as Mount I'aurus, in order to be fupplied with the forces of the Parthians, the main body of which remained ilill in Syria. Ventidius followed them ; and upon approaching the army of the Parthians, knowing the fuperiority of the cavalry of that nation in

As

fight-

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,
fighting

Confuls.

12^^

ground, he encamped upon a-^^'7H The enemy, ^g, height, affefting a flievv of timidity. proud of their numbers, and the victories which they had gained, came and imprudently attacked him upon a rifing ground. In a kind of fight where agility of motion or arrows were of little fervice, all the adThey had vantage was on the fide of the Romans. greatly the better of the Parthians, and without trouble Labieor rilk cut them in pieces, and routed them. nus faved himfelf by flight But was known, after he had wandered fome time in Cilicia, by Demetrius, a freedman of Cslar the Didator, and propofed by Antony for the government of the ifland of Cyprus, who took him prifoner, and, very probably, put him What makes me of this opinion is, that to death. hiftory makes no more mention of him after he was This lirll vidory of Ventidius reftored to taken. Antony all the country which Labienus had taken

upon

plain

from him in Afia. It was prefently followed by a fecond, in which the Satrap Barzapharnes was killed, and which recoThere was only the vered to the Romans all Syria. little ifland of Aradus, which perfiflied in rebellion becaufe it had off'ended Antony too much, to hope The inhabitants of Aradus had for any favour. burnt alive Curtius Salafliis, who came to raife contributions upon them for Antony. They were obfl:inate in maintaining the fiege, which was long. For
courageous people, and flcilful in war. But their forces were too unequal to be able to o-et
they were
-a

the better.

was upon occaflon of thefe two vidories of Ven- piut. Ant tidius, that Antony celebrated at Athens the feaft which I have given an account of. I have added that the Triumvir, jealous of the honour of his lieutenant, marched fpeedily to gather thofe laurels which properly belonged to him, and the honour of which he only borrowed. But before he arrived at the army, Ventidius had obtained a third vidory, which might be looked upon as putting an end to the war. Paco*

It

122
A.R- 7HAiit. c.

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Confuls:

Dioi* XLix.

Pacorus' returned into Syria with a numerous army, gyring the Confulfliip of Ap. Claudius and Norbanus and had he made hafte to pafs the Euphrates, he would very much have embarrafTed Ventidius, who had not, at that time, all his forces alTembled, and a
part of whofe legions was then in Cappadocia, beyond Mount Taurus. In order to prevent this from hap-

There was in his pening, he made ufe of artifice. camp a Syrian prince, named Channseus, who h knev7 kept a correfpondence with the Parthians. Ventidius, inftead of punifhing him, or fhewing any diftruft, feigned fomiCtimes to confult him, and on the occafion which we are now fpeaking of he told him, that he fhould be very glad if the enemy would pafs the river at Zeugma, according to their ufual cuftom i becaufe in chat country there were heights, which he knew how to make ufe of againft them ; but that he fhould look upon it as an unfavourable circumfiance to him, if they went to fearch for a paffage below, where they would find plains very commodious for the operations of their cavalry. The perfidious Channseus laid hold of this falfe confidence, and, being impofed upon by Ventidius, he impofed upon the prince of the Parthians, who thought he could not take a better refolution than that which the enemy was afraid of. This retarded Pacorus forty days, both on account of the large fweep he was oblio-ed to take, and becaufe the river being very broad at the part where he palTed it, the throwing a During bridge over it took up a great deal of time. this interval, Ventidius had fufficient leifure to afr femble his troops, and he had his army compleat three days before the Parthians had paffed the river. The two armies met in the Cyrrheftica, a country of Syria, and they were not long in fight of each The Parthians, other before they came to blows. though they had been twice defeated by Ventidius, had loft nothing of their rafh prefumption, but became new dupes to the fame appearance of timidity, by which that general had before drawn them into
the

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,
the fnare.

Confuls.

123

Pacorus, feeing that the Romans keptA.R.7H' clofe in their camp, came to attack them. But he "^^g.^* was not only repulled, but loft the bed of his troops, and even his life. He died fighting valiantly, and his death compleated the rout of his army. The Romans obtained an entire victory, and they reckoned then that they had payed back the Parchians, for The fliers divided themfelves. the defeat of CrafTus. I'hofe who attempted to get back to the bridge, were the moll part prevented and flain by the victors. The reft retired to Antiochus king of Commagena. If Ventidius had purfued his vidory, and entered Plut.& Mefopotamia, the empire of the Parthians had been^^expofed to very great danger. For the death of Pacorus had Ipread an. extraordinary confternation amongft them. But Antony's lieutenant was afraid of having too well ferved his general, and he did not think that it was at all prudent to exafperate, by a

new

fuccefs,

his jealoufy,

which had already been

therefore contented himfelf with bringing back to their duty the little princes and

carried but too far.

He

towns of Syria, which ftill preferved an affedrion for the Parthians ; and knowing that Pacorus made himfelf equally beloved by the Syrians for his juftice, as admired for his bravery, he ordered his head to be carried all round the country, that being convinced of his death by the teftimony of their own eyes, the people might more eafily forget a prince, whom they could never be detached from while they thought he was alive. All fubmitted to the conqueror ; only Antiochus of Commagena, who was fummoned to deliver the Parthians, that had fled to him for refuge, refufed to obey. Ventidius went therefore to befiege him in Samofatis, his capital, and very foon obliged him to defire to capitulate for the fum of a thoufand talents. The exprefs orders of Antony hindered this propofal from being accepted. He was jufl: upon his arrival, and he wanted to referve for himfelf at leaft this laft
ex-

124
A.R.
714'

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,
exploit,

Confuls.

'^'58.^'

and to take the town ofSamofatis by force, But his political jealoufy turned out very ill. The ardour of the foldiers cooled when they faw Ventidius, inftead of being honoured and recompenced, turned out of all employment. And, on the contrary, the courage of the bcfieged was animated, by the defpair The which the refufal of their offer occafioned. fiege then was fpun out to a great length, and Antony at laft was extremely glad to accept of three hundred talents initead of a thoufand, and to grant a peace to Antiochus for this fum. This was the only fruit of Antony's expedition. He then returned to Odiavia at Athens, whofe lover he was at that time, as well as her hulband. Happy, if that lawful pafiion for his wife, had effaced for ever from his heart the remembrance of Cleopatra. They decreed him a triumph at Rome for the victories of Ventidilis; and in this there was nothing contradi6lory to the Roman laws, becaufe it was the cuftom with them always to attribute the honour of military fucceffes to the general, under whofe aufpices they were obtained. The true conqueror, however, was not fruflrated of for Antony, although he was jealous of his reward his lieutenant, was not of an unjuft or malicious cha* rafter, and did not envy Ventidius the triumph he fo
,

well deferved.

triumph decreed to Antony was not celebrated, becaufe that general was always employed in other But Ventidius, affairs, which he thought preferable. to whom fuch an honour was extremely agreeable, went to Rome to triumph over the Parthians. The ceremony was celebrated very pompoudy the twentyThey faw, not without aftoeighth of December. nifliment in Rome, a triumpher, who had himfelf been formerly led in triumph. And another Angulawhich encreafed the glory of Ventidius, was, rity, his being th firft who had triumphed over the ParHis thians, and he was a long time the only one. extraordinary merit had railed him from obfcurity, and

The

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Confuls.

125

and he was only obliged to Antony's friendihip, for ^^* 71^4' giving him opportunities of exercifing his talents. 38. Jofephus and Dio accufe him of avarice, which is the only fault which hiftory has laid to his charge. The vidories of Ventidius paved the way for He- Meph, rod's advancement, by depriving Antigonus of the This, however, was not an aid of the Parthians. eafy affair, to deftroy Antigonus, even after he had

That prince, fuponly his own forces to truit to. ported by his courage, and the affedion of the greateft part of the nation of Judea, made a refiftance at leafl for the fpace of a year ; and Sofius, who had been fettled governor of Syria, by Antony, was obliged to
employ
all

the

Roman

troops under his

command

againfi fo unequal an enemy.

The

city

of Jerufalem,
Sofius, at the

befieged not only by

Herod but by

head of a Roman army, confifting of eleven legions, defended itfelf for the fpace of five months. It was taken piece by piece ; the befieged intrenching themfelves always further in, in proportion as they abandoned what was forced by the enemy. In fhort, the temple, which was their laft rclource, and in the fandity of which, thefe fenfual people placed a blind confidence, was taken by aflault, on the fabbath, when they celebrated the folemn faft of the third month and "confequently the fame day that Pompey made himfelf mafter of it twenty-fix years before. For I have placed that event here, which happened the year
following.

with the blood of its inhabitants, without diftinflion either of age or fex. The indignation of the Romans was animated by the obftinate defence of the befieged, and the hatred of party, which was ftill more violent, puflied the Jews, who were attached to Herod, to grant no quarter to their unfortunate countrymen. However, after the firft fury was fatisfied, Herod faved the remains of that wretched city. He reprelented to the foldiers, that if they infilled upon plundering it, they would make him king of a defert. But thefe reprefentations

The

vidlors overflowed Jerufalem

126
^'^g* ^'
^
'

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,
little

Conful^;
effeft,
if

A. R.7i4fentations would have had very

they

had not been enforced by money, which he liberally diftributed amongft the Romans, from the general to
the

common

foldier.
alfo great pains to

hinder the prophanation of the temple, by putting a (lop to the indifcreet and eager curiofity of this multitude of ftrangThis great care of his deferves to ers and gentiles. be commended, provided it was the effed of zeal in

Herod took

him, and not to be attributed to a felfifh policy, and the defire of gaining the affedion of the people he was going to reign over. For the throne was his only objefb, and he facri-

Thus as the life ficed every thing to his ambition. of Antigonus muft create eternal difquietudes in him,
and always render uncertain his polTeffion of the crown, he fhewed no generofity v/ith regard to that unfortuOn the contrary, he was obltinately nate prince. Antigonus, by a bent on purfuing him to death. conduct very little worthy of that courage which he had till then dilcovered, gave himfelf up willingly into the hands of Sofius, who fent him in chains to Antioch, whither Antony was returned ; where Herod by his money and folicitations obtained, that he He was Ihould be tried for his life as a criminal. condemned, bound to a poft, beaten with rods, and at laft beheaded by the hands of a liclor, punifhments which the Romans had never before inflided upon any crowned head. In him ended the reign of the Afmoneans, who had exercifed the fovereign power, together with the high-priefthood, during the fpace of
himfelf then at the height of his willies, no more fimply adorned with the vain title of Royalty, but in real and peaceable poflefiion pf a kingdojn, which fome years before he rather
fixfcore years.

Plut.Dio.
^^'

Herod law

longed

after,

than hoped

for.

muft now return to the affairs of Rome and Italy, which prefent us with a fpedacle not lefs animated, though lefs ihining in hiftory.

We

The

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,
The
confufion, and contempt of
all

Confuls.

127
7i4-'

the laws, con- A. R.

During that ^^l\ tinued to disfigure the face of the city. year which the Confuls Appius Claudius and Nor- Dio. banus begun, they reckoned fixty-fevcn Prstors ; the Triumviri multiplying the number of magiftrates without meafure, by depofing and reftoring as they The Qujeftorfhip, for took it into their heads. which none could be regularly named before the age of twenty-feven years, was given to a youth who had not yet laid afide the Toga Prsetexta ; and he put on the Virilis next day after he was named. Senator

^'

newly created wanted to fight as a gladiator ; but he was prevented, and they made a decree, forbidding this inhuman debafement of the Senatorial dignity. But fury and perverfenefs had more force than this decree, which was frequently violated under the following ernperors. The affairs which employed Odlavius, and were conftantly his main objedl, did not, however, hinder Livia found means to inhis being fenfible to love. fpire him with a ilrong and la ii.^^ .-'^ffion, more by
the power of her v/it, than the chariUs of her beauty. She was lately returned to Rome with her hufband,
I have mentioned before, that a zeal Tiberius Nero. for the Republick, after the Perufian war, had made him fiy into Sicily with his whole family. There, his pride and haughtinefs could not ftcop to that complacency which Sextus demanded ; and he went into Greece after Antony, who brought him back with

Suet.
^* ^'

Tib.

him

into Italy.
j(hort

Livia was but a

ried,

while in

Rome

till

fhe enSuet
1^.-

gag-ed the affedtion of Odavius.

He

was indeed marAug<

^^'

but the peevifh humour of Scribonia his wife was very difagreeable to him and perhaps the infinuating gentlenefs of Livia, contributed not a little to make Scribcnia's rough behaviour the more infupportable. He ufed fo little ceremony with her, that he divorced her the fame day Die v/as delivered of a daughter, who turned out afterwards the too famous
,

Julia.

Pre-

j(2S
.A^>R.7i2

?!gk40PlUS, NORBANUS,
v>J^*;iEjlto:l5^''^<^'^'^i^^s
,

Coafuls.

watited to contract a marriage f^8.^\^Mtlkdb^nwhom.he. was, in love with. But there was ^' " which appeared likely ta rea'n^.n, Qbftacie in theywa^, !^r$?iM^i^i for Ihe was fix months gone with child, and
:

could not, without breaking through all the decency, difpente with waiting till -. sla^s and rules of The impatience of Odtavius =vilie was delivered. but attentive and fkilful -itWould not fuffer this delay colours to fave at leaft external appearx-.tin finding of Hfances, he confulted the college of the Pontiffs upon
^;xt:h,yv
-,

arthat extraordinary queftion, if a

woman

in Livia's

this ^ con> .iituation could be lawfully married ^ fultation, which viras rather a derifion, as Tacitus calls that provided it riit, the Pontiffs anlwered gravely,

To

..was uncertain

the father of the child, the -^inarriage could not be fuffered ; but that the circum-^ance^of a child conceived in lawful wedlock, being

who was

mother had been fix months pregnant, there could be no difficulty in the cafe proSuch was the decifion of the Pontiffs, conpofed. -formable perhaps, fays Dio, to what they found in But if their books had told them the -^^heir books. contrary, their anfwer would certainly have been the
'

well,

known

after the

fame.

next thing they had to confider, was the ceI)io!'^^^'remony of the marriage, in which Livia's hufband performed the office of a father, with regard to her, and authorized her to engage with Odavius. At the marriage fupper, the fimplicity of a child, whom Li-via amufed herfelf with, rebuked the new married couple for the indecency of their conduft. For as
Vell.ll.79.

The

06lavius and Livia were upon the fame couch at table, and Tiberius Nero upon another, the little flave, who did not yet underfland the reafon of it, approached in a furprife to Livia, and faid to her, " What do you do there, madam Behold your huf.?

*'
'<

band," Ihewing Tiberius Nero to her, " a great diftance from you."
rite

who

is

at

Cenfulti per ludibrium Pontifices, an concepto necdum edito

partu
nuberet.

Tag. Ann. 2

1.

xo.

At

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,
At
the end of three

Confuls.

129

months Livia was delivered of A. R. 714. a fecond Ton, whole name was Drufus, and Odavius ''^"g^^' did not fail to lend him to Tiberius Nero, as being But he could not, by this precaution, his father. hinder people from believing that the child was his own. There was a Greek verfe current amongft the people, to this purpofe, ' The * happy have childrea " after three months marriage." However, it is difficult to perfuade one's felf that Oflavius looked upon Drufus as his fon, if one refleds, that when he came
to

name

a fuccelior to the empire, he preferred to

him

Marcellus his nephew, Agrippa his fon-in-law, and the fons of his daughter. Tiberius Nero lived only five years after the birth of Drufus, and when he was dying, he named 06la-

The eldeft, who became vius tutor to his tvv-o fons. afterwards the emperor Tiberius, was at that time
Thus his f education, as well Suet. Tlb only nine years of age. as that of his brother, was direded by the authority, 4-' s> 6. in the palace, and under the eyes of the firft man in the univerfe, who afled the part of a father the more heartily to them, as his attachment for their mothei* never diminiihed. The peace, which was concluded the preceding Appian, year, between Sextus Pompeius and the Triumvirij 9}^^^'}' ^' was not of long duration. 06lavius and Sextus had xlviii.* confented to it againft their will, and occafions of ruprure can never be long wanting to thofe who are in queft of them. Sextus complained both of Antony and OclavIuSi Of Antony, for detaining from him the ifland of Achaia, which had been yielded to him by the treaty of Miffenum ; and of Oftavius, for not allowing the citizens who were re-eilablifned by the fame treaty,
*
f

t'jlt

iC-Tu^^Ti

:t.

Tfi//.m-a rs^if'irt-

Suet. Claud,

c. I,

Senfere (I;ha:ti) quid rr.ons rite, quid indoles Nutrita fiiiiftis Tub penetralibus
Poffet, quid

Aug alii pruernus In pueros animus Nerones.

lioR. OJ, i\\ 4.

Vol. X.

thofe

I3Q

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Coniiils.

A. R.7I4- thofe advantages which had been promifed them. In ^"38.^'- confeqnence of thefe violations, he ailedged, that he

had aright tofree himfelf of an engagement which It was not without the confined him extremely. o-reateft regret and fear, that he faw himfelf con-,
ftrained not to

augment

his

forces, while

thofe of

He caufed the Triumviri were infinitely fuperior. new veflels to be built, engaged rowers, and even fecretly authorized the pyrates, whom he had promifed to reprefs, to feize the provifions which were coming

by

fea to

Rome, and

other places in Italy

fo that

the famine, v/hich had fcarce given them time to breathe, began again to prefs them almoft as hard as befpre : and that peace, which at firfl: was received with fuch univerfal applaufe, feemed to the Romans to procure them no other advantage, than that of, adding a fourth tyrant to the three which before op-^^
prefied them. In the defign which 06lavius had to renew the war,,^ nothing could happen more agreeable to his wi(hes5^,ij

than this condud of Sextus ; efpecially with refped to the provifions, fo interefling to the multitude, and fo capable of irritating them againfl the author of On this account, he ftudied to maketheir mifery. a full difcovery of the collufion of Sextus with the pySome of thefe pyrates rates, who infefted the feas. having been made prifoners, were by his order put to the torture, and he caufed their depofitions, which He laid the blame upon Sextus, to be publilhed. confirmed this firft teftimony by that of Menas, who at this time came over to him, unworthily betraying his patron and benefador. It appears that Menas had courage for war, and fkill in fea affairs ; but he was proud and arrogant^ and joined to thofe vices all the meannefs of the foul of a (lave. As he governed abfolutely his patron,
his authority

was infupportable to thofe illuftrious Romans who ftill acknowledged Sextus as their chief. They had tried to Ihake off the yoke themfelves, by ruining his credit ; but feeing that Sextus gave no ear
8

to

Cli'AUDIUS,

NORSANU^/ '6bWufs^.

^ 1

to any but his freedmen, they had r6c6uffe'''i&ifiis ^-R- 7i4-. "j^ method, and ftirred up the jealoufy cf Menas's fratcr-

Thefe, under the authority of thole great men, were eaiily determined to do that v;hich they had a
nity.

They prevailed in ftrong inclination to do before. raifing fufpicions in the mind of their patron ; and
an order was
Sardinia, to
niftration.'
'J'-'\^

Menas, who commanded in come and give an account of his admifent to

Menas, who was artful, li^d^'forefeen the ftorm, and the preceding year had made his court to Oclavius, by fending to him one of his freedmen, named'^ Helenus, taken in a battle in Sardinia. Helenus was very well efteemed by his patron, who confequently had been touched with the poiitenefs of Menas. After* this firft introdu6lion, Menas continued to embrace
every occafion of rendering himfelf agreeable to Od:avius ; and when he faw his difgrace refolved upon, he found means to acquaint him, that he would deliver to him all that he had under his command that is to fay, the iflands of Sardinia and Corfica, three legions, fixty gallies, and a confiderable number of brave officers. 06tavius was in doubt fome time Vv'hether he fhould accept the offers of a traitor, whom he could' not truft. In fine, the prefent advantage he would be of to him carried it and Menas, having received alTurances in time, caufed to be flopped and put to death, thofe who had been fent from Sextus, and pafled over with his fleet and troops to the colours of 06lavius. He was received with a diflinclion which was not granted to his perfon, but to the afUftance which he brought with him. The Triumviri ordered that he fhould enjoy the fame honours as thofe who were born free he adorned him with a gold ring, and admitted him into the order of the Roman Knig;hts. He even allowed him to fit at his table, an honour which he never granted, either before or after, to any freedman. In fhort, he gave him the title and rank of lieutenant-general ; fo that in this quality he might
;
-, ,

'

command,

a<52

^"laACPDailBsliS^llBANUS, Confuls.
Wnd^r '?)?e admiral Calvifius Sabinus, the fixty veflels whicli he had brought with him. '-"Sextus was extremely irritated at the treachery of Menas he even demanded him back as a fugitive flave to whom he had a right ; and in order to revenge himfelf of Oftavius's refufmg to fend him back, he fent Menecrates, one of his freedmen, with a fquadron, By this hoftility, to plunder the coaft of Campania. Odavius alledged that the peace was abfolutcly broke. He took out of the hands of the Veftals, the treaty of Mifenum, and wrote to Antony and Le|)idus, to come and join with him againft the common enemy. Lepidus, who was not eafily put in motion, remained ftill in Africa ; and Antony was
:

A;T^:'\ti.^ai^|]fft1vd,^
"^^^i,^'

Appian.
^^'

ready to fet out to take upon him the command of the troops which fought againil the Parthians, under Ventidius, at the time when he received Octavius's letter. He came to Brundufium, but his coUegue not meecThe fori-ng him there, he returned immediately. Oftavius had given him ummidable preparations of war hold the of the Parthians, of brage j and laying his prefence, he wrote to the young which demanded Triumvir, that he muft of necefiity go into Syria., and advifed that the treaty fhould be obferved and, rejefting the caufe of the rupture concerning Menas, tie threatened to demand him in quality of the purchafer of Pompey's eftate, of which Menas, as a flaye, muft be confidered as a part. Gftavius thus reduced lo ad alone, purfued his He proje6t with no lefs eagernefs on that account. had two numerous fleets-, the one compofed moftiy of the veflels of Menas, and commanded, as I have faid, by Calvifius Sabinus the other built and equipped at Ravenna, upon the Adriatic fea, which had for
,
-,

admiral L. Cornificius.

Thefe two
to

fleets, the

lafl:

of

which Odavius wanted

command

in perfon,

were,

according to his plan, to attack the two oppofite fides of Sicily at the fame time ; and his legions were to march by land to P^eggio, in order to compleat the
victory.

et^AUDIUS, NORBANUS,

Confuls.

135
-

vi<5lory, by palTing into Sicily, after having remlered a.R. 714.

himfelf mailer of the fea, by means of his naval, forces. But the fuccefs did not anlwer fuch formid^b|lejrand ^/" ..M'f >' well-concerted plans and preparations. Sextus had taken meafures for a vigorous refiftance.
< ,

"^'^-''

For having likewife divided his forces, he had (ent; Menecrates at the head of a part of his fleet, before Calvifius ; and he himfelf remained at Meffina, in order to wait for 06lavius. u Jlifij u'JliU-^lh 8UIVJ50 Menecrates was brave, a' good feaman, "and %'peEAs foon as he fonal enemy to the traitor Menas. came in fight of the fleet near Cuma, where his adverfary was, he wanted to engage him j but it apIt-^^s cerpears that Calvifius had orders to fhun iti tain, that inftead of accepting the challenge, he con-

tinued to flieer off along the coafb, advancing towards Menecrates laid hold on this opportuthe Streights. nity of attacking the fleet with advantage, and to henn them in to the land, whilft his rear was free, and he had liberty officering his vefiels as he pleafed. He had already deflroyed, funk, and difabled feveral veffels,

when he obferved

that of

Menas, who

alio

ob-

Their mutual hatred carried thefe t\yo rivals to leave every thing elfe to tear one another to pieces. The fhock was fo violent, that the beak of the one veffel was carried away, and the other loft They endeavoured to board all its oars on one fide. each other ; but the veffel of Menas had a great advantage over that of Menecrates, becaule it was higher In the middle of the engagement the in the fide. two chiefs were wounded, almoft at the lame time, Menas m the arm, and Menecrates in the thigh. The wound of Menas was not very confiderable, but Menecrates was rendered unable for the combat ; and not capable of fighting any more in perlbn, animated
ferved him.
his

men

in the

mean while

to exert themfelves

till

feeing his veffel taken, he threw himfelf into the fea, that he might not fall into the power; ^9/ h^i^

^nemy.

The

134
A.R.
714.

CLAUDIUS, NGRBANUS,'
The
^

Cdrtfuls.-

'^"'r 38.

death of Menecrates rendered the battle al* moft equal between the two parties. Demochares his lieutenant, and a freedman of Sextus, as well as himfelf, though he had neither loft near fo many men nor velTels as Calvifius, neverthelefs retired into the port of MelTma, and left to Oftavius's admiral the liberty of purfuing his courfe in order to join his
general.

Odavius having received the news of the fea-fight near Cuma, failed out of the port of Reggio, with his fleet furniihed with good troops, and paffed the
Streights, coafting

towards Italy, to receive

his lieu-

Sextus obferved, from Meffina, the motions of 06lavius. He followed him, and having come up with him near the rock of Scylla, fo famous in fable, he attacked him very brifl^iy. The pofition of the two fleets was nearly the fame as at the fight of Cuma, nnd the fuccefs not at all different. All the bravery of the legionary foldiers of Oftavius could not refift the fuperiority which their fkill in fea affairs, and the advantage of their fituation, gave to Sextus's people. Demochares, who had been put in the room of Menecrates by Sextus, feconded by Apollophanes, ano^ther of his freedmen, funk and burnt a great many of the enemy's veffels ; and perhaps they would all hav^ either been deftroyed or taken, if in the evening the viftors had not obferved Calvifius coming up upon which, they retired, leaving the flee-t of 0batenant.

vius in inexpreffible diforder. The terror they were in was

""

'

fo

ftrong, that the

greateft part left their veffels, and faved themfelves

by

land, Vviiere the niglit foon overtook them, before

they were able to find either a flielter to defend themfelves from the inclemencies of the air, or provifions for their fupport. The only relburce which was left them was to light up fires, in order to inform the neighbourhood that they had need of affiftance. They did not fo much as know that Calvifius was near them, becaufe they could pot difcover his fleet, which was hid by the coaft, -^'^In

CLAUDIUS, N0RBANUS,
'

Confuls.

135

In the midfl of this fearful and diftrefled multitude, A. R.714. Odtavius preferved an undaunted courage. Defritute ^"V ^' himfelf of every thing, he was wholly occupied about his foldiers, going about and exhorting them to have patience till day-light; and vtry luckily a legion, which was not far off, having perceived the fignals, made hafte to the places vAictq they faw the fires lighted, carrying with them fuch refrefhments as were neceflary, both for the general and for the troops. In the mean time Odiavius was informed of Calvifius's arrival, which. reftored his tranquillity, and p^lqi^red him to take fome reft. .? ...."The return of day-light prefented to them a difmal fpectacle of vefTels fliattered to pieces^ or damaged by the fire, and their cordage floating on the furface of the waves. But this was not all. ftorm came to complete the deftrudion of thofe v;ho had efcaped from the enemy. For all of afudden there fprung up fuch a violent South wind, that no art nor force was able to refift it. Sextus had conveyed his fleet into the port of MefUna, but that of Oftavius was driven

againft the rocks,

upon

coafts

which afforded no kind

faiiors to

offhelter; and to compleat .their misfortunes, they

wanted a
fight.

fufficient

number of

manage
,,,.,^

their

vefTels, the greateft part

having
_

fled

on fhore

after the

of Calvifius did not fuffer fo much, becaufe Menas, who was well acquainted withfea affairs, o fooner faw the tem.peft begin to arife, than he made towards the ocean, where the waves were not fo ftrong ; and there having caft anchor, he ordered his whole crew to row violently againft the direcftion of the wind, and thus he kept his ftation, gaining as much by his oars as he loft by the wind.
fleet

The

the contrary, the fleet v/hich Odavius commanded in perfon, having kept near the fhore, was prodigioufly fhattered. The violence of the wind and

On

drove them from their anchors, broke their cordage, and the vefTels driving againft one another, or forced againft the rocks, were almoft ail deftroyed,
fea

together

1^6

CLAUDIUS, NORBANUS,q^$gl}i|^

A-R-'7H- together with the greateft.part of the men who v/ere. This Turious. tcmpeft lafted a whole day '^^ .'; on board. night, fo that, it" h^d^f^j;^Q^ er)pu^,,^9,^cQ^ipJe^<pi; and'.a

the difafter of Odavius.

,,,.

f,r>,,.^'-)

fnJr!

i^^mrn

.rniri
^

ot -being able bear the fight of an accident to which he could not po0ibly redrefs,^ he retired to Vibo, and from thence > he diftributed his land forces in all the maritime places, to proted them againfl the incurfions which his enemy. might attem.pt upon Italy, after fo great an advantage, j But Sextus, more courageous in defending himfelf, than keen in attacking Oilavius, let flip this good opportunity ; and by an inexcufable negligence, he not only made no attempt upon any of the towns on the coaft, but he even did not purfue the remains of the i) Triumvir's fleet; and left them to retreat quietly^fi and regain Vibo, towing along fuch fliips as they-n hoped might be refitted for fervice. ,:k Odavius's lofs was fo great, that in fpite of Sextus's:)t indolence, it required the fpace of two years to recruits his force, and make new preparations. For bad fuc-!.^ cefs never difpirited him, and he never lofl: fight of his defign to defl:roy the great enemy of his familyi,;: The murmurs of the people of Italy, who fuflered fa-;mine, were a motive for him not to abandon his;it fcheme, but to make all poflible dilpatch to bring it fpeedily to a happy conclufion. Hut. Ant, Writers have obferved a great refemblance of fortune between Odavius and Antony in this, viz. thatr? both of them fucceeded better in their military enterprizes by their lieutenants, than themfelves. The war againfl: the Parthians was an evident proof of it with regard to Antony ; and as to Odavius, while he was defeated on the coafl: of Italy, both by the enemy and a tempefl:, his arms profpered in Gaui; .under ; Agrippa. This man, fprung from a low family, but poflTefl^ecl of very great talents, and raifed to an illuftrious rankv. by the favour of Odavius, to whom he had always been the mofl: faithful friend from his youth, brought
fo exceffively grieved, that
,
..

He

was

'

--^^l

baci^

_ ,

AmiPpAVMfifmsM^M^^'^
bsick'

137;

to thei? d^t^r the- rebellious Gauls, and" had mVA.R.7H' ^38. glory of "being the lecbnd of the Romans, after Cathe Rhine. Oflavius fending for far> who pafied

him, named him Conful, and caufed a triumph'to be He accepted the Confuhliip but with .r?decreed. gard to the triumph, he did not think it was, propsr.I for hinri to make a (hew of his viftories, while his General was in trouble and unfuccefsful and beinsi: ^ no lefs an able * courtier than a great warrior, he re^,,^ fuled an honour whicli would have rendered Otla-g vius's mortification the more remarkable, .1-; The five years of the Triumvirate nov/ expirecT/^ut Appian, ^^' thofe who, under that title, had ufurped the tyrannical power, were by no means difpofed to lay it down, nor to reftore liberty to their feliow^-citizens. So far from'this, they continued, without oblerving^an.v for.-" mahty, in. the power they had ufurped ; and,^ w}t|\out^-' any authority from the people, they decreed to ,the.m-'' felves a fecond Triumvirate, equal and exa6lly rii--,': fembling the firft, both for the extent of power ah^-^^ Perhaps they thought themfelves fuftiv^r duration. ciently authorized to do this, by a decree' of the Se-,~i nate, made two years before ; \vhich ratified and con^x firmed whatever they had done,, or {hould do, duVinsJ^.
.
" ,

their ma^iftracy;-'I

n^a

ic;i

jy.-^

.i

^y

^,'

-t-,v

have already faid that Agrippa had bee.n defignecl,^ Conful by Qdlavius for the following year. And Ca-^~ nidius Gallus, one of Antony's friends, was appointed,,*
hiscollegue.
v.;

ctoiw.iyi

-^^-^

.m ^o

nipd
^A^.'r^*
.

JVI.

Agrippa.
.

^^

^Ll-'-GANiErrus Gali^us.

37-

family was Vipfanus. But ^^"that name was fo obfcure, that he fuppreiTed it after he arrived at his high fortune. >r 06tavius had fent for him t'o' charge him with tfie caje'of^uiidinganewfleet, and inftruding the rowers,,
'
'

The name of Agrippa's

.9"-

,^

Ij'i'QUOlff ?^f^?idi fed ijni, fcientiflimus.

V
.

VEtL.

ij,

j^,^^

'^^'

-'"f

and

1^8
'^nt^fr^*
'

^"^ ployment vnth all the zeal and capacity imaginable 37. Vel.i1.79. overlooking the carpenters, and prefiding in the exer"^' cifes in which they inllrufted twenty thouland (laves, jT. Appian. whom 06tavius given the had liberty to become to ^^' rowers. Nor was this all ; for as the coaft of Italy had no harbour that was convenient for him, or capable of containing a great number of veffels, he contrived and executed that great defign of joining one to another ; and with the fea, the lakes Lucrinus and Avernus in order to make a vaft bafon, where the moil numerous fleets might be received, and find fufficient flicker from winds and tempefts. -^'^^ ^^'^^^ ^f Lucrinus, fituated between Meffina lupoi.' cxxviii. and Puzzoli, was feparated from the fea by an old *? caufeway, a mile in length, and of a fufficient breadth Agrippa repaired and to allow a waggon to pafs. raifed this caufeway, which, being weakened in feveral places by length of time, was frequently overHe cut two flowed, and conlequently impaflfable. pannage for fliips ; and from openings in it to allow a the bottom of the lake Lucrinus, he drew a canal to which laft appears to be that the lake Avernus which properly formed the port, and afforded a fead Serv. In order to correct the bad cure retreat to velTels. Y."'S'^"* quality of the air, which pafled for infeftious and peftilential, Agrippa cut down the great forells which grew upon the borders of the lake Avernus, and co'
,

AGRIPPA, CANIDIUS, Confuls. teamen. He acquitted himlelf of his double em-

with a very thick fhade, hindered the free By this means, that place fo circulation of the air. much decried, over which, if we believe the poets, the birds could not fly without feeling the elfedts of the poifonous exhalations which arofe from the lake, and falling down dead, became a healthful, and even an agreeable ftation. Agrippa, always attentive to give to his chief and benefaftor the glory of whatever he undertook, caufed this new port to be called the

vering

it

Port of Julius, the name which Odavius had when It was there he was adopted by Julius Ccefar. that he aflfembled all the new veffels which had been
built

AGRIPPA, CANIDIUS,
built in the different ports

Confuls.

tg
715;
<-'

of Italy, and exercifed A.R.

the twenty, thoLiland rowers and lailors

tioned.

abovemen-^"A.--}
it,

^"'^-

"
Horace
calls

This royal work, as *

Ukewile boafted of by Virgil f. I of exad: and circumfcantiai hiftorical defcriptions, to enable me to give a more juft and full defcription of But it does not feem to have this port to my readers. been long in ufe. Strabo, who v/rote under the emperor Tiberius, makes very little mention of it ; and I do not fee that, in the hifcory of latter ages, it has been The face of thefe places was taken much notice of. entirely changed about two hundred years ago, in confequence of an earthquake, which happened in the year 1528, and turned the lake Lucrinus into a mountain of adies, furrounded entirely with a dirty
morafs.

has been fhould be very glad

The
during

v;hole year of Agrippa's Confulfhip pafled in againft Sextus

;

making preparations of war

all this

who,

time, remained entirely quiet, without difcovering any figns of life, or trying any means to

difturb thofe preparations which they were

his ruin.
I

making

for

muft not omit here a pretended omen v/hich about this time happened toLivia, the circumitances of which are very Angular, befides that they are warranted by authors of approved credit. Pliny, Suetonius, and Dio, report that Livia, a little while after her marriage with Oftavius, going to a country-houfe which {he had in the territory of Veii, an eagle let fall upon her a white hen, which carried in her bill a branch of laurel with its leaves and berries. Livia, ftruck at this event, confulted the divines j and ordered, conSive receptuo

Terra Neptunus
f

Re^s opus. An memorem

Aquilonibus arcet, HoR. A. P. v. 63. portus, Lucrinoque addlta clauftra ? Atque indignatum magnis ftridoribus asquor, ,^, Julia qua ponto longe fonat unda refufo, .. .^ Tyrrhenufque fretis immittitur asilus Avernis ? Geor.'il. ^6t.
clalTes
,

formabie

i46
A.R.
715.

AGRIPPA, CANIDIUS,

Confuls.

"^*' ^'

formable to their anfwer, that the hen fhould be taken care of, and the laurel planted and cultivated. The^^-^are fucceededv the hen became_fo fruitful, that fhe filled the whole poultry-yard with her breed ; and the houfe from thence was called the Hen-houfe. The laurel too flourilhed in fuch a manner, that it furnilhed branches for all the triumphs of the Caefars. Suetonius adds, that at the death of Nero, the laft Emperor of the race of Auguftus, all the fowls died, and the laurel withered. But in this lafl circumflance he is dontradided by Pliny, who fpeaks of the plants of this laurel as fubfifting at the time when he wrote under the emperor Vefpafian. I fee nothing impoflible in all this, nor indeed very remarkable, except it is the credulous fuperftition of thofe who put an ominous conftru(f^ion on every thing out of the common road. They judged, that this prefage promifed to Livia, and the houfe of the Caeiars to which fiie was joined, an extraordinary profpeBut there was wanting in the completion of it rity. the greateft mark of refemblance, I mean, her fruitFor Livia had never a child by Auguftus^, fulnefs. but one who died the moment it was born.

U^i

..(-V.

THE

-t

-^i

-)rfi

(If

ROMAN
BOOK
SExtus

i>l

T O R YJ

THE FIFTY-FIRST.

Pompeius oveixome, and Lepidus difpoffeffed by Auguftus. The unfortunate expedition of Antony againft the The death of Sextus. Detached Parthians.
fads.

Years of

Rome 716 723.

S

E C

T.

I.

C^avius demands
againji Sextus.
into Italy as

the conjunction of

Antony and Lepidus 'The forces of Lepidus. Antony comes

to OSfavius.

an enemy

Their quarrel

is

fuppreffed by the treaty of Tarentum.

O^avius renews

war againji Sextus. The luji ration of his fleets Menas leaves him., and returns to his old mqfier. A
the

Jlorm.

The feet of O^avius are very much jhattered, Lepidus lands in Sicily, The frmnefs of 05lavius. The
negligence of Sextus.

Menas

returns again to O^avius,

The advantage gained by Agrippa over the fleet of Sextus. The political cir ciimfpettion of Agrippa. Ociavius
rijk
-;.

is

defeated at fea by Sextus.

hinfelf

runs a very ^reat The troops which be had landed in Sicily^

dijfiadty.

He

ifcape

With great
y

The

laft

battle

where Sextus

'

,42

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
tU5 is njanquifljed without refource.

Confuls.

He

abandons

Sicily
'-

and flies into Afia. 05iavius corrupts the army of Lemutiny pdui^ and difpojfejfes him of the Triumvirate. Bavins. O He quajhes it by a con-" among the troops of indulgence and with firmnefs. rofiral du5i mixed OElavius to Agrippa. by OBavius remains crown given the provinces and Sicily, fna/ier of cf Africa and Nuthe epocha The folid eftablijhment of O^amidia, cf vius's grandeur, and at the fame time of his new fyfient of conduct, more gentle and moderate,

'

AFTER

Confullhip of Agrippa was ex-:'' pired, thofe next appointed were Cocceius Nerva, mediator of the treaty of Brundufium, and Gellius Poplicola, thought to be the brother of Mef-* faila, who had formerly been in the party of Brutus and CaiTius, had twice confpired againft his generals, and owed his life to their clemency, and to the entreaties of his mother and brother.
the

A.R.

71S.

L. Gellius Poplicola.

Ant. C.
36,

M. Cocceius Nerva.
This Confulihip is very remarkable in hiftory, for the aggrandifement of Oftavius, and the debafmg of Antony. Odavius having at laft overcome Sextus Pompeius, and afterwards forced Lepidus to abdicate
the Triumvirfhip, became fole mafter of all the weftern parts of the Empire. Antony, plunged again into his foolifh am.ours with Cleopatra, undertook

'

and condufted with precipitation, an expedition againft the Parthians ; the bad fuccefs of which covered him with ignominy. I fhall begin with
inconfiderately,

of thefe, v/hich is immediately connected with the fads above related. Odavius having fucceeded ill in his attack upon Sextus, and preparing to return to the charge, Was very glad, in order to procure afliftance, to make his quarrel againft the laft branch of the houfe of the great Pompey, to be looked upon as interefting the
the
firft

whole

A.. R. 716. whole -"^^^C* to Antony, to demand his conjunction and afTiftance, and he likewife iummoned Lepidus to come with him, Appian. and finifli the ruin of the oppofite fadlion. He, what- S^^'i^'g* ever was his defign, and doubtlefs more to take the advantage of the fooils of Sextus, than to fupport his collegue, aflembied great forces both by fea and Jand, viz. twelve legions, five thoufand Numidian horfe, avell.ii.so. thoufand tranfports, and feventy vefTels of war. fee by this, that his power was very confiderable. Two great provinces, Africa, properly fo called, and Numidia, obeyed him and to render himfelf mailer, of them, would only have coft him the trouble of

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, Confuls. He difpatched then Maecenas party of Casfar.

145

We

prefenting himfelf.

backward, the reader will eafily call to mind, that Cornificius, at the time of the battle of Philippi, held Africa for the Senate and for the Republican party. Sextus, who poffeffed Numi-J dia as lieutenant to 06i:avius, made v/ar againfl Cornificius ; and after various fuccefs, at laft vanquifhed and killed him. Thus feeir^g his authority eftabliflied in the two provinces, perhaps he had opened his heart to ambitious projefts. However that be, he found a new advTrfary in Fuficius Fango, a foldier of fortune, railed by C^far to the rank of Senator, and fent by Odlavius to take polTenion in his name, of the governments of Africa and of Numidia. Sextus oppofed the name of Antony to that of Oftavius ; the war was renewed, and Fango, having been vanquifhed, killed himfelf, leaving Sextus once more governor of the two provinces. In this fituation of affairs, Lepidus arrived, to v/hom the diftricl of Africa had been given by his coliegues. It was proper then for Sextus to yield, and the Triumvir reaped the fruit of that brave captain's vidlories. He remained then retired, as it
a
little

For by looking

were, in his provinc^e, taking

tions

little fhare' in

the

motill)
'

which difturbcd the

great

rell

of the Empire,

to

his

misfortune,

he refolved to pals into

Sicily.

Antony

144
A.R.716.

_
^'

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Gonlbls;^

^g
^^*

Antony was at Athens when he received the ddpij* tation from Octavius, and prepared to return to the

Plut.Ant. Eaft to pulli the war againit the Parthians. Appian. thouo-ht proper however, in the firft place, to

He
make

a voyage to Italy, and he went there with a fleet of three hundred vefiels. But the authority of Plutarch^ and the. fequel of the hiftory, give us grounds to believe, that he came rather as an enemy to Oiflavius, than
Sufpicions, reports, and give him any afTiftance. jcaloufies, had loured anew the fpirits of thefe two rivals, who were always on their guard againft each oth^er^ Antony having landed at Tarentum, becauie the people of Brundufium would not receive him, Odavia, who accompanied him, obtained his leave to go and find her brother, that CaQ might bring about a reconto.

ciliation

between them.
,

She made ufe of the mofl affecting entreaties to and m the prefence of Agnppa and MaeOftavius cenas, who v/ere the moft intimate counfeliors to the young Triumvir, fhe conjured him not to fuffer that from the moft happy of all women fhe fhould become " Indeed," fays flie, " ^11 the moft unfortunate. " mankind have their eyes fixed upon me, and con' gratulate me for partaking of the grandeur and " crlory of two powerful generals, the fpoufe of one, * and the fifter of the other. But if tlie worft refolii* ' tion is taken, if you muft go to war together, it is uncertain which of you will be vanquifner, or van*' quiflied. As for me, my lot in either cafe is decided, " and I muft be unhappy." So tender a fpeech was very capable of making ati impreffion upon OiStavius, v/lio loved his fifter. Fiowever, I believe, that the motive which inclined both him and Antony effedlually to peace, was doubtlefs They had not yet fufficicnt that which Dio relates. leifure for war, and their prefent intcreft required that they fliould mutually affift each other in carrying on thofe dcfigns in which they were en.j;aged. Odavius ftood in nef^U ot vcffeh for the war againft Sextus, and An:ony v/anted a reinforcemtiiL of foldiers

'

14;^ A. R.7<&/^ war he the which waS'^^lo-itHako a^Urhft diers for Parthiaiis; Hence; fh'e pacificK ;difp;bfitiGns ^"^^." rofe' the ; of the twC Triumviri 'and After they had taken a reI folution to be irecohciiedj'they executed' it iwith'the^ -^^ beft grace in 'the world. <-'W i>d boB ^vhi\ or tvx^i-yov
'
.

GELLIUS, COGCremsv ^ohMs^>

.-.

iOd:avIus propofed to Ahtoity a conference between' Metaponcum and Tarentuln; ''Being always more difwfiderft, his f)lan

was

to leave

between him and hi^

col^j'

legue a fmall river, which would afford him means of fefcufi-ty, but would have embarraffed and prolono-ed the negotiation./ Antony, who was of a fre^ and -unfufpicious chara(5ter, when -he came near the pJac^^' feeing Oflavius approach, alighted from his chariot^ and jumped into a little boat to pafs over the river.Odavius, being Itruck with this free behaviour, did They met in the river, and -there wa^Ia the fame. ftniggle betwixt them on which fide they fliould lan'd* At lail Odavius carried it, on account of vifitinr^ his

Tarentum. He lodged there" unvder the fame roof with Antony, without guards, and putting himfelf entirely in his power. Antony, next' Thus * rhefe two day, did the fame to Oclavius. men palfed immediately from one extreme to another in their reciprocal condud-, fometimss fufpicious, and' even diflrultful, on account of their ambition, and
filler,

who was

at

fometimes teflifying an

ejtceffive

confidence in each-

other, as the particular fituation

of

their affairs

der'

manded. -They agreed very

againft Sextus.

**

eafily betv/een themfelves

and

that he fhould be deprived of the Confulfhip promifed him by the treaty

;

They determined

of iVIifenum

and,- in order to

make war

againft him-;/:

Odavius one hundred and twenty vcfTels, in lieu of which 06lavius furnifhed Antony v/ith twenty thoufand legionary foldiers. Oclavia, by
lent

Antony

whofe interpofition the negotiation had been begun^i wanted, after it was concluded, to confirm it effedui^
'
'

i^:

'trhus'Crari ;/(pixc,

AppIan.

_
ally,

Vol, X.

,46
A.R.
716. ally,

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
by a further mutnal

Confuis.

Ant^ c.

which Ihe ob"j-ained of each of the Triumviri, in favour of his colAccording to her defirc, there were added by legue. her hufband ten light fliips of war; and by her brother a thoufand chofen men, who were to ferve as a guard to Antony. In fhort,. they entered upon the fcheme of a double marriage; the one of Antyllus, the eldell fon of Antony, with Julia, the daughter of Odlavius, v/h was not three years old; and the other of Antonia, the daughter of Antony and Oftavia, v/ho was alfo quite a child,, with the fon of DoThis lait marriage took place, mitius Ahenobarbus. and began the alliance between the family of Domitius and CjElar. But that of Antyllus proved abortive,
liberality,

as

we

fhall fee afterwards.

Thefe different articles having been agreed to, they took leave of each other. Antony returned to the Eaft, leaving Oftavia in Italy, under pretence of not expofmg her to the fatigues and dangers of the war againft the Parthians, but in fa6l, becaufe he began to be weary of fo virtuous a woman, and his heart Oflavius being re^ ftill wandered after Cleopatra.
cruited with
tirely to the

new maritime

forces,,

applied himfelf enBefides that his

war againll Sextus.

raifed very high.

His hopes were

fleets

were very numerous, he had great confidence in the vefiels of a new conflruftion, which by their force, llrength, and a kind of towers which were built upon them, feemed to give him full affurance of vi.6tory. He made a very pompous luftration of the fleet, of

which ceremony Appian here gives a defcription. They raifed altars precifely upon the borders of the fea, oppofite to which were drawn up the vefiels well manned with the ioldiers and failors, who all obferved a profound filence. The priells, after having flain the vidims, took the entrails, and going on board little fkiffs, they made three tours round the fleet, accompanied with the principal commanders, who prayed the gods to let fall upon thefe vifliirjs all the misfortunes which the fleet might be threatened with. Afterwards

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

J47

Afterwards the priefts threw a part of the entrails into A. r. 716. the fea, antl the other part they burnt upon the ^"^- ^
altars,
^

^36.

While Oftavius was

his expedition,

ftill

Menas

left

making preparations for him to return to his old

was doubtlefs a brave and able officer, but his ficklenefs, and oddnefs of charader made the lofs of him fcarcely to be regretted. A more troublefome incident foon followed to render abortive a
mafter.

He

plan otherwife very wifely concerted. Sicily feemed to be threatened with being oppre0ed by three armies, which were preparing to pour in upon her from three different quarters all at once ; one

from Africa, another from Tarentum, and the third from the coaft of Campania. Lepidus had affembled
have beforementioned ; Statilius Taurus approached the port of Tarentum, with the vefTels lent to Odavius by Antony ; and Od:aviu3 himfelf was at the head of his fleet in the port of On the firil of July, a day which he chofe Julius. as fortunate on account of his adoptive father's name^ which this month was called by, thefe three armies let out by agreement. But a tempeft, like that which had ruined the firft enterprize, returned to difturb this new well- laid fcheme, and rendered ufelefs, an leaft for a time, thefe formidable preparations. Lepidus alone, though he was fhattered with the ftorm, neverthelefs landed in Sicily, on the coaft of Lilyb^um. Taurus was obliged to carry his fleet back to Tarentum ; and that of Octavius, which had no commodious retreat, was extremely harrafled, not only by the tempeft, but by the perfidious Menas, who carried away and burnt feveral of the vefl^els which had been feparated by the ftorm. After fuch a difafter, a great many counfelled Oc- Suat.Aug. tavius to put off^ the expedition till next year. But^^* his courage, which was rendered more fierce by obftacles, tranfported him to fay, that he would vanquilh, even in fpite of Neptune. The murmurs of the people, who fuffered at this time by famine, fpurin

Africa the forces

red

148
A.R.
IV.
716.
'

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

Thus, havino; fent Maecenas to Rome, red him on. to keep the people in awe with his prefence, and to prevent infurredtions, he made them work with fuch diligence in refitting the fhattered veffels, and repairing the lofs which he had fuffered, that at the end of thirty days he found himfelf in a condition to renew the war. Sextus, according to his ordinary cuflrom, fo remarkably favoured by the v/inds and tempefts, contented himfelf with triumphing in the advantages which his good fortune had pi-ocured him, inftead of making a proper ufe of them ; and believing himfelf more authorized than ever, to call himfelf the fon of iSVptune, he even went fo far as to wear his colours, and changed the purple, which the Roman general^
u'.ed,

for a fea-green.

facrifices,

and to fay living men, into the fea. Thus, while he gave himfelf up to joy, imagining himfelf cut of all danger for that year, he was greatly furprifed to hear that the indefatigable enemy mediIn order that he tated another invafion direftly. mif>-ht be the more certain of the truth of this intellio-ence, he detached Menas to obferve what paffed on He who was never pleafed with the coaft of Italy. thofe whom he ferved, and never thought that they treated him according to his merit, added a third treachery to the preceding, and went over again to The Triumvir granted him his life, but Oftavius. was too wife to give any employment to a man whofe perfidy rendered him unworthy of the leaft confidence.

god folemn honour him, threw horfes, and fome

offered to that

He

Every thing being ready

to invade Sicily

anew, Oc-

tavius m.ade Taurus's fleet, and his own, commanded by Agrippa, fail at the fame time towards it. I fhall
Dio.

Appian.
;

not enter upon a detail of the operations of this war, of which we have very long, but indiftincl accounts ; J i^.jj Q^iy mention the fubftance of the fadls, which fhews, that though Oclavius gave proofs of his aflivity and courage, by expoling himfelf every where,

an4

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

149
A- R^^^^^
7ii5,

and to the greateft dangers, yet the viflory was chiefly owing to the good condud of Agrippa. This great captain, who had luccefs both by fea and land, began to give a turn to Odlavius's affairs, by the advantage he gained in a fea-fight near Myle, now called Milazzo. Sextus's men had the fuperiority in their experience in working the fliips, and the agility of their motions. But the veiTels of Agrippa, which were ftronger built, higher in the fide, and
filled

^'

with excellent troops, got the better at laft, after a very long refiilancc, of all the fivill of the enemy, who could only deftroy five of Oftavius's fhips, and returned with the lofs of thirty of their

own. Perhaps Agrippa would have rendered this victory decifive, if he had purfued the vanquilhed. But he was cautious, either for fear of Ihoals fo very dangerous to velTels, efpecially in the night-time ; or eUe For it was one it was owing to a political reafon. of his maxims, that fubalterns ought to take care not to provoke, by too great luccefs, the jealoufy of their mafters ; who, doubtlefs, do not chufe that they fhould do any thing to difgrace them, but at the fame time take umbrage at the too great fplendor of their profpericy. So that if, on the one hand, they ought to be careful to prevent bad luccefs, on the other, they ought to referve the honour of great vi61:ories for the Chief
they ferve under. Before the fight of Myle, Sextus, who forefaw it, had left Mefilna, his place of arms, v.'ith feventy veflfels, to go and afiill his lieutenants, whereby the
paflage of the Streights was left open and unguarded. Octavius laid hold on this opportunity to enter mto Sicily
;

whom

and

fetting out immediately at the

tony's

fleet,

which waited only for

head of Anthe fignal, he

landed with three legions near Tauromenium. Sex-xaormi. tus's fleet had been beat, but not deftroyed, at Myle, ua. and he made all the hafte he could to bring it back to Mefilna. Thus at the firft news of the defcent of pdavius, he found himfelf in a condition to march
^

to

1^0
A.R. 7i6.to him.

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, He then put his veffels

Confuls.
to fea, landed his

^"g
^
*

^'

legions,
b'jth

and difpofing himfelf to attack the enemy by fea and land at the fame time, he threw him

into a very great diforder. Odavius refolved to leave his land-forces under the

Cfipo deir

^^^^'

of L. Cornificius, to whom he gave orders and as for himfelf, going on board to fortify a camp the fleet again, he offered battle to that of Sextus, which he thought to have cheap, becaufe it had been His plan, doubtlefs, was, after he had difdefeated. peried the enemy's fleet, to go to Leucopetra, in order to take up the legions which waited there, commanded by Meflala, and to carry them to Sicily to But his hopes in that afjoin thofe of Cornificius. Sextus had found at fair were greatly difappointed. Meffina, both Ibldiers and failors, ready to replace His fleet, thus recruited, thofe v/hom he had loft. The vefl^els of Odlavius gained a complete viftory. were either taken, burnt, or funk, except a very fmall number, which not being purfued by Sextus,' fled . Oftavius himieif run a very greaf rifle, into Italy. and it was with the greateft difficulty that he faved himfelf in a boat with a fingle domeftic, without any either of his friends or guards, extremely troubled, However,, he arrived at and ill at the fan'iC time. v;here his firft: care was to diflaft at Mefl^ala's camp patch to Cornificius a light veflel, to inform him that his general was fafe, and preparing to fend him fucAccordingly he wrote to Agrippa, to afllft CGurs. Agrippa, Cornificius with a fpeedy reinforcement. taking advantage of the diftance of Sextus's forces, had taken poflelTion of the city of Tyndarium, from whence he fent Laronius, at the head of three legi ons, to make all pofllble difpatch to deliver Cornir

command

ficius

from

fo prcfling a danger.

In fliort, -Cornificius wanted provifions, and cony fequently all the bravery of his troops, and the advantage of a well-fortified camp, were thereby ren%

He was obliged to decamp dered abfolutely ufelefs. in fight of the enemy, and march his army over a
cor-

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

151

corner of Sicily, viz. from Taiiromenium, on the A. R. 716. Ionian fea, as far as Myle, on the fea of Tufcany. '^"l" ^' It may eafily be conceived what difficulties he mult meet with, conftantly followed and harrafled by Sextus, and having under his care, not only the bao^sage, but alio a number of unarmed foldiers, the unfortunate remains of the laft naval engagement, who, naked and deititute of every thing, had found a fafe refuge
in his

camp. This army

in

their route

met with

a very fingular

which they This was a kind of earth fcorched with the itreams of lire which had run down from mount iEtna, and extended to the fea. This burnt earth, when it was fhaken, by the motion of thofe who
marched.

obftacle, peculiar to the country through

marched over
even burnt the

it,

raifed

a fuffocating dufl
feet,

nay,

it

and kindled an intolerable thirfl in their veins. The foldiers were fatigued, overcome, and difcouraged. Their chief revived them by his exhortations, and the example of firmnefs which he fhewed them j fo that in fpite of being extremely exhaufted, and of the enemy, who lined the defile where this burning plain terminated, they ftill pufhed on, v.'ithout allowing themfelves to be broke. At laft, after four days march, the moft fatiguing that can be imagined, they difcovered Laronius, whofe arrival put an end to all their troubles. For Sextus taking the detachment, which he faw coming up, for Agrippa's whole army, thought proper to retire. Thus delivered from the fear of the enemy, the foldiers of Cornificius met with a new danger, in what ought to have given them the greateft relief. As they had greatly luffered from thirft, they no fooner perceived a fountain than they ran to drink greedily, contrary to the repeated advice of their officers, who recommended it ftrongly to them not to drink too much. But a great many of them died, gorged with the quantity of water which they fwallowed down too
foals

of their

haftily.

As

iri :>
A. R. 7j6.
^^'^^ ^' i^
.,

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
As to^he
is

Confuls.

reft,

thefe legions

might be looked upon

of Sextus, but
ftrength, to hunger,

as victorious, not only over the efforts

\vhatev:er

luperior to

human

them with praifcs and rewards, as foon as he came to join Agrippa and Cornihcius, their commander, at I'yndarium was fo proud of having laved them, that he perpetuated rejoicings fot- it during his v;hole life, making uJe of an Elephant in returning home, every time that
thirft, .and

burning heat.
;

Ovflavius loaded

he Tupped

in the city.

The

taking of

Tyndarium by Agrippa was an im-

portant conqued for Ot^tavius, to whom it fecured an This port being open to him, entrance into Sicily. he landed in that ifland a great number of troops, and augmented his land army, by adding to it one and "twenty legions, twenty thoufand horle, and five thouThen Lepidus, who had fand light-armed troops. till that time kept near Lilybu^um, advanced into the country ; and the two Triumviri united their forces before the walls of Mefilna, There a divihon very foon arofe between them. Lepidus pretending to an equality with 06lavius, and the other full of contempt for a collegue of fo little merit, wanted to reduce him to the condition The indignation which Lepidus of his lieutenant. conceived at fuch injurious treatment, made him in-

towards Sextus, and enter into a negociation 06lavius either fufpefted this, or elfe was with him. informed of it and this motive determined him to finiih the war before their treaty lliould be concluded, if it had not been for this, his intereft would have For he faw himled him to have avoided an adtion. felf in a condition to overcome without fighting, confidermg the great fuperiority of his forces, and the ^afe by which he would deprive his enemy of proviSextus, on his fions, bemo- mafter of the country. part, whofe afi^airs were declining, and who feared, in confequence of that, the defertion both of his officers and troops, was anxious to decide the quarrel by g, battle. But it was much more convenient for
cline
,

him

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
him
to fight

Confuis.

j^
A. r. 7,5. Ant. c.
^^'

by Tea, than by land. In the firfl cafe, he had Ibme hopes of overcoming, whereas his Jegions could not pofllbly ftand it againil Oftavius. He therefore propofed a naval engagement to 06tavius, who was afhamed to refufe the challenge. The day was fet, and the two fleets of three hundred veflels each, commanded by the lieutenants of the two generals,

Agrippa on the one fide, and on the other Demochares and ApoUophanes, a freedman of Sextus, ranged themfelves in good order between Myle and Naulochus i while the legions, headed by the generals themfelves, were drawn np upon the coaft, as

fpedtators of the combat.

and the vi6lory a lonoAt laft the fleet of Octavius had the while doubtful. better, v.'hich was in a great meafure owing to the grapples, vv^hich we fpoke of on occafion of the firil: Agrippa had perfeifled naval vidory of the Romans. this machine, by means of a great cable fallened at one end to a piece of wood, from which the grapple depended, and at the other to the windlafs or capftan, which began to play as foon as the enemy's veffel was hooked, and pulled it with very great violence ; fo that it was very eafy to board her, and then the valour of the foldiers wholly decided the fuccefs, which by that means was determined in favour of Odavius. After a certain number of Sextus's vefTels had been thus boarded, fear and dilbrder fpread through all the reft of the fleet, and gave it up as a prey to the enemy. Twenty-eight veflfels were funk to the bottom, and the reft either burnt, ftiattered againft the coaft, or taken by the conquerors. Of three hundred of them, there were only feventeen faved, whic^h gained the Streights of Mefllna ; and this great victory coft Oftavius no more than the lofs of three vefaftion
brifk,
fels.
'

The

was very

This victory was decifive. Sextus, being entirely" deprived of that part of his forces, in which he always placed his chief confldencej thought of nothing'
but

f54
A-R.
71^.

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
but
flying-,

Confiils.

and embarking at Naulochus, he rowed ^^%^' to Me (Tina. His land army, left to the care of a ^ .lieutenant, followed their fortunes, and fubmitted to Sextus had ftill eight legions on the coaft 06lavius. of Lilyb^um, under the command of Plennius. Thefe he ordered to come to him, not with a defign to fupport the war, but that they might accompany him in
'

his flight.

was all concerted, in bales all that was valuable belono-ino- to him, in order to retire to the provinces of the Eaft, where he hoped to find protedion from Antony. He had formerly given Ihelter to Julia, the mother of that Triumvir, and he promifed himfelf an acknowledgment in return. Indeed Antony had always fliewn himfelf very gentle, and complying with Teo-ard to Sextus, and the jealoufy which he muil have at the aggrandizement of Odiavius, was a mo-

For before the and he had put up

battle his plan

of hope for Sextus, efpecially if he could arrive in the Eaft in a condition which rendered him above contempt, and might even be looked upon as an ufeBut he had not time to wait for the legions ful ally. of Plennius, being frightened at the almoft total revolt of his officers and troops over all Sicily, and feeing himfelf too briflcly purfued by Agrippa, who had already entered the Streights, he left Meflina with the feventeen vefl*els, which were faved from the engagetive

taking with him his daughter, his friends fhall which remained, and his principal riches. reftfee afterwards what became of him, and how his occafioned his lefs and ungovernable ambition at laft

ment,

We

death.

Oftavius having driven Sextus out of Sicily, was neverthelefs not entirely mafter of it. Delivered from one enemy, he found a new one in the perfon of his It is true that Lepidus had contributed to colleo-ue. the vTdlory, by keeping a part of Sextus's forces employed, and confequently he had a good right to preBut neither of them tend to fhare the fruits of it. Each could agree about the manner of fharing them.

was

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
was willing
to have the

Confuls.

155

and between fuch af- A-R- 7^fociates, equal both for avarice and injuftice, force ^l', of deciding it. was the only way at difcovered all once his intentions, by Lepidns his condu6t at the fiege of Mefllna, which immediately For Plennius, who followed the vidory of Oftavius. arrived too late to depart with Sextus, having fhut himfelf up in that place, was immediately befieged Lepidus on one fide, and both by fea and land. Agrippa on the other, deprived him of all refource ; Agrippa was fo that he was obliged to capitulate. defirous of waiting for the arrival of Oftavius, who remained at Naulochus but Lepidus, of his own au;
,

whok

thority, treated with

Plennius, received into his fer-

vice the legions he

them to his by both. Odavius came up next morning, fully refolved to make good his right, as being the only true con.

commanded, and having joined own, he gave up Mefllna to be plundered

queror.

Lepidus, who, by the increafe of his forces in Sicily, had now about twenty-two legions, thought himfelf in a condition to make head againft Odavius, and fortified for himfelf a camp on a rifing-ground,
at a little diftance

from Meffina.
with
Ipirits,

tulated

reciprocally

There they expofeach other, which only

and demonflrate the impofLepidus infilled that Sicily fibility of an agreement. ought to belong to him, becaufe he had entered it firft, and the greateft number of the towns had been reduced by his arms. He obferved befides, which v/as very true, that even Sicily added to his fhare, would not make it equal to either of his collegues. Thefe reafons, as you may eafily believe, had no effe6l upon Oftavius, who did not pretend that he had vanquifhed for Lepidus, and only regarding him as an auxiliary, abfolutely refufed to allow him any fhare in the conqueft. Their divifion then became without difguife the two chiefs prepared to ad: againft each other, and a frelh civil war was expeded to break
ferved to four their
,

out.

But

156
A.R.716.

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuis.

^"g

^*

But the inequality was too great between the merit and talents of the two Triumviri, for the balance to remain a moment uncertain. Lepidus was defpifed, His ,even by thofe who marched under his colours. want of capacity, and narrownefs of genius, appeared flill more confpicuous, when compared with the amThus bition, firmnefs, and courage of his rival. Odavius difdaining to they did not come to blows, fuch an adverfary. Cunning againft employ force and artifice, which he fo well knew how to manage, ruined his adverfary's power all at once.
was perfeftly acquainted with the difpofitlon of Lepidus's army, with regard to their general, and particularly that the legions of Sextus, which miade a confiderable part of this army, were not fatisfied with their fituation, while they had no fecurity for what had been granted by the capitulation of Meffina, except the word of the weakelt of the two Trivim.viri, without being aflfurcd of the confent of the Having then founded their officers by means other. of emilTaries, and found them in the fame fentiments as he wifhed, he took with him a large body of cavalry, advanced towards the camp of Lepidus, and having left without it the greatefl part of his efcort, he entered, accompanied with a fmall number of horfe, as if he had only pacific intentions, and no In other view than that of negotiating an agreement. traverfing the camp, he took all thofe he met to witnefs of his good difpofitions of peace, and the necefilty he was reduced to in fpite of himfelf to make This ftratagem of his fucceeded at once. war. fTj-eat many of them faluted him as their general, and efpccially the foldiers who had ferved under Sextu.% ran to him to allc him pardon ; but he anfwered, they had yet done nothing to deferve it. This language they underftood very well, and immediately manifefted their inclination to go over to him, by bringing away their colours, and ftriking their tents to fol-

He

io sy

him,

Lepidus

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Lepidus being informed of this mediately to check it, and, finding his enemy ill-attended, made his foldiers draw upon him. Odavius's fhield- bearer was killed by his fide, and he himfelf being wounded with an arrow, which his breaft-plate rebuflTed and hindered to penetrate, he * retired as quick as he could to the cavalry, which he had left Some of Lepidus's folat the entry of the camp. diers, who occupied a fmall fort, made a jeft of his flight, which he im.mediately revenged by making his men attack it, who never left it till they had carThis example intimidated the comried it by force. manders of the other forts which flanked the camp of Lepidus, or at leaft ferved them for a pretence j and all of them at that time,' or during the night, furrendered to Odavius, fome of them at a fimple fummons, and others after having fufi^efed a flight attack for form falce. Next day Odlavius went out of the lines of battle with his whole army, without doubt knowing very well what would happen ; for at his approach, the defertion became general among the troops of LepiAt firfl: the old foldiers of Sextus, and afterdus. wards all the refl: filed off^, and came to range themfelves under the colours of the young Triumvir. They were all fo determined in their relolution, that Lepidus offering to lay hold of the colours to fl:op the defertion, and declaring that he would never part v/ith them as long as he lived, a foldier was infolent enough to anfwer him, " Very well, you will part " with them then when you die ;'* and was going to fl:ab him, if the unfortunate general had not quitted
his hold.

157 morion, came jm-A.R. 715.

^

Confuls.

"s.

with Lepidus, as if they wanted to cxcufe their delay by a greater

cavalry,
lafl:

The

which remained

Odlavius carried off with him the ftandard of a legion, and made the whole army of Lepidus follow him. This in- * ftance of daringnefs appears to me lefs in the character of Oftavius, than that conduft which Appian attributes to him. I fhall therefore confine myfelf to this laft author, whofe account is beCdes more cir-... j. cumftantial.
fays, that
'

* Velleius

"

piece

158
A. R.
716. ^'

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, Confuk

piece of treachery, fhould bring him his
fent to

afk Oftavius,

if

they

^^

was not a
fire his

rival

death.

enemy dead or alive. Lepidus formidable enough for Odtavius to deHe ordered them to fpare him ; and
having

laid afide all the ornaagreeable to his fortune, ments which v/ere no longer before him humble and fuppliant, prefented himfelf and alking him to fpare him. Odlavius granted him his life, and having defpoiied him of the triumvirfhip, he banilhed him to Cerceii in Italy, where he allowed him to pafs the remainder of his days in a private and Only he refpeded the law which obfcure condition. rendered the high-prieftfhip perpetual, and he fuffered him to enjoy that facred dignity as long as he

foon after Lepidus,

lived.

condition agreed better with Lepidus, than that * grandeur to which the fortuitous concourfe of circumftances had raifed him, without having '^ny of the qualities neceffary to fupport the weight of it. In that ftation he had only been the jefl: of his coilegues ; and when he was deprived of it, if he did not lofe his life at the fame time, the contempt of his weaknefs was alone his fecurity.

This

laft

now no more enemy nor competitor in Sicily, ruled every thing according to his own mind. He ftill followed his own maxim here, to cut
0<5tavius having

off the heads of the vanquifhed party^ and only to The Senators and grant pardon to the multitude.

knights who had fought for Sextus, were all put to death, excepting a very few. The troops he

Koman

took into his fervice, and as to the towns and people of the ifland, they were punifhed, or rewarded, according as they had deferved well, or ill, of him. He gave himfelf no trouble in purfuing Sextus, from whom he had nothing to fear, and who befides was got out of his reach, having retired into the territories which were under the obedience of Antony.
* Vir

omnium

vanllTimus, nee ulla virtute tarn

dulgeatiam meritus
Lepidus.

Ad diflimilimam

vitjc fuse

longam fortunas infortunam pervenerat

Vjifcfc.II.2o.

Nay,

GELLIUS, COCCEITJS,
Nay, perhaps 06lavius, who was
cian,

Confiils.

159
politi- A. R. 716. ^" ^*
36.
^

profound

was not difpleafed that his collcgue fhould grant a retreat and protedion to the anticnt enemy of all Csefar's party, which might prefently furnifh a preFor it is not to be tence for a rupture with him. doubted, but from the moment he faw himfelf left alone with Antony, of all the generals who had fhared the forces and provinces of the Republic, after the death of Csefar, he prepared to deftroy that only rival, whofe ruin muft render him mafter of the whole
empire.

But

thefe views were

ftill

at a confiderable diltance.

A prefent
der,

misfortune, and which even fprung from the greatneis of his power, put him into great difor-

whole attention. Having auo-mented his forces with thofe of Sextus and Lepidus, he faw under his command, formidable armies both forty-five legions, twenty-five of fea and land forces
and engaged
his
,

thoufand horfe, different corps of light troops, to the number of thirty-feven thoufand, together with three hundred velTels of war. This frightful number of foldiers was affembled in a fmall compafs, and he could fee at one glimpfe of his eye his whole force. dangerous fituation for a chiefs of whom the foldiers difdained to receive his orders, when he was ready to give them out. fierce army fo very numerous becomes impolTible to be difciplined, and will not iloop to defire by entreaties, what they can obtain by terror. This was precifely the fituation of Odavius. The troops which had rendered him fo great fervices mutinied, demanded their difcharge, and the fame rewards as thofe conferred on his victorious foldiers at Philippi. The infolence of the mu-

tineers

was

fo

much

the greater, as they forefaw the

inevitable,

war

and were fenfible; of the need their general would have of them. It was neither pofTible to fatisfy them, nor to fubdue them by authority. Odlavius try'd to make them change their minds, either by referring them, to Anthony, whofe confent he alledged was neceilary in an
againft
affair

Antony

160
A.R.
Ant^
S6.
7

GELLIUSj COCCEIUS,

ConfuU-

of that importance, and which interefted in comj^Qpj j-j^e foldiers of both Triumviri ; or by exciting the feditious to acquire a rich fpoi!, and a glory pure
affair

and
the

free

from

Illyrians,

by a war againft foreigners, and Dalmatians, who, taking advanall ftain,

tages of the divifions among the Romans, made inroads upon the empire ; or in fine, by propofing to

them rewards of honour, crowns of

and
to the

different kinds,

Tribunes and Centurions the right of wearing the Pretexta, and the rank of Senators in the But all thefe fine towns where they were born. the foldiers never loft fight fpeeches had no effe6l of the obje6t of their wiQies ; and a Tribune, named Ofilius, had the boldnefs to raife his voice, and to fay, that crowns and pretexta were fit to amufe children, but for foldiers there muff be money and landsVs-'hat he faid was applauded, and to fettle them. Odlavius, in a paffion, faw nothing better to be done than to defcend from his Tribunal, and retire from
,

Ofilius became the more bold upon the affembly. this, and as others who followed his imprefTions, taxed

companions, who were more moderate, with indifference for the common caufe, he cried out that he had no need of affiilance, he alone being fufHcient This to obtain the execution of fuch jufl demands. The feinfolence of his did not remain unpunifhed. ditious Tribune prefently vanifhed, without any perfon being able to difcover what was become of hijn. This example, which gave every one to underfland what he had to fear, rendered the mutineers more There was none circumfpeft, but not more tradable. after this that fmgly expofed themfelves, but all totheir

gether, or in confiderable bodies, they perfifled in demanding their difcharge.

Odavius had not

that heroick

elevation of fcnti-

ment, by which his great uncle was capable with one word to reduce his mutinous legions to their duty. Befides he was but young, and poffeffed no extraordinary degree of warlike m.erit, a quality which imHe. was fenfible, howpofes the moft upon creeps.
ever.

GELLIUS, COGGEIUS,
ever, df the necelTity of a firm

Confuls.
-,

th
*

and that A.R. j^L "^'^ at once, if he Ihould fhew himfelf too mild, he mult He took tlierefore a meIcfe his authority for ever extremes, agreeable to his chathod between the two prudent and artful, than noradier, which was more granted a difcharge to twenty He ble and elevated. thoufand of the oldeft foldiers, whom he obliged imbehaviour
mediately to depart the ifland, for fear they lliould nourifli a fpirit of ledition among the reft. Afterward, having aflembled the army, which was ftili very numerous, he protefted that he would never take back to his fervice, were they even to befcech him in the moft prefiing manner, thofe who had left him againft his will and that further, he would not give to all of them the rewards which they flattered themfelves with, but only to thole who fhould be judged worthy of them, after a fevere examination of He then began to praife the fidelity their conduct. of the troops, which ftill remained with him promifed them, that in a little tinTe he would grant them both the repofe and fettlements which they had merited by their good fervice j and in pledge of this protnife, the execution of which was at Ibme diftance, he ordered an immediate diftribution of five hundred lol. 8s. ^d. Denarii a head, in order to which, he impoled upon Sicily a tax of fixteen hundred talents (three hundred By means of this condud:, mixed thoufand pounds). with indulgence and firmnefs, 06taviu3 appeafed the mutiny, which might have rendered the vicflories he had obtained fatal to him. When all was quieted, he diiiributed military gifts
,

to the foldiers

and

officers,

who had

diftinguiilied

There was none more themfelves by their bravery. honoured, or who deferved it better, than Agrippa. He received for a reward, and as a monument of the naval victory which h had fo great a fhare' in, a - crown of gold, which had for its rays the prows of
*

Agrippa

cui, belli infigne fuperbum, Teaapora navali fulgent Joftta corona. ViRC. Mji. VIII.

Vol, X.

vef-

i62
A. R.
T^s. veficls.

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

authors affirm, that he was who had this glorious mark of honour be^^I'o^' the firft ftowed upon him. But I have ah'eady related, from Pliny's authority, that the learned Varro had been honoured with, it before, in the war againft the pyHowever, it is not very furprifing that the rates. name of Agrippa fhouid obfcure that of Varro, in the
great

many

glory of arms. Cdavius before he departed from Sicily, eflabliflied He a Pro-pra:;tor to govern the ifland in his nanie.

of Lepidus ; and Statiiius Taurus went by his orders, with fome troops, to take poffeffion for him of Africa, properly fo called, and Numidia, both which had belonged to the difpoflelled With regard to Antony's vefiels he fent, Trium.viri. them back faithfully, and even took care to replace thofe which had been loft in the operations of the war. After he had finiflied thofe difpofitions, he fet out, and returned to Italy with all his forces. This, properly fpeaking, is the epocha when Octavius's grandeur began to be eftablilhed on a folid For till now, his affairs had always been foundation. wavering, and he was always furrounded and pufhed But now the whole Well at by enemies and rivals. fubmitted to his command, and at the fame time the pubhck efteem and admiration were determined in his They could not refufe thofe fentiments to favour. fuch glorious fuccefs, efpecially confidering he was Four wars brought to a happy confo very young.
alfo feized the fpoil

clufion, at

Modena,

Philippi, Perufia, and in Sicily

the total deftrudion of the Republican party and that of Pompcy ; the power of Sextus, and that of Lepidus united to his own ; and all this executed at the

age of twenty-eight

thefe were powerful motives to

infpire a veneration for

him, which being once

efta-

blilhed, encreafed ever afterwards,

and was none of

it

foundations of his power. They gave him the firft teftimony of turn from the expedition into Sicily.
the
leaft

on

his re-

went a great way out of

Rome

Senate in a body to meet him, each

The

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

i6^

each Senator wearing a crown upon his head, as a fign a.r. 716of joy and congratulation. They had before decreed ^'^^'^ ^' to him the greareft honours, leaving it to himfelf, either to accept of them all, or to chufe fuch as fhould be molt agreeable to him. He accepted of the ovation, or little triumph, the eflablifnment of an annual feaft in honour of his vi(5lory, and a gilded itatue fee up in the Forum, where he is reprefented in a triumphal habit, the pedeftal adorned with prows of For having restored veflels, with this infcription
:

Peace a long time disturbed both by Sea and Land. He entered Rome with the modeft pomp ofFaftica. P^*^the ovation the day of the ides of November.
Thefe
exploits, confidered in themfelves, certainly

deferved the great triumph ; and I can fee no reafon that Ihould have hindered him to take it, except it was the meannefs of the enemies he had vanquiflied. For it muft be obferved, that the name of Sextus ought not to appear here. It would have exafperated the Romans, and made them hate him too much, to fee him triumph nominally over the fon of Pompey.

But after Sextus was defeated, almofl all thofe who had followed him were either fugitive Haves, or pyrites, commanded by freedmen. It was then in fome meafure a war againft (laves, for which the glory of a triumph would have been too magnificent, and a victory over which was fufRciently recompenced by an
ovation.

Octavius contented himfelf with it, and added feveral other inftances of moderation and gentlenefs, by which he difcovered plainly, that he wanted to make amends for the tyrannical proceedings and cruelties, which at firft had brought upon him the hatred and deteftation of the publick. In the fpeeches which, he made both to the Senate and people, after having' teitified his acknowledgment for the honours decreed to him, he promifed peace and tranquillity in Italy as the fruit of his victory, which, he faid, had now put an end to all civil wars. For he induftrioufly concealed his defign againft Antony, which it was not 2

"

164
A. R.
716"^^^6 ^'

not repeat thofe Speeches, but read them ; a method which he obSuet.Aug. ierved upon all important occafions ; and he diftri* buted copies of them over the city, to make all the citizens as it were witncfTes, and depofitaries of the he had contrafted, and which he alfo eno:ao;ements 'fc o He aboliihed fome duties, and remitted fulfilled. all that was due of the taxes eftabliflied during the
not

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, He did time yet to difcover.

Confuls.

war.

The

people,

who

for a long time

had fuffered the

horrors of a civil war, charmed with beginning to breathe again, and willing to recompence him to whom they were obliged for the agreeablenefs of their

new

fituation, offered

him the
invefted.

high-prieftfliip,

with

which Lepidus was

,

Oftavius ftill fupported the charader of moderation, which he bound

and refufed that office, though himfelf to as a lav/ illuftrious, but of which the invery important and cumbent was not to be deprived of, as long as he lived. Some went even fo far, as to propofe to him the ftrange expedient of deftroying Lepidus, as an enemy to the
publick i but he rejedled this with horror, declaring that he would never open the way to ufurpation by murder. He further gained the affe^lion of the citizens by the conduct which he obferved with regard to the great number of fiaves which Sextus had drawn into Sicily, and incorporated with his troops by giving them their liberty. Though this liberty had been confirmed by the treaty of Mifenum, Oftavius did not think himfelf obliged to obferve, with regard to thofe wretches, to the prejudice of their mafters and the good of the Republick, a promife which had been He fent extorted from him by a kind of violence. to the feveral places where his legions had their winter quarters, letters which were opened all in one day,
containing orders to fcize all the fugitive fiaves. The crder was executed without any tumult j and after the prifoners had been brought to Rome, they were ci^amined in order to be returned to their old mafters

and

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

,55
A. R.7r6. ^^^; ^'

and thofe vvhofe mafters could not be found, Oclavius caufed to be executed in the towns from whence thev
fled.

'

"

Another obje6l very worthy of his attention, were the companies of robbers, which had formed themfelves under favour of the licence and confufion of the They formed, in a manner, fmall armies, war. which might be faid rather to commit hoftilities, than
fimple robberies, both in Rome, Italy, and Sicily. Sabinus, charged by Odlavius with the care of putting a ftop to thole terrible robberies, deftroyed the whole race of thofe wretches in the fpace of one year. Peace and fafety were again efhablilhed upon the highways, and in the towns j and the people were fo fenfible of it, that they confecrated the author of it amongft their

Gods. Oclavius appeared then entirely employed in the good of the publick, and wholly poffelTed with pacific fchemes. He burnt thofe letters and papers which might be monuments of pail divifions, and kept a
titular

great

the citizens in difquietude. He left the annual magillrates to exercife their function, and

many of

regulate thofe affairs which belonged properly to their offices. In fine, he went fo far as to make people hope, that he would abdicate the triumvirfhip in con-

he ffiould return from the war againll the Parthians. This lafl promife was only a femt, but it gave great joy to the nation, which was always attached to a Republican governThe Senate, in order to engage Oclavius to ment. keep his word, and give him, as it were, a compenfation in exchange for the triumvirfhip, offered to make him perpetual Tribune as long as he lived. By this title, his perfon would be rendered facred and inviolable ; and he would acquire the power of hindering any thing to be done in the city againll his will. But he had no mind to renounce the command of the army, which conflituted all his force. Thus he kept himfelf referved with regard to the propofi|ion of the Senate, neither judging it proper to accept
cert with
as foon as

Antony,

the

i66
^n^.
716.
'

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
the tribuneihip,

Confuls.

\i,

which would have difarmed him, nopt, to join it to the triumvirfliip, for fear of provoking'^^ Antony's jealoufy. Neverthelefs it did not appear that he had abfolutely refiifed it, but put it off till a
niore convenient time. In order that Rome might be fenfible in every refpeft of the return of better fortune, it was likewife

fame year, that Odlavius began to embellilh it One of the great obwith new and lofty buildings. jefts in the whole remainder of his life and reign, was to adorn the capital of the univerfe, in a manner worthy of the dignity of that title ; and in this he * pufhcd his magnificence fo far, that he boafted he had received a Rome of brick, and had left it all of marble. But at the time in which 1 fpeak, the firft work with which he began the execution of his fcheme, was an Veil. II. apartment for himfelf. He had chofen for a fituation the mount Palatine, and caufed his managers to purchafe feveral houfes of private perfons, which formed Suet.Ang. ^ pjece of ground of no great extent. He there built '^' ^^* a houfe of a moderate 11 ze, which took its name from the hill upon which it Hood, and was called Palatium, from whence is derived the word Palace in our
in this

But he would not be reproached with lalanguage. Upon occafion of a thunbouring; only for himfelf. der which had burft on a fpot of ground which he had purchafed, the divines were confulted, and having anfwered that that place was claimed by a God, Odlavius built there a temple of the fineft marble to Apollo, whom he always honoured as his tutelary God. He joined to it 2 library, which was extremely proper in the temple of the God of arts ; and all about he raifed portico's for the ufe and convenience of the
publick.. The library of Palatine Apollo, as this was called, L^*&^!o.
Epift.
3.
I.

& II. 2.

was not only appointed to contain a coUedlion of which did honour to the tafte of its mailer, ^^qqI^s
* Urbem excoluit adeo, ut jure fit gloriatus marraoream quere, quara lateiitiam accepiffet. Su;iT. Aug. 29.

3X7.

fe relin-

and

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
and wa an
afTiftance to

Confuls.

167

learning; O^tavins ^-^^iSmade alfo a kind of academy of it, where there were "6.^* judges to examine the new works of poetry, and thofe which truly deferved to be tranfmitted to poilerity, were honourably placed in the library, with a por*very powerful encouragemerft trait of the author.

men of

for the arts, which glory efpecially nourifhes and carOftavius loved them, as great ries to perfedion. He cultivated them himprinces have always done. felf, and thofe who diftinguifhed themfelves in them^

were fure of

very well known how much they fiouridied under his government, which became the epocha and ftandard of good
his
it is

protection.

Thus

tafte.

There is no need of mentioning, that all thefe great works were not compleated the fame year, whofe
mentioning, but that they were proje(5ted and begun at that time ; and it is of fome importance to remark the date of them, becaufe they entered into the new fyftem of condu6l which 06lavius formed to himfelf, after he faw his power fuffiTill that time he was unjuft ciently eftablillied. and cruel, which the fatisfying his ambition forced him to, but afterwards gentle, moderate, and beneficent, as foon as he had reafon to be contented Vi/ith
tranfa6lions I
his fortune.

am now

This charafter of gentlenefs appeared farther in the diftribution of lands, which he had to make to the You may remember what a terrible veteran foldiers. diforder that affair had occafioned after the battle of but now it was executed in Phiiippi, over all Italy The funds which were defigned a peaceable manner. for the foldiers, either belonged to the Republick, or were faithfully purchafed and paid for, v/hether they belonged to private perfons, or to corporations. Thus, for example, the colony of Capua being very vell.ll.
;

thinly inhabited, poiTeiT*-d in

common

a great extent

si-

of ground, v/hich never belonged to any particular proprietor. Oflavius there eftabliihed his veterans. But in order to fatisfy the colony, he gave them in the 4

i68
A.R. 716
"*5^^*

e O
i\iQ

'T

E N

*fir

s.

6350!.

of Crete funds of a much larger revenue* and which brought them in twelve hundred thoufand And further he added a great and feftcrces a year. ufeful ornament to the town of Capua itfelf, by making an aqupdud to fupply them with plenty of pure
ifland

water.

fuch a wife ufe of his power and fortune, 0<5lavius confirmed himfelf in the efteem and affciflion of the Romans ag^inft Antony, who, on the contrary, at the fame time did every thing poflible to niake himfelf the objedt of their hatred and contempt. This will appear in the account which I am going to give of his expedition againft the Parthians, which was unfortunate through his fault, and the bad fuccels pf which was in itfelf lefs fhamefui, than the caufe which had produced it. But I muft begin by taking

By making

things nearer their fourcc.

SECT.
^he
violent grief of

IL

Or odes for

the decth of his fan Pace.'

his fiiccejfor.

rtis.

He

chiifes

Phaates for
to be

Phraates

caufcs his father^ brothers^ eldeft fon,

dees cf the

end fever at grati':

ktngdcm
is

put

to death.

fion for Cleopatra

liberalities

rene'vued.

Antony s paf~ His unjufl and immcnfe

towards her, Antonfs preparations for a war. He goes into Ai menia, the king of which wc^s fhe force of his army. The faults which his his ally, He lays Jiege pcffion for Cleopatra makes him commit. The to Praafpa^ the capital of the kirig of the Medes, kings of the Medes and Parthians cut in pieces two of The king of Arrflenia abandons him. Anhis legions. tony engages in a battle^ whtre he puts to flight the Parthicins^ but caiifes a veryfmall Icfs to them. He returns in befieging of which he has very bad before Praafpa^ by Deceived fhe Parthians^ who promifed fuccefs. peace and fafety to him., he prepares to retreat. Being informed cf the perfidy cf the Parthians, injlead of 'fihirching along the^latn^ he gains the mountains, Z)/'pcra

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

if^

vers combats, where the Parthians are repulfed. The temerity of a Roman officer makes the Parthians gain a

The admirable conduct of An-r Their love of him. tony with regard to his foldiers. the Romans regain the fu-periority. New battles, where with famine. Their army is difireffed very fingular the by and fatal difeafe^ caufed ufe of an unknown herb. the Parthians, new perfidy of from which Antony intelligence given capes, means him from the eneby ef of The Romans fuffer extremely from thirfl. mies army. river whofe waters were very unwholefome. terconjiderable advantage.

rible confufion occafwned by the fury of the Roman foldiers, who plunder their own camp. The laji battle

The joy of the Romans when aw themfelves again in Armenia Antonf s foolifh they f hurry to get back to Cleopatra, falfe and oftentatious account fent by Antony to Rome. Honours which are The lafi adventures and fatal death of decreed to him. The wars of 05iavius in Illyrium. Sextus Pompeius. The perfonal bravery of O^lavius. The Salajftfubdued The exploits of M. Crajfus againjl the hy Valerius. The adilejhip of Agrippa, Myjians, and the Bajiarn^. Agrippa and Macenas chief friends, confidents, and
againjl the Parthians.

minijlers of 0iavius.

Statues ereEied to Livia

05iavia.
Statilius

The Portico of O^avia. Taurus and Sofius. New

Succeffion of the death of Atticus. year 718 to the year 721,

and The triumphs of Patricians. The Confuljhip from the

THE

death of Pacorus, who was killed in the.^j laft battle which Ventidius had gained over the xlilV Parthians, threw Orodes, the father of the vounc-^5prince, into fqch a violent grief as almoll degenerated During the firfl fix days he would into madnefs. neither fee any body, nor take any nourifhment. Shut up in a dark place, and keeping an obftinate filence, if he fpoke at all, it was only repeating dolefully the name of Pacorus. Frequently he thought he fpoke to him, heard him, and faw him by him. But presently returning to himfelf, and recalling to mind,
that

I70
A. R.
716.

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
that Pacoi'us

Confuk.
bit-

was no more, he wept for him

v/as

only appeafed to give place to a cruel dilqiiiet, which tormented him upon the fubjed: of the choice of a fiicceffor, a title which was He had by difleft vacant by the death of Pacorus, ferent wives thirty fons, who ail afpired to the throne, and, feconded by their mothers, fatigued by their important follicitations the fpirits of the weak old man. In Ihort, after having continued in fufpence a long while, Orodes unfortunately, both for himfelf and the Parthians, determined in favour of Phraates, the eldeft of them all, but by far the moft wicked. Scarcely did Phraates fee himfelf fecured in the fucceflion to the throne, than he was impatient to enjoy it ; and finding that his father kept him from it too You may long, he caufed him to be put to death. ealily judge that he would no more fpare the lives of his brothers, v/ho were an umbrage to him, and fome of which had titles preferable to him, by the nobility of their mothers whereas Phraates was born of an obEven the eldeft of his own fons, who fcure woman. happened to be of an age capable of giving him fufpi-

This viokiit grief

-,

cion,
Plut.

was

facrificed to his jealoufy.

Ant,

^^^'

grandees of the kingdom, alarmed and irritated at fuch a barbarity, which extended itfelf likewife, to them, and took off all the heads of the firft of
the nobility, the

The

made

difpofitions
eafily

for a revolt,

which

have taken the advantage But Antony was at that time in Italy, and Soof. fius,' who commanded for him in Syria, had learned by the example of Ventidius, not to purfue too fplendid a glory, v/hich might eclipfe that of his general. I'hus the Parthian nobility, who were difconcerted at the government of Phraates, not being fupported, faw
themfelves obliged to fly into different countries. But Monefes, one of the moft illuftrious and powerful amongft them, went over to Antony.

Romans might

The Triumvir had

faid,

out from Italy, as we have when Odavius prepared to make the laft effort
fet

againft

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
againft Sextus

Confuls.

171
*

was then that the fatal A. R. 7><J. paflion for Cleopatra, which had been reprcfled and ^"gV quieted by a return of reflexion and wifdom after his It had marriage with Oflavia, awoke in his breaft. After only been afleep, and by no means fubdued. a very fliort interval, during v/hich reafon feemed to have got the upper hand ; in fhort, to make ufe of the expreflion of Plato, adopted by Plutarch, that untractable companion of the foul, t|iat rebellious flave, which too frequently, inftead of receiving law from
and
Sicily.

It

its

fovereign, abufes and tyrannizes over him, entirely

Ihook off the yoke.

ria,

Antony, on approaching to Sy-

difpatched Fonteius Capito, with orders to bring to him the queen of Egypt. She arrived and as if he wanted to make a repa-,

jofeph.

and efface the rememration for -J"*^^* brance of it by unbounded liberality, he made her & ^^'^^ immenfe prefents. He added to her kingdom Pheni- Jud.i. 13, cia, befides Tyre and Sidon, Coelofyria, that province j^jjj^ of Judea which produces balm, and a part of the All thefe countries were country of Arabia Felix. pofTelTed by different little princes, under the protecAntony made no fcruple of detion of the Romans. frauding thofe who enjoyed them, provided he could fatisfy the unfatiable avarice of her whom he loved. He even yielded to her the rights which the Republick had over the ifland of Cyprus, and Cyrene, which were formerly dependent on the crown of Egypt. The Romans were very much fhocked at thefe indecent liberalities, the occafion of which was fo fhameful although Antony endeavoured to put a good colour upon it, faying, that the grandeur of the Roman nation appeared lefs in what it polfciTed, than in v/hat it gave away to its allies.
his

paft

coolnefs,

c-ta^ivroc

avts

k^ tiKot, ug-Tnp
to.

<piifif

nxdrmv, to ivayriibii
TidyTA}

ly

ao\as"ov ^v)(rit

v:rz^CyKf d'an>aK.iic-a.i

KoXa

k, trierli^fu.

KiTrhmx ^onihy iTn^^tV a^av

fa

]i>M7rxrfx\

tic

^jfixY'

PtuT. Am,

Mean

172
A. R.
716.

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
Mean
while,
^'

Confuls.

^^6

he did not forget his great project againil the Parthians, from which he promifed himfelf The terror of his name the mod glorious fuccefs. as far as Caucafus on the Cafand arms had reached pian fea, by the vidories which Ventidius his lieutenant had gained over the kings of Spain and Albania ; and he expeiied a great deal from Monefes, a man of confiderable importance, both on account of his merit and capacity, as well as of his high rank and and whole retreat mud confequently weaken birth the Parthians, and procure him the moft certain diWherefore he reiflions for conducing his enterprize. o-ave this nobleman a moil honourable reception ; and as he was proud, and loved pomp and oftentation, he compared Monefes to Themiftocles, himfelf to the great king of Perlia, and in order to render the refemblance compleat, he gave to the fugitive Parthian three * towns of Syria for his fubfiftence, Larifia, Arethufa, and Plierapolis. Nay, he even promifed
,
'

the throne of Arfacides. Phraates, prefently vaniflied.

him

But
it

all thefe fine

ideas

who was
in

fenlible

how

much

fuch a fugitive mull

have

his

power to

hurt him, omitted no means to regain him ; and Monefes, upon the aiTurance of impunity, and an entire re-eftablifhment in all his goods and rights, returned again to his king, and thus fruftrared Antony's fhall lee, however, afterv/ards, this expeftation. Parthian nobleman doing good fervice to the Roman

We

army. Antony, though he was piqued at feeing himfelf abandoned by Monefes, left him at full liberty to retire. One part of his plan was to amufe Phraates by a negotiation, and by hopes of peace, in order to furprife him by a fudden attack, which would not allow him
Flor. iv.
0'

If we may believe Florus, time to prepare himfelf. there was even a treaty in form drawn up between Antony and the king of the Parthians, which muft
liact"- given three towns to Themiftocles, one for another his wine, and the third for his meat. bread, Se^ for his book vii. a. Hiftory, Antient |

Thus Artaxerxcs

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, Confuk

convift the
perfidy.
cital

173

general of an inexcufable piece of''^'^-7^ But to confine ourfelves to the fimple re"56.^

Roman

of Plutarch and Dio, we cannot excufe him from According to thefe hiftorians, he fraud and artifice. fent an embafTy to Phraates, to demand of him the reftitution of the colours taken at the defeat of Craffas, as alfo thofe prifoners who remained alire ; and without waiting for an anfwer, having taken leave of Cleopatra, he advanced towards Armenia, where wasthe general rendezvous of his troops. Artabazes, king of Armenia, fon of Tigranes, an ally of the Romans, was at that time at war with another Artabazes, king of the Atropatenian * Medes, Antony came then, as it were, an ally of Phraates. to fuccour the king of Armenia, whilft it may be conjedured (for authors are not fufficiently explicit upon this point) that he avoided ading diredly againft the Parthians, either to lull them, if pofTible, into a falfe fecurity, till having fubdued Media, he might be in a condition to enter fuddenly into the heart of their country ; or not to appear openly to violate his faith, by attacking a prince with whom he either made a treaty of peace, or at leaft was in terms about it. This, however, is certain, that his intention was not bounded in defending the king of Armenia, nor in making an invahon on the country of the Medes, but that it was the Parthians whom he wanted to make war againft. The forces which he had aiTembled, were fufiicient to prove the greatnefs of his defigns. He reviewed them in Armenia, and found them to confift of feventy thoufand Roman infantry, ten thouland Spanilh and Gaulilh horfe, to which were added thirty thoufand
time into two, the great Me. great Media, which had Ecbatana for its capital, made a part of the empire of the Parthians. The Atropatenian Media was a province of the old kingdom of the Medes, and took its name from Atropatros, who had preferved it from the Macedonian yoke. Atropatros was elefled king in acknowledgment of his good fervice, and the fucceffion Was continued down in his jiofterity, which was ftill fubfifting in the time of Strabo,
diftinguiflied

They

Media

at that

dia,

and the Atropatenian.

The

auxi-

174

GELLIUS, COCCEIU5,

Confuls/
'-*

A. R. 716. auxiliary troops, Ant. kings his allies.

which were furniihed to him by the

'

'

powerful army, which fpread the alarm as far as Badlria and the Indies, and put all' Afia in a violent commotion, was rendered ufelefs by For bethe foolifli paffion of Antony for Cleopatra. ing defirous of paffing the winter with her, he haftened to begin the operations of war too foon, and' conducted himfelf in every thing with precipitation^' not behaving like himfelf, nor mafter of his reafon,but as if he had been enchanted by fome delufion, turning inceflantly his looks towards Egypt, and more engaged to return fpeedily, than to vanquifh
Neverthelefs,
this

his enemies.

began then by a very remarkable fault, taking the field all at once, though the feafon was far advanced, and his troops, after a march of above three hundred leagues, had great need of refl. He was advifed to give them time to recover from their fatigue, and even to pafs the winter in Armenia, to be in a condition to attack Media the beginning of the next fpring, before the army of the Parthians could be affembled. But he could not fuffer that delay ; he wanted to march immediately, and entering into Atropatena, which was the kingdom of Artabazes, he plundered it, and there began his hofiilities. I'he fecond fault, which was owing to the fame
principle, was,

He

march retarded bythe machines of war, which followed the army in three hundred waggons, he left them by the way under the guard of two legions, commanded by Oppius Statiathat finding his

he advanced with all fpeed, and laid fiege to Praafpa, the capital of Atropatenian Media, imagining he lliould make an cafy conqueft of that place, and of the whole country, becaufe the king was abfent, and engaged with Phraates elfewhere. But the town was ftrong and well fortified and from the firft operations of the fiege, Antony had reafon to be fenfible, how much he was in the wrong, for not carrying with him his warlike manius
;

and

as to himfelf,

chines

'

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, Confuk

175

chines; efpecially a battering ram of fourlcore feet A- K-?!^* ^' long, which would have been of great ufe to them, "^"g For that whole country produced very bad wood, which had neither ftrength nor height, and confequently could not be employed for the conftrudion of machines, fuch as the necefiity of the fervice reAntony then was obliged to throw up terquired. raffes in order to raife the befiegers as high as the walls, which was a work both long and very laborious.

foon as the kings of the Medes and Parthians had advice of the fiege of Praafpa, they approached' towards Antony. But being in little pain for a town
lb well

As

defended,

and

fo

ill

attacked,

inftead

of

marching ftraight to that general, they altered their mute, and furprifed Statianus. The troops which that officer commanded, were cut in pieces, and there remained ten thoufand dead upon the fpot. Statianus himfelf was alfo killed, and all the machines taken and burnt. Polemon, king of Pontus, efcaped alone from the {laughter, the Parthians halving fpared him^, in hopes of extorting a large ranfom from him, as So confiderable a lofs, at the be^'they actually did.
ginning of a great and important cnterprife, chagrined Antony very much ; and very foon after, the Armenian Artabazes gave him new caufe of trouble and' difquiet by leaving him, and retiring into his kingdom with his troops, which amounted to fixteen thoufand The perfidy of that horfe, and feven thoufand foot. prince was ftill more provoking to him, as it was accompanied with ingratitude, becaufe it was to defend him, and revenge his caufe, that the Romans had

'

come

into that country.

v/hile,

-^^"^

the viflorious Parthians advanced towards Praafpa, and taking the firft advantage as a
certain

Mean

omen of

fuccefs for the future,' already threat-

ened infolendy the

Roman army

but,

however,

without putting themfelves within reach of the infantry, which they greatly feared. Antony apprehended that if he fuffered patiently thefe infults, and left his
troops

17^
A.R.
26
7t6.

aELLIUS, COCCEIUS, Gonfuk

troops In inadlion, which would appear to be no bec^^^ ^^^'^^ *^^ acknowledgment of weaknefs, his men would be difcouraged. He relblved therefore to endeavour to bring on a battle ; and with this view he

went out of his lines with ten legions, three Praetorian Cohorts, and all his cavalry, as for a general forage, hoping that the enemy would follow him, and give him an opportunity of engaging with them.
In fhort, after one day's march, he difcovered the Parthian army, which was ranged in form of a crcfcent near the road where he was to pafs. He then of battle, difplayed in his camp the fignal which was, as we have obferved elfewhere, a purple coat of arms But in order to defpread over the general's tent. ceive the Parthians, and make them continue in their

be ftruck, as if he had defigned to continue his march, and not to engage. He fet out then in fight of the enemy, having given orders to his cavalry, to fall back immediately, as foon as they fhould be within reach of being attacked by the legions. It was a fight worthy of admiration for the Parthians to behold the Roman army defiling towards them. As they neither obferved, nor were acquainted with any kind of difcipline, they beheld with furprize this whole multitude advancing towards them in the mod beautiful order, feparated by equal intervals, and the foldiers marching without noife or tumult, brandifhing their demi-pikes which they had
poft, he caufed the tents

to

in their hands.

Immediately the fignal was given, and the Roman cavalry wheeling about, rufhed in upon the BarbariNeans, who did not exped them, with loud cries. though they this had verthelefs, they fuftained fhock, But when the not room to make ufe of their arrows. infantry approached, accompanying their cries with the noife of the fpears llriking upon their bucklers, the Parthian cavalry took fright, and the riders them-

Antony purcould engage. fued them very keenly, imagining he had obtained a But after his infantry had purfued decifive viflory.
felves fled before they
'

v#

'-

them

^teiltr^, COCCEIUS,
them
as far as

Confuls.

177

two leagues beyond the field of battle, A. R. 716. fix, upon examining the enemy that ^"*; ^* were killed or taken, they found only fourfcore dead ^ and fifty taken prilbners. Upon this their joy was greatly mortified,, and the Romans felt very fenfibly a war, in which, when they were vidlorious, they caufed lb little lofs to the enemy, and when they were
and the cavalry
*

defeated, fuffered as under Statianus.

much

as thofe

who were routed

to re-

Next day, Antony having prepared himfelf

turn before Praafpa, the Par'thians appeared again, at firft in a fmall body, afterwards their number en-

and at laft their whole army being alTembled, as frefh and as full of vigour and boldnefs as they were the preceding day, harralTed and fatigued Antony's troops, by brifk and frequent repeated attacks and it was with a great deal of trouble and danger that the Romans regained their camp.
creafcd,

Very foon after, the befieged made a fucccfsful fally, and the troops which were oppofed to them, fhamefully took flight. Antony, irritated at this bad fuccefs, decimated the guilty' cohorts, and caufed
barley, inftead of wheat, to be diftributed
foldiers

to tho^e

whofe good fortune had exempted them from

fituation

punifhment.

of the Romans v/as exceeding trouand they faw themfelves threatened with ftill more terrible confequences. For they could go no more to forage, nor get any provifions without fighting for them, and they had alv/ays a great many killed and wounded. Thus to the fear of the enemy, was added that of famine. Phraates, on his part, was not without difquiet for the firft colds of autumn began already to be felt, and he knew that the Parthians were neither accuftomed nor inclined to keep the field in winter ; fo that if the Romans fliould perfevere, he fufpeded he might be abandoned by his troops, and obliged to retire. To avoid which inconvenience, he had recourfe to artifice, and endeaVojL. X. vour^d
blefomiC,
-,

This

.178

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
Antony by

Confuls.

A.R. yifi-voured to deceive

^36.^* friendfliip.

falfe

appearances of

In eonfequence of this new projeft, and conformable to his orders, the Chiefs of the Parthians, inflead of ading with their accuflomed vivacity againft the Romans in their forages, and upon other occafions, when they came within reach of them, put on a more gentle behaviour, retreating defignedly to allow them to get provifions, praifing their furprifmg valour wherever they met them, and affuring them of They came the cfteem and admiration of Phraates. at laft to have familiar converfations with them, in which they blamed Antony very much, for not taking the advantage of the friendfliip of the king of the Parthians, who v/ifhed to have peace, and had no inclination to deftroy fuch a number of brave warriors. " Your general,'* faid they, " obflinately waits here *' for two of the mioft formidable enemies of man'' kind, famine and winter, which are fujfficient to " deftroy him, and from which it will be very difH*' cult for him to efcape, even with our affiftance." Thefe exprefTions being reported to Antony, made an imprefiion upon him, and the hope of retreating fafe, diminiflied the firmnefs of his refolution to conIn the mean time, he would not hatinue the fiege. zard taking fuch a flep, nor offer terms of peace to the enemy, till he had firft caufed thofe who brought
'

account to be examined, to know whether they were authorized by Phraates in what they faid. They anfwered,' that they had only expreffed the true fentiments of their prince, and that Antony might fafely depend upon the truth of it. This anfwer determined the Roman Generail to negotiate with Phraates, and accordingly he fent to him fome of his friends. Only, in order to fave his honour in fome meafure, and not to appear as if he thought himfelf very happy in being at liberty to retreat, he charged ftill to demand the reftitution of the Roman ftandards and prifoners, which had remained
this

in

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
in the

Confuls.
fince the defeat

17^

power of the Parthians ever

of -^-

^- t\5
'^g^

deputation in a haughty manner, being feated on a throne of gold, and holding in his hand a bow, the firing of which he pulled. So haughty a reception prelaged a difdainful anfwer and he rejeded as impertinent the propofition for reftoring the prifoners and colours, buriting but out into bitter reproaches againft the Romans promifed them however peace and fecurity, if they chofe to retire. Antony was obliged to be content with what was granted him, by an enemy who was in and he ora condition of prefcribing laws to him dered his men' to make all the necelTary preparations for their departure. It was cuftomary on fuch occafions for generals to harangue their army, which Antony was very capable He knew very well how to acquit himfelf in a of. publick fpeech, and efpecially he feemed to be formed to pleafe the foldiers by a kind of military eloquence, which was agreeable to their tafte, and infpired them with fuch fentiments as he wifhed to raife in them. But upon this melancholy occafion, the fliame and confufion he was in flopped his mouth, and he deputed Domitius Ahenobarbus to harangue the troops
Craflus.

The king

received

his

in his

room.

Some were
,

affronted at this, and thoughc

but others, and by far the greatefl number, knew perfeftly well the motive of this forced filence. They were heartily forry for it, and it was a motive for them to fympathize with their general, and obey him the more affiduoufly. Antony prepared to return the fame way he came, through a plain open country. But happily for him and his -army, there arrived in his camp one of the old ^ Roman prifoners, in whom the love of his
themfelves neglected
* Velleius and Florus call him exprefsly one of the Roman priread in Plutarch, that this guide, to whom Antonyowed the fafety of his army, was a Mardian by birth, and confequently a ftranger with regard to the Romans, being born in Upper Some learned men believe that there is an error in Plutarch's Alia. text, and that inllesid of Mardi, it ought to be read Marfi, a people
foners.

We

country

o
7iS'

GELLIUS, C'dCGEI trs, '^biifCilir

country had only been encreafed, by a long and me-^'*lancholy confinement among Barbarians-. He caufed them to carry him to Antony, and advifed him to turn to the right on the fide of the mountains, and not expol'e his legions, who were heavy armed, in vaft' plains, quite naked, and without any fhelter, to fifty thouland cavalry, and a fhower of innumerable arHe difeovered to him the fecret intentions of rows. Phraates, who had no other view than that of making

A.R.

^h

him

fall

into his fnare, in

amufing him by deceitful

In fhort, he oifered to ferve him as a guide, and to condu6t him by afhorter way, where he would find more provifions for the fubfiflence of his troops. Antony, ftruck with this difcovery, was neverthelefs fcrupulous in diftrufting the Parthians, with whom he hadjuft concluded a treaty. However, the double advantage of a route which would fhorten the march, and where his army would be better provided, decided in favour of the advice propofed by the priwho having defired he might be fettered as a foner proof of his fidelity, was accepted as a guide, and charged with directing the route of the army. The two firft days pafled very quietly but the third day, when Antony dreamt no more of the Parthians, and already quite fecure, marched in irregular order, the guide obferved a great breach newly made in a dyke which confined the waters of a river, in confequence of which the road was overflowed. He gave them notice from this, that the enemy was not far off'; and in fhort, Antony had fcarce time to draw his legions up in order before the Parthians appeared, and attempted to inclofe his army by wheeling round about them. Antony had left between the ranks room for the flingers and archers, who at the approach of the enemy, immediately advanced. The combat
promifes.
, -,

of Italy ; and thus Plutarch would agree with the Roman hiftorians^ But if" he had believed that this man was one who had efcaped from the defeat of CralTus, I am perfuaded he would have mentioned that circiimftance in exprefs terms. I therefore imagine, that there is no room to make any alteration in bis text 5 but I have preferred the authority of the Latin authors,
'

"'

was

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
was very
hot,

Confuls.

lU
R.716.

and the Parthians were no lels hurt by A. the balls of lead, and arrows, which the Romans difcharged upon them, than the light troops of the Romans were by the arrows of the Parthians. They reBut the treated, and returned again to the charge. Gaulilh cavalry having engaged, difperfed them entirely, and they appeared no more that day. Thei fuccefs of that firft combat put Antony upon the method of refiftins: the attacks of the Parthians. Havinf^ ranged his army into a large fquare, he placed his light-armed troops, not only in the rear, but alfo in the front and flanks and the cavalry had orders, after they had broken the enemy, to ftop, and not purfue
-,

"5^^'

them too

far.

By this difpofition, and profecuting Romans eafily fufFered the redoubled

this plan, the

Parthians for four days fuccelTively ; fuccefs abating the ardour of the Barbarians, they already thought of returning, and laid hold of the winBut the raflmefs of a Roman ter as a pretence for it. officer, which procured them a confidcrable advantage, at the fame time reflored their courage and perIbverance.

of the and the want of

ettorts

This officer, who was called Fabius Gallus, did not want bravery, and undertaking to beat the Parthians, fo as to hinder their appearing for the future,

he demanded of Antony a detachment of light troops and cavalry. With this body, which he obtained, he did not content himfelf v/ith only repelling the enemy, but he even was fo rafh as to attack and purfue them. It was in the rear of the Roman army that this adtion happened and as foon as thofe who commanded there faw Gallus at a diftance from them, alarmed at their danger, they fent orders for him to return immediately. But he did not think proper to obey thefe orders. In vain the Qiiasftor Titius reproached him very warmly, accufing him of being the occafion of lofing fo many brave men, and even laid hold of the colours to make him return. But nothing could get the better of the obftinacy of Gallus. He pufhed al,

ways

,82
i^.R. 716.

GfeLLIUS, COCCEIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. c.
*

ways forwards, without taking care of his rear, till ^^ ^j. Qj^^g }^g f.^^ himfclf entirely furrounded. He then demanded afliftance but Canidius, whofe office this was, and who had the moft authority of all Antony's lieutenants, committed a great fault on this For inftead of fending a large body of occafion. troops, which might have decided the affair at once, he fent fucceffively feveral fmall platoons, who were defeated one after another and this put almoft the whole army in a panick. Antony was obliged to come himlelf with the legions which compofed the advanced guard, to flop the Parthians, and fecure a
, -,

retreat for his

own men who

fled.

Thus

finifhed that

unfortunate battle ; in which they reckoned on the fide of the Romans, three thoufand killed and five thoufand wounded ; and amongft the latter was Callus himfelf, who v/as wounded with four arrows, and died foon after.

Antony behaved admirably

rencounters.

in
all

thefe

melancholy
ter^ts

He

went through

the

to vifit

'

the wounded, fharing in their difafters, and condoling their hard fortune, even fo far as to fhed tears ; and the foldiers fhewed themfelves in their turn extremely they comfenfible of the affe^lion of their general forted him, took him by the hand, loaded him with terms of refped and attachment, and prayed him to turn his cares towards himfelf; protefting to him, that, provided he was kept fafe, they fiiould look upon themfelves as happy and victorious. Such were the fentiments of his whole army ; which, whether one confiders the number, or courage of the
:

foldiers, or

their patience

in

fatigues, or, in Ihort,

the perfons of the men, and the vigour of the whole corps, was the fineft that had been aiTembled at the time of which we are now writing ; and which further may be compared to all that the ancient Roman manners prefent as the moil perfeft ; both for refpec5l towards their o-eneral, and exaflnefs of obedience, which proceeded from the heart, and from the unanimous
difpofition

which they

all

had, both great and fmall,

officers

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
officers

Confuls.

183
^' ^7\6>

and private foldiers, to prefer the efteem and good graces of Antony to their fafety, and even their
lives.

A^^'*

He

deferved, on

many

accounts, this lively and

tender attachment, and ail good qualities concurred Firft, his noble to make him adored by his troops. defcent, then his eloquence, but efpecially the frank- nefs and candour of his proceedings, a magnificent liberality, popular manners, and a familiar gaiety,;

which extended

to their diverfions. to prevent their

And, on
wants and
their

the predefires,

sent occafion, his fympathizing with their fufferings,

and

his attention

made

the fick and

wounded

ftill

more zealous

for his

fervice,

than thole

who enjoyed

health

and

vigour.

The Parthians were ignorant of this difpofition of and looking upon them as vanquifhed the Romans
;

and

totally difcouraged, they palled the night, con-

cuftom, hard by the enemy's camp, reckoning to find it very foon empty, and to have no more trouble, but to plunder it quietly. Phraates, their king, who kept 'always at fome diftance from the body of the army, thought alfo that the victory was compleat, and fent his guard to take a fhare of the fpoil. Antony prepared himfelf to receive their attack firmly, and thought it was proper to harangue his army in the prefent conjunflure. He intended to harangue them in a mourning robe, in order to excite their commiferation the more. But his friends having reprefented to him, that the fuperftitious foldiers might drav/ a bad omen from it, he clothed himfelf and in the according to his cuftom in a purple robe fpeech which he made, mixed praifes with reproaches, blaming thole who had fled, and commending thole who had done their duty well, and renewed the combat. They all aiTuredhim of their zeal and affedlion. The faulty even offered themfelves .voluntarily to his revenge, either to be decimated, if he thought proper, or punifhed in whatever other manner he pleafed.
trary to
their
;

Only

84
716.
'

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
Only they conjured hin>to
them, .and not be
His jeyes to heaven,
diipirited.

Confuls.

A,R.

ceafe.to be irritated againfir

'^"36.

Then Antony,

raifing

befeeched the gods, that if his pafi... profperities ought to be expiated by ibme difgrace, their heavenly vengeance might fail on him alone, bus that thegcnerofity of his army might be recompenced with fafety and victory, /aj l^ The Romans liaving begun their march;' very well guarded and prepared in cafe of an attack, had fo

much

trouble in repulfmg the Parthians, as thofe came with an opinion, that they had lefs bufmcfs to fight than to take poffefiion of a prey which was fure and defencelefs. Thus, feeing themfelves,
the
lefs

contrary to especlation, borne down with a fhowcr of arrows, and meeting with a vigorous refiftance from an entmy whom they thought defeated and difmayed,
furprife, as

well as fear,

made them

retire

precipi-

tately, but, in the

th^ir

mean

while, without renouncing

'

hope and intention of fatiguing the Roman army, aiici deftroymg it if they could. They foon imagined that they had found an opportunity, at the defcent of a hill, where the Romans, embarraffed by a flippery and fteep declivity, and har^ raffed by a numerous cavalry, found it very difficult to advance, and at laft took the refolution of forming with their bucklers, what they called a military Tortoiie. The meaning of this term is well enough underfcood. It was ufual in the Roman army, when the foldiers were expofed to a multitude of arrows, after having placed in the center all the cavalry and light troops, and ranged themfelves in a fquare battalion, to cover with their bucklers the front and flanks of * the battalion and all thofe who were in the middle
-,

r/ifed their bucklers over their heads, difpofing

after the

them

manner of

tiles.

they did not allow the them any where, the arrows glancing upon the buckiers Without hurting the foldiers. Thofe who were in the firft line, in order to be entirely covered, kneeled upon one knee and it was this that deceived the
:

Thus defended on all fides, enemy to take advantage of

Parthians,

GELLIUS, t5^'GftU: ; JnMl*

Parthians.

i^
7?^'
35.

They thought

it

was fatigue and difcbu- ^- ^-

ragement which deprefled the Romans, and, leaving their arrows, they took in their hands long halberts At their approach to pierce through this Tortoife. the Romans cried aloud in a threatening manner, ftood up, and fmiting them with the javelins which they had in their hands, they killed the foremoil, and put the reft to flight. The fame thing happened the following days, and the Romans made but very little
progrefs.oiiv'i

famine began like wife to diftrefs the army, becaufe they had no grain but what they took by force ; and befides, they wanted proper inftruments to grind The beafts of burden which they had, either peit. rifhed by fatigue, or were employed in carrying the fick and wounded, and confequently their diftrefs became quite deplorable, infomuch that a fmall meafure of wheat was fold for twenty-five drachma's *, and the barley-bread was exchanged for filver, weight for It was abfolutely neceffary therefore for the weight. foldiers to have reCourfe to roots and pulfe, which were*, alfo very hard to come at, and hunger obliged them to try an unknown herb, the ufe of which was fatal to them, and beginning by difturbing their reafon, at .azybii o: Jaft killed them. The effed of this herb was extremely furprizing. They who eat of it, loft their fenfes and memory ; and the only idea which pofleffed them was, to tyrn over ^nd over all the ftones which they met with. They gave themfelves up to this exercife as to a moft ferious employment, fo that the plain was quite filled with men ftooping towards the ground, and digging it, in order to take up the ftones, and tranfporc them from one place to another. Wine was the only remedy againft this difeafe, and their ftock was quite fpent. Thus this ftrange fpecies of madnefs terminated in death, which was preceded by a vomiting of pure bile.
Oije-and-twenty fliillings and tenpence.

Antony

e86
A. R.7t6. Ant.c.

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
Antony
nuiiQbers,

Confuls.

feeing

them

perifh under his eyes in great

and conflantly purfued by the Parthians, cried out feveral times, " O retreat of ten thoufand !'* He admired, though at the fame time it redoubled his grief, the fate of the Greek troops led back by Xenophon, who having a much larger country to pafs over, and more numerous enemies to engage, neverthelefs returned happy and triumphant. Mean while the Parthians, not being able to break in upon the Roman army, or diforder their ranks, always rcpulfed, always defeated, and obliged to fly, had recourfe again to artifice, to which the genius of that nation carried them, and which had been at firft on the point of fucceeding. They fought therefore
for opportunities of getting near the Romans, when thefe went to gather provifions in the country, and

Ihewing their bows unbent, they entered into converfation with them, and told them they thought themfelves fufficiently revenged, and were making preparations to return to their country; that only fome of r.the troops of Media were to keep within fight of them for two or three days longer, not in order to moleft them, but to defend the villages which were upon They accompanied thefe fpeeches with that route. all forts of careffes and teftimonies of friendfhip, fo that the Romans began to give credit to them, and conceive better hopes. Antony himfelf was ftaggered at it ; and of the two roads which he might chufe, one by the mountains, which they faid wanted water, and the other by the plain, he had almoft determined It is indeed furprizing that he Ihould for the latter. have been fo little upon his guard againlt the perfidy of the Parthians. But a falutary advice, which alfo came to him from the enemy's army, correded his
error.

friend of Monefes, that illuftrious fugitive to whom Antony had made a prefent of three towns,

came to the Roman camp, and demanded that they would allow him to fpeak with one who knew the
language of the Parthians, or the Syrians.

Alexander

der

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, Confuls. of Antioch, in whom Antony placed a great

187
deal ^^' 7^^'
*

of confidence, having prefented himfelf, Mithridates, which was the aame of this friend of Monefes, told him, that Monefes, willing to teftify by an effeftual piece of fervice his gratitude to the Roman general, had fent him to them. He then pointed with his finger to a chain of mountains, and faid to him : *' Behind thofe mountains the whole Parthian army <( They hope, that being deis ported in ambufh. luded by their difcourfe, you will march over the <c plain, commanded by thofe heights which conceal them but take care not to do it. If you continue by the way of the mountains, you have nothing to " fear but thofe evils to which you have been long " accuftomed, fatigue and thirfb. But if Antony " ventures to march by the plain, let him take care " that he does not meet with the cataflrophe of
;

"e*

CrafTus."

Antony, who thought before that he was free from all danger, was troubled to fee himfelf thrown afrefli into fear and embarraflments. He alTembled hiscouncil, and ordered the guide to attend, who himfelf was already afraid of the plain, becaufe it was a vafl defert, which had ro certain road, and where they might eafily wander whereas by the mountains they had no other inconveniency than that of wanting water for the fpace of a day. It was therefore determined to take this laft route, and the foldiers had orders to lay in a (lock of water. As they were deftitute of vefiels, fome made ufe of their helmets to carry water with them, and others filled bottles with it, and they fet out upon their march the beginning of the
;

"

night.

Parthians were foon informed of the departure of the Roman army, and they made haile to purfue

The

them, even in the night-time, contrary to their cuftom. At break of day they came up with them, and falling upon their rear, they threw the harrafied troops, which had made a forced march of ten.
leagues,

and

ftill

fuffered greatly

from

thirft,

into

fome

i88
^"
^"^r,

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
,

ConfLils;

A.R. 7i5.fome diforder.

But prefently the Romans recovered and tiiough they were furprifed to fee their courage themlelves brifkly attacked by enemies which they thoufz;ht they had left far behind them, they ftood their ground and fought vigoroufly, ftill advancing
fiowly in their march. While the Parthians were dill harrafiing the rear of the Roman army, the front approached to a river,

which
fent

to the thirfty foldiers

appeared to be a blefTing

heaven. They ran haftily to it in fpite of the remonftrances of their guide ; who informed' them, that the quality of the waters was bad and un-^ wholefome, to which they gave no credit, till they were convinced by experience, that the information he gave them was too true. The waters w^re fait, and loaded with acids, -which caufed to thofe who

down from

drank of them violent

ing their
thirft,

colics,
it

and inilead of quench-

increafed

greatly.

What

they fuf-

fered gave Vvcight to Antony's exhortation, who going amongil the ranks, encouraged the foldiers ftiU to have patience for a little while, till they fhould come

to another river which was not far off, and the waters of which they might drink without fear or danger and he added, that beyond that river, the country was imprafticable for the Parthian cavalry, fo that they would be delivered from the purfuit of their ene-

fame time he called back thofe who were fighting, and caufed the retreat to be founded being willing to encamp in the place where they were, that at leaft the foldiers might refrefli themfelves unmies.

At

the

der the fhelter of their tents.. The Parthians, who never attacked the Romans but during their march, having retreated as ufual, the fame Mithridates, who had given them fuch good advice before, came again into Antony's camp, and demanding to fpeak once more with Alexander of Antioch, he advifed him to tell the Romans, after they had taken a fliort repofe, to make hafte to decamp, and march to the river, becaufe the Part'tiians were rel'clved to purfue them fo far, but not
to

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
to pafs
it.

Confuls.

1S9

the fervice which Mith- A.R. 7t* ridates had done him, with a great number of veffels ^^^'^' of gold, as many of which as he could, he concealed

Antony rewarded

under

his clothes,

and departed.
a right ufe of the information
,

The Romans made

which the Parthian had given them and after a IhorC halt, began their march again, before it was dark. They were not purfued, nor in the lead alarmed by But the night following was the molt the enemy. cruel of all, occafioned entirely by their own indifcreA rage for plundering feized them all of a tion. fudden, for which no other caufe could poiTibiy be afligned, but the natural avarice of the foldiers, emboldened by the favour of the night. They fell then upon thofe who had gold and money, and killed them,
to enrich themfelves with their fpoils.

They

did not

even fpare the

baggage of

their General,

and broke

to pieces the magnificent equipage to fhare it among The confufion was frightful ; they did themfelves. not know one another ; and as they were ignorant of the caufe of the tumult, they attributed it to an attack of the enemy. Antony, in defpair, faw no refource left but in a violent death, and having called one of his guards, named Rhamnus, who had been a gladiator, he made him promife with an oath to flab him when he fhould defire it, and afterwards cut off his head, that he might neither be taken alive by the Parthians, nor be known after his death. His friends could not refrain from tears ; but the

guide comforted him, by telling him, that they were coming near the river, for he felt in the air a refrelhing moiflure, v;?hich denoted water to be near them, and rendered refpiration more eafy and agreeable. That befides, the calculation of the time they had been on the march, correfponded with thofe figns for the night was juft at a clofe. At the fame time fome officers, who had taken care to enquire into the caufe of the tumult, informed him that the enemy had no hand in it, and that it was only the efFed of the unbridled avarice of his own troops. Thus, to
re-efiablifh

I90
A.R.

GELLIUS, C0CCEIUS,
'

Confuls.

716. re.eftablifh

peace and order among the foldiers, he commanded them to halt, and every one to range himfelf under his proper colours. Day-light began already to appear, and with it the But the army of the Romans had Parthian army. recovered from its confufion, and the light troops advanced in good order to beat back the enemy. At the fame time the legionary foldiers formed the Tortoife, which I have already defcribed ; and fecure under this fhelter they always proceeded, tho' flowly, towards the end of their march, without being harralTed by the Parthians, who durft not approach them.
they difcovered the river which was fo much longed for ; and Antony having placed his cavalry on the banks of it, facing the enemy, tranfported his fick Prefently the whole troops faw themfelves in firft.

At

lall

and at liberty to quench in wholefome running water. For as foon

full tranquillity,

their thirft,
as the

Parat

thians perceived the river, they ceafed

to Ihoot

bows ; and one of them raifmg his voice, cried to them aloud, " * Farewel, " Romans, retreat without fear. 'Tis with very good ^' reafon that fame has publiihed your glory, and na" tions acknowledge you their conquerors ; feeing you *' have efcaped the arrows of the Parthians."
them, and flackened
their

As
little,

foon as the
after

Romans reached
fatigues.

the other fide of

the river, their

fo

firft

care was to relax themfelves a

many

They

then

began

again their march, and the fixth day after the laft battle, they arrived at Araxes, which feparates Atro-

patenian

This march was performed without any danger, but not without difThey were always fufpicious of the Parthians, quiet. and upon approaching to Araxes, a report was fpread But it was that the Parthians were again appearing. a falfe alarm ; and the Romans had no other difficulty

Media from Armenia.

* Ite

& bene

loquitur, qui

Merito vos viftores gentium fama valete, Romani. Parthorum tela fugiftis. Flor. IV. 10,

to

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS,
to overcome, than that of the river
large and rapid.
It

Confuls.
itfclf,

19-1

which was ^-R.

7'^-

^"^g,^*

cannot be expreffed with what fatisfaflion the They were in the fame foldiers again law Armenia. tranfports as people who arrive on fhore after a long and dangerous voyage. They kifTed that beloved ground, and embraced one another with tears of joy. The great plenty of every thing, which fucceeded their late want and famine, became hurtful to many of them ; for having no command of themfelves in eating and drinking, they fell into dropfies, and other
obflinate difeafes.

Antony reviewed
loft

his troops,

and found that he had

twenty thoufand foot, and four thoufand horfe more than one half of which had periHied by difeafes, muft add to this confiand not by the enemy. derable lofs, that of almoft all the baggao-e of the arHis march fi'om Praafpa to the river near my. which he fought for the laft time with the Parthians, was twenty-one days during v/hich they marched Liv.Eplf?:. one hundred leagues, and fought eighteen battles, ^f^'^always coming off vi<5torious ; but his vidiories had no decifive effed, becaufe he could not purfue the enemy far, nor hinder them from rallying again at fome diftance. From hence we may obferve, what a lofs the perfidy of the king of Arm.enia was to Antony, who deferted him at the fiege of Praafpa. For that prince having a flourifhing cavalry, amounting to fixteen thoufand, armed almoft in the manner of the Parthians, and accuftomed to fight the fame way, their afliftance would have fecured a complete vidlory For the legions putting to flight the to the Romans. Parthians, and the Armenian cavalry purfuing and killing them, they could not have rallied lb foon, nor returned fo frequently to the charge. The whole Roman army breathed nothing but vengeance againft Artabazes, and they wanted to do themfelves juftice immediately. Antony, not leis irritated, but more miafter of his refentment, did not think it advifable to attack a king upon his throne, and

We

192
A.R. 7i6,and
"^g\
'

GELLIUS, COCCEIUS, Confuk

in his

own

country, with troops quite fpent With

and fatigues. He therefore made ufe of diffimulation, and far from Oiewing any difpleafure at the king of Armenia, he continued to teftify a great deal of confidence in him, and even went fo far as to receive money and provifions of him; putting off his revenge to another time. In order to execute this revenge, Antony could never have fallen upon a better method, ihan by taking up his winter-quarters in Armenia ; which, beiides, would have enabled him to renew the war againft the Parthians, at the opening of the next campaign, and to take fatisfadion, which he had extremely at heart, for the affront which he had received
niiferies

of him.

But
all

his blind pafTion for

Cleopatra

him
filled

forget

other confiderations.

made His mind was

:

with nothing but the hopes of feeing her again and, in fpite of the rigour of the feafon, he chofe to return with his army into Syria, and marched his men over fnows and ice, which deftroyed to the number The flownefs of a laborious of eight thoufand more. march irritated his patience, and as foon as it was poflible, he went on before, accompanied with a very few of his troops, and came to the fea, at a place called the White Village, between Berytus and
Sidon.

There, waiting for the queen of Egypt, he gave himfelf up to exceffes of eating and drinking, in order to allay his vexation, making merry night and day with his friends. Even this indecent diverfion was not fufficient to mitigate his foolifh pafilon ; for frequently in the middle of a rcpaft, while they were preffmg each other to drink, he would ftart fuddenly from table, and run to the river, to fee if he could dilcover the veffels which were to bring to him Cleopatra.

lad Ihe arrived, and brought v/ith her cloaths and money, which Antony diftributed to his troops. Some

At

imagined the money belonj,ed to himfelf, and that he only wanted to give the queen the honour of it, Antony;

CORNIFICIUS, POMPEIUS,

Confuls.

ic;^

-Antony had certainly very little reafon to be vain A.R.716. of this expedition. However, he wrote to Rome of ^"5 ^' ^' it,' in the ftile of a conqueror, difguirmg his lofTes, and magnifying the little advantages he had gained for which he well deferved thofe reproaches, which the flatterers of Ccefar have thrown upon him, for calling his ^ flight a vi6lory, and reprefencino- himfelf as a conqueror, for having efcaped from the hands of the enemy. Odlavius was perfcclly v/ell acquainted with the truth of the affair, and had taken care to inform himfelf fuuiciently about it. But beins; obliged to keep in with Antony, and fo much the'riore as Sextus Pompeius was ftill alive, he took care not to ccntradidl publickly the vain-glorious relations of
<

the contrary, he ordered the Senate to decree a thankfgiving and facrifices to the Gods, as for a happy and glorious fuccefs.

his collegue.

On

of Sextus Pomoeius gave to 06tavius, did not laft long, for he died the year following, v/hich had for Confuls L. Cornificius, and a man of Sextus's family and name, but of a difdifquiet
life

The

which the

ferent branch.

L. CORNIFICIUS.
Sex. Pompeius.

A V
i

^r^

Ant. c.
'^'

have already related in what manner Sextus ^om- Apphn. peius was forced by Oftavius to abandon Sicily, after ^'^v. v. he had poflPefTed it feveral years, and fly frdm the ^f-!; port of Mefiina with feventeen velTels. His chief intention was to gain Afia ; but as no body purfued him, he did not hurry himfelf fo much as to forget his profefilon of a pirate, and he went to pillao-e the rich temple of Juno Lacinia, fltuated upon the Eaft coafl: of Bruttium, near Cortona. From thence he
I
i.
'

paffed
*

into Corcyrus, then to

the ifland of Cephaiexierat,

i:abat.
_

Hanc Antonius fugam fuamj quia vivus Vell. il. 82.

vi6ronam vo*
eil,

tilTet

Incredibili ir.cntis vecordia, ferocior aliq^uan'co fa^^us qui evaferat. Flor. IV, 10.

quail vi-

yoL.X,

lenia,

T94

CORNIFICIUS, POMPEIUS,
and
at Lift

Confuls.

Mitylene, the capital of the ifland of Lei'bos, the inhabitants of which had ^"V/^' 35a great regard to the memory of his father and his
at

R-7I7* lenia,

he arrived

family.

propofed at firft to pafs the winter peaceably at this place, waiting Antony's return from his expedition againft the Parthians, and to go and prefent himfelf to him as an unfortunate friend, who implored But his reillefs ambition very foon his proteclion. Difpleafed at the fuggeiled other thoughts to him. Furnius, who commanded for the Tritreatment of and anunated by the hopes which umvir in Afia Antony's bad fuccefs in the war againft the Parthians revived in his bread, he projected nothing lefs than to fubftitute himfelf in his place, or, at lead, to He faw his fliare v.rlth him the provinces of the Eaft. troops increafe daily, by a great num^ber of his old foldiers and friends, who, deltitute of all refource, canie He therefore took again the flocking about him. enfigns of command, and the general's military robe ; he refitted his vefTcls, and exercifed his rowers, alledging for pretence, fometimiCS the necefTity of guarding himfelf againil Odavius, and fometimes the fervice of Antony, to whom he was willing to render In the mean time, he fent deputies to himfelf ufeful. the kings and little princes of Thrace, and to thofe of He even fent Fontus, to negotiate with them flily. them to the Parthians, to whom he hoped his name would be a favourable recommendation ; and calling to mind the example of Labienus, who had been lo well received by them, and put at the head of their armjies, he did not at all doubt but that the friendfhip of Pompey's fon would be ftill in higher efteem It will naturally be imagined, that he with them. concealed thefe practices as carefully as poflible. While he thus afled induftrioufly againft Antony, he at the fame time promifed him a faithful friendftiip and the better to impofe upon him, he fent to him fome of his friends with orders to offer him his fervice, and to reprefent to him their common intereft.
;
,

He

An-

CORNIFICIUS,. POMPEIUS,
-

Confuls.

J95
A. R. 717.
"^"'^"

Antony was then returned to Alexandria; and upon the firil news of Sextus's motions, he had fenc
litius

^'

with

orders

to

take

all

the fea

and land

and make war againft the fugitive general, if he rem.ained flill in arms or, if he conlented to lay them down, to make an agreement with him, and condu6t him honourably into l^gypt. In
forces of Syria,
;

the Triumivir liilened to the deputies of Sextus, whofe fpeeches were very artful, and well the

mean time

adapted to the circumllances of the times. They put Antony in mind of the advances which their chief, in the height of his profperity, had made to him, and the confidence which he had always placed in his franknefs, candour, and noble couracre, to which they oppofed the diiTimuiation, treachery, and artifice of Oftavius. They awakened hisjeaiouiy againft his young ccllegue, who had taken poireffion of the fpoils of Sextus and Lepidus, without allovv'in^ him any fnare. They m.ade him look upon him as a rival, with whom a warimuft become inevitable, and that in a Ihort time ; becaufe Antony was the only obftacle which retarded his boundiefs ambition, and hindered him from becoming mafter of the whole univerfe. They iinifhed their fpeeches, by protefting to him, that Sextus delired only to ferve him with his perfon and troops, wiiofe fidelity could never be " Thus, laid they, if Ihaken by his misfortunes. you have peace, it will be an honour to you to receive the fon of the great Pompey, and if you muft go to war, which you may expert very foon, he will be an ufeful friend to you." Antony anfwered them by declaring, that the orders he had fent to Titius would foon dilcover. whether he vv'as really of thofe fentiments as the deputies reprefented him.

Thus we
,

fee that

Antony

did not

truil:

greatly to

the promifes of this difgraced, but always ambitious General and at that very time, there happened an
incident which rendered
for the officers

them
2

ftill

more

fufpicious

brought to hirn thofe v^hich Sextus had

dif-

196

CORNIFICIUS, POMPEIUS,

Confuls.

Ant. c.

R.yiydifpatchcd towards the Parthians, who in the courfe Antony q their journey had been known and ftopt. ^^' upon, impofed and fo far was fo fimple, and eafily frora taking umbrage on a flight occafion, that he even admitted of the excufes of Sextus's agents, who reprefented to him, that the melancholy fituation, which, their chief was in at that time, and uncertain as he was of the difpofitions of Antony, it was not at all furprifing, that he fhould try refources in fome meabvvt that as foon as he fhould be acfure defperate quainted with the Triumvir's good intentions, he would not fail of conforming himfelf to them. Antony was fatisfied with thefe excufes, and waited for the confirmation of what they had faid. But the confequences were qmte contrary to thofe When once a perfon has tafted of abfine promifes. folute authority, it is very difircult for him to floop to any other, and the fecond rank will be difagreeable to him wnho has been accuftomed to the firft. Sextus pufhed the projeft of continuing himfelf the chief of the party as far as he could, and of raifing. an independent eftablifliment to himfelf in prejuHe had even fome flight fuccefs dice of Antony. Furnius, who combefore the arrival of Titius. manded in Ana, had few forces on foot and though
-, -,

Domitius Ahenobarbus, and Amyntas, whom Antony had made king of the Galatians, Sextus had the advantage over all the He furprifed their camp, and rendered himthree.
he had called to
his afllfliance
felf

mafter of feveral confiderabie towns, as LampfaThis glimpfe df good eus, Nicea, and Nicomedia. fortune increafed his courage the more, as it greatly augmented the number of his partisans. The people, burdened with very heavy taxes, looked upon him,. in a manner, as their deliverer j they contended who
fliould
lift

themfelves fafteft under his ftandards, fo that he Toon lav/ himfelf mafter of three legions, and two hundred horfe. But Titius arriving with a fleet of fixfcore fail, having on board a great number of
land forces
;

and

at the

feme time

X^'uraius

having received

'

CORNIFICIUS, POMPETUS,
-ceived the feventy veflels

Confuls.

197
^' ^J^".

which Oclavius, vidlorious in Sicily, had fent back to Antony, his fortune changed all on a fudden, and Sextus feeing no other relburce,

[J^*
'

than to penetrate if pofTible into the higher Afia, burnt his little fquadron, which became ufeiefs to him againft forces fo vaftly fuperior, and converted th-e rowers and failors into ibldiers.

And on this occafion, himfelf faw deferted by thofe that unfortunate chief had remained illuflrious friends who with him, the in hiflory is Caffius of moft confpicuous of whom father-in-law, Parma ; and even his Scriboniijs Libo, fecurity in the camp of Antony's went to feek for Sextus, he for perfifted in his refolieutenants. As thing, rather than fubmitting-, lution of trying every through m.arch and determined to Bithynia, with^a imagined, to gain defign, as was Armenia, the kinofcen, had have great of which, as we reafon to diftruft and Furnius united with Amyntas, Antony. Titius
This was
a defperate fhift.

intercepted his march by fatiguing his troops, faliinoupon his rear, taking prifoners the foragers, and reducing him to the want of both water and provilions. At laft they obliged him to demand an interview, in

order to

of an accommodation. Titius was fufpeded by him, and not at all ao^recable to him, becaufe having formerly been protedied by him in Sicily, and returned to Rome by means of
treat

of the treaty of Miienum, he had neverthelefs taken a commiffion to make war Sextus looked upon him then as an unagainft him. grateful and faithlefs man, and for that reafon he would not confer with him, but with Furnius. Furnius having prefented himfelf, Sextus demanded as the only terms, that he might give himfeif up to him, with a promife, that he Ihould be fafely condufted to Antony. Furnius refufed ir, ailed orjno-. that Titius alone was intrufted with Antony's orders, and that confequently it was to him, that Sextus ivja[\: deliver himfelf. But he had an invincible averfion to the perfon of Titius, and he offered to delivef himhis favour,
in virtue

and

kU.

,98

CORNIFICIUS, POMPEIUS,
717. felf

Confuls.

A.R

Ant. c.
^^"

This new propofition being reNext :e|-g(^ by them, he broke off the conference. nrght he fied from his enemy, leaving the fires lighted

up

to

Amyntas.

in his

He diredted his conceal his flight. courfe towards the fea, and had formed the defperate refolution of burning Titius's fleet ; but a deferter of note, called Scaurus, came to inform Antony's lieutenants of he route which Sextus had taken ; and Amyntas detached vv'ith fifteen hundred horfe, foon overtook At the fuo-itive general, v/ho was v/ithout cavalry.
camp
to

the approach of Amyntas,

all

thofe

who accompanied

Sextus left him, and that unfortunate general, without any hopes or refource, and ready to fee himfelf left quite alone, furrendered without terms to the Galatian prince, who gave him over to Titius. This happened near the tov/n of Mideum in Phrygia. Titius caufed his prifoner to be conduced to Miletum, to cxpe6t Antony's orders. It is certain that Sextus was killed there foon after, but it is doubtful v^rhat fliare Antony had in the murAccording to feme, the Triumvir, in the firfl; der. heat of his pafiion, ordered Sextus to be killed ; but afterwards relenting, he fent a counter-order, which was carried with fuch expedition that it arrived firfl:. So that the order which condemned Sextus to die,

coming

to

hand

lafl:,

Titius conflirued

it,

or at

leafl;

chofe to conftrue ii, as the lafl: refolution of Antony, and put it in execution. Others throw the whole blame upon Plancus, v/ho had the power of difpatching orders in Antony's name, figning them for him, and fealing them with his feal. But the truth dif-

covers

through all thofe veils for it can hardly be doubted, but that Antony muft be very glad to get But as nothing could be more odious, rid of Sextus. than to kill in cold blood the hft fon of Pompey, he was very glad to let the blame of it fall upon If what feme fay be true, he did not bis lieutenant. chufe to fpare him, becaufe he was made to apprehend finding a rival in his prifoner, v/hofe name was
itfelf
,

'

formerly fo dear to Cleopatra.

In

the

mean

time,

can

CORNIFICIUS, POMPEIUS,

Confuls.

'

ic,q

can hardly believe that Antony would have deter- A- R- 7 '7' ^' mined to caufe Sextus to be put to death, if he could ^^"'^' only have taken a refolution luitablc to the fituation of his affairs. But* fugitive, and ruined, "his condudl was wavering between that of a general and a fupplicant ; for fometimes being obllinate in fupporting his rank, and at other times reduced humbly to alk his life, he feemed to be a dangerous man, and not at all to be trufted. Sextus Pompeius died in the fortieth year of his age, after a life always diiquieted, hurried, and exHe owed :o the glory pofed to a thoufand dangers. of his father, both his honours and misfortunes. He had more courage than prudence, and more an'ibichief of robbers, tion than art and good conduft. and afterwards" of pyrates ; rullick and unpolite in his fpeech and behaviour, and governed by the lov/eft of men, he furnifhed ample fubjeifl of reproach to the writers, who wanted to make their court to the Tri-

umviri.

There are two things, howevt^r, which vv'ill his fidelity in .the ever render him praife-worthy treaty of Mifenum, and the gencrofity which he f]iewe4
;

in prctetling the profcribed.

06bavius caufed great honours to be decreed to Antony, on account of the death of Sextus, and celebrated games in the Circus, in teftimony of publick He had certainly very good reafon to rerejoicings. joice, to fee tliat houfe, which was an enemy to his, however, if the people I queftion, exterminated. were fincere in their joy, for the name of PompeV was ftill refpedled and' beloved by the Romans ; and Titius, murderer of Sextus, when he returned to Rome, having celebrated games in the theatre of Pom^ pey, was loaded with imprecations,' and obliged ig-" nominioufly to leave the fncvv which he had beeln at ^ the expence of.
-

*
tus

Dum
elt.

inter

ducem

&

fupplicem tiimulUiatur,
r.

Sc

nnnc dignitatem
Aiiionii, jugiua-

retinet,

nunc vitain precacur, Vell. II. 79.

M.

Titio, jufui

M.

4.

Bv

200
A.R.7T7.
Ant. c.

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
By
the death of Sextus
\^^^
\^(.Q^

Pompeius, Cxfai's party.

^y|^^(^{^

long time triumphant, fubliftcd quite alone, and there remained no more for Oiltavius and Antony to do, after having overcome all their enemies, but to turn their arms againll one another, in order to decide which of the tv/o Ihould remain This was the great objed mailer of the empire. which they had always in view, efpecially 06lavius, whofe ambition was not diverted by any other paffion. There paffed, however, fome years before it came to an open rupture betv^/ixt them ; and I lliall finiih this book, by placing here thofe fads, which were foreign to the great event that concluded the civil wars, that fo I may be at more liberty to confine myfelf entirely
^

to

it,

without mixing other things to divert the rea-

der's attention.

'DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
WHILST
Antony was divided between
his foolifli

love for Cleopatra, and his chimerical projeds againit the Parthians, Odavius kept ftill his troops in exercife, by wars niore properly adapted to keep up the valour of his foldiers, than to add to the real glory of his arms. He even took a pride, after having always till that time employed their force againft their fellow-citizens, to make a more innocent ufe of
Appian.
Uiyr, Dio.

them
uni

againft ftrangers, for

which the nations

in Illy-

Since the war between Caefar and Pompey they had never been at reft, and the Japodes had made recent incurfions

prefented

him with an opportunity.

as far as Aquilia,

and pillaged Triefte, a

Roman

co-

refolved therefore to c.haftife thefe reftlefs But people, and to bring them back to their duty. when he prepared to march againft them, a fedition
lony.
ftopt

He

him

for

fome time.

old foldiers who had mutinied in Sicily, as I have already mentioned, complained that they had never yet received the rewards for their fervices, ^nd they

The

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
they demanded at lead an opportunity of meriting them by new labours, and taking up their mihtary As their comprofefnon again under his colours. witliout foundation, were not he gave fatisfacplaints by of them,_ affigning number tion to a them fettleBut this Cifalpine Gaul. in diftinc^ion ments having of the jealoufy the augmented refb, he made ufe only of He fent fome them feverity. to be of punifhed, and difarmed them all ; and would not forgive them, till he had reduced them to have recourfe to the mofl:

ftbt

Then, having eftablifhed the authority of the fupreme command, and fearing, left if he was obftinate in checking them, they would go over to Antony, he admitted them amongrt his troops, and accepted their fervice. He then departed for the war in Illyrium, and car-

humble

intreaties.

arms fucceffively againll the Japodes, the Panonians, and the Dalmatians. As I do not think that the accounts of this fxpedition are inried
his

vi<5lorious

terefting
fhall

enough

to merit a particular

defcrij^tion,

only obferve, that'Odlavius behaved himfelf gallantly on rr.ore occafions than one, and refuted, by -a " bravery which is above all cenfure, thofe unjuft fufpicicns of cowardice which were thrown upon him"" by Antony, and the impreffion of v.'hich is not quite obliterated even at this day. Thus in a time of furprife, when he was fuddenlyrior.
'

rv.

attacked by the enemy, had the difficulty of the road^-* ^'^^^ to overcome befides, and to mount a rough, ftei^p ^"1,';'^"** ipian. declivity, full of trees and brambles ; obicrving thatDio. his troops did not advance brifl<ly, he took a buckler from one of the foldiers, and running to the front ranks, anim.ated them by his exam.ple, and repulfed the Barbarians. In another engagement he received a blow of a ftone on his right knee, which hurt him very much, and
difabled

him from acting

for leveral days.

But he fignalized

his valour

no where more

re-

markably, than at the fiege of Metulum, the capital of the Japodes. The place was naturally flrong,

and
7

202 and

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
defended by the inhabitants, that new one, after the wall was broke down, they built a and formed a fecond fortification, which obliged OcHe railed tertavius to begin his operations anew. towers, from which they raffes, and built upon them were to throw over to the walls of the enemy four This was executed in flvino- bridges, all at a time. a'hurry, and three of the bridges broke, fo that none
fo obftinately

of them durft venture themfelves upon the fourth.

0tavius, v^ho examined all that paffed from great hafte, the top of a high tov/er, came down in exhorted the difcouraged foldiers very warmly, and words, he not being able to roufe their courage by

Then

mounted^ the bridge himfelf, and advanced towards Agrippa, the wall, holding a buckler before him. two other general officers, and a domeftick attended

him and they were prefently followed by fuch a great number of foldiers, that the bridge broke under them, were upon it jike the three firft, and all thofe who Several of them were fell dov;n with great violence. bruifed, and killed, and a great many very much amongil the reft 06tavius, who was wounded in the However, fupporting rio-ht leg, and both his arms.
,

himfelf againft this troublefome accident by his preagain upon fence of mind, he immediately mounted himfelf both to the top of the tower, and prefented enemy, in orthe view of his own people and of the difcouraged, der to prevent the former from being and check the infolence of the latter. After fuch proofs of valour, he' had a good right
to

demand

the fame of his troops, and punifli cow-

having behaved ardice feverely. Wherefore a Cohort before the enemy, he decimated them, ill, and Bed foldiers, whofe and caufed to be diftributed to thofe fortune had faved them, barley inftead of wheat,

good

during the whole campaign. ThTs war, in which I do not find any perfon of pernote to have been killed, excepting Menas, that Oftavius durfidious freedman of Sextus, employed terminated till the year 'infr three years, and was not of
-

DETi^CHED OCCURRENCES.
of
the Barbarians fubmitted, gave hoftagcs, reftored the colours which they had formerlytaken from Gabinius and Vatinius, and engaged to
7
1

203

Rome

9,

when

pay the tribute impofed by the conqueror. Odlavius befides iubdued, by means of
nants, other
nations,

his lieute-

who were

either

or had never been under the

Roman

fubjeded, power.
ill

At

the fame time that 06lavius

made war

in Illy-Freina.

rium, ^ MefiTala,
prefs the Salaffi,

who was charged by him

to fup- cxxxi.
^^"

fubdued that nation, which inhabited ^''* the country now called the Val d'Aoulle. They had a long: time been troublefome to the Roman p-enerals. whofe inteftine divifions gave them more important bufmefs, than that of reducing the Barbarians canBut as foon as they had leitoned in the mountains. fure to think of them, they were prefently forced to fubmir, and accept what laws the generals thought proper to impofe. The exploits of M. Crafius againfb the Myfians, the Eauarnse, and other nations bordering upon the Danube, towards Thrace, happened lome -f years later than thofe abovementioned ; and in placing thern here, I follow the order which the nature of the facTts point out, and not the order of time. It is very Vv'eil known, how fierce and warlike the nations inhabitina; thefe countries have always been. Crafius oppofed to their boldnefs an uncommon bravery, of which he gave an examiple, in killing with his own hand in battle, Deldon kins; of the Baftarns. He merited by this aclion, the honour of the fpcils But whether it was, that his quality called Opimae. of fimple lieutenant of 06lavius excluded him from
* 'Tis from tbe authority of Appian and Die, that T have attributed the -viftory over the Salaffi to Meffiila. I am, however, in feme doubt about it, founded on the fiience of Tibullus, who, in his Panegyric upon Mefiala, when he gives a lift of the warlike exploits of his hero, does not name the Salaffi, among the people fubdued bf him. Strabo, lib. IV. fays, that Meffiala quartered one winter in their neighbourhood. But far from honouring him with any advanta'-;e gained over them, he affiures us, that he v.as obliged to purchaf; wood of them, for fire and military ufes. t Dio makes mention of it under the year of Rome 723.
it,

204
it,

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
becaufe they thought that thofe fpoils could not be acquired but by the commander in chief, or that Odavius would not willingly fee his fubaltern advanced in fome meafure above him, by an honour which was very fmgular, and of which the whole Roman Hiftory could only furnifli three examples, it is certain that Craffus obtained no other rewards, than thofe which v/ere granted in' common to vidlorious officers, viz. the title of * Imperator, a Supplication and a triumph. He was the fon of the famous Craffus, whom we h-ave had occafion to mention more

than once.
over thofe fa<^s which are here obfcured by a number of others more remarkable, and fhail only make mention of two more, which Florus has furniihed us with. While the Roman army was ranged in order of battle, oppofite to that of the Myfians, one of the principal commanders of the Barbarians advanced, and cried with a loud voice, " Who are you ?" He are the Romans, mailers of all was anfwered, *' *' nations." " Before you can affume this title," replied the audacious Myfian, " you muft firft con*' quer us." This boldnefs feemed to promife a vigorous refiftance. But for all that, a m.ere bugbear (which is the fecond fadl I promifed to mention) difconcerted the RoMyfians, and made them fly immediately. to into his head, put upon his man centinel took it helmet a pan of coals lighted, and flaming. He advanced thus towards the enemy, and the motion of
I

pafs lightly

We

by jerks, the credulous Barbarians imagined they had to do with Ail their courage a monfter which vomited fire. could not fupport them againft this objedl, which was fcarce capable of frightening a child.
his
as
it

body augmenting the flames

v.^re

fus.

* Dio feems to queftion the title of Imperator being given to CrafBut this honour has been grajited to private pevfons even un-

der Tiberius.

Thefc

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.

205

Tbefe were the military exploits of 06lavius and his lieutenants, from the defeat of Sextus Fompeius The affairs of the city betill the death of Antony. tween thefe two epocha's, furnilhed alfo lome remarkable events, the molt important of v;hich was the cdilefhip of Agrippa. All the offices had loft their glory and fplendor lender the triumviral -overnment, which abforbed and in particular the entirely the publick power edilefhip, burdened with prodigious expences on account of the games, which they were obliged to exhibit to the people, fell into fuch difcredit, that one Year of year pafled without any ediles, becaufe no body l^on^e?*^. would have a title without power, and fo expenfive. Agrippa undertook to recover the dignity of this magistracy by taking it on himfelf ; and though he had Year of been Conful, he did not difdain a place which was^"^^''^5'
.

-,

greatly inferior, being perfuaded that he fhould lofe

nothing by

it,

and the

office

of edile, bellifliments and conveniencies of the city, or the pleafures of the multitude, was perfectly agreeable to that zeal which Agrippa had to reconcile, more and more, the hearts of the citizens to the young Triumvir, his
fides, the office

would gain by it. Bewhich either regarded the em-

general and protector.

This he fully effedled with great magnificenGe. Frelnfti. cxxxi. 5*^ Firft by the publick edifices, which he repaired, or^!^]' built anew. He repaired the ancient Aqueducts, which WTre almoft fallen to ruin, and cond-iidted a new one, to which he gave the name of Julius, for the fpace of fifteen miles, or fifteen leagues. In order to render commodious, and acceffible, the waters which he conducted, or difiributed to the city, he made feven hundred water-places, one hundred and five fountains, and one hundred and thirty refervoirs. So that there was fcarcely a houfe in Rome and all thofe works that had not water in abundance were adorned richly, and with tafte. They reckcr> befides, three hundred ftatues of Marble or Brafs, and fear hundied marble columns. Agrippa was fa fond
,

2o6

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
fond of embellifliing the town, and all the places detained for pubiick ufe, that he wanted to have dedicated to that ufe all the ftatues and piftures in Rome. He pronounced a * fpeech upon this fubjed, which was Itill preferved in the time of the elder Pliny and to which this writer, charmed with fo noble a projedt, crives the epithet of Magnificent, and truly worthy of the greateft of citizens. And certainly that was a much properer dellination for thofe matter-pieces of art,
-,

than placing them in the gardens of country-houfes, belonging to private perfons. Every body knov.'s the magnificence of the common Thefe, fewers in Rome, built by the tv/o Tarquins. by being neglefted, were filled with nattinefs, and

(topped up
torrents,

in feveral places.
it

Agrippa made

fo large

a colie6lion of v/ater, that

which being let fewers, and running with rapidity, carried off all the and after this filth which had there been heaped up
,

formed, as it were, {even in by the openings of the

he embarked himfelf upon the fewers, which had been thus cleanled, and by a fubterraneous
operation
navigation, went from one end to the other, to their opening into the Tiber. ,

fecond objeft of Agrippa in his edileHnp, regarded the games and prefents beftowed on the peoIt is aftonifliing with what magnificence he acple. Shews of ali quitted himielf of this part of his ofFjce. kinds, plays, fighting of gladiators, courfes in the Circus for the fpace of nine and fifty days ; and during all that time, barbers and bath-keepers paid at his expence forthe ufe of the citizens; an hundred and feventy baths kept open and in order at his expence, during the whole year ; and provifions of all kinds purchafed from the merchants, to be delivered as In fhort, in the theatre he plunder to the people. threw down a kind of lottery tickets, and thofe who
* Exftat ejus (Agrippae oratio magnifica & maximo civium digna, de tabulis omnibus fignifque publicandis quod fieri fatius fuilFet, quam in villarum exfilia pelli. Pun. xxxv. 4..
:

The

bronerht

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
brought them to him received the contents ; that is to fay, of money, fluffs, moveables and other fuch He likevvife adorned the Circus with ftatues things. of Dolphins, and what they called eggs that is, very large maffes fhaped in form of an egg, and placed upon the pillars which were fituated at the end of the courfe, and difcovering themfelves at a diftance, directed the charioteers in their career, and marked out the place where they were to turn. Among the fhews given by Agrippa, that of the courfe, which the Romans called Trojan, deferves to This diverfion, as they alledged, came be remarked. to them from Troy, and particularly interefted Octavius, who boafted his origin from that famous city. It was for this, that Virgil has inferted in his fifth ^neid, a charming defcription of that exercife. it was performed by young perfons of quality, and Agrippa engaged the Senators to confent that their
-,

207

children iLould
there, to
tizens.

begin to

make

themfelves

known

draw upon them the

attention of the ci-

Thefe concerns, which feemed frivolous, and only calculated for pleafure, had neverthelefs a ferious effect, which was to make the government of Oftavius to be beloved and Agrippa was no lefs ferviceable to his patron by thefe amufements, than by the exa6t policy which he caufed to be obferved in the city. He banifhed out of it aftrologers and magicians, thofe publick plagues, which eafily impofe upon the credulous multitude, and breed uneafmefs in the ftate as Thus Agrippa, who was a fl-iilwell as in families. ful warrior, fhewed himfelf alfo a very great magiftrate ; fuperior by thefe univerfal talents to Maecenas, who, though he had Ibme turn to military operations, yet made no great figure, except in the adminiftration of civil affairs. Thefe two were the principal inffruments of Oda- dj^ vius's grandeur. He had a perfect confidence in them and as by way of feal, he made ufe of two Hones engraved, with the reprefentation of a Sphinx oa
,

lj

2o8

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
on each of them, and exactly
alike,

he kept one of

them, and left the other at their difpofal j fo that they might write and order in his name whatever they judged agreeable. When he wrote himfelf to the SeThey nate, his difpatches were firft fent to them. opened them, read them, and made what alterations they pleafed, and afterwards fealed them and fent them
to the Sen.ite.
,

was to Mxcenas chiefly, that the affairs of the Though city and Italy were particularly intruited. not know whether real or do affedled, modefty, I by a be advanced above the rank of a would he never fimple knight, though he could eafily have arrived He had, at the higheil dignities of the Republick. however, more real power than the principal SenaHe was, durtors, and thofe of confular authority. ing feveral years, Prefefl of Rome, and by the authority of this office, which was created on purpofe for him, he maintained a calm and peace in the capital, and in ail Italy in the mofl boifterous times, and in fpite of the difcontent of the people, who were frequently loaded by his orders with taxes, which were very heavy, but neceifary to fupport the vaft expence of the war. Every thing that belonged to Odlavius fliewed. the Thus his filler and his wife fplendor of his fortune. were honoured with flatues by a decree of the Senate and with the fpoils which were acquired in the v;ar
It

againft the Dalmatians, he tico, to which he gave the

l>io.

caufed to be built a Por-

name of

his fifter

Odavia,

Plut^^^' Marcel,

and there he afterwards placed a very rich library. Some authors, however, give the honours of this library to Odavia herfelf, who wanted to confecrate by this monument the name of her fon Marcelius. During this time there were celebrated feveral triumphs by particular generals. The mofl memorable, and mofl judly deferved, were thofe of Statilius TauThe one had quieted Africa after rus, and Sofius. the dilgrace of Lepidus, and the other had conquered the Jews, and taken Jerufalem.

Oda-

tEf ACHED OCCURRENCES.

Oclavius, according to Csfar's example, created at this time new Patricians, to replace the antient families of the fame rank, who periflied in the civil

209

wars, and were daily decreafing. Though Atticus had always lived as a private man, Corn.^ without having ever poffeired any office, yet theyf^'^^t^

rank which his wit, virtue, and the wifdom of his conduft gained him in the eiteem of the publick, and of the firft perlbns in the Roman empire, make his charadter, in every refpett, worthy ct commendation, and his death deferving a place in this Hiftory.

He

was, as
,

Antony

already obferved, a fiiend to and he had fhev/n it in the mod critical

;

we have

circumftances, in confequence of which, his name was blotted out of the liil of thofe profcribed by the

Antony did ftill more, for he procured Triumvir. for him an illuftrious alliance, and laboured effectually in bringing about a marriage between Agrippa and his daughter. From this marriage fprung Vipfania Agrippina, who, when fcarcely a year oM, was promiled to Tiberius, fon-in-law to Odavius. Thus Atticus faviT his family nearly allied to thehoufe of the
Casfars.

Keeping 'always faithful to this maxim, never to engage in the quarrels of the great, and to cultivate with them particular connections, he preferved to himfelf the friendfnip of both 06lavius and Antony, who equally gave him the mod diiiinguiOied and conftant teftimonies of the greateil elleem and regard. The year which preceded their rupture, he was attacked v/ith a fiftula, for which he tried all the remedies then known, which only exafperated the difeafe. Being quke weary of fuffering, he took up a refolution of ftarving himfelf to death, which he difcovered to his ioh-m-law, whofe tears and intreaties had no After he had abilained from effc(5t to pcev'ent. it. eating for two days, the fever left him, and he found himfelf "better'. But the thing was determined Like a true on, and he was obftinate^'in dying. P -EoicuVol. X.
'

210

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.

Epicurean, he looked upon pain as the fovereign evi? and did not think it too much to purchafe a deliverance from it, by facrificing the remains of a ianguifh' ing life. He died at the age of feventy-feven, under the Confulihip of Domitius and Sofius \ and was a very fmgular man, having made a figure without office and luperior talents ; beloved of all the great, keeping himfelf always in a middle flation, and behaving himfelf fo equally amongft all parties, that he merited the friendfhip, even of thofe oppofite chiefs, who made the moft cruel wars againft one another. There remains no more for me to do at prefent, but to add to the fuccelfion of the Confuls for thefe years, fome particular remarks, which if placed elfewhere would interrupt the thread of the narration. Appmn. At the time of the treaty of Mifenum between the i' CivilV. Yi-i^ji-nviri and Sextus Pompeius, all the Confulfliips It for thefe years had been difpofed of beforehand. had bsen faid, that in the year of Rome 71^, Antony would take upon him the Confullliip a fecond time with libo, father-in-law of Sextus j that in the year 719, 06tavius would be Conful the fecond time with Sextus himfelf i in the year 720, Domitius Ahenobarbus and Sofius and laft of all in 72 1, Antony and 06tavius, who being then Confuls for the third time, would re-eftablifh the antrent government. This plan of the Confulfliip was accordingly followed ; only Sextus Pompeius, being killed before the year of his Confullhip arrived, they fubftituted in his room L. Volurius Tullus ; and likewife Antony was deprived of his third Confulfhip, on account of the war which broke out between him and 06tavius. Meffala lupplied his place, and was coUegue to 06lavius when he was Conful for the third time. With regard to the fecond Conlulfiiip appointed to each of the two Triumviri, neither of them chofe any thing more than the title, and they refigned it the very day The triumviral they had taken pofiTefTion of it. power was abundantly fufficient for them ; and the
,

Con-

DETACHED OCCURRENCES.
Confullhip,
ufelels.

21

reduced to an empty

title,

was entirely

do not talk of the Confuls fubftrtuted each year We have no exaft lift to thofe who had begun it. of them, and it would be of little ufe to have them,
I

with regard to the great events of the Hiftory, in which they can hardly be faid to have any fhare. But I ought not to omit obferving here, that the five years of the fecoiTd Triumvirfhip of Antony and 06lavius expired the laft of December, in the year 719, and that neverthelefs, at the time of the treaty of Mifenum, they had difpofed of the Confulfhip for two years longer ; which is a proof that their plan was to continue this tyrannical power, by renewing it as often as they fhould fee occafion and they were very fure of the fufFrages of the people, whom they kept in fubjedion by the force of
arms.

"

THE

212

THE'

ROMAN HISTORY.
BOOK
THE FIFTY-SECQND.

THE
of

war between Odlavius and Antony.

battle of A<5i:ium.

The

The

conquefl

The death of Antony and of Egypt. The triumphs of Odtavius. Years Cleopatra.

Rome 717

723.
SECT.
I.

A league between Antony and the king of Media^

quarrelled
ferfidioujly

who had
Antony

with the king of the Parthians. lays held of the king of Armenia.

He

con-

quers Armenia.

He

returns

to

Alexandria^ and there

to follow

triumphs.

OSiavia leaves
is

Rome

her hujband-.

artifices to keep pofAntonyms 0iavia cannot obtain affections, fejfwn of him. She to to Rome. vifit returns leave of Antony Her noble behaviour. Antony in a pompous manner

Cleopatra

alarmed at

it.

Her

acknowledges Cleopatra for his lawful fpoufe ; and deOtlaclares the children he had by her kings of kifjgs. vius lays hold of this to render him odious to the Ro-

mans.
leave

Affairs

grow more

exafperated between Antony

md 05iavius.
Rome
to

The Confuls, both friends of Antony OSiavius gives a ge-go and join him,
neral

CONTENTS.
neral leave to depart , to all who chufe to follow their Antonyms laji journey Pollio remains neuter. example.
into Armenia.
^ius.

213

He prepares

to

make war

againjt Oola-

His

alliance proves fatal to the king of

Antonyms friends endeavour to psrfuade him to

Media. fend hack

Cleopatra during the wa^y hut are not able to prevail.

Sumptuous and gay entertainments during the 'preparations for the war. pearl dijfolved in vinegar ^ and /wallowed hy Cleopatra. Honours decreed to Cleopatra Antony fends orders to O^avia to hy the Athenians. quit his houfe at Rome. She oheys with tears. He negle5is an advantageous opportunity of attacking OSia^ius. Plancus leaves Antony, and joins O^avius. Reproaches thrown upon Antony in the Senate. Antonyms will read in the Senate, and to the people, hy O^avius.. Geminius, who was fent to Antony hy his frimds at

Rome, is ill treated by Cleopatra, and leaves them. SiJanus and Dellius leave Antony. Cleopatra's madnefs.
Antony s exceffive infatuation. decree which deprives Antony of the Confuljhip^ and the Triumviral power. war declared againfi Cleopatra. Antony fwears eternal war againji 05iavius. All Italy e7igaged by oath to ferve Otlavius againji Antony. "The whole year 'the fea and land forces J>affes in preparations for war. challenge fent to Antony hy Oc<cf the two parties. tavius. O^avius af Antony anfwers it by another. his fembles all He detaches forces at Brundufium. Agrippa with a fquadron to harrafs the enemy. Hefets out himfelf with all his forces. very near He is furarmies. the two prifng the enemy. The difpofttion of Smallfkirmifbes. Agrippa^ s fortunate expedition. Great Ahenobarbus leaves Andefertions in Antony'' s camp. tonyms party. Antony becomes exafperated. Cleopatra laughs at Antony for fufpe5iing that fhe intended topoi^ He rum Jon him. 'New loffes which Antony fujiains.

a
a

rijk

of being taken. naval engagement.

He

refolves to

try the fate of

The

battle of

A5iium.

The

flight of Cleopatra.

The viElory Antony follows her. Antonfs land-forces after a fpace of of OSiavius. Mac^nas, who was feven days fuhmit to the conqueror.

dif-

214

CORNIFICIUS, POMPEIUS,

Confuls.

difpatcked inpurfmt of Antony, returns andfets out for Rome. O^avius is in no hurry to -purfue Antony. He

returns thanks to Apollo.

The precautions which he

takes with regard to the troops.

fpt5i to thofe

His clemency with rehe had conquered. Metdlus is faved by

the intreaties of his on.

cus

AJinguhr adventure of Marclemency.

and Barbula.
his

He -arrives
amongft

The motives of O^favius^s at Athens and relieves Greece.

Veteran foldiers in Italy.

mutiny

He

goes thither

and

quiets the mutineers.

He returns

into Afia

and ad-

vances towards Egypt.

between Antony and Oftavlus, which is tlie fubjed of this laft book, being conneded in feveral circumftances with the various efforts, which Antony made to revenge himfelf of the affront he

The war

had received
1 fhall

in his expedition againft the Parthians,

refume the thread of

my

narration with

it.

a.r.717.
^"^^^^-

l. cornificius,

SexPompeius.
iRofpetity had occafioned a divifion between the kings of the Medes and Parthians. The

of the fpoils of the Romans v.'as the occafion of it ; and the king of the Medes fufpeded that Pliraates wanted only a fubje6l of contention, by way of pretence to deprive him of his kingdom. Being apprehenfive of this he had recourfe to Antony j and Polemon, king of CiJicia and a part of Pontus,
dividing

was employed in this negotiation with the Roman general. Polemon, fon of Zeno, an orator of Laodicea, was one of Antony's creatures, and was inp."*; ^^' debted to him for his whole fortune. He came to 1. XLix. Alexandria, and eafily perfuaded him, that with the afilflance of the Median cavalry, he would certainly fxii" overcome the Parthians. Thus he fpurred on his refeniment againft the king of Armenia, whofe perfidy had left in him a flrong dcfire of vengeance. The king of Media in the larne manner breathed nothing
but

ANTONIUSII. LIEO,
"but deftruftion againft the kinor
iie

Confuls.

215

of Armenia,

whom

A' ^-

7 '7.
*

looked upon as the author of the war which Antony had made againft him. Thus every thing was prepared for a new expedition in the higher Afia. But it was no eafy taflc to free Antony from the pleafant enchantment of Cleopatra's charms. Thus the was affair put off till the year following, when he was made Conful for the fecond time conjointly with Libo.

3^',

M. Antonius

II.

\^-

7'^'

Ant. C,
34-

L. SCRIBONIUS LiBO.
bent his whole efforts againft the king of Armenia, and made no fcruple to oppofe perfidy to perfidy. As foon as the feafon would permit, he left Egypt, and, putting himfelf at the head of his troops,, marched towards Armenia, fending letters however,' and deputations before him to Artabazes, in order to engage him to come and join him, endeavouring to deceive him by fpecious promifes, and falfe proteftalions of friendiliip, which he carried fo far as to demand his daughter in marriage for one of his fons which he had by Cleopatra.

He

of what be had deierved from him, and had at that very time catered into a fecret negotiation with Oftavius, put no confidence in Antony's careifes. He contrived excufes to elude his prefling invitations, and to avoid putting himfelf in the power of him whom he had
fenfible

The king <Df Armenia, who was

But the Roman general flrengthened his follicitations by the terror of his arms, advancing with his troops towards Artaxata, the capital of Armenia. The furprize which this occafioned, determined Artabazes at laft to go to the Roman camp, and try if the outward appearance of confidence would have any effe6t upon Antony's generofity. He had foon occafion to repent of the ftep he had
offended.

taken, for he faw himfelf immediately feized. tony's pretence for it was, that he had need of

Anmo'

ney, in conljequence of which he wanted, that the

P 4

trea-

2i6

ANTONIUS
'

II.

LIBO,

Confuls.

R. 718. treafures
""v^

of the king of Armenia, which were kept in feveral fortrefTes, fhould be delivered up to him ; and he could not exped to conftrain thofe who had the care of them to a compliance, but by keeping their king a prifoner, and obliging them to purchafe Artabazes his liberty at the price of his treafures. agreed to Antony's propofal, and being prefented fucceffively before the different fortrefTes, he ordered But the Armenian lords their gates to be opened. refufed to obey thofe orders, which were manifeflly extorted by violence ; and feeing their fovereign captive, they proclaimed his eldefl fon Artaxias king in Upon this Antony put off the mafic, and his ftead. caufed Artabazes to be put in chains of filver, affecting to prefer ve an outward fhevv of refpeft for the dignity of the king, whiift he was doing an open violence
to his perfon.

was neither of long duration, nor attended with difficulty on the part of Antony. Artaxias \b newly placed on the throne, could not refift an enemy fo fuperior in force, and whom they had imprudently received into the heart of the kingdom. He was intirely defeated in a battle, and obliged to retire into Parthia. Armenia fubmitted to the Roman yoke, and the whole family of A^rtabazes, his wife and children, became prifoners to Antony, all except Artaxias. Such was the origin of the troubles which opprefTed for a long time Armenia, continually fhaken by two powerful empires, betv*'een whom it was fituated, being fucceHively invaded by the Romans and Parthians, without remaining fixed under the power of either enjoying a precarious liberty only at intera
it
,

Thus

war was declared, but

vals, but never an entire repofe.

Antony

finifhed his exploits this

campaign, by the

conqueft of Armenia ; and contenting himfelf with continuing his alliance with the king of the Medes, by the project of a marriage between one of his fons and a daughter of that prince, he left a fufficient number of troops in Armenia, to keep poffefTion of
that

ANTONIUSII. LIBO,
that
,.
^

Confuls.
the
reft

217
into
A-

kingdom,

and

returned

with

R- 718.

Ant. c.

of a vidcy which the ancient Roman generals would have biufhed at, and even had the affurancc to tranfport into Alexandria a glory which till then had been referved to Rome alone. He triumphed, though a Roman, in the capital of Egypt) in order that Cleopatra might fhare in the pomp, and receive all the honours of it. Thither they carried the fpoils of Armenia ; and there Artabazes appeared prifoner, bound in chains of gold, together with his wife and children, and feverai of the nobles of the kingdom, being all conduced to the feet of Cleopatra ; who furrounded with a briUianc court, and a great multitude of fpeftators, was feated on a throne of gold, which fupported an alcove of Antony's intention was, that his prifoners filver. fhould render humble obedience to the queen of Egypt, and proftrate themfelves before her ; but their haughtinefs would not fubmit to this. Artabazes, though in this mortifying fituation, ftill remembered that he was the fon of the great king Tigranes, fo that he would neither kneel before Cleopatra, nor in fpeaking to her give her the title of queen. This haughtinefs of Artabazes mortified Antony, and became at laft fatal to the captive king, who was fent to prifon, and put to death foon after the battle of A6tium. The conqueft of Armenia was only the beginningof Antony's defigns his chief aim being to fubdue Parthia. Animated by his own refentments, fpurred on by the follicitations of the king of the Medes, and flulhed with the hopes of fuccefs, which by join-

There he made

a trophy

ing the Medean cavalry with his legions, was, in his opinion, unqueftionably certain, he fet out, and arrived in Syria, in the beginning of the fecond confulihip of 06lavius,

C. Julius

2t8
A.R.
719.

OCTAVIUS

II.

TULLUS,
OcTAVius
II.

Confuls,

C. Julius C^SAR.

33.

L. VOLCATIUS TuLLUS.
In the beginning of this year, 06tavia obtained leave of her brother to go and vifit her hufband. He granted her requeft, lefs from the motive of doing, her a pleafure, in the opinion of moil authors, than from the hopes that Antony would ufe her ill, and that thereby fhe would become the occafion, though innocently, of exciting againft her faithlefs and ungrateful fpoufe, an univerfal difcontent in the minds of the people, by whom fhe was very juftly held in This artifice was of a piece the greateft efteem. v/ith Oflavius's temper, and he mud have been fenfible that he flood in need of it ; for Antony, notwithftanding

had a confiderable number of friends at Rome, and his reputation there was fcill very great. For this reafon the young and for fome years immediartful Triumvir ieems ately preceding the rupture between him and Antony, to have been entirely bufied in effacing the too favourable impreffions of his rival left in the Romans, both by laying hold of every occafion of rendering him odious, and making himfelf appear in as amiable a light
all

his faults,

as poflible.

effed which he promifed himfelf from this purney of 06lavia, turned out as he expefled. As foon as Ilie arrived at Athens, fhe received letters from Antony, ordering her not to proceed any farther
;

The

alledging,

by way of excufe, the war which

he was preparing to carry into the empire of the ParOdlavia was not deceived by that pretence, thians. and fhe eafily penetrated into the true realon of fo

Mean while always fubmifTive mortifying an order. and full of good-nature, flie only wrote to her hufband to afk him where he chufed to have the things
fent to,

which flie had brought to him from Rome. Thcfe were cloaths for the troops, horfes and mules for the baggage, money, and prefents for the chief

com-

OCTAVIUSII. TULLUS,
commanders and Antony's

Confuls.

zig

friends, together with

two

A. K. 719.
^"*,
'

thoufand choice men, well armed, richly equipped, and diftributed into Praetorian cohorts for his guard. Niger, who was efteemed and refpeded by Antony, was the perlbn who carried Odavia's letter ; and with a detail of the things I havejuft mentioned, he joined the praifes juflly due to her who fcnt them. She was fenfible that flie Cleopatra was alarmed. muft at leaft fuffer a brifk attack from Oftavia, who certainly would endeavour to regain Antony's heart. That princefs was too quick-fighred not to difcover what advantages a lawful wife, whofe decent deportment, befides the influence of her brother's power, recommended her, mud naturally have over her. She was afraid, left Odavia by adding to fuch powerful charms, thofe of a fweet modefty, and a conftant attention to pleafe her hufband, together with a certain eafinefs and dignity of behaviour, fhould gain the fuperiority.

The

artful Cleopatra

had recourfe

to a ftratagem.

She feigned
of lofing him

herfelf fo paffionately in love v/ith

An-

tony, as to run a rifk of dying by the apprehenfion

and {he afted this comedy with a furprizing addrefs. She eat very little in order to make herfelf meagre ; and affected a confufion whenever Antony approached, languiQiing after him always when he retired. In fhort, Ihe contrived it fo that he often furprized her weeping, but flie immediately fupprefled her tears, as unwilling to have them ob,

ferved.

heighten this difTi-mulation, flie employed flatterers, who reproached Antony of being hard-hearted and cruel, in deftroying a woman whole heart and " As for fortune were entirely attached to him. " your marriage with Oflavia," faid they, " that *' was a political match, on account of her brother, ^' and Ihe enjoys the nam.e and honour of your fpoufe; <^' whereas Cleopatra, who is queen of fo many na*'

To

tions,

is

called Antony's mifl;re(s.

And

fne neither
flie

'

fefufes

nor difdains this iiame. provided

can " only

220

OCTAVIUS

11.

TULLUS,

Confuls.

A.R. 719." only have the fatisfaftion to fee you, and pafs her Ant. C. " But if ilie muft be deprived of days with you. 33" that which is the only objeft of her wifties, you will " infallibly ruin her, for Ihe can never furvive fo fen-^ " fible a misfortune." This fcheme of Cleopatra's was too artfully laid, and too well concerted, for Antony to be able to He was then in Syria, and he not avoid the fnare. only denied Odavia leave to vifit him, but he alfo abandoned his expedition againft the Parthians ; and notwithftanding the favourable opportunity which the * troubles of that empire prefented him with, and his engagements with the king of the Medes, he wrote to that prince, that they mufl defer the execution of their defign till another opportunity, and returned to Alexandria, for fear of occafioning the death of Cleopatra, whofe dupe he was. 06tavia being rejeded by her hufband, returned and her brother, who wanted only to en* to Rome creafe the diffenfion betwixt them, advifed her to leave Antony's houfe, and take an apartment where Ihe might live retired, as if Ihe had no hufband. But the virtuous Odavia pofitively declared to him, that She evea {he would not leave her hufband's houfe. begged of him, if he had no other reafons for making war againft Antony, to forget every thing which per" For," fays flie, " it would fonally regarded her. *' be fhameful that two fuch great and powerful ge*' nerals, the one from the motive of love for a wo" man, and the other from that of jealoufy, fhould " throw the Roman ftate into a new civil war." Odavia's conduct was agreeable to thofe generous declarations. She continued in Antony's houfe, taking
-,
.

,care

not only of the children fhe had by him herfelf, but alfo of thofe of Fulvia. And whenever any of Antony's friends came to Rome, they always found

her difpofed to affift them, and to do them all the By this noble fervice fhe could with her brother.
*

An

account of thefe will be given near the end pf tbisbppk.

behaviour
8

OCTAVIUS

II.

TULLUS,

Confuls;

221

behaviour (he hurt Antony, contrary to her inten-AiR. 719. ^* tions J for the more merit Ihe fhewed, the more peo- ^^^^^* pie were exafperated at the affront fhe had fufFered from him. Antony gave himfelf no trouble to quiet thefe comon the contrary, he feemed to pride himfelf plaints in exafperating the fpirit of the Romans ftill more againft him^ by a pompous ceremony, of which the
:

fplendid and theatrical apparatus, quite contrary to the manner and maxims of the Romans, proclaimed
to the world that he was no more himfelf, having forgot every thing elfe but Cleopatra.

of Alexandria in the Gymnafium *, where there was raifed an alcove of filver, under which were placed two thrones of gold, one for himfelf, and the other for Cleopatra, who cajne to feat herfelf upon it cloathed, according to her cuftom, in the ornaments and attributes of Ifis, Below were the principal deity of the Egyptians.
aflembled
the people

He

queen*3 children. There Antony diftributed the crowns, and prefently after, having foIcmnly protefted that he took Cleopatra for his lawful fpoufe, he acknowledged and declared her queen of Egypt, of Lybia, of the iHand of Cyprus, and of Ccelofyria, conjointly with Csfario, whom he declared at the fame time to be the true and lawful fon Afterwards he gave to the of the Dictator Cjefar. two twins which he had by Cleopatra, Alexander and Ptolemy, the title of Kings of Kings. He appointed for Alexander's Ihare, who was to marry the daughter of the king of the Medes, Armenia, which was lately taken from Artabazes, and, by a very ridiculous claufe, the country of Parthia, as foon as it fhould be conquered. To Ptolemy he allotted a more certain eftablifhmenr, viz. Syria, Phenicia, and alfo After this proclamation, the two new kin^s Cilicia. approached the thrones of Antony and CieoDatra,
feats for the
*

A vaft building,
It

fet

clfes.

was in thofe gyranafiuras, or

apart in the totwns of Greece for bodily exeria the ^ theatres, that the

Greeks held their aiiemblics.

clothed

222
A. R.
7^9^"^'j.^*

AHENOBARBUS,
-,

SOSIUS, Confuk

clothed in the royal robes of their refpediive coi1rt- Alexander in a Medilh drefs, with a tiara on tries his head ; and Ptolemy with the robes which were worn by the fiicceffors of Alexander, the flipperSj In military coat, and cap covered with a diadem.
this

pompous

drefs diey paid their refpefts to

Antony

After which they feated themfelves, being each attended with a guard, the one of Armenians, and the other of Macedonians. All fenfe of decency was fo greatly extinguifhed in Antony, that after having adted this ridiculous fcene in Alexandria, he was not afhamed to fend an account of it to the Confuls at Rome, viz. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and Sofius, who were both his friends.

and Cleopatra.

A.R.

720.

Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.

c C. Sosius.
r>

Ant. C.

32.

Confuls had more fenfe and difcretion than Antony, and therefore fupprefled his letters ; but 06lavius, who was informed by other hands of all that had paffed, wasat great pains to communicate and people. He was perfonally it to the Senate piqued at the honours bellowed upon Caefario, whom he faw they affedled to oppofe to him as a rival, with regard to his quality of Ion and heir of Casfar. And with refped: to thofe obje6ts which interefted the publick, a

The

queen acknowledged as a wife by a Roman General, and the title oi" King bellowed upon their children large provinces difmembred from the em;

pire, in order to

augment Cleopatra's dominions, or to beftow them upon new kings ; the pomp of the triumph tranfported from Rome to Alexandria j all
06lavius to raife the hatred and contempt of the people againft Antony. The young and artful Triumvir laid hold of thefe advantages, without fhewing any kind of regard for his adverfary j and from thence arofe difputes between them, which were a prelude to the war that very foon after broke out betwixt them. Antony reproached
this offered a fair field to

Odavius

AHENOBARBUS,
Odavius upon his
in

SOSIUS,

Confuls.

22^
^: ^-7-0.
32,

an

outrao-eous

birth,

honour,

manner, attackino- him and perlbnal condud:, as

He lent Suet.Aug. be feen in fcveral places in Suetonius. formal complaints againit him to the Senate, aliedging68,''6j/ that he had uled him ill in feveral particulars. The ^'c. firft article regarded the invafiort of Sicily, which Octavius had taken from Sextus Pompeius, and kept to himfelf, without admitting any one to fhare it with The fecond regarded thofe velTels which Anhim. tony had furniHied in that war j the reftitution oF which he anirmed was neither exa6t nor complete. In the third place, he complained of the depofing of Lepidus, their common collegue, whofe fpoils Ocflavius had appropriated to himfelf. And laitly, of the lands in Italy being diftributed by 06lavius entirely to his own foldiers, without allowing thofe of Antony to enjoy the lead lliare. Thefe complaints had at lead a fpecious appearance, and 06tavius was at great pains to juftify himfelf oa
may
alledged, that Lepidus very well deferved to be depofed for his unjuft ambition, contrary to all their agreements. That with regard
all

thofe

articles.

He

to the lands with which he augm.ented his diftrid, he would fhare them with Antony, as foon as he fliould

divide his conquefts with him.

diftribution of lands

With

refpeft to the

and colonies, he anfwered with a kind of infulting irony, that Antony's foldiers had no need of an eftablilhment in Italy, fmce by their great and glorious exploits they had conquered Media and Armenia, which furniflied them with a fufficient re-

compence

for their trouble.

fee that the

enmity between the two Triumviri was carried to great excefs. They mutually llrove to decry each other, and to find out pretexts or reafons for commencing the war. Antony, who probably v/as fenfible that the extremes to which his pafTion for Cleopatra carried him, were a great difadvantage to him, and gave a confiderable fuperiority
to his rival, contrived an expedient to regain the af-

Thus we

fedions of his countrymen,

He

wrote to the Senate,

that

2il
A. R.
710.

AHENOBARBUS,

SOSIUS,

Confuls.

Ant, c.

that he was determined to abdicate the * Triumvir^jp^ ^g being a magiftracy too powerful and abfo-

Republican ftace. And thus he fpoke the reverfe of his thoughts, his intention being only to regain the affedtions of the people, and at the fame time to lay a fnare for Oftavius, who refiding upon the fpot, ought naturally to be the firft to relinquifh the Triumvirfliip, and who could neither agree to it nor refufe it without great embarraffments. Odtavius took very artful meafures on this occa> He difcovered a middle way between two exfion. tremes which were equally dangerous, which was, to
lute in a

demand
Liv.Epift. cxxxi. in

that

Antony fhould come

to

Rome,

in order

to abdicate the Triumvirfhip according to his proThis demand was certainly very fpecious, for mife.

with regard to each other, there was no fecurity for either of the two to take this important flep, unlefs it was done in conthe fituation
in,

they were

and at the fame time. Befides, there was no place more proper for it than Rome, the centre both of the empire and of the whole publick power. This propofal therefore of Odtavius feemed highly reafonable, though at the fame time he ran no rifle of being taken at his word. For though Antony had
cert,

* Seeing Antony here offers to lay down the Triumvirfhip, he fuppofes himfelf at this time a Triumvir. Mean while the Triumvirfhip, which was eftablidied at firft for five years, and was afterwards prolonged for five years more, ought to have expired, as I obferved, at the clofe of the preceding book, the lafl day of December 719. It mufl confequently be imagined that there had been a fecond prolottgation before this time. In fnort, I have obferved in the fame place, that from the time of the treaty of Mifenum, Antony and Oftftvius had afted as if they ought to Keep up the Triumviriliip at leafl for twelve years. Appian has an exprefTion at the end of his book of the wars of Illyrium, which confirms this opinion, that the prolongation was for more than ten years. On the other hand, the abridgment of Titus Livius's 131ft book afHrms, that they reproached Antony for not abandoning the Triumviriliip, though the time of it was expired; which cannot be otherwife underftood, than by fuppofing that after the ten years were expired, it was not lawful for Antony to confider himfelf as a Triumvir. There is in all this a confufion and obfcurity which I am not able to remove, and which we fliould not meet with if the hiftories of thofe times were more exaft, and compoled by morft accurate authors.

not

AHENOBARBUS,

SOSIUS,

Confuls.

225

not been enflaved by the charms of Cleopatra, and A. R. 720. ^' confined by the afcendancy llie had over him, he ^"^^^ could not, without doing an injury to himlelf, come

had greatly the fuperiority, and could eafily have crufhed him. Thefe tranfactions betv/ecn the two Triumviri occafioned long and violent debai.es in the Senate for Antony had there a powerful pariy, and thu two Confuls then in office were entirely devoted to him, as I have before obferved ; with this difference however^ that Domitius, who had fuffered a great many dilgraces and misfortunes, and who having been harraffed for a long while by civil difTenfions, knew v/ell the danger of appearing zealous on thofe occaficns, kept himfelf more moderate and referved than the other. Sofius, on the contrary, who was alv/ays attached to Antony, and till that time enjoyed a conftant flow of happinefs, (hewed all that pride which naturally refuks from a long ferics of good^ fortune. He openly oppofed Octavius, and as this Triumvir abfented himfelf to avoid being expofed, the Conful took the advantage of his abfence, and would have
to
his rival
-,

Rome, where

paiTed a decree very hurtful to his interefl, if the Tribune Balbus had not oppofed it.

06lavius imagined that his patience would be conftrued as a weaknefs, and on the other fide he was loth to make ufe of force, or feem to lay any conHe came thither to feat himftraint on the Senate. felf between the two Confuls, bat with the precaution of being attended by a number of his friends, armed with poniards under their robes. There he began with a modefl: declaration, and an artful apology for his conduc5t. Afterwards he inveighed againlt Antony, and Sofius, who was prefent, pretending to convi6t them of feveral attempts againft him and the Republick. He was heard with attention, but wich:*i Obferving that out the leaft: mark of approbation. his fpeech was not attended with the defigned fuccefs^ he appointed a day in v/hich he would produce, and read Vol. X, Q^

226
Ant. C,
full

AHENOBARBUS,
and proper
light.

SOSIUS,

Confulsv
in

A.R.720- read fucb pieces as

would put Antonyms defigns

Confuls did not think it proper to wait for that day, imagining that it was indecent for them to Mften quietly to fuch an accufation of Antony, when they durft not well teftify their refentment againft it. They therefore privately left Rome, in order to joiri Antony, being attended by feveral Senators.

The

Odavius was by no means

difpleafed

at this.

It

was a thing to be wilhed for by him, that thofe wl>o were friends to Antony fhould leave Rome and Italy, rather than (lay there perhaps to flir up diforders^ while he might be abfent and bufied in adions of war.

Thus, making a fhew of moderation which coft hin) nothing, he declared that he had not the leaft inteation to retain any of thofe who v^^iflied to join Antony. Almoft all the friends and relations of Antony ao^ Cpted of the leave which was granted by Oftavius. Follio, who after the treaty of Brundufium, where he aded as plenipotentiary for Antony, had not in the leaft intereiled himfelf in his affairs afterwards ; and being too proud to make his court to Cleopatra, and too grave to join in their foolifli amufements, had conftantly remained in Italy, did not think he was obliged to take part Vv-ith Antony in the quarrel which was breaking out. But at the fame time, judging ip would be indecent for him to carry arms againft his old friend and benefaflor, he remained neuter. And when Odavius propofed to him to attend him in the " I have done more for war, he refufed to do it. *' Antony," fays he, " than he has rewarded me for,.

" but
*'

his favours to

me

are better

known than

the

"
*'

have done him. I will therefore wait for the event, and run the riik of becoming the prey of the conqueror"^."
fervices I
*

Mea

tiora.

in Antonium majora merlta Tunt, illius in me beneficia no Itaque difcrimini veftro me lUbtJ'aham,v & ero praeda viftoris.

Vell.

II. 86,

Domitiu*

AHENOBARBUS,

SOSIUS,

Con'ruis.

227

Domitius found Antony at Ephefus, making pre- A. R. 720, parations for war, and aflembling his naval forces. ''^"'^' ^' He had arrived there from Armenia, whither he had ^** been led by the defire he had to put the lad hand to his alliance with the king of Media, in order to attack conjointly the empire of the Parthians. Buthaving received news from Rome, informing him that a rupture with Odavius was inevitable, he delivered himlelf up entirely to this objed, and abandoned his intention of marching in perfon againft the Parthians. He therefore only fent fuccours to the king of Media for pufhing it, and in return received affiftance from him for the war he was ffoinor to make ag-ainfl his coUegue. At the fam'e time he ordered Canidius to advance towards the lea with fixteen legions, and taking with him Jotapa, the daughter of the kino- of Media, who v*'as defigned for the fpoufe of his fon Alexander, he went to Ephefus, wliere Cleopatra tame to meet him. I ihall here obierve by the way, that Antony's al-Db.i. liance became fatal to the king of Media. That ^^i^prince, fupported by the Roman troops which had been left him, gained a viftory over the Parthians, and over Artaxias, whom they proteded. But afterwards, Antony having recalled his troops, and not fending back thofe whom the king of Media had lent him, this prince was too much weakened, and could not lupport himfelf. Ele was vanquifhed and made *prifoner, and thereby Artaxias reitored to the pofTeffion of Armenia, and Media fell under the dominion of the Parthians. Thus ended the great projecls v/hich Antony had formed, and the elibrrs he made with regard to the Eaft and the higher Afia. Domitius on his arrival at Ephefus, endeavoured to perfuade Antony to fend back Cleopatra into Egypt. He v/as a perfon of very great v/eight himfelf, and befides, in this he only expreiTed to Antony what every one, who truly loved him, wiihed for. Cleopatra was afraid left Antony fhould hearken to them, and" if once fhe foould be feparsted from him,
.

0^2

Odavia

228

AHENOBARBUS,
0(5i;avia

SOSIUS,

Cbnfuls.

AR. 72;0"^"!'
Pli?t!"

Anton,

would hinder him from renewing any negoIn order to prevent nations of alliance and peace. this, fhe gained Canidius over to her party, and by ^^g |,ip of money, engaged him to fpeak in her faCanidius, for whom Antony had a great revour. o-ard, and to whom he gave command of all hisJand forces, had the bafenels unworthily to deceive his
patron, who placed a particular confidence in him. He reprefented to him the important afTiitance which the queen could furniih ^ two hundred vefTels, in-

cluding flore-fhips, twenty thoufand talents, and pro" It vifions for his whole army during the war. *' would neither be right," added he, " to fall out " with a princefs, who can procure you fuch great " advantages, nor exafperate the Egyptians, who " compofe fo great a part of your naval forces. And

" befides, in what is the queen inferior, either with " rep-ard to the talents of the mind or prudence, to " any of the kings who accompany you in this war ? " During fo many years which fhe has governed a " powerful kingdom, being inftrucled both by your
^'

advice and example, flie is no lefs remarkable for " her conduft in great affairs, than for the charms of " her perfon." Thus Antony was perfuaded to reFor tain Cleopatra, though contrary to his intereft. it was neceffary, lays Plutarch, that Oftavius fhould

remain conqueror, the decrees of Providence having fo ordained it. Ephefus was the general rendezvous of Antony's troops ; and during the time they were affembiing, he went over with Cleopatra into the ifiand of Samos, there to abandon himfelf to foolifh and ilhtimed rejoicings
;

for while the kings, princes, people,

and

>

towns, from Syria and Armenia, as far as the Egean fea, had orders to fend to Ephefus all the provifions neceffary for war, at the fame time ail the muficians and comedians were obliged to go to Samos ; and while almoit the whole univerfe fuffered a violent commotion, and was filled with cries and tears, one fingle city amidft that univerfal diltrefs, minded no8
,

thing

AHENOBARBUS,
thine; elfe

SOSIUS,

Confuls.

229
'

but feafts, balls, comedies, and fliews of^-K.-7io. all kinds, and echoed with the Ibund of vocal and j^. inftrumental mulick, fo that one would be at a lofs to comprehend in what manner, and by what kind of rejoicing, they could celebrate a viftory, when tliey gave fuch pompous and gallant feafts in preparing for a war. may eafily conceive that thefe diverfions were pnn. ix. accompanied with the beft of cheer, and extravagant 35.entertainments ; and I believe that a monftrous inftance of the luxury and prodigality which we have t/animitted to us by the elder Pliny, ought to be referred to the time I now fpeak of. Antony's table was extremely * fumptuous mean author have Cleopatra afting, lays the I quoted, while as a miftrels and a queen, put on airs of difdain, and affeflcd to defpife the magnificent entertainments which Antony gave her. Being weary of this fub)e6i:, he allied her one day if it was pofiibie to add to the masnificence of his table. She anfwered him, that at one fupper fne could lay out loooooco feilerces Antony declared that he (about 62000 1. ilerling.) thought the thing was impcfiible; but Ihe infilled upon it, and the v/ager was laid. The next day, which was fixed upon to determine this important problem, Cleopatra gave a fupper, magnificent you may be fure, but not more fo than Antony's commonly were. So that he already triumphed, and, wiih a

We

-,

ihew him the bill. The queen anfwered him, that what had hitherto been ferved up was only a fmall part, for that ihe herfelf would confume the 1 0000000 fefterces, and at the fame time Ihe ordered the defert to be brought in. Upon v/hich an ofncer, purfuant to the order he had received, fet before her a cup of vinegar, fo ftrong that it wou'd diffolve pearls. Cleopatra had then two of the mofb
fneer, deiired her

to

Haec, quura exquifitis quotidie Antoniiis faglnaretur epulis, fuperbo fimul ac procaci faftu, ut regina meretrix, lautitiam ejus omnem apparatumque obtreclans, quasrente eo quid adrrui magnificentiSb poifet, reipoudvv ufia fe ctna centies feftertium abfumpturain.

0^3

beautiful

30
720.
'

AHENOBARBUS,
threv/

SOSlU^yC4,t}(^h.

A. R.

"l!. 32.

beautiful pearls in the world, which at that very time She * took one of them, and ^^^ wore in her ears.

which having diffolved it, After this flie put her hand to the fhe drank it off. to do the fame by it, but Plancus, a judge other pearl of fuch a wager, laid hold of her arm, and worthy that wonder of nature, by declaring that Anfaved tony had lofc J an exprefiion which, after the event, was interpreted as a prefage of Antony's defeat ac Allium. They add, that after Cleopatra fell into Odlavius^s hands, this pearl, Vv'hich was faved by Plancus, was by command of the conqueror cut in two, in order to make pendants for the ears of a Venus in the Pantheon ; and thus that f goddefs was magnificently adorned with a jewel, which was only half the value of a fupper of Antony's and Cleoit

into the vinegar,

patra's.

comedians from Samos to Priene, there to remain and wait for him, came to Athens, where the fliews and amufements were revived. Cleopatra was there intent upon another obShe was jealous of the honours which Otlavia jed". had there received j for the virtue of this lady had faifed the admiratipn of all Greece, which loaded hef with all pofllble teftimonies of refped. The queen of Egypt, who could not merit them by the fame means, fubftituted in their place careffes, and external marks of favour towards the Athenians, who were always fond of flattering perfons in power. They made a decree comprehending all kinds of honours^ which they beftowed on Cleopatra and Antony was weak enough to carry it himfelf, and like an
fent the
,

Antony having

I remember a fimilar inftance related by Horace of the fon of the comedian Efop, who caufed to be diifolved in vinegar a pearl, valued at a million of fefteices, and fwallowed it.
Filius iEfopi detraclam ex aure Metellae, Scilicet ut deeies fblidam exforberet, auro

Diluit infignem baccam. Quifanior, ac fi Illud idem in rapidum flumen jaceretve cloacum.

HoR.
f Ut
eflet in

Sat, II. 3.

utrlfque Veneris auribus

Romse

in

Pantheo dimidia

eoruni cwna.

Athenian

AHENOB ARBUS;
Athenian
flattering terms.

SGSIVS,

Confuls.
in

2^

citizfen," to haiiingtie'the
^'''^'
^

queen

the mofLA. R.
"^^ll'

But he had done the

^"'^^^^'
;

like before at

723. ^'
"

Alexandria.:-';'
It

'

via,

was at this time that he adnally divorced OAaby fending an order to her to leave his houfe.
her hufband's chilwas with Antony ; and
all

She obeyed, taking with her

dren, except the elded, who on leaving the houfe, fhe cried, and bewailed her fortune, being fincerely afieded at finding herfelf one of the caufes of the civil war. The Romans, who were fpedators of this afFeding fcene, at the fame time that they fympathized with her in her grief, deplored ftill more the blindnefs of Antony ; they fefpe-cially who had {een Cleopatra, and knew from ocular
conviftion that Ihe was no way preferable to Oftavia, either for her youth or beauty, could not conceive the realbn of fo fatal an enchantment. Antony was infatuated in every refped ; for he loft in diverfions and debaucheries an opportunity which
^vas very precious, as his adverfary

was not fufnciently

prepared, and therefore feared an attack this camIn fhort, befides a great many things he paign. wanted, the taxes which he levied upon the people of Italy, exafperated them againll him. He demanded of the citizens the fourth part of their income, and the freedmen were obliged to pay him the eighth part of what they were worth. Thofe violent extortions were univerfally complained of ^ all Italy was in confufion, and he was even obliged to employ his ibldiers to levy the money and appeafe the commotions. If Antony at fuch a crifis as this had made hafte to approach him with thofe forces which he had, he might have put Odavius into very great danger; but his negligence of his own affairs, an inevitable confequence of foolifh pafilons and too great love of pleafure, made him negled fo favourable an opportunity. Odavius had time to reftore quiet in Italy, and reconcile to himfelf the minds of the people. Th^is he made preparations for war during this year very flowly, endeavouring at the fame time ta

0^4

run

2||.
Ant.c.
3(,g

Aia]^QBASB!OS, SOSIUS,.
ypoii his

CoriUiiiA
plit '^'godS-

A..R,7?o.i-un dov/n his rival

more ahd more, and to

adions.

Full of this fcheme, he received with great pleafure a deferter of confiderable^-^ weicrht, viz. Plancus,, who came to deliver himfelf up to him, after having been a long tiirse the inti-

own

mate confident of Antony.

^rtr o:'

Plutarch excufes this conduct of Plancus, by al-^ ledging that it was owing to the fear of CleopatraVrefentment, on whofe feparation from Antony he had
'

Veil.

ii. 83.

{h'ongly infifted. Velkius reprefents this affair in a vefy different

^

light.

Plancus a traitor, who changed his' party out of ficklenefs and a perfidious temper, plancus, according to this hiftorian, had been the moft vile flatterer of Cleopatra, more low and fervile*' He did noP to her than the m.eaneft of her flaves. refufe the mcft fhameful offices in Antony's fervice^'^ and he fo far forgot the decency of his rank, as t&^ equip himfelf like a fea-god, painted green, and naked'/' having his head bound with reeds, dragging a tailA venial-^ behind him, and dancing upon his knees. wretch, who on every cccafion fold himfelf to th^^
calls

He

higheft bidder.
lick,

It

was not then the love -of the

pub-^.

nor efteem for the beft party, that- determined^ a man of this charader to have Antony for Odavius v^ but Antony having reproached him at a feaft, for his-' notorious rapines and extortions, he was afraid^ andavoided by flight the. puniiliment which -his -mifdenjeanors deferved.
r,-This
is

bnr.d

2'.-'

tj

:r,

n^ti Vvv.tloi

o:t

Velleius's account of the matter,;

who had

an opportunity of knov/ing Plancus very well, and Befides, his account may be paints very naturally. eafily reconciled with that of Plutarc-h ; for there is nothing to hinder us from thinking, that Plan-ciis probably advifed fending away Cleopatra from the war, and that Antony's anger on that account might burft out into thofe reproaches, which were but too well founded. Whatever was the motive that detached Plancus, from Antony's friendlhip, Odavius concerned himfelf

AHENOBARBUS,

SOSIUS, Confim/

253
'

fdf very little about that. But he was deli ghted at^-^-Tia. having in him, and in Titius, his nephew, the mur33 derer of Sextus Pompeius, witneffes and accufers againft Antony, whom his intereit obliged him to For thefe two delerters, render as odious as polTible. according to the pradtice of fuch men, who, in order to juftify their own conduft, never fail to blame the party they have left, railed with open mouths in the Senate againft Antony, and laid a thoufand atrocious things to his charge. This occafioned a grave reprimand from an old Praetor, named Coponius.
'

*'

To

* be fure," fays he,

culpable the Oftavius liftened to thofe fpecches with the greateft ^^"*^'j^^~ fatisfa(5lion and Cluvius, one of his partizans, fe-i.^L. conded what had been faid, laying a great many accufations to his charge, which all Iprung from Antony's He faid he had given foolifli paHion for Cleopatra. her the library of Pergamus, confifting of 2c 0000 volumes that he had fuffered the Athenians to falutc her in his prefence by the titles of queen and miftrels ; that frequently during the time he gave orders to princes and kings, he received from her love-letters, and read them before them j that upon a certain occafion, when Furnius, a perfon of confiderable rank, and the moft eloquent among the Romans, pleaded before him, Cleopatra happened to appear, and crof;
,

"

" Antony became very evening before you left him."

fing the

Forum

in a litter,

Antony

left

the afiembly

and laying his hand upon the litter he went along with her. Thefe reproaches, which among us would appear very trifling, were judged to be very ferious among the Romans, and it was not by extenuating, but by denying them, that Antony's friends, who remained ftili in Rome, undertook to excufe
to follow her,

him.
>

But

there was nothing that pleafed

Odavius

better,

or gave
.

him more occafion of triumph, than Anfecit

i^uercs.

Multa mehercule Vell. II. 33,

Antonius prldie quam tu ilium

relin-

tony's

^4^4
A.
Aiit. c.
*
*

AHENOBAR'BUS,

;5QSIUS, CoDfyls.

R. ^^o. tony's will,

the articles of which he was informed f j^y. 'j^jj-i^^3 ^s'A Plancusj who had figned it as witnefles. This will was depofited with the Veftals, and Oda-

"

of ,thein. They refufed to deliver it up, but told him, that if he choie to come and take it himfelf, they neither could hinder him, nor would attempt to do it. He did fo, read it firft himfelf, and having carefully marked thofe articles which were moil liable to be criticiled, he read it in full Senate and before all the people but not without being cenfured by a great many, who thought it very ilrange that a man, who was ftill alive, fliould be obliged to be accountable for what he ordered to be executed after his death. However, feveral of thofe articles were fo ridiculous, that they were more ilruck with the indecency of them, than with Odavius's irregular manner of proceeding. ^{Antony therein confirmed Casfario the lawful fon of Cscfar and Cleopatra. He bequeathed immenfe legacies to his children which he had by her, and what fliocked the Romans moil was, his ordering, in cafe he Ihould die in Rome, that his body, after the yfual honours were paid to it in the Forum, fliould be tranfported to Ale>:andria, and delivered to Cleopatra, by whom he defired to be buried. ^r^Antony's friends obierving that the minds of the people began to be diiguiled at him, had recourie to prayers and entreaties with them % and, in the mean time, lent Geminius, one of the party, to make the laft effort upon their chief, and engage him not to caufe himfelf to be ignominioufly deprived of his ofCleopa^cty and declared an enemy to the publick. gueffed the caufe of his tra, feeing Geminius arrived, journey, and looking upon him as Odavia's agenr, fhe did whatever lay in her power to difoblige him, affronting him perpetually with her infulting raillery, and appointing him always the lowefl place at their Geminius waited very patiently till entertainments. he fhould have an audience ; but at laft being called upon in the middle of a feaft to explain himfelf,
vius

demanded

it

" The

AHENOBARBUS,
**

SOSIUS,

Confuls.

235

to negotiate," faid'h^,''" ^i-e^'tiot A. R.720. of a nature to be treated of at taWe ; but one thino- ^^'^^- ^'
affairs
I

The

come

" I am convinced of, whether merry or fober, viz. " that every thing will go very well if you fend back " Cleopatra into Egypt." Antony was in a paffion, and Cleopatra, without l?eing moved, faid to Geminius, " You have done very right to own the truth,
from being put to the torture.'** being Geminius afraid, made his efcape in a few days, and returned to Rome. great many others took the fame refolution with him, not being able to bear
fave youffelf

^^*

" and

the infolence of Cleopatra's flattercrs, them upon every occafion.

who

affronted
b-jLiIdc

''^

Plutarch mentions particularly

M.

Silanus,

who

was afterwards Odfavius's coHegue in the Confulfhip and Q^ Deilius, whom he calls the hiflorian but he is better known by the title which Meffala gave him, ^f the * Tumbler of the Civil Wars; becaufe he had left Dolabella for Caffius, Caffius for Antony, and now Antony for Oftavius. Deilius was the firft who had been difpatched by Antony to Cleopatra, to order her to come and give an account of her condud. I have before related in v/hat manner he acquitted himfelf of his commiffion. He not only fufpeded that the charms of this princefs would render her miftrefs of Antony's heart, but he was alfo fenfibly fmit with them himfelf. Seneca, the father, quotes feveral gallant letters from Deilius to Cleopatra. Towards the latter end of the time that he was with Antony, he offended Cleopatra, by an expreffion which efcapcd him at an entertainment.- He faid, that they had only a thin tart wine for their cheer, while Sarmentus (which was the name of a buffoon who diverted Oftavius, and whom Horace has rendered famous) drank Hon of the beft Falernian wine at Rome. This refledion^* ^* affronted Cleopatra very much, and Deilius pretended, that he was^ informed by a phyfician, named Glaucus,
;

Sat.

* Dellium Meffala Corvinus defultorum bellorum civilium vocat. Sen. Suafor. I.

.

that

236
A. R.

AHENOBARBUS,
710.

SOSIUS,. Confuls.
Perhaps he told the truth,

that his life was not fafe.

i^%u'

and perhaps he invented this ftory to excufe his perCleopatra was wicked enough to endeavour to fidy. deftroy him, but Dcllius hardly feems to have veracity enough for us to depend upon his word. Rome echoed with complaints and reproaches againll Antony. His old adverfaries, as well as thole who had lately deferted his party, all joined in condemning him ; and his own condu61: was ftill more hurtful to him than all the fpeeches which were made to his difadvantage. A flave to Cleopatra, he appeared to have no other will than that of his queen, who had the aflurance to promife herfelf the empire of Rome, 2nd who, when fhe wanted to confirm an oath, fwore

by the laws fhe would dictate in the capital to the whole univerfe. She had already a Roman guard, the foldiers of which had her name engraved upon
their bucklers.

Oilavius had then a

fufficient

foun-

dation to make the Romans fear, that Antony, in cafe he became conqueror, v;ould fubjed: them to Cleopatra, and transfer the feat of the empire from Rome to Alexandria. Antony feemed ewtirely to

have forgot that he was a Roman. He had laid afide not only the manners and maxims, but even the drefs of his country. He frequently appeared upon a throne of gold, clothed in the manner of the eaftern princes, all glittering with purple and precious ftones, a Median fabre by his fide, a golden fceptre in his hand, and, if we may believe Florus, a diadem upon his head. He had abolifhed the ufe of the name of Pretorium, which fignified with the Romians the tent and apartment of a general in camp, or the habitation of the fcvereign magifirate in the provinces, fubftituting in its ftead * one which fignifies a royal tent or habitation, as if he had yielded the preheminence and right of command to Cleopatra. In fhort, in the fame manner as Cleopatra gave herfelf out for the new Ifis, and afiTumed the attributes of that* eoddefs to
*
;
.

BsLo-'iKuof,

j^th 6i

^j-*itfiiri

'

her

AHENOBARBUS,

SOSIUS,

Confuls.

r{n'

her perfon, in the pictures and ftatues which were A. R. 7=0. made for her, Antony caufed himfelf to be painted "'2. by her fide, or reprefented either in brafs or marble, with the fymbols which charad:rifed Ofiris. Antony, induftrious in rendering himfelf odious to the Romans by fo many different methods, fucceeded at lalt in ruining himfelf. Octavius obtained a decree to deprive him of the Confulfhip, which he was to have enjoyed the following year, and likewife of the Triumviral power. He did not caufe him to be declared an enemy to the publick, either becaufe he duril not pufh matters to that extremity, being afraid of the friends which Antony had flill at Rome-, or, which appears to me more probable, in confequence of that fyftem of moderation which he had prelcribed to himfelf, ever fmce his viftory over Sextus Pompeius. If Antony had been declared an enemy to the publick, all thofe who were attached to him, among whom were feveral perfons of diftincftion, would have been involved in the fame condemnation but Octavius had no intention to lofe them, and was very -glad, on the contrary, to leave them an open pafiage He even wanted that the decree, to return to him.
-,
.

which was iffued againft Antony, might prom.ife impunity, and fignify an approbation to thofe who
fhould leave him. It was therefore againft Cleopatra ^ alone that the war was declared. They put on the military robe in Rome, as for an imminent danger, which greatly interefted the fafety of the Republick and all the ceremonies of a declaration of war in form, were fo,

lemnly obferved.
Odtavius, in a fpeech which he

made
tiiat

to tV^

people

on

this

fubje<5L,

affefted

to

fay,

Antony en-

chanted by a forcerefs was no more himfelf-, and that the chiefs of the war againd the Romans would be the
* I

am

wrote on

this

fnrprifed that Horace, in a great number cf verfes which he war, never \o much as once nientioiicd Antony's name.
j

He

imitated the reierve of his patron in this point

but Virgil did noc

fliew himfelf fo circumfpeft.

Eunuch

238
A. R.
710,

AHENOBARBUS,

SOSItJS, Canfuls.

Ant. c.
^**

Eunuch Mardion, Cleopatra's milliner, and her wais^ ino--v^oman, who would dired the greateft affairs iii Thus all this dilcretion flievvn to Anh the empire. tony, who was not once mentioned in the declaration
of war, tended only to render him contemptible, and at the fame time more reproachable and odious, feeing that Vv'ithout being perfonally attacked, he muft take part againft his country and fellow-citizens for a
ftrange
,,

woman. Antony underftood

perfectly well the

bad intent

Suet.Aug.
7'

of the fliew of moderation v/hich his enemy affedted towards him ; and being extremely provoked, he de^ manded a new oath of his troops, and fwore himfelf folemnly at the head of his army, that he would nevei? make either peace, or even a truce, with O^tavius. He added, that he would abdicate the Triumvirfhip two months after the vidory. Tho' he was far from having a fincere intention to perform this promife, he refifted a long time the importunity of his foldiers, who wanted he ihould allow himfelf the term of fix months and it was with the greateft marks of feemThe ing reludtance that he gave his confent to it. AU malice was no Icfs violent on the other fide. Italy engaged itfelf by oath to ferve Odavius in the Only, the city of Bologna, war againft Antony, which had always been under the proteftion of Antony's family, afted and obtained leave not to enter
,

into this league againft its patron. The whole year paffed in thefe preparations for v/ar,

without any adual hoftility committed on either fide. 06tavius wanted to liave time to make himfelf furc of Italy, and to take all the neceffary precautions for preventigg the commotions which his abfence might He had the more realbn to be afraid of occafion. thefe, as he knew tlvit Antony, whom the opulent countries of Aha and the Eaft furniflied with immenie riches, had fent confiderablc fums to Italy, and even to Rome itfelf, in order to re-animatc the courage of his antient friends, and gain him new ones if pofiible. This determined Odavius to dilhibute a gratificationto

OCTAVIUS

III.

CORVINUS;

Coiiluis.

'23^

to his foldiers, to ftrengthen their fidelity againft anyA.R.72<=^ * attempts of the enemy that might be made to corrupt "ji.

He likewile placed troops in fuch places as them. he fufpedted, or were expofed to the infults of the enemy. All which required a great deal of care and
time.

Antony by his effeminacy and negligence delayed Towards autumn he arrived entering upon adlion. at the ifland of Corcyrus, and having learned that the enemy's veffels appeared upon the neighbouring coaft, though there was only a few of them fent for intelligence, he fuppofed that 06lavius's whole fleet was There he at fea, and retired towards Peloponnefus. put his troops into winter quarters, and fpent that feafon himfelf at Patras.
Affairs were in this fituation

when

0(5lavius took

pofleffion of his third Confulfhip,

his

coUegue, Antony.

who

having Meffala for was fubftituted in the room of

C. Julius

C^sar Octavius

III.

A.R.

^^l,

M. VALERIUS Messala Lorvinus.

There never were fuch powerful and numerous forces, both by fea and land, feen afTembled for any
war, whether foreign or domeftick, as thofe with which Antony and Oftavius prepared to attack each
other.

31.

jy/'^-J'^i^'^

Antcmy had 100,000 foot and 12000 horfe, in which number the auxiliary troops that were fent from the kings, his allies, were not included. Bogud, king of a part of Libya, Tarcondimotus, king of the higher Cilicia, Archeiaus, king of Cappadocia, Philadelphus, king of Paphlagonia, Mithridates, of Commagena, and Amyntas, of Galatia, ferved in perfon in bis army. Herod, king of the Medes, Malchus of Arabia, and Polemon, whom Antony had made king of part of Pontus and Cilicia, had fenr.

him
war,

fuccours.
.a

amounted to 500 veffels of great many of which had from eight to ten^ rows
His
fleet

240

OCTAVIUSIII. CORVINUS,

Confuls.

A, R. 721. rows of oars, fumptuou fly adorned, according to the '^'* ^* tafte of magnificence and even luxury, which ap31.

every thing about him. His Oflavius's forces were not fo confiderable. land army confided of 80,000 legionary foldiers, with His fleet did not cavalry equal to that of Antony. exceed 150 velTels, and they were a great deal fmaller than thofe of Antony, but better built, more nimble, and far better manned with failors and rowers, who underftood how to work them perfedly well. Whereas thofe large hulks in Antony's fleet were half empty, had no body to fl:eer them, but fuch as they had picked up, the greateft part of them forced into the as reapers, mufervice, and had never feen the fea leteers, and young men almoft boys, whom they prefled upon the roads, difpeopling Greece, without being able at laft to put on board a fufficient

peared

in

-,

number.

The whole Roman Empire was

war
i

fhaken by

this

rulhing againfb the weft. Antony's dominions reached from the Euphrates and Armenia as far as the Ionian fea ; and to thefe vafk Odlaregions muft: be added, Egypt and Cyrenaica. vius had on his fide Africa, from the di{lri<5l of Cyrene as far as the great fea, Spain, Gaul, Illyrium,
it

the eafl:ern part of

of Sicily and Sardinia. But Italy did not furniih him with forces only ; it was alfo a great fupport, and a very advantageous ornaItaly,

and the

iflands

ment

to his party, as Virgil expreflles

it,

when de-

fcribing the battle of A6tium, he reprefents, on one fide, * Augufl:us -f leading Italy to the fight, accom-

panied by the Senate and people, the houfliold gods

* Hinc Augiillus agens Italos
in proelia Cxfar, Patribus populoque, Penatibus Sc magnis Dis. Hinc ope barbarica variifque Anlonius armis. Viclor ab aurorse populis & litore rubro, ^gyptum, virefque orientis, & ultima fecum Baftra vehit ; fequiturque, netas yEgyptia conjuXi

Cum

OiSlavius

ViRG. JEu. 1. viil. had the name of Augullus when Virgil wrote thefe

verfes,

of

OCTAVIUS m. CORVl^USy Cofifut?.

.of

241

Rome, -and tutelar. deities of thcempire and, ojn the other, Antony dragging after him barbarous na.

A. R.721.
j5l*

of armour, Egypt, -the Eait, Ba6lria, and, to compleat the igiioniiny", an Egyptian fpoufe, who followed, or -rather comtnanded him. . By the account which I have given of the forces of the two parties, it appears that both generals had grounds to hope for vidlory. In. this each of them
tions, a ti:oufand different Idnds
.

difcovered a ilrong conlidence, in Vv'hich policy had Odavius^ who was as great a fhare as convidion. neither proud nor vain-glorious, fent a challenge'

and whilft his vefTels were ftili in the ports of Tarentum and Brundufium, he propofed that he fliould come to Italy, offering to leave the neceifary ports and roads free for his fleet, and to go from the fea-coafl to the difbance of a day's journey on horfeback, concluding with a promife of o;iv,ing him battle in five days after they were difembarked 5 and in cafe this propofal was not agreeable to Antony, he demanded to be received into Epiriis Antony did not accept of either jon the fame terms. of thefe propofals, but, on the contrary, made a jell of them. " For who fhall be the judge," faid he, " if *' either of us fhould fail in any article of the convento be even in rhodomontade ^^'- tion .?" But in order with an enemy whom he never granted to be brave, he challenged him to a fingle combat , or, in cafe a general battle fliould be more agreeable to him, he propofed that they fhould tranfport their armies to the
to Antony-,

however

plains of Pharfalia, in order to decide their quarrel at the fame place where Csfar and Pompey formerly te^-'

minated theirs. Thefe were frivolous propofals, and could never be put in execution, though perhaps they had their ule, by encouraging the foldiers on both fides. Mean time the fine feafon began to come in^ and it was now time to enter upon adion. Ocravius-afTeiii"bled at Brundufium, and the neighbourhood. of- it, not only all his troops, but thofe vjho were the-n-tofl: Vol. X. difcinguiihed,
'
'

..

242
A.R.
72^:1-

OCTAVIUS
diftinguiflied,

lit.

CORVINUS, Confuk

-j/'

'

and had the molt influence amoneft tiiff> He purpoled to^^ orders of Senators and Knights. employ the Knights in his lervice, and to iecure to,-j himfelf the fidelity of the Senators by keeping then>ri| about his perfon. At the fame time, he was de-rc, lighted with Ihewing openly to the whole univerfe^j, that th chiefs and body of the Roman empire werej unanimoufly interefted in fupport of his caule. ,,,,
,^

regard to the embarkation, his chief carCy according to the example of his great uncle, was to prevent the veflels being loaded with a number of He there--' ufelefs perfons and fuperfiuous provifions. fore regulated the number of flaves which each officer or Senator was to take with him, and the quantity of provifions they were to furniih themfelves
\vith.

With

every thing v/as ready for the general departure, he detached Agrippa at the head of a numeThat brave., rous fquadron to harrals the enemy. commander acquitted himfelf nobly and fuccefsfully of his commiffion. He made defcents on feverak places in Greece, took by force Methona *, a confiderable town of Peicponnefus^ and defended by a. Bogud, king of Mauritania, was good garrifon. But the moll important exkilled on this occafion. ploit of Agrippa in this expedition, was his feizing a large convoy of provifions and warlike (lores which^ After? v;as coming to Antony from Syria and Egypt. fo happy an opening of the campaign, Agrippa re.

When

turned to rejoin Odavius, who, encouraged by thofe firft fucceffes, made hade to go in fearch of the enemy with all his forces. They fet out all together, and covered the Ionian-, fea with a prodigious number of vefTels and tranfports, for carrying into Greece fourfcore thoufand foot, and twelve thoufand horfe, and likewife fliips of war to the number of two Imndred and fifty. The land army difembarked at the f Ceraunian moun*

Naw

culkd Modon,

f The mowitains o Chimera.

taJns,

OCTAVIUS
tains,

III.

CORVINUS,

CoiifliV^?^^

245

and had orders to march alons; the coafl as"& ^^7="Oftaviiis hiaifelf, at the as the gulf cf * Ambracia. ^i. head of his naval forces, having taken polTefTion, in his voyage, of Corfica, which was abandoned by the enemy, flopt to refrefh himfelf in a -f port formed by the river Acheron, where it falls into the fea. There he appointed the general rendezvous of his fieet, and foon after he failed towards the promontory of Aftium. Though he might very naturally have been expe<^ed there about that time, yet he was very near furprizing Antony, whofe fleet then lay at anchor Antony had nothing ready ; his lenear that cape. gions were not arrived, and his veflels could hardlv be rowed for want of a fufficient number of hands, and even thofe had perifhed every day with hardfhips and difeafes, efpecially fuch of them as were forced into the fervice, and were therefore obliged to apply to a painful labour they were not accuflomed to. They relate a very cruel and inhuman exprcflion of Antony on this fubjeft. When they told him that more than a third of his feamen were dead, ^ " Pro** vided they preferve the oars," faid he, " we fhall ' never v^^ant hands to work them v/hilft there are ** men in Greece." If it be true that Antony exprefled himfelf in fo cruel and brutal a m.anner, he very well deferved the misfortunes which fell upon him. During the univerfal confufion which the fudden arrival of Oclavius occafioned, Cleopatra amufed herfelf in affefted gaieties, which would hardly deferve to be taken notice of here, if it was not an inilance of the charader of that princefs^ equally rjdiGulfofAfta.
This port was called the Sv/ebt Port, either becaufe the water Jthere was fweet, or on account of the rivers which difcharged themfelves there> or the fountains which fpring from it. It is placed ia the map of Greece by M'Danville, by the narne of Glycys Liraen,

which
X

is

Greek name wrote

falvi

in

Roman

charafters.

Remi modo

fmt.

Nam
vi. 15.

remigcs non deerunt, quod Grascia

homines habuerit.

Oros,

culou?

244
A^'^. 741-

GCTAVIUS

Ant. C.
SI-

culous and with great concern that the enemy had taken pofleffion of Torynum, a fmall town, whofe name in Greek fignihave fies a Ladle, Ilie punned upon the word, " *' great reafon to be afraid," faid fhe, " now that " Casfar has poffeflion of the Ladle." This infipid But allufion of her's would not have faved the fleet. Antony made amends for his negligence by his fkill, and prefence of mind. He had only a very few troopson board his veflels, and if he had been attacked, he In order to deliiuft certainly have been deftroyed. ceive an enemy whom it would have been impoffible to refill, he armed his rowers, and made them come upon the deck, where he ranged them in good order. At the fame time he caufed the oars to be fufpended in fuch a manner, as that the blades might appear in This feigned apthe air on both lides of the vefiels. pearance impofed upon 06lavius, and determined him to retire, being perfuaded that Antony was in a proper condition to receive him.

CORVINUS, Conluh. contemptuous. When they told her

III.

We

C3d:avius had a double intention in that fudden

and

nnexpefled motion which he made. He expected either to obtain fome advantage by force, or to gain But notover to his fide fome of Antony's troops. having fucceeded in either of thefe views, he determined to eftablifli himfelf and fortify his camp on the north fide of the gulf of Ambracia, where he afterwards built the town of -f Nicopolis ; and from his camp he drev/ three lines of communication with the port of Comarus, upon the Ionian fea, at a little diitance from the port which was form.ed by the river Acheron. Antony occupied the two points which commanded the entrance of the gulf j there he had raifed towers or forts, keeping a ftricft guard upon the mouth of the harbour with his veffels, fo that he could go in or out of the gulf when he pleafed. His camp was extended in the plain below Adium, feparated from that of the enemy by the breadth of thefame gulf.
*

Now

ealled Prevezav

The

OCTAVIUS
The two

HI.

CORVINUS,

Confuk.

24^
"

armies remained a great while in this po- A.r. 721. fition before Oflavius could bring Antony to a bat'l'^,\ The fame reafon determined them both, the one tie. to engage, and the other to fliun i-t. AiUony*s troops were not yet all afTembled, and it was as much his intereft to wait for thofe which he expefled, as it was his enemy's to prevent their joining him. All
therefore which happened
for

fome time were

little

fldrmifhes, fmall rencounters

among

captures of ftore-Iliips, without portance. As loon as Antony had aflembled all his forces, he difcovered more confidence. He tranfported part of his army to the other fide where the enemy were, and there formed a camp, leaving however his .chief forces in his old camp near A^Stium. Then Oftavius fliewed lefs ardour in prefling an engagement j but while he kept himfelf quiet, he had always fome detachments, both by fea and land, in adion. In order to harrafs Antony, and oblige him if poffibie to quit the poit he occupied, he fent fevcral bodies of troops into Greece and Macedonia and Agrippa, by his order, having put himfelf at the head of a powerful fquadron, took pofTeffion of * Lxucaze-, togethcj.
-,

the cavalry, and any aftion of im*

with the veflels which he found there j fubjedted Patras, and even Corinth itfelf. Agrippa's fuccefs made the balance incline to Octavius's fide, and daggered the fidelity of a great many of Antony's friends ; defertions became very frequent in his army, and fome illuftrious perfonageSj fuch as Philadelphus king of Paphlagonia, and Amyntas king of the Galatians, left him to go over But no revolt made fo fenfible to the enemy's camp. an impreflion on him, as that of Domitius Ahenobarbus. Jie was the mofl diftinguiflied of all Antony's friends, both by his birth, rank, and noble courage. He would never floop to make his court to Cleopatra, and was the only perfon who, wl^enever he fpoke
*

The cap* of

St.

Mauro.

-.2+^
;

OCTAVIUSill. CORVINUS, ConMsU

^^^ always by her namef. In corrfequence of this behaviour, he met with a thoufand' The diigufts from that haughty princefs every day. averficn which this gave him, and perhaps the fear of an unfortunate event, to which he faw every thing

A^^^'7^J' to herb called

Ant. C.
3^'

Plin,
3

tended, engaged hirn to go in queft of more rcfpeiSb and a better fortune in Odavius's party. Though he was atvthat time ill of a fever, he threw himfelf into Antony was much a boat, and happily paiTed over. provoked at it, and revenged himfelf by ridiculing Domitius, attributing his flight to his impatience to vifit a freed-woman whom he loved, and without whom he could not live. In other refpe<5ls he behaved very generoufly tov/ards him, and, contrary to Cleopatra's .idvice, he fent after him all his equipage, and every thing belonging to him. Domitius died very foon after, without having time to be of any fervice to Odavius, if we except that his example weakened the efteem of the party which he abandoned, and was a motive for others to do the fame. <jiuo\?j The great number of defertions exafperated Arttony, and pufhed him on to cruelty. Upon fufpicions which I think doubtful whether they were well founded or not, he tormented to death Jamblichus> king or prince of a country in Arabia ; and he de livered over a Senator, called Quintus Pofthumius, to the fury of a number of mad people, who tore hin:i in pieces like fo many beafts of prey. XXI. Antony's peevifhnefs extended itfelf even to CleoBy one of thofe patra, and he began to *difl:ru{t her. viciflitudes which violent pafiions commonly produce, he pafied from one extreme to another and fhe, to whom he had fubmitted all his inclinations, became fufpedled by him. of having a defign to poifon him. In confequence of which, whenever he eat with her, he ordered every thing that was ferved up to be tailed Cleopatra made a jeft of thefe precaubefore him.
.

* Pliny dates this in general from the time of the preparations for the war of Aftium, " in apparatu A(5li3ci belli," and Ifijid no place
jnore proper for inferting
it

than

this.

tions.

OCTAVIUS
tions,

III.

CORVINUS,

Confufs:

^+7

and diverted hcrfelf by proving to him that -^^R:?24 Once at a feaft fhe put upon ^^y^' diey were of no life. her head a garland of flowers, wliich were poifoned a and when tliey were full of mirth tiieir extremities and gaiety, Ihe defired Antony, according to a cufj

tom ufed among people of pleal'ure,

that
is,

to drink garlands;

wine in. which garlands had been Antony agreed to ir, and taking th^t ileeped. which Cleopatra wore, he flript off the flowers, and throwing them into the cup, he w^as jufl: going to drink, when the queen laying hold of his arm faid to him, -h " I am the perfon againft whom you take thfe precaution of this new method of ordering every thing you eat and drink to be tailed. If it was poffible for me to live without you, could I want
to drink

deitroying you ?" At the fame time fhe cauled a criminal to be brought in^ who was ordered to drink the wine in Antony's cup^' jefl of this kind, one and expired immediately.
opportunities or means of

have had fomethino; in it difa-yreeable to a lufpicious man ; but Antony drew nO unfavourable conclufion from it on the contrary,- he renewed his former blind confidence in Cleopatra. At the fame time he met with fome new loflTes," which increafed his uneafinefs about the fucceis of Soflus having engaged in a fea-fight wai the war. beaten, and the king Tarcondimotus there i oft h\f Antony him.felf had no better fuccefs in a fmall life. adion of the cavalry, where he was in perfon. In Ihort,' he ran a rifle of being taken and fallinr^ into the The affair- happened m the folhands of Osftavius. lowing manner. He was fituated near the enemy, in the camp he had formed on the north fide of the gulf, and he frequently went without much precaution from the
muft:
-,
.

would think,

L?.x .nii"i

camp
lines,

to his fleet, trufting -himfelf to the pallifadoed

which maintained the communication from the

fuin, inquit ilia,
:

f-

En ego

tium

diligentia caves

Marce"*Antpni, qiiam in novr;pi\tguftanadeo mihi, li po(Lm_fine te viveie, occaljo auj

yatio dceil!"

pn

24
^.R.
7ai.
'

O^^TAVIUS

III;

CORVINUS,

Gonful^r

T?.

one to the other. Odlavius was inform/fd of it, and pl^<^^*^ ^^ ambufcade, which were very near feizing Antony-, for the perfon who immediately preceded" him was taken, and he faved himfelf with difficulty by running with all his ipeed. This adventure determined him to return to his old camp, at the foot of the promontory of A6i:ium. Seeing his affairs become more and more ruinous every day, befides a famine which began to fpread in his army, he concluded that he ought to change his He therefore called together plan of the v/ar entirely. 9 grand council^ to deliberate what was to be done Dio affures us, that Cleopain. fuch. a conjuncSture. tra's advice was to march back all the troops into Egypt, leaving only garrilons in the moft confider^ble pofts and towns in the countries they were to A ihameiul and foolifh advice, which I canquit. pot beheve even Cleopatra herfelf durft propofe to Antony. Mean while this hiliorian adds, that the Koman general confented to it ; and that the battle of Aflium, which followed loon after, happened ia fpite of Antony, when he had an intention to retire, and not to fight. This account, of which I do not ^nd the lead hint in any other author, appears to me very improbable, and I rather chule to follow that of Plutarch, according to whom the refolution of giving battle having been taken and confirmed, they only deliberated whether they ought to fight by land
pr
'

fea.

Antony had much more

reafon to put confidence

in his legions,

hardened by fo many battles, than in a fleet which was ill equipped, ill manned, and till This that time had met with no manner of fuccefs. "Was alfo the opinion of Canidius, who at the approach
complaifance to Cleopatra, advifed his general to fend her back, and to retire himfelf into Thrace or Macedonia, there to determine the quarrel by a general battle in the open field. Pie reprefented that, in this cafe, Dicomes, king of the petas, proinifed powerful afliftance j that it was not the
his

of danger, forgetting

OCTAVIUS
the

III.

CORVINUS;
him
to

Conliik^

i|^^^

abandon thd fe^ to A. R./zifOdavius, to whom the wars againit Sextus Pompeius ^'^^'r^'" had afforded an opportunity of becoming fkilful in fea-affairs and that it would be very ftrange if Antony, who had fuch great experience in land-fights, did not take the advantage of the force, number, and' courage of his legions, but on the contrary put hii^ whole confidence in his fleet. Such folid reafons as thele would doubtlefs haVe' made an impreffion upon Antony, if he had ftilt
leaft difhcinourable for
;

been capable of judging for himfelf but he faw no-~ thing but by Cleopatra's eyes, nor determined upoa' any thing but according to her directions. This art;

ful princefs,

who

confidered

only her

own

intereft,

abfolutely wanted a naval engagement,

never mind-m.i.i means to render Antony vi6lorious, but how to procure a fpeedy a and fafe flight in cafe of bad fuccefs. then relblved that they It was fliould prepare them^ felves for a fea-flght, and as the number of AntonvV iailors and rowers were far from being fufiicient for' his number of vefiels, he picked out as many of ^the^ bed fhips as he could well m.an, and burnt all the Thus his fleet was reduced to 170 veffels, and refl:. even thefe were not compleatly equipped. And afcer'^^'^^- '^' [O. adding Cleopatra's 60 gallies, he was fiiil inferior to'^ the enemy, who had 260 vefl^els ; but as his -wer^ larger and loftier built, he reckoned that advantao-e
ing what
ht be the moft etfedcual

would make up for the deficiency in the number.' He embarked on board this fleet twenty thoufand legionary foldiers and two thoufand archers, taking care to caufe the moll illufl:rious of thofe who were with him to go. on board, in order that it mip^ht be more difficult to go over to the enemy, in cafe they {hould be tempted to imitate the exampl which feveral had fet before them.
It
is

related,

Centurion who tony, and having fought for him, and under his eye on a great many occafions, was almoft covered wkh
7
icars.

that during the embarkation an old had always been firmly attached to An-

250
^^}- ^'
^
'

QQTAVIUSIII. CORVINUS,
he faw him

CDnfulil
tears,-

AR. 7^1. fears,, when

" you

approach, buril into

and fpoke to him

as follows.

"

My general, why do
I

piin.

have received in f,.fio-hting in obedience to your orders, and this fword " which has ferved you fo faithfully, and place your '^ confidence in a frail piece of wood ? Leave the '^Egyptians and Phoenicians to combat by fea, but '^ as for us Romans, Give the land is our element. *i us the land on which we are accuflomed to fight ** refolutely, ready to vanquiih, or to die." Antony made no reply to this, but putting on an air of ferenity, made a fign with his hand to the officer to have crood courage, and went away to infped the, cm" "^H barkation. He recommended to this officer an afTurance which he had not himlelf, and they remarked that v/hen the pilots wanted to leave the fails on fhore,. the oars being fufficient for the fight, he ordered them to be carried on board, under pretence that they muft not fuffcr any of the enemy to efcape by flight. Odlavius on his fide prepared for the engagement, tfeing very fenfible of the advantage which the enemy But notp-ave him, by offering him battle by fea. withflanding the defire of the two generals to engage, the ftormy weather prevented them for the fpace of At laft, the fifth day, which was the four days. fecond of September, happening to be clear, ferene, and very calm, gave the two generals an opportunity of determining which of them fliould remain mafter of the univerfe. Antony ranged his fleet before the mouth of the gulf of Ambracia J giving the command of the right wing to Gellius Publicola, that of the left to Sofius, and trufting the centre to M. Oftavius and M. InThe poft he referved to himfelf was to go fteius. about from one place to another, wherever his pre^ Pliny relates, that while fence {hould be neceflTary.
defpiie thefe
,

wounds which

xxxii.

I.

he difl:ributed his orders, a fmall fifh, called a Remora, flopt his veflel, and obliged him to go into This magical virtue of a fmall fifh to renanother.
der

OCXAVIUS

III.

CORVINUS,

ConfUls.

251-

R. r^^A der motionldfs a vefiel agitated by the winds/'wavegA. ^;. and oars, has long ago been jullly deemed fabulous. C(5tavius, gaining the fea, drew up his fleet oppo.

fite

His lieutenant-generals were M. Lurius on the right, L. Arruntius on the left, both under Agrippa, who commanded in chief, and upon whom the whole adlion entirely depended. The Conful Meffala had alfo a command in this fleet, but As to Oftavius himfelf, it is not certain what it was.
to that of"

Antony.

furrounded by a number of
carry his orders, after

little

boats appointed to

the

his poft, as well as that

manner of aid-de-camps, of Antony, was to infpefl the

whole.

Ample fpedators of the engagement, were drawn up upon the fides of the gulph;
land armies,
that of A^ntony

The two

Canidius, and that of Oclavius by Statilius Taurus, encouraging the two fleets which were going to engage.

commanded by

Although Antony
tion to be

offered battle, he had

no inten-

the

firfl:

mended

to thole

who attacked. He had recomwho had the working of the vefTels..

enemy, without makino; the lead mo-' tion, guarding themfelves againll the rocks and fhallows in a narrow fea, and hard upon the fhore ; and the foldiers had orders to fight as if they were on firm ground, and to look upon their vefTels as citadels, which they were to defend againft a number of beto wait for the
ficgers.

0<5lavius furveying the feveral divifions of his army, as foon as he v/as arrived at the right wing, obferved

with furprize the tranquillity of Antony's fleet, for^ at a diflance it appeared as if it was riding at anchor.' He did not judge it proper to advance to the enemy, lying fo near the fhore, where the nimblenefs of his veflfels and the fl^ill of his feamen would have been 4)Ut of little advantage, but contented himfelf with remaining in his ftation at the diflance of a
mile.

^X

This inaftlon of the two fleets continued till noon, which time a gale fpringing up, Antony's officers and

252

OCTAVIUS

III.

CORVINUS,

Confuls;

A.R.yai. a:nd foidiers, impatient at a delay which exafperated Ant. c. courage, and trufling to the largenefs and ^i^g-j.

ftrength of their fhips, made a motion with the left wing towards the enemy. Ociavius was extremely well pleafed at this, and to allow them morie room to

inove farther from the fliore, he ordered his right to fall back towards the ocean, in order that his veffels, which worked very well, might have fafficient room to attack advantageoufly the heavy fhips of Antony, which both by their weight and being ill equipped, moved very flowly and with great difficulty.

Prefently they approached each other and began but their manner of fighting did not at the combat
:

all

refemble a naval engagement, fuch as was known and pradifed by the antients for the prows of their veffels were a kind of oflfenfive arjns, being fet thick They ran fuv/ith a kind of ftrong pikes of brafs. rioufly againft each other with their heads, or, which was (till a better method, they directed them againft the fide of the enemy's veffel, in order to fplit it, and
-,

But here there fpring a leak fo as to fmk it. was no ftiock of veffel againft veffel thofe of Antony were too heavy to be pufhed v/ith violence, upon

make

it

-,

which the force of the fhock depended and thole of Oftavius, being fmall and light, avoided the pikes of the enemy but on the other hand, if they attempted to hurt the fides of thefe large heavy veffels, as the timber of them was hard, thick, and bound with cramps of iron, frequently the point of the pike which gave the blow was either bent or broke. Thus they fought in the manner of a land-engagement, or, to fpeak more properly, like affaults on
,

-,

fortreffes

for three or four of Odtavius's veffels fur-

rounded one of Antony's, and the combatants made ufe of pikes, bucklers, long poles fhod "with iron, and fire-pots. And on Antony's fide, as the poops of their veffels had wooden towers raifed on them, they made ufe of catapulta, or machines for throwing
arrows,
^

While

OCTAVIUSIII. CORVINUS,
While they fought thus on
the

Confuis.

253

Agrippa A^R-tj*. '^"*' ^* ilretched out his iei'c, in order to furround the enemy. Pubhcola, who was ftationed againlt him, was obhged to do the fame, and in fpreading out his vefiels, he, was feparated gradually from the centre, which began fiitherto the advantage was to be put in diforder. not determined to either fide, when all of a fudden
right,

they perceived fixty of Cleopatra's veiTels begin to

fly,

and difturb thofe who were fighting, having their fails fcr, and making the beft of their way tovv^ards Peloponnefus. Without doubt fear had feized this princefs, who had every thing prepared before, and as if fhe had come to the engagement only in order to fly* had taken care to put every thing valuable which Ihe had on board. There was nothing very furprizing in that behaviour but Antony's conduft on this occaof Cleopatra
,

not pofllble, fays Plutarch, to difcover in it either the General, or the man of courage and condud. He feemed even ta have loil the power of following his own inclinations,,
fion
is

quite inconceiveable.

It * is

of lovers, viz. that their foul dwells entirely in the perfon v/hom they love. In the fame manner, as if he had been Clcopatra'slliadow, and obliged to obey all her motions, he na fooner faw the vefTel which fhe was on board runaway, than, forgetting every thing, and betraying thofe who fought and adually died for him, he wenc into a galley having five rows of oars, accompanied only with tv*' of his friends, Alexander of Syria^. and a Romaan named -f-'Scellius, and followed lier whof had ruined both herfelf and him. Cleopatra obferving him, caufed the pavilion of her veflel to be hoifted
verified
is

and

what

commonly

faid

Ou
til
_

This name is not kno-ATi. enough conjeflure fubftitutes for

f-

Th i
it

foi'.'^

Lucilius, arid will be merftioned hereafter.

Englifh editor by a probablSv who was m&ntioned ba-'

s

.-

Up.

2 54

OCTAVIUS
721,
'

III.

C^O^VINlfS; Wnruls.

A. R.

"j^,

went on board of it without feeing her, or*' She was on the poop, and he being feen by her. went to the prow, where he remained aione^ holding his head between his hands. Mean while the foldiers fought with a courage worthy of admiration. It is true, that at firft there were only a few of them who obferved it, but 06lavius did not fuffer them to be ignorant of it long, and went from veflel to veffel afking them for whom they'll fought fo obftinately. Their attachment to their general, and the love of glory, was fo ftrongly imprefled in the hearts of thofe brave men, that they would not receive the quarters which were offered them^ till at laft the fea beginning to run very high^ and to fhatter their vefTels, fatigued with refilling at once the enemyj winds, and waves, they fubmitted to the conqueror The number of towards the tenth hour of the day. and the whole.' the dead did not exceed five thoufand number of veflTeis which were taken amounted to three ^ hundred. There remained, however, unconquered Antony's land-army, which, by the number and valour of the troops which compofed it, was fl:ill able to give OcNeither the of-tavius a great deal of employment. ficers nor foldiers of that army would believe for fome They time what was told them of Antony's flight. could not conceive it poffible that their general had abandoned nineteen legions of invincible infantry, and twelve thoufand horfe, as if he had not before a thoufand times tried the viciffitude of fortune, and his valour had not been exercifed and fortified by an They thereinfinite variety of good and bad fuccefs. fore imagined that Antony would appear again on a Howfudden, at a time when he was lead expelled. ever, after fome days, they were certainly perfuaded of the truth of a fa6t which appeared lo incredible, upon Antony's fending from Tsenarus, where he had flopped, an order to Candius to bring his legions by way to Macedonia into Afia. They continued firm, therefore, in rejedin the follicitations of 06lavius,.
up.
,

He

who

OCTAVIUS
who
preffcd

III.

CORVINUS, GonHiUO

4|

and put themfdvcs in A^^-rirA march. At lall Canidius himfelf having fled during ^'"- ^^ ^^' the night, that unfortunate army, in want of every, thing, and deferted by its chiefs/ yielded to neceflltyi.l and went over to Odavius the feventh day after the
to furrender,
battle.
f>jf)
nfc
-,.

them

'jtovt

conqueror Odavius pafled the night on board, Suet.Aug. not having day-light /ufficient to get on fhore after p^j^ the battle was ended. H'is firft care was to fend away hi. nov. in Msecenas with a fquadron in purfuit of Antony and ^^^en. '^^^^''^* Cleopatra ; but they had got the ftart of him greatly, fo that Maecenas fpeedily returned, and fet out im^ mediately for Rome, in order to take upon him the: office of Prefed: of the city and of all Italy. After Antony's legions had fubmitted to Odlaviusy* there was nothing, one would imagine, to hinder him from purfuing with all poflible diligence his vanquilhed enemy. In this he would have imitated the example of his great uncle, who, after the battle of Pharfalia, made a main point of purfuing Pompey very briildy, not allowing him time to recover himfelf. But Odavius was far from being fo adive in war as the didator Csfar. On the * contrary, he elleemed nothing fo much as circumfpedion. He had always in his mouth the Greek proverb, " make hafte ", flowly," and frequently quoted a verfe, the fenfe of which runs thus, " that a cautious general is preferable to a rafh one." He was doubtlefs perfuaded:. on this occafion that Antony was reduced to fuch arIpw pafs, that a delay of fome months could not givehim an opportunity of recovering himfelf, and he be-,i gan v/ith taking care of objeds that v.-ere nearer, and:~
^^j

The

themfeives very important. ,:,^ The firft thing he did was to return thanks toDiol, Apollo, his tutelar God, who had always been wor- ^^ {hipped on the promontory of Adium ;' and he con^o
in

fec^j^ted to

him the

iiril

fruits

of

his

vidory, that

is-,x

* Nihil minus in perfefto duce, quam feitinationem tcmeritatemcjue, con venire arbitrabatur. Crebro itaque ille jactabit.
TniZSi QfxSivi,
Sc,
'A!r<;.;(?,if

j-zV r' dyuru-t,

Op-^rl^;

STPaZ/i^awc

Suet.

a vef-

236
Ar^t^.

OCTAVIUS
c.

III.

CORVINUSj

Confuls.

A, R.7ii. a vefiei
i^QQ^
31"

of each kind, picked out of thofe which had taken from Antony, from three rows of oars to

ten.

next turned his attention to the great number He of troops with which he faw himfelf furrounded. danger he had been put by remembered into what forty-five legions which were united rn Sicily, after the defeat of Sextus Pompeius, and the forced abdicatioqi. of Lepidus. In a fimilar cafe he juilly apprehended a fimilar effect, from that boldnefs with which foldiers are naturally infpired by the greatnefs of their number^

He

and of

their ftrength.

He

therefore

judged

it

necef-

fary, in the firft place, to divide

Antony's army.. He gave leave to the old foldiers to depart, and incorpoHe would not rated the reft into his own legions. even keep his own troops ail together, but fent away^ as quick as pofiible, the veterans into Italy, there to expert the rewards which had been promifed, keeping, none about him but fuch as had not finilhed their time of fervice. He had reafon to exped fubmiffion from thefe lafi,The hopes of a rich fpoil v/hich they promifed themfelves in Egypt, was a powerful motive to prefervei But he was uneafy with regard to thofer their fidelity. whom he had fent into Italy, and who being eager for thofe rewards which they thought they had merited by their long fervices, and which he was not in a condition to pay them at that time, might be exafperated at the delay, and occafion fome commoIn this fituation he thought it proper to givd tions. fatisfadion to the people of Italy, who were oppreffed with taxes, which the neceffity of the war obliged him* to exa6t, for fear there fliould ftiil remain among them fome feeds of difcjrd, which might occafion and keep' up a mutiny among his troops. He therefore or-1 dered all the new taxes to be taken off; and the freed people in particular, who were a quarter in arrears, were excufed from paying it. This remittance was received very gratefully, and gained him the affcdions of ail the people.

Ano-

OCTAVIUS
,

III.

CORVINUS,

Confuls.

257

Another precaucion which he took was to fend A.R. 721, Agrippa into Italy. Mrecenas was there already, and '^3**.^* Odavius had great confidence in his capacity but as this minifter chofe to remain in the order of knights, he had not that fplendor of titles which impoles uport* Agrippa therefore, who was adornedthe multitude. wich the greateft honours, was more likely to be re-,

fpcdted.

other cares of Ocbavius afcer the vifbory, one of the principal had for its objed the prayers of the vanquilhed, who ran to meet him in crowds im-' ploring his mercy, earneft to know their fate. It may be faid in general that he did honour to his good fortune, by the clemency with which he made ufe of
;

Among

Neither the kings nor their fubjeds, who had ferved in Antony's caufe, experienced any cruelty from the conqueror. He contented himfelf with impofing fines and taxes on the people, and deprivingthofe princes who had bore arms againfl him of their eftates j but he did not fufFer any blood to be fhed. Alexander alone, the accufer of his brother Jamblichus, and enriched by Antony with the fpoils of unfortunate people, appeared unworthy of a pardon. Odlavius kept him prifoner till his triumph, where he was led in chains, and afterwards beheaded. With regard to the illuftrious Romans, parrizans ^'^'^'^^* of Antony, fome of them were puniflied with death, and amongft the reft Curio, the fon of the famous Curio, who was killed in fighting forC^efarin Africa. But Odavius pardoned the greateft number of them. Sofius, who was a long time concealed by his faithful friend Arruntius, obtained a pardon at laft by means M. Scaurus, a brother of Sextus of his interceflion. Pompeius by the mother, was faved by the prayers of Furnius's pardon was granted at his mother Mucia. the foliicitation of his fon, of whom they report a * " Caevery memorable expreluon on this occafion.
it.

1^'

ii

Hanc unam,

Csefar,

morerer ingratus.

habeo injuriam tnam. Sen. de Beiief. II, 25.

EfFecifti

ut viverem

Vol. X.

'

c.

far,

'^%

g^:j:AViu^S:

III.

jqoRvii^ui^ Co^^-

/\^R. 7^1." far, fays he, this is

Aiit. C. 3J

the only caufe yoii have ever given,

complain ; you have reduced me to live and die" fine example of filial piety, and at *' ungrateful." flattering compliment' to Udavius,; the fame time a This young and merciful conqueror was pleafed to feeT his clemency efteemed above his power. ^
to

" me

'

difcovered upon another occafion how fenfible; he was of the force and merit of the prayers of a fon' While he was at Sarnos*; interceding for his father. advancing towards Syria and Egypt, he held a coun'-J oil to examine the caufes of the priibners which had^^

He

been engaged in Antony's party. Among the reft.^ there was brought before him an old man named' Metellus, opprefled with years and infirmity, disfi-^; gured with a long beard, and a negledled head of 'hair*^ but efpecially by his deaths, which by his ill fortune:'': were become very ragged. Thefonof this Metellus.^ was one of the judges, and he had great difficulty of

knowing

his father in the deplorable condition in which',

he faw him. At laft, hov*'cver, having recoliecled hi?.' features, he ran to embrace him, crying very bitterly.-. Afterwards returning towards the tribunal, " Casfar,",, fays he, ;^f. my father Tias b^enyour enemy, and ft *' your officer. He defer ves to be puniflled, and I to^ The favour Idefire of you is eitnei;' be rewarded. to fave him on my account, or to order me to be> All the judges were; put to death v/ith him." touched v/ith compaffion at this, Oclavius himfeif" relented, and granted to old Metellus his life and liberty, though he had reafon to look upon him as his-' implacable enemy, and one that bore very great malice towards him. The adventure of Barbula, which, as veil as thfe*" preceding, has been handed down to us by Appiaij^-,' has fomething in it that is very extraordinary. Barbula',' an old friend of Antony's, and one v/ho had fervedhim at the battle of Philippi, purchafed after that bat-'' tie one of tlie profcribed, who had difguifed hinrifelf This pretentjeti' like a fiave, in order to fave his life.
,

Have,
'
,

whom

the
'

Greek author
'"

calls

'.

by the name ^oFjMar-

'btfAVlVS
Marcus,
beino;

III.

CORVINUS, Confuk
his

259

mafterin different of- A. R.yai. fices, acquitted himlelf with an addrefs and probity Ij which difcovered his condition. Barbula wanted to draw the fecret out of him, promifing that if he was amoho; the riuinber of the orofcribed, he would caufe his name to. be rafed out of the fatal lift. Marcus continued, hrm in concealing his liory, and followed his mafter/to: Romfe. There he was. known by one of Barbula's friends and his mailer, in purfuance of his promife,' by "means of .the interefc which he' had with Agrippa, obtained Marcus's pardon, v;ho in confequence attached himlelf to OtStavius. Several years after this happened the battle of Acflium, in which MarcUs and Barbula were (lillon different: fides, the former fighting for Oftavius, and the latter for Antony. After the battle, the fcenQ between them was renewed, but in a contrary fenfe, Barbula could not contrive a better method of favins; his life, than by difguifing himfelf like a (lave. Marcus purchafed him, pretending he did not know him, and employed the influence he had on Odavius to fave, in his turn, the perfori who had been before his deliverer.
,

employed bv

Appian

adds, as the lafl circumira,nce in. vvhich their fortunes refembled each other^ thatj fome time after, they were companions in the Confullliip, that is de-

puted Confuls, for their namdb are not found in the lift' of the ordinary ones. All thefe inflances of generofity and good-nature greatly augmented Oclavius's glory. But we muft^^^'-^^*
not thence conclude, with Velleius, that the cruelties which he committed at t!ie beginning of his Triumvirfliip, and after the battle of Philippi, v/ere all forced, and that the blame of them ought not to fall upon him, but upon his collegues. All the hiftorical records bear witnefs, that he was more violently" and obllinately inclined that way than cither. of the other two. His different conduct after the battle of Adlium proceeded from the difference of the conjunftures. At the time of this lafc battle all the heads of the republican party were defrroved, and S 2 hv
.

'

i6o
^'^\' ^'

OCTAVIUS

III.

CORVINUS,

feonftrls.

A. R. 7^1- he

had reafon to hope that the partizansof Antony, who were accuflomed to ferve one mailer, would
eafily fiibmit to the laws

of another, who fhould better deferve their affection, which he principally ftudied.

Oio
^nton.*

As

foon as 06taviiis had regulated thofe

affairs at

Athens which demanded difpatch, he came by fea to Athens and, far from male-treating Greece for ha\^ing aflilied his enemy, he relieved the mifery of the people by diftributing among them the provifions which remained after the war. They ftood greatly in need of them, for the country had been pillaged in a terrible manner, by taking from them provifions, men, and cattle. We may judge of the manner in which Greece in general had been harralTed, by the account which Plutarch gives of it, taken from his great uncle, with He fays that all regard to the town of Cberfonefus. the inhabitants had been obliged to carry upon their
,

Ihoulders a certain meafure of grain as far as Anticyrus on the gulf of Corinth, and were drove along v/ith

whips. ready to

once, and were time, when the news of fet out the fecond This was the arrived. faving of that Antony's defeat Antony's foldiers and fuperinfenunfortunate town.
this

They had performed

dants fled, "and the inhabitants ihared the corn among themfelves. _ 0(5tavius paffed into Afia, and^^feAthens From pared to advance, when he received advice that his veterans in Italy could not be kept in fubjeclion, and
i

that there were

ened a
to

revolt.
this

him on

commotions among them which threatAgrippa fent couriers after couriers fubjed, prefling him to return, as his

It was then winprefence was ablolutely neceffary. ter, and Odlavius had taken pofTelfion of the Confulfhip for the fourth time, in which he chofe for his collegue Marcus Craflus, fon of the famous Craffus, and, if we may believe Dio, formerly attached to the

party of Scxtus Pompeius, and afterwards to that of

Antony.
C. Julius

OCT:^yiUSIV. CRASSUS,
M. LiCINjUS
CrASSUS.

Confuls.

261
A.R.
72z.

C. Julius CiESAR OcTAVius, IV.

13V/
V

Ant. C.
30-

Odtavius fet fail notwithftanding the dangers of the feas during this ftormy feafon. In his voyage he was twice overtaken by a ftorm, in which he loft leveral of his vefTels. The one he was in himfelf was fliattered, and her rudder broken to pieces. At laft he Suet Aur arrived fafe at Brundufium ; where he was met by all J^.the Senators, Knights, and Magiftrates, excepting two Prsetors, and two Tribunes of the people, who were ordered by a decree to remain in the city in order to keep it quiet. Rome had tranlported herlelf to Brundufium to acknowledge her mafter, the conqueror of fo many enemies, remaining the laft of fuch a number of competitors. The mutineers were dlfconcerted by his arrival, and we may learn from an exprelTion of * Tacitus, that a lingle look of 06laviu5 fcattered terror among thofe legions, to whom he owed t!ie victory of Aclium. However, as their demands were realonably founded, he partly complied with them, diftributing; money, and allotting lands to the oldeft of the Ibldiers j but neither the circumftances of the times, nor the condition of his finances allowed him to difcharo-e all that v/as due to them. In the mean time, to make them fenfible of his good intentions, he expofed to fale all his effedts, and alfo thofe of his principal
"

friends.

You may

eafily

believe that no

the boldnefs to purchafe any thing, and this

body had was what

Odavius had trufted to. But by this fpecious condu<5L he ftiut the mouths of the murmurers, and reduced them to wait v/ith patience, till he lliould be able to pay them all he had promifed, which he afterwards did by means of the conqueft of Egypt, and the treawhich he brought from thence. Thefe tranfaftions took him up thirty days, at :IiC end of which he
flire
-*/i5ivi;s

no more
let

th.in
all

out wi:h

Auguftus vultu
42.

Si

afj)e(5tu

Aftiacas legioiies exterruir.

1 AC, Ai

"n. I.

S 3

dif.

,_.

262
^Iq,
'

C O N.TiEr N-iq^%
enemy, and put the lad

A.R.722. (3jfpa{;ch, in order to find his

hand
tony.

to his vidtory

by

finifhing the deftru^ion of.

An-

wanted upon his return to avoid the Promontories of Pelopcnneius, near which he had before been overtaken by a Horm ; and that in order to this, he made them tranfport the vefThefe vefiels muft fels over the Ifthmus of Corinth. certainly have been very light, if fuch an operation could be executed eafily. But, however it be with
relates,

Dio

that he

regard to this particular circumflance, Odavius very foon got back to Afia, v/hence he advanced^.towards Y Egypt with his victorious troops. Antony at that time was in Alexandria ; but as he had not direfted his flight diredly thither; we mui^ ftop a little here, in order to give an account of his
different

movements.
'U

,d\SiV

a^\

i'

:iWi'\>i

,,.iMUvJ i&i^'^iiJ

He flops Continuation of Antonyms adventures in his flight. His deep melanchdy^ Cleopatra' s arat Paretonium.
rival at Alexandria.
fleet
She.

-attempts to tranfport her

Antony over the Iflhmus of Suez_ ??it, the Redfea. Clt.opaira^ s preparations to defend herfelf comes to htr.
Antony takes Ti.non the Mifan-

againft the conqueror.

He relapfe^ into his pleafures. thrope for his model. Trials ivhich Cleopatra made of poifons and ferpents.
She endeavours to make herfelf he beloved by O^avius, who zvants to impcfe upon her. I^ egotiations between She obliges Antony'' s fufpicions of Cleopatra. 4hem.

him tofhake them

off.

Antony

nrfortunate expedition,

The incredible zeal of a en the cocjt of Parrtonium. Herod company of gladiators who fly lo his defence. His Jioble prefents h^wjelf before Oulavms at Rhodes. He obtains his pardon. Alexas^ who befentiments. Ooiavius 0.-:aviiis. \\trayed Antony^ is put' to deotij

>\

''-i-'paffing

'V^'.

through Judea is magnificeiUly cnteit dined, and, Pelufiim delivered up to Otlavius vmfjfled by Herod. She caufes every thing by the treachery of Cleopatra.

which

(?0
iomh.'
^'^'iff&rt^i-

N 'PE NTS.

z6s
Autonyms
laji

'^'^kvldeyWiis'^'Oaluable'in hii^ 'palace to he carried to her

OMavhis approaches Alexandtia.

Betrayed a7jd vanquifhed ke returns to Alexan'Ckopatrajhuts herfelf up in her tomb^ andcaufes Antony td be informed that fie was dead, heft abs Having heard that jhe was ft ill alive, he -"himfelf.
"' dria.
'

^^^^'inakes

them carry him

10

her.

He

dies

in her arms.

*
.

Cleopatra O^aviusftoeds tears at hearing of his death. is taken alive. O^avius enters Alexandria hand in

:' hand with the philofopher Areus, Antyllus a7:d CafaAntonyms funeral. Cleopatra wants rio put to death.
.to kill
'
"

hcrfelf but

is

reftrained

from

it

by

the fear of

Oefavius thereby occafioning the death of her children. "^^^iimes to vifit her. She is informed that fhe muft quit
that place in three days.

She goes to

offer libations

at

Her death. A reprefentation of her Cicero's The chara^er of Antony life and character. fon, who was Confuh brands the memory of Antony by The prfterity of Antony. Cafa decree of the Senate. Jius of Parma Canidius, and the Senator Ovinius put to
Antonyms tomb.
.

'

death by OSlavius.
Antony'*s papers
;

OoJ.ivius declares thnt he has burnt

^^ His
X\
"-'..
'

but nevcrthekfs keeps a part of them. condu^ with regard to the children of the princes of

Lnrnenj'c the Eafty which were found at Alexandria. Singular preriches carried by Oi^avius out ff Egjpt.

which he takes with regard to the government The happinefs of Egypt under the of that province.
cautions

Roman government. OSlavius vfits He leaves Egypt and paffes the winter
'

Aiex::ndcr's tomb.
in Afia.

Douie-

ftic

"

anfpircuy of Servilia young Lepidus rendered abortive by Maecenas. Old Lefollows you>/g Lepidus her hufland to his tdmb.
troubles

among

the Parthia7ts.

pidus fupplicaiing before a Conful.,

been pro] Cribed.
',

who lad formerly

ly the

honours deer ted

to G^c.vi'AS

Elew privileges conferred upon himv^jlhiy rank him among the number of tbeGcds. The motives
Senate.

l
^^'^"

of his yielding
'

to receive all thefe honours., efpecially the

lafi.

He fuffers tbem in
and to lim.
is

the provinces to ereti temples to

his father

The augur of fafety

The temple of Janus isfkut up. renewed. The triumphs of Oc^

Uvius.

^'^^^'^^

S 4

z6^4^
,ts^ ,h
./J

OCTAVlUSiaC^rCRASSUS,
.i\

Cohfuls.

tavitis.
yIdc,
,

jaA

The admirable generofity of the fom of Adjat(F>i^ Q^aviuis triumphs are beheld with a /metre joyjD

Zhe triumphs of Carrinas and Antroniusl Dedications of temples and other publick build'"^ Piftus. .jng$..:Feafis and rejoicings. The Trojan gamss. Oc^is
munificence.
^.tavius^s indifpofiiion.

He
in
to

erects

monuments of

his vic-^-

A^ium, and oQ^avius took to rife

Jtory ^at
conjidered in

Egypt.

The methods which

a double light,

the fovereignty of the empire^ Jefus Chrtjl and his church

the ff^d of all events.

R. 722.
^'

OOON
lO

after

Antony was received on board

Cleo-;!

^^o.
at.

patra's galley, he obferved that

he was purfued

aton.

by fome veffels detached from Oftavius's fleet. Upon which he tacked about and prefented the prow to his There was enemies, moil part of whom left him.
only one, who appeared much exafperated, fhaking a pike which he had in his hand, ready to dart at him. ** Who are you ?" faid the fugitive general to tha " And why are you obftinat^-il captain of the vefTel ?'* *' in purfuing Antony The captain anfwered, "-^i/i " am Euricles the Lacedaemonian, who, afliftedbyh ** Gaefar's good fortune, feek to revenge my father's *' death upon you." For Antony had condemned to.'? death the father of Euricles, on account of plunders "^^ and robberies which he had committed. However, the Lacedaemonian turned about, and inftead of at^ > tacking the veflel which Antony was in, he fell upon the other admiral galley ; for Antony had two of them.iiv He gave it a violent blow on the fide with the beak of si his veflel, which made it recoil, and prefently took it,\io together with another veflel which was loaden with~^? After this, n rich moveables, after which he left them. Antony went again into the cabin, and putting himfelf into the fame attitude out of which Euricles had roufed him, he plunged himfelf anew into melancholy reflexions. In this manner he paflfed three whole day?, during which, either through indignation, or fliame, he neiu: At lad when they ther faw nor fpoke to Cleopatra.
:

<

OCTAVIUS
were arrived
at the

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confulsi"

265
R. 721. ^* "^

Promontory of Tenarus, theA. queen's waiting- women, who were extremely well qualifted for an office of this kind, reconciled them, and >vn<:v'' every thing went on as before/'. ""^^ There they were joined by a good number of ftoreihips, and by fome of their friends who had efcaped from the battle, who informed him that the fleet was entirely ruined, but they believed the land-army was Antony then fent orders to ftill in a good condition. Canidius, as I faid above, to condu<5l his legions by Macedonia into Afia but fuch an order could never
^^

fupply the place of his prefcnce, and we have ieeti "''^^'7 before that it was not executed. As to himfelf he prepared to go into Libya, and preferving in his misfortunes all his magnificence *and generofity, he picked out a vefTel laden with a great many things of value, both plate, veflels of old, and
alfo

money, and gave

it

to his friends, defiring

them

take care of themThey for fome time refufed with tears in their feives. eyes, and wanted to follow him ; but he comforted them with an admirable fvveetnefs and good-nature, and joining entreaties to his advice. He fent them away
to fhare his riches

among them, and

'

to Theophilus, his fleward,

who was

at Corinth, to
'

whom

he wrote to take care of them, and conceal tliem till they Ihould be able to make their peace with

Caefar.

He

afterwards fet out with Cleopatra, and after dIo

Paretonium, a town of Egypt, the^^Mfrontier of Cyrenaicum, they feparated from each other. The queen went to Alexandria, leaving Antony to that folitude which his bitter melancholy made him defire. There he enjoyed it at large, feeing no body, continually ruminating on his misfortunes, without any other company than Ariftocrates, the Greek orator, and his incomparable friend Lucilius, who was as faithful to him in his misfortunes, as he had formerly been to Brutus in the like circumftances.
their arrival at
j^-^K

Ante-

266
A. R.722;
'

G^gFiAyimw^i:RAss0^rt^S9Sr
Fdme trme in thi? cf Cyrenaicum, was not confined '^finH'ghtJourhood indulging that the melancholy which had' tifely to In this country he had got the maftery of him. troops commanded by Pinarius Scarpus, and he attempted to affemble them about his perfon. But this He declared officer changed his party with fortune. himfelf for the conqueror, and having put to death the couriers which Antony fent to him, and alfo fome foldiers who fpoke loud in favour of their general, he delivered Cyrene, and the four legions which he had
'<An*!9Wy's intention In femainirio.

.4".

under

command, to Gallus, 06tavius's friend and Antony was fo provoked at this inlidelity, lieutenant.
his

that he wanted to kill himfelf; but his friends prevented it, and conduced him to Alexandria.

There he found Cleopatra employed

laft

in trying the

to'<)vercome or fly from her mWShe imagined that ihe fhould be obliged fortunes. to ufe a flratagem in order to get into her capital. Knowing the ficklenefs of the Alexandrians, and ho\v little {he deferved their efteem and affeftion, fi:ie futpeded that if they wefe informed of her misfortune, and for this -they would fhut the gates againft her Tfeafon ihe wanted to perfuade them that fhe returned She caufed therefore her velTels to be 'Victorious.' crowned with garlands, and the flutes and fifes' "to At the head of this fleet was play airs of triumphs. rowed her own galley, adorned with gildings and fails of purple. In this manner fhe entered without di'tficulty, and prcfently made the Alexandrians repeat their having received her ; for Ihe put to death fe^'Veral of the principal lords of the court, who h lid Jonai: hated her, and after the news of the battle of Allium, had proclaimed their difcontent without reefforts, either
-,
=

fer ve.

She confifcated

the*

goods of thofe which

'fiie

had put to death, plunde.">rd thofe whom fhe left ali^?e, and even pillaged the temples, carrying off all' thtir
:

Miches.

''

'^'^'^^'

'5^
trdj^-

Her

intention in thofe rapines was to amafs

fure, in order to raife

and keep up troops for

licr

deJ

fence

QCTAVIU^
-,

IV.

but fhe faw that fence able to refill thole of the Roman empire united againft them. Flight therefore kerned to offer a more certain refuge, and (lie formed a very fingular and un.

.(PRA33US> Confuls. 267 the forces of Egypt were un- a.r. 72.iv
"^"^^^

^^'

heard of projecSt, to convey her whole fleet over the Ifthmus of Suez into the Red-fea, and thereby fave herfelf in another world with all her treafures. Some pf, her veflels were adbualiy tranfported thitlier; but the Arabians having burnt them, Antony, who arrived at that time, and

believed that his land

army

was ftill faithful to him, perluaded Cleopatra to abandon her defign, which was fo full of difficulties, and endeavour to defend the avenyes of Egypt by fea and
land.
'H

ifr

^*

Cleopatra omitted nothing in her power, in order to put this advice in pradlice. She had a ftrong defire of efcaping the danger flie was in, and Die did not Thus fhe made all kinds of preparatijdefpair of it. ons for vv'ar, hoping at lead that thereby flie jfhould certainly obtain Ijetter terms from Octavius. She alfo
foreign affiftance, addrelling hcrfelf to all the princes whom ilie expefted would help her ; and it was then to make up matters with the king of the
follicited

Medes, in particular, that l]ie cauled Artabazes king of Armenia, his enemy, to be putto death, and even
fent,

him

his head.

while Antony, who was a conftant prey to melancholy, chagrined at every objed: that he faw, having ftiil a iviore melancholy profpeft before him, and meeting with norhing but continual infldelliy and defertions, one after another, of thole who had teftified the ftrongeft attach rhent to him, quitted the town and all .his friends, and (but himfeif up in a ffnail folitaiy houfe, which he ]-,ad caufed to be built in haile upon a mole irv the lea, near the ifland of Pharos. Therq he palTed iome time, fliunning the commerce of mankind, giving out, thaf he took for
his

Mean

model Timon
-".^^

.g^^at^iQcJ,.

Miianthrope y^q ^^t Athenian, by the

the
:-i.-:-'*

-,

that being

ill

ingraticjLJde
*-'r?..

and

^b i-A

Qii

i...

-::

pi^rfidy

A. R. 722. perfidy of his

^^I'o,^'
-,

friends, he

wanted, like him, to

;

rc-

nounce
little

commerce with mankind. ,But he loon grew weary of this way of

all

living, fo

conformable to his charadler, and the fame cha.grins which had made him embrace it, made him Canidius arrived at Alexandria, to alfo abandon it. inform him in perfon of the revolt of the army which

was under

his

command.

He likewife received advice,

-,

that Didius, whom he had made governor of Syria, had declared himfelf againft him that Herod, as we fhall prefently fee more at large, had fubmitted to Odlavius ; and that all the other neighbouring kings

Cleopatra had fent to demand afliftance, refufed to join themfelves to the fide of the Such difagreeable news, which unfortunate party. one might naturally imagine would have quite funk

and princes,

to

whom

Antony, fet him perfectly at eafe; for in lofing hope he loft difquiet, and was happy in fome meafure for his misfortunes being fo defperate, feeing it was needThus he lefs to look out for means to remedy it. quitted his melancholy retreat, returned to town, and Dluno-ed himfelf anew into pleafures, games, and di-

verfions.

'

He
rio

took occafion for

this

and Antyllus, his eldeft It was a cuftom among the antients, both berty. Greeks and Romans, to celebrate by rejoicings this pafling from infancy to an age where they began to be accounted a part of the Republic. Antony gave on account of Casfario and Antyllus, who were then between fixteen and feventeen years of age, feafts to the Alexandrians, and there was nothing but entertainments, balls and concerts, for feveral days, all
over the city. He thought to ftrengthen his intereft, by (hewing two fucceflbrs, who were already in a condition to fupply his place and revenge him ; but this precaution was of no ufe to him, and proved fatal to the two vouths, who would have found more fecurity
,

from the entry of Caefafons, to the age of Pu-

-i

,,under the robe of infa^c^

->^'0l -.ifltrt err

\^"'

^"
I

^^j

have

OCTAVIUS
.,^
I^-

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

269
^- 7*'

have mentioned elfewhere, a fociety eftabliHied "'^by Antony and Cleopatra at the beginning of their acquaintance, under the title of " The Inimitable Life." At the time I now fpeak of they aboliflied this firft Jfociety, and formed a new one, which they called, " An Engagement to die together." Their friends fubfcribed their names upon a fcroll, as if they were relblved to die v/ith them, and they prepared themfelves for death by all the amufements capable of -banilhing it from their thoughts, by pleafurcs, extravagant expences, and exceffive intemperance. In the midft of all thefe diverfions, Cleopatra ferioufly employed herfelf to find means of procuring a death equally quick and pleafant, in cafe fhe fliould at iaft be reduced to that extremity. She made experiments of all kinds of poifons upon criminals; but ihe obferved ihat thofe which killed fuddenly caufed violent pains, and thofe which v/ere more gentle in their effed opeShe then had recourfe to ferpents, rated but fiowly.
-

"o.

prefiding always in perfon

at

thefe experiments, ob-

ierving very curioufly their phenomena and effecfts. Plutarch alTures us that the afp was the only one that

Ihe found, whofe fling caufed fuch a death as fhe* wanted, without convulfions, or plaintive moanings.
the face, the fenfes became ^:-obliterated, and an excefTive heavinefs opprefTed the

A gentle moiflure bedevv^ed

whole body, which could hardly endure

to be ftirred

or fhaken, like thofe who are buried in a very found She contented herfelf with this ; but as her Iaft fleep. refource, which fhe intended only to apply to when
all

others failed her.

She had never had a true and fincere love for Antony, and we may very well imagine that Ihe would hardly begin to love him now, when he was become and if Ihe could have fallen upon any fo unfortunate method of faving herfelf without him, or even at his expence, there is no queftion but fhe would have done it with joy. Her plan was to try to make Ocfor although fhe was oltavius fall in love with her der than he, her charms were not decayed. She was
,

not

',

^xi
A.-K; 7^a.not
30.

6(D-TAvius ly. CRAssO^l^iiMiis^"

yet aJiTived at the^'a^e of fomv aWd'^'^itS? the'f^ drefs flie had acquired in the art of pleafing, after hav-

the great C^efaPv \ and Antony, fhe flattered herfelf with adding to fo' ^:]-^ ntany conqtiefts, that of her young vanquifher.
ing"

captivated the fon of

Pompey,

attacked a man who was conftantly upoif his guard, very artful, and one whofe paflioh never^ made' him commit a fault contrary to his intereft. YLt, diverted himfelf with Cleopatra's artifices, laying^r fnares for her in his turn, and defigned if poffible to get rid of Antony by h6r meansj arid afterwards mike,^ himfelf mailer of her kingdom, treafures, andperfori/ ought never >tolofe fi^ht of this double Icheme' of Odtavius and Cleopatra, and of their whole condudlf ^ with regard to (ine another. Thus in three embafiies which v/ere fent one after^ another, to 06tavius in Afia, by Antony and Cleopatra conjointly, the queen had always her fecret,.

But

flie

We

,;

agents, charged v/ith particular propofals in her name.

Antony

defired no

more than

that his

life

might

be',

faved, and to have the liberty of paffino; the remain-' Act of his days in obfcurity, and in a private manned
at

Athens, provided the conqueror would not confent Cleopatra demandd^d, to let him remain in Egypt. publickly for her children, their father's kingdom t^'^^ but privately (he caufed to be be confirmed to them delivered to 06lavius her fcepter, crown, and royar. throne, as though fhe gave up her pretenfions to roy'i^' Oftavius returned no anfwer to' alty entirely to him. Antony. With regard to Cleopatra, he threatened" in publick to grant her no quarter, unlefs (he laid down her arms and renounced her throne; but irf private he gave her hopes of the beil of treatm.ent',/, provided fhe fent away Antony, or put him to death. Such was the conftant conduft of Odavius. Always inexorable towards Antony, he tried to allure He accepted of eveiy thing Cleopatra with hopes. which his enemy fent. Antony in order to foften him fent him gold, and the Senator Turtilius, one of thofe who had confpired againfc Caviar, under a ftrong
-,

'

"'

-:jOl

guard.

OCX4,Y^y,$jKi CRA^^US, CppEuk

.

271
A. R.
yaf^v-v

guard.

Otiaviiis accepted the gold,

and put Turn-

But he abated nothing of his rioour againft Antony, and gave only ambiguous anlwers, which were not at all binding. Cleopatra too on her part impofed upon Antony, and did all in her power
lius to death.

^^^^-

to deceive Oclavius.
rity,

Antony alone acled with

fince-

and went fo far as to offer to kill himfelf, pro-vided the queen might be fpared, at the fame time that that princefs was hearkening to propofitions forbetraying him, and even of putting him to death.

When
what Dio

fay that

Antony aded
;

mean only with regard to Cleopatra

du6t to 06tavius,
it

with- fmcerity, .1 for a-s to his con-

was

full ot treachery,

if

it

reports, that the ambaffadbrs

whom

be true he fent

to negotiate with him, carried large liims deftined to debauch his troops, or even to bribe villains to affaffinate

him.

i\

-^i

^Cleopatra's intelligerice with Oclavius appeared by the good reception v/hich fne gave to Thyrfiis, ,a

freedman of that general, who was fent by him to'the queen, in order to perfuade her that fhe was beloved by her vanquilher, Cleopatra, who wiflied for nothing To much, lillened attentively to'this clif^gurfci and had long and familiar interview3;wi^h:.Thydus. So that. Antony, though not at all naturally fpfpicious^ was at iafc uneafy at it. He laid hold 6n Ihyrfus, and aftejr caung him to be whipped with rods, lent hirri back to his patron. He fent excufes^ lipwexieri to Octavius for his behaviour, and v/rote ;tQ--himi that being difpofed through his misfortunes to be
,

eafily exafperated,

he could not fuiTer the infolencd of a freedman,, who anecled to aiTront him; *^ Eut>'* added he,.." if you are offended, you have it in youi" power to avenge yourfelf. I deliver Hipparchus to " you, whom you may treat in the fame injanriera^ii " have treated Thyrfus.'* The revenge in tjiis, cafe would have been very fingular, and entirely in. favour

of Antony;

for

Hipparchus had defcr^d hhpitcfr-^-

2 72

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

A.K.yn.
^^^' ^'

Cleopatra was alarmed at Antony's fufpicions, and being fo much the more capable of counterfeiting outward appearances, as fhe felt nothing within, fhe fpared neither carefles, nor teftimonies of deference and fubmiffion, in order to regain them. Her birth-f day and that of Antony's happened to be near one another, and they fell out about the time I am now She allowed her's to be palled over fpeaking of. without being obferved, agreeable to their unfortunate fituation at that time i but on the contrary, ihe celebrated that of Antony with fuch extraordinary magnificence and extravagant profufion, that a great

number who came

thither in a

poor condition, were

enriched for ever after. Mean while the operations of the war were conGallus with the letinued, although rather flowly. gions which Pinarius Scarpus had delivered up to him, took pofleflion of Paretonium, which v/as the

key of Egypt on the Weft fide, a? Pelufium was on Antony, who had ftill confiderable forces the Eaft. both by fea and land, wanted to take that important He therefore marched towards place from the enemy. it, flattering himfelf, that as foon as he Ihould Ihew
himfelf to Gallus's legions, who had formerly ferved under him, their affedion for their antient general would be renewed. He approached therefore, and' exhorted them to return to their firft oath ; but GaUus ordered all the trumpets to found, in order He even fallied to hinder Antony from being heard. outupph him, and gained a fmall advantage over him. *"Ajitbay^s fleet fuffcredlikewife a great misfortune. ItJiad entered the port of Paretonium, which Gallus left open on purpofe, but had ftretched chains below th*e. water, which by help of certain machines were ralfed.' up immediately after the veflels were got in] arid fo blocked up the mouth of the harbour.^ Thus the fleet being caught as it were in a net, w^s pr^fently attacked on all fides, both from the fea, Antony loft a great the fliore, and the town itfelf. many veflels ia this unequal engagement, fome being funk.

OCTAVIUS
fiiitk,

IV.

CRASSUS,
fo that

Confuls?
A..

273
R.722:

and others burnt,

he faved but a very

'

This unfortunate expedition hindered Antony from reaping advantage of the alTifbance which was offered him by men of a mean flation, but whofe zeal and fidelity deferves no lefs to be commended. When he was abandoned by all the people of rank which ufed to be about him, fo that for want of a perfon of
with regard to his embafTies to Odavius, he was obliged to fend Euphronius, his children's tutor, a company of gladiators, whom he caufed to be exercifed and equipped at Cyzicum, with a view to the games with which he propofed to cele-* brate his viftory, fhewed an incredible courage to fly Thefe gladiatoi's marched over all to his defence. Afia, in fpice of the obftacles they met with from thofe princes and kings who had deferted Antony's After they wtre. arrived in Syria, Didiusj party. another defercer of the fame caufe, (topped their paf-t' fage, but was not able to overcoiric them. They in-' formed Antony of their fituation and ftrong defirc to ferve him, intreating him to come and put himfelf at
diftinftion
to confide in

But Antony preferred marching towards Paretonium, where he fucceeded in the manner I have Mean while the gladiators having already related. received no anfwer from him, came at laft to an agreement with Didius, upon condition that thejr! fhould not be obliged to fight any more in the am-" phicheatre, but remain in the fuburb of Antioch cal-'" led Daphne, till Odlavius fhould be informed of all that had paffed, and give orders concerning them. They were afterwards feparated, and given to underftand that they were to be incorporated into different legions but all the intention was to difperfe and deftroy them. This generous behaviour, far shove'} their flation, certainly deferved a better recompence. ^ It appears to me that Odavius, I do not know for^ what reafon, was in a great hurry to give the laft* blow to Antony. The hiflorical records which we have of thofe times, give us infight into the motives^* Vol. X. T of
their head.
,

'^

2.74

pCTAVIUS
712.

IV.

CRASSUS,

ConfuU.

^.R.

of thefe delays. But to pafs over that, during his ftay ->/ at Khodes, he received an illuftrious deferter, who, 'by thei^reedoni and dignity of his deportment, appears evidently worthy of being diftinguilhed from
"

'

the re|];. ,; tlerod, having received a great many favours from Antony, attached himfelf to him out of gratitude
,

,but

when he faw him

obftinate in his

own

deftruftion,

he did not think he was obliged to. ruin himfelf with him. He waited on the conqueror in the manner of a fupplicanr, without his diadem, but very well fupjof. Ant. porting his dignity by his greatnels of foul. Jofephqs &^e Bel. P^^'^s the following fpeech into his mouth. " Ca^far," jud. 1. 15. fays he, " it was Antony who made me king of the '' Jews, a!rid I own that I have employed that fortune

"
<'

v/hich

owe

to

him

in his fervice.

am

not afraid to

own
in

to you, that if the

war againft the Arabians had

fliould

f not hindered me, you

'
^'

have feen

me

fighting

perfon againft you. However, I afiifted him both with troops and proyifions to the utmoft of my ^* power. Since the misfortune which happened to hirp " at A61:ium, I have not deferted- my benefador and *' when 1 could be no longer an uieful ally.to him, I *.' performed the offic.e of a faithful counfellor. I have *' reprefented to hun, that the only method which re*' mained for him to recover his fall, was to putCleo" patra to death, and on this condition I offered him " my riches, ftrong places, troops and perfon, to affift " in fupporting the war againft you. But the charms *' of Cleopatra have made Antony deaf to all my coun" fels, and God, who has been pleafed to give you the *' viclory, has hindered him from hearkening to fuch
,

*.*

falutary advice. I

am

therefore vanquifhed with

my

cc

benefactor Antony, and gether with his fortune.

.

my

4C

you, without placing my but my virtue. I expeft,

confider what a friend I ferved."

throne is overturned toI prefent myfelf now before hopes of fafety in any thing

"

however, that you will am, and not whom I have

""

this

dCTAVIUSiV.'CRASSUS,

Confuls.

275
A. R. 712. ^'

This bold and noble fpeech charmed Oftavius very much. He made Herod take back his diadem, confirmed him in the pofleflion of his kingdom, and promiled him his friendfhip. Herod having obtained pardon for himfelf, thought he had likewife Ibme grounds to demand it for anoAlexas, or Alexander, of Laodicea in Syria, ther. had been in a very confiderable ftation at the court of Antony and Cleopatra^ and none of the Grecians of his time were more powerful than he. But he had not arrived at this power by honourable methods. He was Cleopatra's chief miniiler and tool, whom {he made ufe of to captivate and fubdue Antony, and
with regard to Odavius which reafon fuggelled to him. Antony, who put great confidence in his parts and zeal, fent him from Alexandria to Herod, to endeavour to keep that prince attached to his party. But it is in vain for great men to promife themfeives fidelity from the miniifers of their pleafures. Alexas betrayed Antony, and remained with Herod. He had even the affurance to prefent himfelf before Oclavius, under the protection of the king of the Jews. But he was deceived in his hopes, for his offences were of fuch a nature as not to admit of a pardon. Odlavius caufed him to be put in chains, and to be tranfported to the town of Laodicea, his native country, that he might there fuffer death in the fight of all his fellow-citizens. Thus Antony in his life-time was revenged of this
tray tor.

piut.

to overturn every favourable opinion

'

fpeed to his kingdom, to put himfelf in a condition to receive Oftavius, who

all

Herod returned with

jofeph,

was to march through his territories in his way towards Egypt. He received him very magnificently at Ptolemaidum, and gave a fplendid entertainment to him and all his friends, to the number of one hundred and fifty, diftributing wine and provifions to all
his foldiers.

He,

befides,

made
j

a prefent to
as

Oda-

vius of eight hundred talents

and

upon

the con-

&DCS of Egypt there was a fandy defert, he fent thi-

ther

276
A.R.
Ant.
722L,.

OCTAVIUSIV. CRASSUS,

Confub.

ther creat quantities of water for the ufe of the arrrty. i^pi-qJ^ by this conducfl, gave the Romans a very fa-

vourable opinion of him, and he appeared to have, a foul greater than his kingdom. Ofiavius continuing his march, arrived before PeThis place, which was very ftrong by its -lufium. fituation, and befides was w,ell garrifoned, might have flopped him a long while-, but Seleucus, who was governor, had not the courage to defend it, or rather he had fecret orders from Cleopatra to give it up. For that princefs having loft all hopes of fafety from Anr tony, and flattering herfelf with being beloved by Odlavius, wanted to make a merit to the conqueror of her treachery towards him whole misfortunes Ihe had occafioned. This event made Antony conceive fulpicions of treachery, notwithltanding all his blindBut Cleopatra ibon dilfipated thele, by deliverjiefs. ing up the v/ife and children of Seleucus to his vengeance. At the fame time Ihe caufed them to carry to a magnificent tomb which (he had ordered to be erefted, and in which there were a great many niches and
^

thing v/hich was valuable in her palace, as gold, lilver, precious ilones, ebony, ivory and cinnamon, laying over them a great quantity of
little

vaults, every

dry wood, torches,

and other combuflibles ; and declared openly, that in cafe (lie v/as pufhed to it, flie would deftroy all thofe riches by letting them on fire^ She was not ignorant that 06tavius had a ilrong defire of becoming mafler of them, and fhe was very glad to have two chances v;ith him, 16 that in cafe iove did not engage him to ule her well, at leail the fear of lofing fo great a treafure might force him to it. In effefl, Odavius was touched with this menace, and, left defpair lliould make the queen put it in execution, he always took care to keep up her hopes by means of fecret emiffaries which he employed about
lier.
.

while Octavius advanced towards the city of Alexandria, and encamped near the iiippodrom, or
circus

Mean

OCTAVIUS
circus
fct

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confnlg.

277

After his arrival, A. R. 722. Ant. C. Antony made a fally upon him, and fought very va30. liantly, and having put to flight the enemy's cavalry, As he he purfued them as far as Odtavius's camp. was naturally vain, he made a trophy of this victory, and upon his return to town he went diredlly to the palace, embraced Cleopatra with his armour upon him, and prefented to her one who had diftinguiflied himfelf by his bravery above all the reft. Cleopatra rewarded him very magnificently, and made him a prefent of a head-piece and bread-plate of gold but the crafty loldier, intlead of fliewing his gratitude, wanted only to fecure the rich gift he had received'; fbr the next night he deferted, and went over to the enemy's camp. Antony wasmartified at it, and out of a kind of revenge he himfelf invited his enemy's foldiers to defert, and caufed billets to be fcattered among them, promifing fifteen hundred drachmas to every one who would come and lift in his fervice. Odavius had fo little apprehenfions of any bad effed; from thefe follicitations, that he affembled his army, and from which the read one of the billets before them foldiers conceived frelh indignation againft Antony, and a ftronger attachment to their general Oflavius. He renewed once more, at this laft extremity, the fame challenge he had before fent to Odavius, of The rifk terminating the war by a fingle combat. would have been too unequal between the two champions and although Odtavius's charafter had notfet him above thefe boafting rhodomontades, he had no bufinefs to hazard his flourifhing fortune againft He anfwered the ruined condition of his adverfary. coldly, that if Antony fought for death, there were enough of other methods left to procure it. He fought for it in earneft, and believing that he could not procure it more glorioufly than in battle, he refolved to fight both by fea and land at the fame The evening before the day appointed for this time. defperate ftroke, he ordered a grand entertainment to
apart for
horfe-races.
,

-,

be

,j7g

OCTAVIUS

IV.

A. R. 722.beprepared for

him.:

CRASSUS, Confuis. "Give me gpqdTwlne,

good

"g^* " cheer," fays he, " and plenty of Jt. I' do not know *' but to-^ay may be the laft time you will ferve me ; " perhaps to-morrow you may be under another maf". ter, and I fliall be no more than a carcafs, and a *' vain phantom." Thefe fentiments were very fuitable to the lifa which he had led , but his humane concern for his friends, which ftill remained, deferves to be commended. He declared that he would not take them to an engagement, where he had a much greater profpe<5t of death than of vidlory. Plutarch relates, that the night following, when the. whole town was in the greateft confternation, and .a raelancholy fdence, which was the confequence of it, reigned every where,, they heard in the llreetsand fquares the noiie of voices and inftruments, fmging, dancing, and other tumultuous motions, like a company of bacchanalians and that this noife, having paffed through the v/hole town, feemed to go out at the gate which -looked towards the enemy. The fame author who relates this prodigy, whether true Antony or falfe, gives alfo the interpretation of it. had always taken Bacchus for his model and original, and had even declared himfelf the new Bacchus. One may imagine then, fays Plutarch, that this God, upon leaving him, gave him notice of his approaching difafler, and abandoned him to his bad
.

fortune.

At
guft,

day-break, 6n the morning of the

firft

of Au-

Antony drew up

his

land-forces on the hills

near the entry into the town, and from thence he viewed his fleet, wiiich advanced in good order towards that of the enemy. He waited- himfelf to be a. fpeftator of the combat, but was- greatly lurprized and exafperated to fee his veflcls falute thgie of .06lavius, which returned it ^ and immediately the To fleets joining united, and v/ent back into the::.harhDur^ At the very fame time his cavalry defcrtcd him. He tried, however, an engagement with the infanu^yi g^d -having been vanquilbcd, he -returned iritoL^th town. .,.,,, V

OCTAVIUS

IV.

GRASSUS,

Confuls.

j>;^9

town, crying aloud that he wa& betrayed by Cleopa- A.R.7is. tra, and delivered by that lingrateful princcfs to thofe ''^"jo.^* whom he had made his enemies' entirely' on her account.

He

faid very true

for

it

was by
paflfed

fecret orders

from

over to the erremy. Cleopatra that the She was therefore afraid'of Antony's juft refentment, efpecially during the time of his wrath and defpair. She therefore concealed herfelf in her tomb, and fhiit the gates of it, which were defended with rails, bolts, and iron bars, and from thence fhe fent to inform Antony that fhe was dead. According to Dio, this laft mefl'age was ftill a more atrocious perfidy than all {he had done before. For, in order to rid Odavius of his rival, fhe drove Antony to the extremity of killing himfelf, knowing very well that he loved her to fuch excefs, that it was not polTible for him to furviv^e
fleet

had

her.

Whether

this refleftion

of Dio's be
event,
it

jufl, or
is

only a
that

conjedure formed

after the

certain

news of Cleopatra's death, and immediately took the refolution of killing him" Why do you delay, Antony,'* (faid he to felf. himfelf) " feeing fortune has deprived you of the only " pretence you had left of flill loving life." He retired immediately into his chamber, and untying his breafl-plate, flill full of his former pafTion, he thus expreffed himfelf, " Oh, Cleopatra, it is not being deprived of you that afflicts me, for [ am going to meet you again, very fhortly but it is fnameful for fo '.great and lb powerful a general to fee himfelf concredit to the
;

Antony -gave

vinced that he has lefs courage than a woman." long time before, he had obliged one of his moft faithful (laves, named Eros, to promife to kill him whenever fortune fliould drive him to this laft refource. He then called upon him to execute his promife. The Have brandifhed the fword as if he was going to flab his maflerj but turning about his face, he plunged it ^to his own bofom. " I commend thee, Eros,'*
*'

cried

Antony, feeing him

fall at his

feetj

"

inftead
*

of doing

ato
Ant. C.
30'

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

A^^jya*.- ".'doing, that office

which your regard for me wouM ''..'not, permit you to perform, you (hew me the exh ample." He then dr^w his fword, and plunging it into his belly, he threw himlelf upon a little couch. The wound which he gave himfelf was not immediand the blood having flopped after he ately mortal had lain fome time upon his back, he recovered his fpirits, and earneftly conjured thole who were come but they all into the room to put an end to his life
; ;

being feized with fright and horror. While he cried out, and toffed his body violently i one of the queen's fecretaries, named Diomedes, came from her to propofe that Antony might be tranfBy this means he underported to her in her tomb. Itood that fhe was ftill alive, and far from entertain^ ing any refentment againft her, he earneftly defired them to take him in their arms, and carry him to the The difficulty confifted place where the queen was. in getting him in i for Cleopatra would not allow, at any rate, the gates to be opened. She appeared at a window, and threw down cords, with which they
fled,

Antony, and as Ihe pulled him up,.affifted by two of her women, who were the only perfons fhe took with her to attend her, there never was a more moving fpe<5tacle, or one more capable of raifing com*fixed

paffion than this.

covered with Woodland in the agonies of an approaching death, was fufpended in the air, ftretching his hands towards Cleo-, patra, frequently v/avering, and in danger of falling' down aoain i while a number of fpedtators, anxious and trembling, encouraged Cleopatra, who ufed all the force fhe could with her arms, and made efforts which {trained every feature of her face. At lafi, bythe affiftance of her two women, fnt hoifled him up to the window, and takmg him in her arms, fne car-,
*
all

Antony

ried

him

to her bed.
is

I do not know if this piflure, which been executed by any great painter j but
iubjeft.
'

drawn by Plutarch, bas; cannot conceive a finer,

.
.

' ,

..

'

.".' Then

OetAVIUS
Then

IV.

CRASSUS,
up
[to

Confuls?

zii

the moft violent grief. A. R. 7*1. She tore her cloaths, beat her breaft, kifTed the wound ^"^ ^*

fhe gave herfelf

which he had made, and rubbed off with her face the blood in which he was bathed, calling him at the fame time her mafter, her hulband, her emperor, and appearing to have forgot entirely her own misfortunes, through a violent fenfe of thofe of Antony. He comforted her, and intreating her to put an end to her tears and tranfports of grief, he afked for fomc wine, either becaufe he was thirfty, or becaufe he hoped thereby to haflen his death, which he looked upon as the moment of his deliverance. After he had drank, he intreated Cleopatra to endeavour to preferve her life, if fhe could do it with honour. And he mentioned to her Proculeius, as the perfon amongfl: all Csfar's friends in whom (he might put the greateft '* With regard to me," added he, " confidence. do It not lament my prefent misfortunes, but congratulate me upon the happinefs which I have enjoyed. I have lived the greateft and the moft powerful of ** men, and though 1 fall to-day, my fate is hot ig-' ** nominious ; a Roman myfelf, I am overcome by a*
**

Roman:"

was hardly expired, when Proculeius, who' was lent by Odlavius, arrived ; for while they tranfported Antony from the chamber where he had wounded himfelf to Cleopatra's tomb, one of his guards, named Derceteus, ft'ole his fword, and getting away undifcovered, he ran to carry the firft news of Antonyms death to Oftavius, ftiewing as a proof of 0<5lavius ftied tears it the fword tinged with blood. on hearing he was dead but lam afraid they were ftill lefs fmcere than thole of Crefar after the death of Pompey. He affected to bewail the melancholy fate of a brother-in-law, and of a collegue with whom he had been conned:ed in the management of fo many In order to juftify himgreat and important affairs. felf, and wipe off all reproach, he gathered his friends together, and read to them the letters which he had wrote to Antony, and alio thofe which he had received from
,

He

.282
A.R.
Aut.
733.

OCTAVIUS
C

IV.

CRASSUS,

Coiifuls.

from him, defiring them to obferve how reafonaHc his propofals had always been, whereas Antony's anAfter thb fwers were full of pride and haughtinefs. farce was ended, and he had taken eare to clear his reputation on this occafion, he difpate-bed roculeius to Cleopatra, ordering him to try by all means to g^t For he was afraid 6f lofing the her into his power. treafures which (he had conveyed-to her tomb; and bcfides, he was very fond of leading her in. tdj.: -^'"i Cleopatra, however, was upon, her^ygiia-rd,- and would not confer with Proculeius, except, through the gate, which was very well fecured. -But it was not poffible for them to come to an agreement. Cleopatra demanded the crown of Egypt for her children, and Proculeius advifed her to truft to Odiavius's

umph.

'

iv

In the mean time he took partieulac notice; of every thing about the place, and Gallws beting returned from Odavius to demand a fecond con^ fe^nce with Cleopatra, while they were together at
d,ifcretion.

the gate, the one on the infide, and the other witht outji and Callus fpun out the converfation on purpofej i^roculeius cavifed a ladder to be placed, againft the wall, and, followed by two foldiers, hi? entered in at

which Antony had been conveyed. As ibon as he was entered he ran to the gate ; and one of Cleopatra's -women crying out, " O unfortunate " princefs, you are taken alive !" fhe turned about, and obferving. Proculeius, attempted to flab herfelf but Prowith a poniard which hung at her girdle culeius running haftily to her, and laying hold of her
th^r- window 'by
-,

arms, "
**
**
*

You

are unjuft, faid he, Cleopatra, both

to

" yourfelf and Odtavius.

"

deprive him of the opportunity of ihewing his clemency, and make the moft gentle of all conquerors pafs for an implacable enemy, and one who is not worthy Saying this, he forced the poniard to be trufted."
to fee that

You would

away from her, and examined her cloaths fhe had no poifon concealed about her. being informed that Cleopatra was taken,
I

Odavius fent Epaphroditus

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

28^

^hroditus to bring her to his palar"e, and to watch her A.R. 722* very carefully, without lofing fight of her a moment, ^"*^^^** for fear fhe Ihould kill herfelf. was likewife or-

He

dered to ufe her well in every refpeft, to fhew her the greatefl deference, and do every thing in his power to >*>'"? r render her captivity agreeable. Antony being dead, and Cleopatra a prifoner, Octavius made his entry into Alexandria. He took care to mitigate the terror which the inhabitants of that
great city were in, by the carefies and fingular marks

of affection with which he honoured one of their fejlow-citizens ; for he made his entry hand-in-hand, and converfing familiarly with the philofopher Areus who was of Alexandria. The great refped which Odavius fhewed to this philofopher is a thing worthy to be obferved, and d,o'es great honour (0 learning. All the Alexandrians trembled, and when the conqueror was come into the Gymnafium, and placed himfelf up6n the tribunal, which was there eredted, they proftrated themfelves with their faces to the ground, like criminals who waited to hear their fentence pronounced. Oftavius prefently ordered them
to
rife,

him

that three motivres determined to pardon them, viz. the refpecl he had for the
their

telling

them

memory of Alexander,

founder

the admiration

which the beauty of their town occafioned in him and the friendlhip which he had for their fellow-citizen, Areus.

Although Odlavius having now no more a rival and becoming inconteftably matter of the Roman empire, fhewed,

on moil occafions, a cleniency fuitable to his high fortune, yet he did not leave ofFexercifing fnch rigours as he thought neceflary for his fecurity.

Antyllus, the eldeft of Antony's fons, beinodelivered up to him by Theodorus his preceptor,

Thus

cohdemned
Casfar,

to death.

Even
in his

the ftatue

was of Julius

which he clafped

him

for they pulled

execute him.

him whofe
^^

life

arms, could not fave it, in order to The wretched tutor, who had betrayed he ought to have preferved at the ex-

him away from

"

"

pence

28*

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

A.R.72* pence of his own, foon brought upon himfdf, by a "^"30!^ frefh crime, the puniihment due to lb great a perfidy. For while the foldiers were employed in beheading Antyllus, Theodorus dole from him a valuable jewel, iearch was made for it, which hung at his neck. and the thief denied it ; but he was prefently con^ v.i6led of the fa6l, and crucified. Cssfario faved himfelf by flight ; for his mother

having given him great riches, fent him to the Indies by way of Ethiopia. But his preceptor, whofe name was Rhodon, being as perfidious as Theodorus, pre.vailed upon him to return, perfuading him that OcThe too tavius would make him king oF Egypt.
credulous pupil followed his advice j but upon, his ar^: Ocrival at Alexandria he was taken into cuftody. tavius fpared his life till Cleopatra's death, after which, as he deliberated what was beft to be done mifx Csefario, Areus determined him to put him to deat}j,' alluding to part of a verle in Homer, the lenfe of number of fovereigns is which runs thus, viz. * " not eood i" which he altered in this manner,'';'^' number of Cs;fars is not good for you." There ^yas

no occafion to

prefs OcTcavius fcrongly to

make away

with a perfon who had difputed v/ith him the quality of Ccefar's fon ; he therefore caufed him to be put to
death.

As to the reft of Cleopatra's children, he treated them with great gentlenefs they v/ere left to thofe
;

who were

intrufted with their education, and had or-

ders to take care that they fhouid be provided in every

thing fuitable to their birth. Odavius was extremely complaifant to Cleopatra, whom he was. afraid of driving to defpair, becaufe he wanted, as I faid before, to make her the principal -ornament of his triumph. Several kings and generals defired Antony'^, body, in order to pay the laft ho-

nours to
*

it.

But

this confolation

he

referved

for

Homer fays (II. II. 7C+) OiJx *j.<f&ov turned in this miinner to Oi^iiviiis, Ou'n.

^roXt/xoz/jav/x.

which Areus

ays,^ot 5ri\i>a/ya;iM

Cleopatra.

OCTAVIUS
"

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

-i^s

She buried him with her own hands, and ^-R-tz** Cleopatra. fhe was furniihed with every thing that fhe defired, in 30. order to render the funeral of ib illuilrious a man, and one
It

whom
is

llie

lb tenderly loved,

magnificent.

luch cruel mortifications muft have a bad effedt upon Cleopatra's health, to add to which the contufions fhe had given herfelf upon her bread, having brought on an inflammation, fhe was She was greatly pleafed with it, feized with a fever. and laid hold of this opportunity to flarve herfelf to death, under pretence of a regimen necelTary for her Her phyfician in ordinary, named Olymdiforder. pus, was in the fecret, and from him Plutarch quoted the hiftory of thefe events, in which he himfelf had aded 2. part. Odavius difcovered Cleopatra's intention, and made them threaten her with regard to her
children.

impolTible but

That was

a battery againft
-,

which her maallowed herfelf

ternal tendernefs could not refift

and Cleopatra, for

fear of being the caufe of their death,

to be treated as they pleafed,

and recovered.

After fhe was recovered, Oflavius cam.e to vifit her. She was lying upon a couch in a very carelefs As foon as he entered, fhe railed herfelf manner. haftily, having nothing on but a loofe robe, and proHer misfortunes liad lourftrated herfelf before hmi. ed the air of her countenance, and given her a kind of haggard look her hair was diiheveiled, her voice trembling, her complexion pale, and her cy^s cad down ; on her bofom appeared the marks of the blows fhe had given herfelf, and, in a word, her whole cutv/ard appearance difcovered evidently the deplorable condition of her mind. Mean while her natural beauty, and the noble fprightlinefs of her looks, were not entirely extinguillied, and through all thefe dif^dvantageous external appearances there might ftill be difcovered alluring charms, which fhone in all her motions. 06tavius defired her to place herfelf on her couch, and fat down befide her. Cleopatra had prepared herfelf for this interview, and made ufe of every method (he could think of to
,

'

found

288
A.R.
^^'i'

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

Ibund Odlavius. She tried apologies, intreaties, and She began with at^^li^' allurements to touch his heart. tempting to juftify herfelf, and to throw the cauie of the war entirely upon Antonyi whom (he was forced But 06tavius refuting all thofe excufes, and to obey convincing her that flie was wrong in every article, She then fbc found that that fort was not tenable. Afterwards fubmitted to implore his clemency. changing her tone, and likewife the fubjeft, llie turnShe (hewed her converfation on the di<5lator Ccefar. portraits of his great uncle, which fhe ed him feveral had hung up in her chamber, and read to him letters full of tendernefs, which fhe had received from him, and preferved on purpofe till that time, frequently
:

interrupting

tiie

difcourle with lamentable complaints,

herfelf.

and
*'

reflections

on

" Of what

fervice,

cried

"
*'

have thofe letters been to me, which that great man honoured me with ? Why could not I die Afterwards (he recovered herfelf, and with him ?"
fhe,

addrelTrng 06lavius,

" Oh,

faid

fhe,

find

him

" again in you, he revives for me in your perfon." but he Odavius was no llranger to this language
,

remained firm againft all thofe attacks, anfwering always with a cold indifference, fo that Cleopatra was obliged to return to affairs of bufinefs. She prefented to him an inventory of her treafure and jewels, which gave occafion to a very fingular For Seleucus, one of her flewards, having fcene. aiiedged that the inventory was not juft, and that (lie had fecreted certain jewels which he mentioned, (he fell into a violent pafTion, ftarted from her couch, and catching him by the hair, gave him feverai blows on Odavius laughed at this fally, and defired the i^Qt. " What, Sir, faid (he, whilft you do her to defift. " me tiie honour of vifiting me in this melancholy " fituation, is it not provoking that one of my flaves And fhould dare to affront me in your prefence t " even fuppofmg it was true, it could never be for " myfelf thitt. I (hould-keep thofe ornaments, which " are now no more agreeable to my fortune j or could " I be
'^^
i

OCTAVIUS
.*

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

287
71**

'

be blamed for preferving fome prefents to offer ^^i^' to Livia and 0(ftavia, in order to obtain, by their jo\ " means, indulgence from you ?'* Odtavius heard this fpeech of Cleopatra with pleafure, looking on it as a proof that fhe was determined not to deftroy herAnd he anfwered her, that fhe was at liberty to felf.' keep what fhe had referved, and that in every thing elfe he fliould take care to indulge her above what flie could hope. He then took his leave of her, and departed, imagining that he had deceived her ; but he deceived himlelf, for Cleopatra, at that time, was
I

making

all

the preparations for death.

She kept a correfpondence with Dolabella, a young Roman of high birth, and attached to Oiftavius, but who, either out of compaflion, or perhaps a much
ilronger motive, interefted himfelf in the misfortunes f that princefs. He informed her privately, accord-

ing to their agreement, that Ofbavius was preparing to return by land, taking the route of Syria ; that as for her, it was refolved fhe fhould be fent off in three days, together with her children. Upon this information fhe demanded leave of Octavius to offer libations on Antony's tomb-, which having been granted, fhe came with thofe women which ufually attended her, and throwing herfelf on the coffin, * " my dear Antony, faid fhe, a few " days ago I fhould have buried you with hands that " were ftill free ; but now I offer you libations, a *' captive, a prifoner, and carefully watched, left by the violence of my grief L fhould disfigure this wretched body, this body that is enflaved, and. which they carefully guard for the fatal pomp of
-

atX/uxKc^T^'
l-STo oufAa,
Tt/ucii H
i)juS(
'/C"^^>

ko-ft,

K)

t^pupajuivn

//.ivn

nrrTTi'Toi;

fAwrri d-pi]y</t( uiKtTa.o-^j.t

ti /sAoy

Hj

.zsFMi/iifJtinv

im

rit

K-Jla.

erS

^cia/jiQat.

clKKhC Si

/un ttrfjirSi/^

"'^^' t'T/Vo*
(f<{?-"5"i',

TiKtUTaixl, KkioirsLTpa.!

a.yufA.iy>M.

Js'fisv

aM\a)v

xi\iSuntiofA.( cTs tis?

^^vutcf

StsL/uii^ttQuit

^^vlxC fxh yip t^c tottsj"

fAilaKuCQa-a. X'*P*f

f*ov(jy.

dK\'
/>
eria{]ov,

si

Jii

TaC6a
iw.*ii/)if

TtpiietKttv

hfJtaic,

mrpox

t/c Tav inu &6av,.aXx>) kj Sita/um, si yi.f ^aj-av t>iv e-t'jtf]s j-t/vaixav /umJ' Iv l/uoi
hlalu^it (xi npu'^ov
k^

^pt-t/u<iVjopiiv<iV

dl^'

/utTa

a-itii^S,

K/

a-ui'

^'4<'V'

ii iyxi

/jiopttiy xatnaitf

hlity

iSiy St* fjiiya

J'tnov

Wh,

f o /2/jat;^i/f

?T9t

"

atri-

288
A.R.
722'

OCTAVIUS
" "
cc

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

.30-

Exped no more offerings, or a triumph over you. oblations ; thefe are the laft: which you are to receive, your Cleopatra
is

going to be forced away " from you. Nothing could feparate us while both but we are in danger of being flrangely realive moved from each other by death, and of exchanging '-o with one another the natural places of our ii tombs ; feeing you, who are a Roman, have found your tomb here, and unfortunate Cleopatra muft go in fearch of her's in Italy, the only good which your country has ever procured her. But if the CC Gods of the place which you now inhabit have any " force or power, (for thofe here have betrayed us) *' do not abandon your fpoufe while ftie continues to " live, nor fuffer them to triumph over you in my *' perfon. fliut me up Conceal me here with you .' for amidil the infinite misforin your fepulchre " tunes which 1 endure, none has been more painful *' and grievous to me than the Ihort fpace of time [ " have lived without you." After thefe moving complaints, Cleopatra ftrewed the coffin with flowers, and having kiffed it a thoufand times. Hie returned home and bathed herfeif. As foon as Ihe had bathed, Ihe ordered a great dinner to be made, during the time of which a pealant brought to her a covered bafket. The guards having alked him what it was, he opened it, and taking out the leaves on the top, he fhev/ed them fome figs. They admired the beauty and largenefs of them, and the
-,
-, ,

peafant, with a very natural air, defired them to take fome of them. As they did not fulped: that he car-

they fuffered him to pafs. As foon as Cleopatra had finiihed her dinner, Ihe gave to Epaphroditus a letter fealed to deliver to Csfar, and having caufed every body to retire, except her two women, her faithful companions, flie ordered
ried

any thing

elfe,

them to Ihut the doors of her apartment. Odavius upon opening the letter, found in it nothing but lamentable
cft

Cleopatra requefting, as the greatHe eafily favour, to be buried befide Anthony. appreintreaties,

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

289

apprclicnded what this fignified, and had thoughts at A. R. 722. firil of going to her himlelf ; but he judged it more '^'V^^.^" proper to fend fome of thofe who were with him to examine what had pafled. This was accordingly done ;

they ran as faft as they could, and found the guards quiet at their polls, not in the leart fufpefting that any accident had happened ; but upon entering the chamber, they law Cleopatra lying dead upon a gilded Of the two women bed, arrayed in her royal robes. who waited upon her, one, named Iris, lay dead at her miftrefs's feet, and the other, whofe name' was Charmio, already flaggering, and hardly able to fupport herfelf, was putting the diadem on .Cleopatra's head. One of thofe who came in, faying in a pafllon This is finely done, Charmio !" " Yes, very finely
indeed, anfwercd Ihe, and worthy a princefs de-" fcended from io many kings." On pronouncing
thefe words, fhe
fell

down and

expired.

the death of Cleopatra had been fo very fudden, Oftavius fancied at firft that there micrht ilill remain

As

which might pofilbly be revived. He tried counter-poifons, and caufed her to be fucked by pfyllas ; but all thefe efforts were in vainj flie was adually dead, and Oftavius muft rer folve to fee his triumph deprived of fo great an or* ""^ nament. It is plain from this whole account, that no body could certainly know what means Cleopatra made ufe of to kill herfelf It was fufpefted, that under the figs which were brought by the peafant, there was concealed an afp, which fhe caufed to iting her arm. They fancied that they obferved upon her arm, aftef her death, two very fma]]^ and almoil imperceptible
in her

fome principle of

life,

::

'

punftures ; but with regard to the animal itfelf they faw nothing of it, only they imagined they could obferve the marks of its flight upon the land, oppofite the windows of the apartment where Cleopatra died. Neverthelcfs All this, however, is very uncertain. Odavius continued firm in this opinion, becaufe in his triumph he carried a pilure, in which Cleopatra

Vol- X-

was

290
A.-R. 7^^-

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confiils,

Ant. C.
30.

was reprefented with an afp flicking to her arm. ^ Horace mentions it pofitively as a faft, -j- Virgil has likewife a manifeil allufion to it, and the greateft part Dio of other writers have been of the fame opinion. fpeaks of a bodkin with which Cleopatra had pricked herfelf, and by this means conveyed into her blood the But fubtile poifon in which it had befen fteeped. this laft account of her death has obtained far lefs After all, as there was no credit than the other. witnefs of it that furvived, people were reduced to fimple conjedures about it, even at the time that it

happened. Cleopatra died at the age of thirty-nine, after During fourteen havino- reigned twenty-two years. of which, partaking in Antony's good fortune, Ihe faw all the princes and kings of the Eall fubmit to her power, too happy if they were allowed fervilely to pay their court to her. Her foolifh ambition made her not fatisfied with all this grandeur, but ilie wanted to rule over the whole Roman empire, and reign inf The fruit of this audacious profjjed, the t Capitol. lb ill fupported on her fide, was the ruin both of An-. tony and of her. Haughtinefs attended her even to The moft difdainful woman that her laft moments. ever lived, flie could not fubmit to adorn the triumph of her conqueror by her chains, and preferred even According to the maxdeath itfelf to that ignominy.
||

Aufa & jacentem vifere regiam Vultu fereno fortis, & afperas Traftare ferpentes, lit atrum -Corpore combiberet venenum.
4-

'Regina in mediis patrio

HoR. Od. I. vocat agmina fiftro

37.
:

Necdum etiam geminos

+ _

a tergo refpicit angues.

ViKG.Mn. Vm.
Capitolio

696, 697.

dum

Regina dementes ruinas Funus & Imperio parabat.

HoR.
Q Ssevis

ibid.

Liburnis fcilicet invidens Privata deduci fuperbo Non humilis miUier triumpho.
HoR.. ibid.

ims

OCTAVIUS
i IT)

IV.

CRASSU3,

Confuls.

igt

of the Fag-ans, this manner of aftino- was called f^-^^-?/** Ant Cr greatnefs of Ibul, and was admired in Cleopatra by ^o. her enemies, and even by Oclavius himfelf.
s

As
vices.

to us, if
It is

this princefs,

we would form a we fliall find her

right

judgment of
only
inl

great

her

needlefs to

mention her diiTolute man-

which are known to all the world. Ambition was the motive of all her aftions, and fiie thought nothing a crime which tended to fatisfy that pafTion. She made war upon her eldefb brother, poilbned a fecond, and Arfinoe her filler was killed by her orThe abufe which flie made of Antony's conders. fidence during fo many years, and his prodigious indulgence towards her, is an atrocious piece of ingratitude which (he crowned with the blackcft perfidy, by betraying to an enemy the perfon whom fhe
ners,

feigned
that
(lie

to love

more than her

life.

And

in

order
flie

might partake of every kind of

fliamCj

had the mortification to fee the advances v;^hich flie had made towards her conqueror rejefted, and thofe efforts by which llie tried to kindle in him apafiion, in which, till that time, fhe had always triumphed,
repulfed with contempt.

Antony according to her defire, and 06lavius even finiflied the tomb which they had begun to build themlelves. He, befides, order'She was buried near

ed an honourable burial for thofe women who had accompanied Cleopatra to her death. In this princefs ended the reign of the Lagides, which, to reckon from the death of Antony, had lafted two hundred and ninety-four years. Antony, when he died, was accordino- to fome nfty-three years of age, and according to others He made a more fliining figure than could iifty-fix. well be expected from the merit of a man whofe vices
greatly furpafled
talents. With the capacity to acquire power, but incapable of preferving it, there never was any perfon who had greater need of adverfity to make him be efl:een-;ed. All the vices which arife from good fortune, reigned in him at once, and
his

'

rendci-d

292
AVR.
/Lilt"

OCTAVIUS
7 _a.
\2
*

IV.

CRASSUS,

Conftrls.
-^

20.

rendered ufelefs to him his knowledo-e of war, in o which he excelled all the generals of his time. He was naturally good, humane, and liberal but thefe principles of virtue, not being fupported by a found, firm, and enlightened reafon, fometimes eclipfed him fo far, as to make him give way to the moft odious cruelty, and fometimes even degenerated into weaknefs. Born to be governed by women, he was a flagrant inftance of the infatuation, flavery, and other
-,

which foolifh paflions conftantly occafion. In a word, he deferved that mankind fhould applaud his defeat and it might juftly be laid to be the indifafters,
,

of the univerfe, that Antony fhould be overcome by Odavius. Veil. ir. The ilatues which had been ere6led to him were ^^thrown down after his death, by virtue of a decree of the Senate, which was pafTed when Cicero's fon prevery fingular circumfided, who was then Conful. PHn.and ft^nce, and which was remarked by all the world as a. Appian. kind of confolation to the Manes of Cicero, whofe fon ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ blow of infamy and vengeance to his iv! and Dio. enemy and murderer. For the fame Senatus-Confultum ordered, that whatever had been decreed in favour of Antony fnould be abolifhed, that his birthday fhould be ranked among thofe called unfortunate, and that none of the family of Antony fhould I muft beg, ever after bear the name of Marcus. leave, however, to obferve by the way, that Oftayius feems to have defired to walhofFthe reproach of his ingratitude towards Cicero, by the regard which he Young Cicero, after the battle of ftievved to his fon. Philippi, retired at firft to Sicily, to Sextus Pompeius. It is probable that he returned to Rome after the treaty of Mifenum, and thus being in a fituation of receiving Os^avius's favours, he was firft made Augur, and afterwards advanced to the Confulfhipi which he enjoyed from the r3th of September to the firft of November, in the year I am now fpeaking
tereft

of.

The

OCTAVIUS
The
ftatues

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

29.?
-'^^7^2.
'-

Cleopatra would not have been fpared more than thofe of Antony, if Archibius, her generous friend, had not preferved them from being deflroyed, by giving a thoufand talents (about two hundred and twenty-five thoufand pounds fterling) for them to Oftavius.

of

"jj'^

Plut.

Ant.

by three different wives. He had by Fulvia Antyllus and Julius Antonius ; by Odlavia two daughters, both named Antonia by Cleopatra two fons, Ptolemy and Alexander, and one daughter named Cleopatra after her We have already feen the melancholy fate of mother.
left

Antony

feven

children

Antyllus with regard to the reft, 06lavia, who continued always faithful to the memory of an ungrateful fpoufe, took them home to her, to breed them up with her own children, and performed the office of a mother to them all. She made Julius Antonius her fon-in-law, by giving him in marriage Marcella, whom Ihe had by her firft hufband Marcellus. She married Cleopatra to Juba, the moil amiable and learned of kino;s, who havins: been educated at Rome, as I faid elfewhere, and attached himfelf to 0(5lavius, was re-eilablifhed by him upon the throne of his father, and continued the pofierity of Mafinilfa. Hiftory does not inform us what became of Ptolemy and Alexander, we only know 'that Oftavius fpared As for the two daughters which 0(5lavia their lives. had by Antony, the eldeft married Domitius Ahenobarbus, and the younger Antonia, fo celebrated for her beauty and virtue, became the wife of Drufus and the mother of Germanicus. By means of thefe alliances, Antony's pofterity arrived at the fovereign power in Rome. Three of his defcendants were emperors, viz. Caligula the great- grandfon, Claudius his grandfon, and Nero, who defcended from him bpth by his father and mother. For Domitius his father was Antony's grandfon, and Agrippina his mother was his great-grand-daughter. Thus we fee that Oftavius fupported the glory of his clemency, with which he had taken care after a
:

certajs

294
A- R72^'
'

OCTAVIUS
certain

IV.

CRASSUS,
his viflories

Confuls.

time to adorn
Ilis

and

his fplcndid

^"30.

fortune.

humanity was not confined to Antony's family alone ; for he par.^oned the greateft part of the Romans who had followed that unfortunate chief, and hiftory mentions no more than three of them who
v/ere puniihed v/ith death.

Veil II 87. and

Orof. VI.
*^'

^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ Caflius of Parma, one of Caefar's murderers, and who on that account could ^^^ j-jg fpared by the fon and avenger of that great man. He was exafperated at his treatment, and wrote fome verfes upon it but Horace gives us no favourable idea of his talent in this way *, reprefenting him as one of thofe fruitful writers, who can produce whole volumes without any trouble, infomuch that it was faid of him, that his own works were fufRcient to

T^^

^^^^

form a funeral
his death.

pile fufficient to

was the laft fuffered, as Trebonius was the firft. Odavius alfo put to death Canidius, mander of Antony's land-armiy at Aftium, enemy to him and, on the other hand, have being faithful to his general.
,

He

body after of the confpirators which

confume
his

the
far

com-

a violent

concerned

in Cleopatra's plots

from We feen him to deceive Antony.

does not deferve to be lamented, and he fliewed even a cowardly difpofition in his laft moments, fubmitting to death with lefs courage than became an old warrior, who had been bred up to arms from

Such

man

his infancy.

was one Ovinius, an effeminate worthlefs courtier of Cleopatra, who debafed the fenatorial dignity with which he was invefted, by taking upon him the fuperintendence of the linen, moveables, and ftuffs which were made for the queen of Egypt ; an office which was looked upon

The

third

Roman who

fuffered

as fervile

among
CafiTi

the

Romans.

Quali fuit

Ingenium,

capfis

rapido ferventius amni cjuem fama eft efle librifque

Ambuilwm

propriis.

HoR.

Sat,

It

)0,

Wc

OCTAVIUS

IV;

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

zg^

fuppofe that, befides thofe threc-^- R-y^i. "^:^' vvhofe deaths I have jufl: mentioned, and who are the only perfons taken notice or in the monuments which It remain of thole times, lie pardoned all the reft. muft, however, be allowed that his clemency had
j'-i^iy

We

may

not that magnanimous generofiry which flione in his His cunning and artful charader difgreat uncle. .-^ covers itlelf in apaffage which Dio has preferved to us. that he had burnt all theDiol.ui. OcSlavius declared

found belonging to Antony. His intention in this was to remove all fears fi^om thofe who had any connection with the unfortunate party, and might be afraid of being called to Pompey had an account for their paft condu<5l. behaved in the fame manner v;ith regard to Sertorius's papers, and Carfar had imitated him after the vidory which he gained over JMetellus Scipio. Octavius wanted to have the honour of fo orlorious an adion, and at the fame time not to deprive himfelf of the advantage Vv/hich Antony's papers would give him, with regard to tliofe who lliOuld be obilinate in reThus while he affirmed that maining his enemies.
papers which he
they v/ere all burnt, he carefully preferved the greateft part of them, and made no fort of fcruple to ufe them afterwards, v/henever an opportunity prefented
itfelf.

His conduft was more fincere with regard to the ibid He found affembled at Alexandria the foreigners.
children of the

1.

Ll.

moft'part of the kings

an,d princes,

and dep'.^ndents of Antony. There were both males and females 'among; them, the nrft retained as hoftages, and tlie others deftined for Antony's pleafures, who made no fcruple, in order rto
Vv'ere

who

allies

gratify his brutal pafTions, to diflionour the fiower^of

the nobility of the Eaft. The conqueror treated them all with great gentU^nefs ; fome ot them. he fent back, others he marric^d together, and a good, many he de-

but without ufing them harrnly. ,Dio mentions in particular Jotapa, who was to marry one of Antony's fons j and the brothers ot Artaxias king of
tained
,

Armenia.

2^6:
^^'
-

OCXAVIUS
'

IV,

CRASSUS,

Confuls;'^

A. R.72 Armenia.

..

_;
.w

:.i

.fti/l.

Jotapa was fent back to the king of the Medes her father, who fome time before had courted Odavius's friendlhip. But Artaxias could not obtain thatjhi^ fons fhould be reftored to him, becaufe he had mafiacred the Romans, who remained in his
country.
.tioni;

the viftory gained over Cleopatra, a conquered country, and a Roman province, 06tavius making ufe of the right of a conqueror, carried

Egypt became, by

away with him immcnie

funis cf

money.

The

palace of the kings v^as filled with prodigious treafures, which Cleopatra had likewife augmented by her rapines, and efpccially by plundering the temples of The reevery thing which was precious in them. proach of thofe facrilegcs fell upon Cleopatra, while Oftavius enjoyed the profit of them. He made likewife the Alexandrians, and all the Egyptians, purchafe the pardons v/hich he granted them by the payment of large taxes. Thus the money which he took

out of Egypt amounted to fuch a fum as enabled him to pay all he owed his foldiers, and befides, to give thofe who followed him in this laft expedition, a gratuity of one hundred and fifty denarii * a head, to rnake amends for the plunder of Alexandria, which he had deprived them of. He repaid all he had borrowed for fupporting the war, and magnificently rewarded the Roman Senators and Knights who had 4erved him. In fhort, Rome was enriched, and its temples adorned with the fpoils of Egypt. Nothing could better difcover the immenfe quantity of money with which the conqueft of Egypt enriched Rome, than the change in commerce which refulted from it. The funds doubled their value, and the intereft of money was reduced to a third, falling from twelve to four per cent. It is true that we ought to attribute a part of that effe6b to the peace and tranquillity which was entirely eftabliflied, the firft-fruit$

of which they had already enjoyed.

About
iix

pounds

fterliug.

A province

OCTAVIUS

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuls.

297

province fo rich, and extremely fertile in corn, ^^^''^^^* Tsas a very confidcrable acqiiifition to the Roman em-^o. de Joieph. of Rome, pire. Alexandria became after this the nurfe fupplying that capital of the univerie with provifions j^*;^^"
'

But to confider things in another light, this richnefs, and even this fertility, jn a province fo far diftant from the centre of the government, might infpire with ambitious thoughts a governor who had the command of it, who might flatter himfelf the more eafily of fucceeding in fortifying himfelf, and making an independent eftablifhment there, as the country was difficult of accels both by fea and land, and that nation always fickle, fuper-Tac. Hifl. ilitious to excefs, and difpofed to fedition and revolts, concealing a fire which was always ready to break out on the flighteft occafion. Alexander had formerly been ftruck with thefe ap-^""i^aprehenfions, and had taken precautions againft that danger, by dividing the authority among feveral perOdlavius took another method, which anfwered fons. the fame end. He put at the head of that province, ^^o, not an honourable magillrate, but a fimple Roman Knight, with the title of Prefedl, having under his com.mand three legions, and fome other bodies ofstrabo. 1.
for four

months

in the year.

troops lefs confiderable, diilributed in different parts J^^^j^^^,^^ of the country. The firft whom he invefted with this 66. office was Gallus, a perfon of low condition, and who owed his whole fortune to him. Odlavius even carried his precautions fo far, as to forbid any Senator

to

fet

his

foot in

Egypt without

his

exprefs per-

miffion.

In order to prevent the effect of the reftlefs and fe- Do. ditious fpirit of the people, he would not allow them either Senate or publick council in Alexandria, tho' almoft all the tov*-ns of the empire enjoyed this preAnd in general he did not eftablifh in rogative. Egypt the form of government which the Romans introduced into their new conquefts, and which had always fomething of the republican turn. Egypt wasStrabo. governed after quite a monarchical fyftem, and the
Prefects

^^8
'^'?o.^*

OCTAVIUS
positions

IV.

CRASSUS,

Confuis.

A.R.72i. Prefers reprefented their ancient kings.

'''^^'

were fettled and paffed into Tac.Ann. maxim of ftate."'' ^'^*^'' II. 59. However Odlavius, while he was taking meafiires
fevere in appearance, in order to confirm
to

Thefe difa law, and a

himfelf

the pofiefllon of his conqusft, was no lefs attentive to render the fubjefls happy and he wanted that Egypt,
,

Strabo.

it procured to the Rofhould receive from its new mafters man whatever it wanted to make it happy. The laft kings of Egypt had been a fet of monfters. There was nothing to be found in them but cruelty, a tyrannical difpofition, and a contempt of laws and of manners. Their fmalleft failing was negligence. Under fuch a government Egypt, in fpite of its fertility and other advantages, had been very unhappy. 06lavius re-

in return for the advantages

empire,

by a wife policy, and a dole attention to the good of the country. Thofe canals which came from the Nile, and were fo necelTary for fertilizing the foil, and fo commodious for the interior commerce of the country, were entirely fpoiled, and flopped up with heaps of mude. He made his But troops cleanfe them, and cut out new ones. efpecially he encouraged the maritime commerce, for which Alexandria had been built, and of which, by .its fituation, it ought to have been the centre, if the negligence and bad condu6t of its kings had not hinThus this great city was never in fo floudered it. It rilhing a condition as under the Roman empire. was then that it became truly the general magazine of all nations, and the chain which conneded the Eaft Thus Alexandria was raifed to the with the Weft. rank of the fecond city of the univerfe, which Ihe

medied

thefe evils

conftantly afterwards enjoyed

till

the foundation of

Conftantinople. During the ftay which Ocftavius

pio,

AlexanHe even dria, he vifited the tomb of Alexander. touched the body ; and Dio has thought proper to remark, that the end of the nofe on which he laid his The hand, was reduced to duft under his fingers.
at

made

teftimonies

OCTAVIUS
his

IV.

CRASSUS,

^Gonfuls.

?t^g

teftimonies of veneration which he fhewed to the afhes A.R. 72*.of that conqueror, the flowers wiiich he ftrewed upon ^"*^' ^'

crown with which he adorned Suet. Aug. him, are circumftances much more worthy to be re- *^* membered. They wanted likewile to Ihew him the tombs of the Ptolemies ; but he refufed it, telling them that he was curious to fee a king, and not dead bodies. He likewife exculed himfelf from vifiting Apis, according to their defirc, by an exprefiionDjo^ more folid and judicious than the former. *' I am ** accuftomed," faid he, " to honour the Gods, and

monument, and

the

<

dis-

"

not an ox."

the end of the fine feafon he left Egypt, crofled Syria, and went into Afia, to pafs the winter
there.

Towards

applied himfelf to eftablifli tranquillity and his own authority in thofe vaft countries, which till that time had never fubmitted to his laws ; and, to make them immediately fcnfible of the difference be-

He

tween his government and that of Antony, he caufed to be replaced in the temples the ftatues which his rival had taken away, to fatisfy the avarice. of Cleopatra. A rcftitution which both religion, and the tafte the Greeks had for arts, rendered extremely
agreeable to thefe people. He had then an opportunity of concerning himfelf juftin. 1. in the affairs of the Parthians, amongft whom troubles ^^fli- ai'^i

were excited, which were owing to the^*' His fuccefs againfl pride and cruelty of Phraates. Antony having puffed up his courage, he gave way to his natural ferocity with more boldnefs and lefs reHis fubferve than ever, and fpilt feas of blood. at lafl extremity, loft all jeds, drove to patience, away drove Phraates, the yoke, off and fet ihook reign in his place. The to Tiridates dethroned up king had recourfe to the Scythians, and with the troops which they lent him returned into his kingdom. Tiridates in the mean time endeavoured to maintain and thus the Parthians himfelf upon the throne were engaged in a civil war at the fame time with the

and

divifions

Romans,
Both

3QP
A.R-7^v
.

OCT^yiy^JV, C|IASSUS,

ConfuU.

Both Tiridatcs and Phraates courted Oflavius's "^o.^* fnendfhip, and demanded affiftance from him ; but he iinderitood his own intereft too well, not to be pleafed to fee the forces of a powerful empire, and the only rival to that of Rome, deftroy each other by their inteftine divifions ; and he anfwered that his own affairs occupied him entirely. During the time he was in Egypt, the war between the Parthians was determined by the vi6lory of Phraates and the expulfion of Tiridates, who retired into Syria with one of his enemy's fons, whom he had found means to takeOdlavius was ftill follicited by the two prifoner. ^ii princes. Tiridates prelled him to re-eftablilh him
J.

iipon the throne, promifing afterwards to become his vaflal and Phraates, on the other hand, fent Ambafladors to him, demanding of him to deliver up
,

Tiridates his rebellious flave, and to fend back his But Odlavius hearkened to neither of their de^ fon. inands, contenting himfelf with promifing a fure re-

fuge to Tiridates in Syria, and refolving to take with him Phraates's fon, as an hofiage, to Rome, whither he was preparing to return. VelLu.88., There he would have been in very great danger, if The the vigilance of McTcenas had not prevented it. Ton of Lepidus, a ralli and impetuous young man,

had formed
val.

a confpiracy to affafTinate
in

him
all

at his arri-

He

faw

him

the deftroyer of

his relations

and fupporters, and propofed to revenge by his death his father, whom he had fpoiled of all his riches, his uncle Brutus, whom he reduced to kill himfelf, and lafl of all Antony, who had been his father-in-law, a We have no recent victim of 06lavius's ambiticKn.
account of this conTpiracy ; nor are we able to fay who were the perfons whom Lepidus engaged in All we know is, that their defigns were the plot. Upon the firft very foon penetrated by Mascenas. fufpicion of it, that minifter obferved every ftep that was taken, and let him proceed till he had fufficient proof againft him, which the rai^nefsof the young confull

'

OCTAVllti'M^fcRASSUS,
confpirator foon furnifhed

ConCuU:

'38^
Ant, c.

himwith.
to follow

The

criminal A. R.;*/;

was

ieized,

committed, and put to death.

her beloved hufband to his tomb, and carefully obferved by her family, having no weapon about her, fhe choaked herfelf, according to Velleius, by fwallowing live coals. It has been alledged that the celebrated Portia, the wife of Brutus, fuffered the fame kind of death ; but I have proved that very probably it was only a fable. With regard to Servilia, I have nothing to invalidate the teftimony of Velleius.
Servilia

his wife defined

Junia, fifter of Appian. Brutus, was included in the criminal procefs againd ^^^^^^^*'^ her fon, and Mscenas wanted to fend her to Od:athe confpirator,

The mother of

vius to be judged by him, or at leait he

that fhe

demanded
when.;is

would give

fufficient fecurity to

appear

ever fhe fhould be called upon.

Here again

a very

remarkable inflance of the ficklenefs and inflability of human affairs. The Conful before whom that procefs was carried on, and who was abfolutely to determine it, was one who had been profcribcd, whom Appian calls Balbinus. Old Lepidus, formerly one of the three authors of the profcription, faw himfelf obliged to implore the protedlion of that Conful, having fallen into fuch difcredit and negledt, that he could not find any perfon to become fecurity for his wife. He frequently waited before Balbinus's door, without gaining accefs ; and when he wanted to approach the tribunal, the li<5lors pufhed him back. At lafl he forced himfelf in, and accofled Balbinus in the fol" The accufers themfelves acknowlowing manner. *' ledge my innocence, and do not reproach me as being an accomplice either with my wife, or with my fon. As to you, it was not I who profcribed
* Soon after the death of Csefar, Antony, according to Dicf s accxjunt, (Book. XLIV. towards the end) had given in marriage to Lepidus oiw; cf his daughters, who is no v/here elfe mentioned in hiftory. She muft have Seen dead at the time I am now fpeaking of, for there h no mention made of her among the children which Antoay left at hii death and befidesr the wife of young Lepidus at the time of the con(piracy was called Servilia by Velleius,
;

*'

you.

302.,
Ant. C.
30.

OCTAVIUS
and
I

V.

APULEIUS,

Conful?.

A'.R.7"-'* you,
,,

myfelf at prefent inferior to feveral whom I formerly did profcribe. Confider then the changes of fortune to which mankind is fubjeft. Behold Lepidus, who prefents himfelf a fupphcant Touched with fuch a fpedlacle, either before you. accept me as fecurity for my wife, or fend me with " her bound hand and foot to Csefar." The Conful relented at this fpeech of Lepidus, and he excufed Junia from the necefTity of giving fecurity. Odavius fpent in Afia the end of the year of his fourth Confulfhip, and the winter following, when he was Conful for the fifth time, together with Sex. Apuleius.
fee

A.R.723.

C. Julius

C^sar Octavius

V.

^l*^-

Sex. Apuleius.
Senate had not heard of the entire defeat and death of Antony, to decree honours to his vanquifher. Immediately after the battle of A6tium, they publifhed an order for his triumphing over Cleopatra, and to this honour, which might be called premature, as the war was not yet finifhed, they added feveral It was given out that they intended to eredt others. ^or him two triumphal arches, the one at Brundufium, and the other in the Forum at Rome that they would confecrate in the temple erefted in honour of Julius Ccefar the prows of the veflels taken at A6lium that they would celebrate games every five years in
,
'

The

Diow

honour of Odavius ; that his birth-day, and that on which the news of his vidory arrived at Rome, fhould be kept as feftivals ; that upon his return, the Veftals, the Senators, and all the citizens, together "with their wives and children, fhould go out to reWith regard to the crowns and ftatues ceive him. which were decreed to him, Dio has judged it fuperiluous to give a lift of them, and it would ftill be a more ufelefs tafk at this time of day, even fuppofing the records we have of it to be exad.

The

'

OCTAVIUS
The

V.

APULEIUS,

Cohfuts^^O

30^^

death of Antony, which crowned and con- A. R. 71^.-f firmed Oclavius's profperity, became an occafion and ^"^' motive of new homages being paid to his good forThey decreed him a new triumph on account tune. for they obferved that de-'' of his conqucit of Egypt corum in the title of the triumphs, to make no mention neither of Antony, nor of the Romans who fol-'lowed him. They likewife ordered that the day on which Alexandria was taken Ihoiild be celebrated as a feftival, and ferve as an epocha for the Egyptians to date their year from. All this, however, was only honorary. But they

fomething more fubllantial, by decreeing to Oftavius for his whole life-time the tribunitial power, with a right dill miOre extenfive than that of the Tribunes, whole authority was confined within the walls of the city, whereas they allowed him to exercife his as far as a mile's diltance from Rome. This pov;er had been ofl'ered him fome years before, as I have already obferved, but he did not accept of it. He flill perfifted even at this time to refufe it, and iC' was not till after he had abdicated his eleventh confullliip, that the Senate having offered it to him anew,^ he confented atlaft to receive it, in order that he might have a lafting title of authority and pre-emi-> nence in Rome over all the magiftrates. They acknowledged him in fome meafure the chief of the re^^ publick, by ordering that his name fhould be added, to thofe of the Senate and people in the prayers and vows which the priefts fhould offer up for the fafety of the empire. In fine, on the firfl of January, the conful his colleo:ue, and the v/hole Senate, fwore to obferve his decrees and orders a duty paid only by fubjecls towards their fovereign. They granted him' befides fom.e particular rights, as that of augmentingas he pleafed the number of the priefts, a right whicl* both he and his fucceffors gloried in fo much, that thB number of thofe in Rome cloathed in different facer-: dotal robes became exceffive, and in the time of Di<^

added

to

it

it

304
^A^'
7^3- it
a9.

OCTAVIUS
giller

V.

APULEiUS.
tafl^:

Confuls.
re-

would have been a

difncult

to

keep an exaft

of them. They were nOt content with beftowing upon him all the honours and grandeur a mortal could receive, but thty even affociated him with the Gods, ordering his name to be inferted with theirs, in the hymns which were fung at the moft folemn feftivals. It was
likev/ife enjoined
feafts,

to offer

him

libations at all

their

whether publick or private, and Horace afilires us that this cuflom was eftablifhed and kept up^ * " Every citizen (fays he to Auguftus, in an ode which was publiihed a great while after the time I am now fpeaking of) invites you as a tutelar God to

you with humble pfayers, pours out libations in honour of you, and renders you the fame homage as to his houfehold Gods. Irt the fame manner as Greece deified Caftor, and the
his defert.

He

addrefles

great Hercules, out of gratitude." Oftavius received all thofe honours^ both

human

and divine, with fome others

have not mentioned^ to avoid being tedious ; at leaft he refufed but very few of them. For example, he declared abfolutely that he did not defire the whole number of citizens ihould go out to meet him at his entry into Rome. Further, not only thofe titles which had power annexed to them, but even thofe which could only be regarded as merely honorary, pleafed him in feveral reHis vanity was flattered by fo many teftimofpe5ls. nies of veneration, and befides he knew that whatever heightens the majefty of the lawgiver in the eyes of the people, difpofes them more to obey him. To this principle ought to be attributed his wilJingnefs to receive divine honours efpecially, and his ?:eal of having them beftowed on his adoptive father.
I

* Quifque

^ alteris

Te

mcnfis adhibet deiim.

prece, te pl'ofequitur mero'

Te multa

Defufo pateris, & Larlbus tuiim Mifcet numeii, uti Grcecia Gaftoris, Kt mngni niemor Herculis.
i-lo^K.

Od, IV,

5.

He

OCTAViUS
He
had caufed
a

V.

APULEIUS,

Ccnfuls.

305

temple to be ere<51:ed to him in Rome, A- ^- 7^3and he confented, at the time I am novv ipeakino- of, ^'y* ^' that the people of Afia fhould build one to him at Ephefus, and the Bithynians at Nice, to pay honours to him in the fam.e manner as they did at Rome ; and he ordered the Romans eftabliflied in thofe provinces, to worOiip in thefe temples together with the natives of the country. Though Julius could reap no advantage from thole homages
;

meafure upon his fon who It was not, however, fufficient fur Odavius to be the fon of a God, but he wanted to pafs for one himfelf. However, he was more rcferved with regard to Rome, where he never fuffered them to confecrate any place for his worOiip, though he allowed it in the provinces. Afia and Bithynia firft fee the example Suet.Aug. for at the fame time that they built thofe temples I 5*have mentioned in honour of Julius Ccefar, they ^reded others to Octavius in the towns of Pero-amus and Nicomedia. They likewife alTociated v\^ith him, by his order, the city of Rome, which in fome meafure foftened the odium of thofe facrilegious honours* As no contagion is fo infcdious as that of flattery,
;

yet they reflected in foms reprefented him.

cxamole let them by the Afians and Bithynians. Throughout phiio ad the whole empire there was nothing but temple's, fo- CaiumI lemn games, and facerdotal colleges, ereded in honour of the mauer of the univerfe and thefe temples were commonly more beautiful and ornamented than thofe of the ancient divinities, whom a modern and
;

fo prefently all the provinces followed the

vifible

Alexandrians in particular built a magnificent temple to him, to which were

eclipfed.

God

The

added

portico's,

libraries,

courts,

facred

groves,

porches and walks, where they honoured him under the title of " C^efar the protedor and patron of Sai-

"

carried to greater excefs with regard to his fuccelfors, moft par; of whohi deferved a fcafibld m.ore than an altar. In the mean
ftill

lors."

This

flattery

was

while Italy and

Rome

were favoured, and Dio

af-

VoL. X.

jures

^o6
A. R. 7^3 fares
"g^
'

OCTAVIUSV. APULEIUS,
lis

Confuls.

time there was no temple erefted to any emperor while alive, at leaft by peribns worthy After their death every body is to be mentioned. acquainted with the ceremony of the Apotheofis, in confequencc of which they had all divine honours paid
that
till

his

them. Further it is proper to obferve, that that impious cufiom of giving and receiving worfhip referved for Tit. L'lY. God alone was of a long ftanding among the Romans ^^}}\ ^i for a great while before this time the provinces of the * 52^* empire had ereded temples to the city of Rome as to a Goddefs, and frequently the fame honours had been Oftavius therefore was paid to fimple pro-confuls. not more culpable than thofe who preceded him ; but in joining him with others I do not pretend to diminifh his crime. I (hould rather chufe to point out, how even that part of mankind which was then the moil enlightened lufFered itfelf to be corrupted by the voice of the tempter, who faid to our firll parents, " Ye fliall be like Gods.'* I have referved till now the two decrees of the ienate which flattered 06lavius moft, becaufe they were of a very Hngular nature, and even the fatisfadlion he "had in them does honour to him. The firll ordered the temple of Janus to be fliut The Romans up, as a token of univerfal peace. were much delighted with this ; for the difturbanccs raifed by the Trcvii in Gaul, and the Cantabrii in Spain, did not delerve the name of a war. Every body knows that fince the foundation of Rome, the temple of Janus had never been fliut but twice ; the firft in the reign of Numa, and again after the firft Punic war. It was this which rendered the honour' that was fo rare of having fliut * " the gates of war,'* as Virgil calls them, more precious in the eyes of OcHe was fenfiblc that the glory of being the tavius.
*
Dirse ferro Sc

compagibus

arftis

Claudentur

belli port?e.

ViRG. JEn,

I. zg, vid,

&

VII, 607.

reilorer

OCTAVIUS

V.

APULEIUS,

Coafuls.

^67

riellorer of peace to the univerfe far excelled the fplen- a.r. 723. dor of the greateft conquefts ; and he deferved to be ^"'^- c* congratulated on this fentiment. The objeft of the fecond decree nearly refembled the other ; for he likevvife renewed, after a long interval, a pacific ceremony which they called the " Augur of Safety," and which Dio explains nearly in This is a kind of Divination, fays that thefe terms. Hiftorian, by which the Romans pretend to inform themfelves whether the divinity judges it proper for them to demand the lafety and happinefs of the nation ; not thinking it lawful even to demand it unlefs they have authority for it from heaven. The firft magiftrate in Rome confults the aufpices with this intent, and the day on which he performs this religious office, muft be a day of entire peace, on which there is neither any body of troops fetting out for war, nor an enemy's army in the field, nor any military preparations a going on, nor apprehenfions of a battle. This ceremony, which ought to have been repeated every year, had been performed for the laft time thirty-four years before, in the confulfhip of Cicero, when Pompey had happily terminated the war againft MithriSince that time, on account of the foreign dates. and civil wars, they had never been able to find a day when it was pOfTible for them to perform the " Augur " of Safety.'* "We now fee the reafon why Oftavius was charmed at having an opportunity to renew it for it declared him the Saviour of the republic, and this encomium was likewife bellowed on him by an * infcrrption dated in his fifth confuKliip. 0(5lavius after a flay of feveral months in Afia, went into Greece, and from thence to Italy, entering Rome in a triumphant manner. He had three tri-

umphs

at that tirhe to celebrate.

The

firll

was over

the Dalmatians, Pannoniaris, lapyds, and other neigh* SENATtJS-POPULUSQVE. KoMANVS. TmP. C^^SARI. DlVI, JuLi. F. Cos. QuiNCT. Cos. Desig. Sext. Imp, Sept. RepubLiCA, CONSERVATA. Siguon. Comm. in Fallos.

bouring

joS
A.R.
723-

OCTAVIUSV. APULEIUS,

Confuts.

bouring nations, to which were joined in the title o*^ ^Y^Q triumph the Morini, a people of Gaul, and the *^* Suevii, of Germany, whom Carrinas his lieutenant had reduced to obed'ence. The fecond triumph was for the victory at Adium, and the third for the conqueft of Egypt. have no very accurate defcription of thefe triumphs ; but there is no doubt of their pomp being magnificent, feeing the whole known world contributed to embellilli them. Together with the fpoilsof the vanquifhed, they carried crowns and other gifts, v/hich their allies were accuflomed to offer on fuch occafions, as a tribute of acknowledgment and conThefe were followed by the triumphai gratulation. 'chariot of Octavius, whofe vidory was greatly exalted by his youth ; for he then only entered into his Suet. Tib. f^ve and thirtieth The ftate horfes were year. *' mounted, that on the right by Marcellus, nephew to Oftavius, and defigned by him for his fucceflbr, in cafe he iliould have no heirs of his own, and that on the left by Tiberius, the fon of Livia, who was at that time about fourteen years old. After the chariot marched the Conful Potitus, who was chofe all the magiftrates with the in the place of Apuleius ornaments of their dignity, and all the fenators who had follov;ed 06lavius in the wars, and contributed to his viftory, cloarhed in robes embroidered with The army dillributed into legions and copurple. Thofe officers and folhorts, clofed the procelTion. diers who had received military rewards (of whom there v;as a gre^it number) carried the fignals of their bravery, the glory of which refiedled upon their geAgrippa, whether he took his place among neral. the fenators, or at the head of the army, fhone above all the reft by his fea-green ftandard, which Odlavius had given him as a proof and monument of the (liare I mention nothing he had in the viftory at Adium. of the infinite number of people which had gathered tofi:ether to behold the triumph.
Anr. c.
'

We

'

Of

OCTAVIUS
Of
all

V.

APULEIUS,
laft,

Confuls,

309
"'.'

the triumphs the

in

which the

fpoils ofA.R.jzi.

Cleopatra was intended to have been the principal ornament of it, and in order to fupply her perTon, Oc!:laviiis caufed them to carry a piftnre of her, which rcprefented her lying on a bed, having an afp or two The children of that queen, Alexfixed to her arm.

Egypt were

difplayed, was by far the richeft.

ander and Cleopatra, were there led captives. I'heir brother Ptolomy had probably died after the tai<.ing of Alexandria. The chariot was doubtlefs preceded by feverai other prifoners, or hoflages of diiferent courts of the Eaft ; but of thofe w-e have no particular account, and we know no other of that number but Alexander the brother of Jamblichus, whom I have mentioned elfewhere, and Adjatorix and his children, "whofe fortune had fomething extremely affe^lins; and
intcrefting in
it.

Adjatorix was defcended from the Tetrarch of Gallo- srmbol. Grecia, and Antony had made him prince of the city xii. of Heracleum and of Pontus. Part of that town v/as then inhabited by a Roman colony, and Adjatorix takins advantage of the troubles the Romans were in, attacked, during the night, thofe who compofed that' colony, under pretence of an order from Antony,' 06lavius thought and put them all to the fv/ord. he ought not to leave this crime unpuniflied, and after having led Adjatorix, his v.'ife and children in -triumph, he condemned him to die, together with the eldefl: of his fons. There were three of them in all, and when they were conducted to the place of execution, the fecond, out of an admirable generofity, maintained that he was the eldeft, and therefore the fentence of death refpeded him. He who was truly the eldeft, and was called Dyteutus, would not yield in point of generofity to iiis brother, but claimed his right of birth, the privilege of which was a bloody death. The contefl: between them was pretty long,

and the two brothers renewed the difpute fo much celebrated between Pylades and Orefves. At laft, how-

ever.

510
^Tg.*^"

OCTAVIUSV. APULEIUS,

Confuls.

A. K. 71^- ever, their relations having reprefented to Dyteutus,. ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ eldeft, he could the better fup-

port his mother and the yonngeft of his brothers, he yielded, and the fecond was beheaded in his ftead, This furprizing adventure made a great noife, and 06lavius on being informed of it was forry for the ri-r-

gour he had exercifed on that family.

rous tq repair it as much as pofTible, Dyteutus the priefthood of Bellona at Comanus in Pontus, a confiderable eftablifhment, and of which I have had occafion to fpeak more than once. The triumphs of Oftavius were feen with great pleafure by the Romans, and the whole nation took All men of fenfe obpart in them with a fincere joy. between Odlavius and An? ferved a great difference tony ; and fmce they muft have a mafter, they judged that fortune had ufed them very favourably by givThe corning them the ableft and wifeft of the two. mon people were gained by his attention to indulge t:hem, and by the greatnefs of his munificence. I have already obferved that he re-imburfed them all the money they had advanced to him, and remitted He glfo excufed all that was. due of the laft taxes. the towns of Italy from furnifhing crowns which they pfed to beftow on triumphers, or any thing inllead of them. Not content wi^h thofe proofs of juftice an4 moderation, he added to them immenfe diftributions He gave four hundred feflerces a head to il.7s.11d. of money. ftei-ling. j]^g lower clafs of citizeps. And after bellowing this gift in his own name, to all who were above the age of feventeen or eighteen years, he extended it to the The foldiers, children, under the name of M^rcellus. ^o the number of one hundred and tv/enty thoufand, About 61. received of him a thoufand fefterces a head. In Ihort, flerling. qpon fending them to the colonies, he diftributeci large fums, in order to recompence thofe in the towns and countries where they were eftablifhed, granting the fame indulgence not only to Italy, but alio to the provinces, which had never been done before.
^'

was defir and he gave to

He

Such

OCTAVIUS

V.

APULEIUS,

Confuls.

Such liberalities as thefe were a powerful allurement; and that happy tranquillity which they lliw reftored after fo many troubles and misfortunes, difpofed them to love the author of the publick felicity, and to prefer his yoke to a tumultuous liberty, the fource of ambitious projeds for the great, and of calamities
for the people.

A. R. 723.
^^'^^*--

Macrcb.
^^^'
C. 12.

Odavius celebrated thefe three triumphs in the month of Auguft, three days fucceffively. Afterwards Carrinas and Autronius P^tus triumphed, the
one over the Morini and the Suevii, and the other over Africa. Autronius's exploits mufl not have been very inconliderable, feeing 06lavius, whofe lieutenant he was, did not comprehend him at all in his triumph. As to thofe of Carrinas, they had adorned the triumph of his general before they procured the fame honour to himfelf. Dio obferves that his father had been profcribed by Sylla, and that confequently the fon was excluded from all offices and hcnours by He never thelefs obthe laws of the fame diftator. tained every thing which the ambition of a Roman could defire, viz. the confulrtiip and a triumph. new example of the inconftancy of fortune' m hef changes for the better, as fometimes they are for tht

worfe.
,

,li>ri'-.

AtigiiS was fpent in feafls and rejoicings. Odlavius after his triumphs dedicated' a temple to Minerva, and another in honour of Julius Csefar, likewife a grand building defigned for the affemblies of the fenate, which he called the '""Palace *' of Julius." In this palace he confecrated a ftatue of Vidlory, which ftill remained in the time of Dio ; and his intention, according to that hiftorian, was to certify by that monument, that he obtained his right

The whole month of

of fupreme command by vidory and arms. He 'adorned the two temples juft now mentioned, and
likewife feveral others, with precious ornam.ents. car-

Thus he placed in the' temple of of Egypt. Venus a golden ftatuc of Clecpa' ra, and iikewile emried out

bellifhed

312
'^"': ^'

OCTAVIUSV. APULEIUS,

Confuk

A.R. 723>belli{hed that Goddefs with

thofe magnificent pen-

But the dants which I have mentioned cHewhere. frreatefc part of the riches which were the fruits of his He even caufed a viftory he placed in the Capitol. decree to be pafied in the fenate, if we may believe
Dio, to take out of it as prophane and polluted (but I cannot imagine in what relpecl) all the treafures which had formerly been amaffed there, in order that
the place might be left free for the new offerings which he there confecrated. I do not think we can refer to a more fuitable occafion than this, the pro-

Suet.A.ijg.

89343U.
'

digious gift mentioned by Suetonius of fixteen thouand to the value of j-^j^j pound v/eight of gold,

one hundred and fifty millions of fefcerces in jewels, offered at once by Oiftavius to Jupiter Capitolinus. In order to folemnize the dedication of the temple of Julius Csefar, he gave to the people games and fhews of all kinds, horfe and chariot races in the circus ; combats of gladiators, in which a fenator, whom Dio calls Q^ Vintelius, was fool-hardy enough to lofe chaces of wild beafts his honour and hazard his life brought from foreign countries, among which a rhinoceros and a fea- horfe are particularly mentioned and lall of all combats between troops of Suevii and Dacii, the former made prifoners by Carrinas, and
-,

-,

the latter taken at

A6lium among

the auxiliary troops

of Antony.

To

all

thefe different kinds of fhews, 06lavius ad-

ded one which he was particularly fond of; it was that called The Trojan Game, fo well defcribed by Virgil, in the fifth book of his ^^neid, and which confifled of horfe-courfes, performed by the children of They divided themfelves into the prime nobility.
Suet.Tib.
,6.

according to their age, and at the g^^ies I now fpeak of, Tiberius commanded the fquadron of the firll rank. 06cavius was pleafed with this exercife, as Csefar had been before, becaufe he encouraged the opinion of the ancient nobility of
different fquadrons

the

OCTAVIUSV. APULEIUS,
the
Tulii afcendins:

Confuls.

as hio-h as /Eneas.
-

31^ Bcfides, he^.R. y-s* (^

thought
bility

manner to make themfelves known, and draw upon them the regard of the citithis

proper to begin in
it

in

every

refpecfl for the

young no-

Ant

zens.

joy of thefe feafts, which lafted fcveral days, was a little difturbed, but not interrupted, by Odiavius*s indilpofition, his fiiate of health being very delicate. He defired that the fiiews might be continued, though he was not able to be prefent at them,

The

and he gave a commiflion to others to prefide

ftead.

in

his

Durino; all the time of the o;ames the fenators having diftnbuted themfelves in a proper manner, kept open tables by turns, in the porches of their houfes j and they invited every one that pafTed to come and eat^''" ^'^' with them, in the fame manner as was practifed on&xxV.n.' other occafions of public rejoicings. Oclavius did not content himielf with thefe temporary feafts. He wanted to tranfmit to pofcerity laft-

ing monuments of a victory which rendered him mafter of the world, and thefe he ereded at Allium and
in
-

Egypt.

promontory of A61:ium there was a temple Frelnof Apollo, which he enlarged and embellifned. They^hem. had celebrated there time out of mind games every-^'^^"^^'^' fhree years in honour of that God. He encreafed the fplendor and pomp of thefe games, but he prolonged the interval between them., and ordered, very prothe
'

Upon

bably to avoid their being abufcd, the common confequence of too frequent repetitions, that they fliouldbe celebrated only once in five years. Thefe are known in hiftory under the name of the Actian games. Befides, he enclofed with walls the camp which he there occupied, and formed it into a town which he called Nicopolis, the City of Vidory. In order to people it, he tranfported thither the inhabitants of Ambracia, and of fome other neighbouring towns, which had fuffered fo greatly by the wars between
the

314

OCTAVIUS

V.

APULEIUS,

Cor^fuls.

A.R. 7^3.the Macedonians and the Romans in this country, Ant. C granted that they v/ere rendered almoU defolate. 29 to the Nicopolitans excellent privileges, and among

He

others that of fharing in the "council of the Amphictyons, an ancient and refpecftable tribunal, where all

Greece was reprefented by twelve deputies of the This town became afterwards very principal Hates. fiouriihing, and at the time when Strabo wrote was improving every day. That fpot of ground where Odlavius's tent had been pitched v/as diftinguifhed from the reft of the town, being furrounded with walls of free-ftone, adorned with prows of veflels taken in the engagement, and confecrared by a ftatuc qf Apollo, which was placed in the open air without anv covering. Odavius even immortalized an afs and his leader, becaufe they had afforded a happy 1 he morning he went out of his prefage to him. camp to fight Antony, having met a man who was leading an afs, he afi-ied him his name, and the name of his beaft. " My name, fays he, is Eutychus, which " fio-nifies Happy, and my afs's name is Nicon, which ** fignifies Conqueror." Whether this adventure was purely accidental, or artfully contrived by Odavius to encourage his foldiers, he thought proper to preferve the memory of it, and ere<5ted in Nicopolis two ilatues reprefenting the afs and his mailer. Such were the monuments, and in a manner the trophies with which Odiavius took pleafure to adorn that place which had been the witnefs of the decifive In Egypt where he had finifhed aftion of his fortune. his victory, but without any danger, he built a fecond Nicopolis, upon the ground v/here he fought ao-ainft Antony before Alexandria, and there inftituted games like thofe at Allium.
.

In this

manner

061:avius congratulated himfelf in

the view of the whole world, on being arrived at the The methods by which he atheight of his wifhes. tained them, have been confidered by his cotemporaries in very different lights, and Tacitus has furnifhed

OCTAVIUS

V.

APULEIUS,

Confuls.

315

nifhed us with a double view of it, which feems en-'^-^-72j Ant. c. tirely adapted to terminate the reprefentation which I have attempted to give of it at fome length.

mentions the fpeeches \fhich were made on * Thofe who faAugufliis the day of his funeral. \'Oured hjs memory' faid, that a juft fenfe of gratitude and regard for his adoptive father, together with the peceffity of the republick at a time when the laws had loft their power, had forced him to engage in the ciyil war ; and that if his conduct in it was fometimes blame- worthy, it was becaufe it was not pofTible otherwife to raife forces proper for fuch an enterprize, nor to govern them by the rules of an exa6t virtue. That he found himfelf under a necefllty of grantinomany things to Antony, and even to Lepidus, in order to have it in his power to be avenged of the murderers of his father. And that afterwards, one of his two collegues having difgraced himfelf by his effeminacy and incapacity, and the other ruined himfelf by his debaucheries, he found that the government gf one perfon was the only remedy for the misfortunes qf his country, fatigued and worn out by difcords >vhich could not be reconciled. But -f- others who were lefs difpofed to. judge well of Oftavius, alledged on the contrary, that the defire
* Hi pietate erga parentem, & necefTitudine Reipublics-, in tju^ millus tunc legibus locus, ad armn civilia aflum, quae neque parati, neque haberi poflei^t per bono^ artes. Malta Antonio, dum interfeclores patris ultifceretur, multa Lepido conceffifl'e. Poftquam hie focordia fenuerit, ille per Hbidines peffnm datus lit, non aliud difcortjantis patriae

He

reinedium inventum,

quam

ut ab

uno

regeretur.

lica:

f Dicebatur contra, pietatem erga parentem, & teinpora Reipubobtentui fumpta ceterum cupiditate dominandi concitos per largitiones veteranos, paratum ab adolefcente privato exercitum, corniptas confulis legiones, fimulatam Pompeianarum gratiam partium. Mox ubi decreto p^trum fafces & jus prjetoris inyalerit, c^fis Hirtio Extortum invito Senatu ^ Panfa utiivi^que copias occnpaviffe. Confulatxnn armaque quse in Antonium acceperit contra Renipublicam ,verfa. Prol'criptionem civium, divifiones agrorum, ne iplij ^uidem qui fecere laudatus. Sane Caflii Sc Erutornm exitus paternis iDimiciiiis datos (quanquam fas iit privata odia publicis utilitatibus
: .

ffi3ittnc)

redPompeium imagine

pacis, fed

Lepidum

fpecis amicitiie

Pf

3i6

OCTAVIUS.y. APULEIUS,

Confuls.

A.R.yas. of revenging his father, and the diforders of the ftate, ^^^^' ^' were only a pretext j that the ambition of governing

was the true motive which induced him

to fliew his

generofity to the veterans, to affemble an army without any charader of pubjick authority, and corrupt

the legions of Antony, who was then conful, and to feign efteem and refpe6b for Pompey's party, in order to take advantage of the good will which it bore to: That having ulbrped the fafces and the that caufe.
prastorian

power by

a decree of

which the f^nace did

not forefee the confequences, after the farai death of Hirtius and Panfa, wkrQ had thrown out a great many afperfions againll him, he had taken pofTerrioii of the troops of both. That he had taken poffefiioa of the confuLQiip contrary to the inclination of the fenatorSj and immediately after turned againlt the republic thofe arms fhe had put into his haads to make war againft Antony. That it was jull to blame the profcriptions and the diftribittions of lands to the foldiers, feeing thofe wjio were the immediate authors of them never dared to juftify them. That they could very well forgive him the death of Caffius, and the two Brutus's, as due to the vengeance of his father (although after all it would have been more generous to have facrificed his particular enmities to the good of the public) but that he had impoitd upon Sextus Pompeius by a falfe fhew of peace, and on Lepidus by an external appearance of friendfhip. That his condud had been the fame with regard to Antony, v;hom he had deceived by the treaties of Tarentum and Brundufium, and by the marriage of his filler j and who at laft fuffered death by this fraudulent alliance.

each other, neverthelefs contain fomething true in each of them.

fo oppofite to
deceptos.
Pofl:

Thefe two opinions,

Antonium TarentinoBninduflnoque
morte

fcsdere

&

nuptiis

fororis inleftum fubdolse adfinitatis pocnas lOi 1, 9

exfolvifie.

Tac, Ann.

&

The

OCTAVIUS
THe
laft

V.

APULEIUS,

Confuls.

"

gi ;

exprelTes naturally Otftavius's intentions, and A.R. 71^. ^' the other fhcws the advar.rages he procured to the ^!^'

empire. And it is evident from facts, that the monarchical government wa ui that time the only refource of the Roman republic. Thus I have reprefented as faithfully as I could
the circumftances and caules of this great revolution;

becomes Chriftians to raife their thoughts ftill higher, and to trace in the different turns of human affairs, and the fport of the pafiions, the divine Providence which governs them, and direfts them to the execution of his defigns of mercy towards mankind. Chrift, who had been expelled tour thoufand years, was now foon to be born, and every thing was ordered
but
it

to facilitate the propagation of that heavenly doflrine

which he brought with him.

The

vaft extent of the

Roman

empire,

in

conneding

commerce, all the parts of the then known world, opened all the ways for the preachers of the Gofpel to which the terrible calamities of the civil wars would have been a very great obftacle. The "' Prince of peace" muft then be born in the bofom of peace ; and thus God raifed up Oclavius to put an end to all diflenfions, and eftablifh a lafiing trantogether, by a free and conllant
,

quillity in the empire.

narchy in the Roman of God, with regard to his church. Societies are attached to their particular maxims, and we fee that the fenate of Rome continued flill Pagan a great while after Chriilianity was mounted on the throne. The religion of Chrill would have fuftered an implacable and eternal war on the part of the fenate, provided the power had continued in its hands ; and the convcrfion of Conftantine alone gave peace to the Church for ever, after it had been harraffed and perfecuted for the fpace of three ages. It is with this reflection that I take leave of my readers upon finifhing this work, which I have put the laft hand to in obedience to the commands of a
7

the eftablifhment of moempire entered into the deii'^ns

Even

m after,

gi8

CCTAVIUSV. APULEIUS,

Confuls.

A.R. 74jmafter, whofe memory I fhall always refpeft, becaufe Ant. c. jj^ j^jj-j^ piety equalled his other talents. Happy, if *^' in following his footfteps, I regard all I can gather, from Pagan antiquity, as the riches of Egypt, which ought to be confecrated to God and Jefus Chrift. Happier ftill, if by. the fame Spirit direfting my pen, I fhall be able to infpire the like fentiments in thofe who do me the honour of becoming my readers.

N D E X.

GENERAL INDEX
TO T HE

TEN VOLUMES
O F

THE

ROMAN HISTORY.
N.
B.

The Numerical
Figures to

Letters

Volumes, and the Pages of each Volume.

refer

to

the

the

up the Spanifh hoftages, which were Romans by a flratagem, iii. ^36. Abgarus, king of Edefla, betrays CrafTus, viii. ^jj. Aborigines, ancient inhabitants of Latium, i. 5. & feq. Abydos, befieged by Livius the Roman Praetor, v. 117. Abyfs, a place in the midft of Rome, into which M. Curtlus
delivers
left at

ABELOX Saguntum

to the

ii. 296, Acarnanians, their furprifing refolutions to

leaps to fave his country,

refill

the ^tolian*,.

>\-

'54-

Accius

Novius, the augur, cuts a Flint in two with a Razor, i. Reflefticns on that event, 115. 114. Achaians, aflembly of, at Sicyon ; the ambafTudors of the Romans and their allies, and Philip's, have audience in it. After
long debates the afTembly declares for the Romans, iv. en. Another alTembly, where are piefent the ambaiTidois of Autiochus, the ^tolians, and Quintius. Different difcourfes of thoCe ambaffadors, v. 77, & feq. The Achaians declar^i againfl Antiochus, 80.
t6 aid the

Their dexterity
their

in

flinging,

189,

They
Sc feq.

Conful Marcius againft Perfeus, 392,

offers

prepare Poly-

bius communicates

to

the Conful, 39;.

great

number of them, on being fufpefled of having favoured Perfeus, are fen t to Rome, banifhed and difperfed into different citits, 483. They fend feveral deputations to Rome in favour of the exile?, but in vain, 485. At length, at the reprefentation of Cato, they are fent back into their own country, 487, & feq. Troubles excited by the Achaians. The Romans' endeavour
without fuccefs to pacify them, 546, cc Aq. The Achaians make a league and declare war againit Laced:mor!, 549, Bc2. otia joins them, 550. Their army is defeated by Metellus, ibid. & feq. He in vain propofes an accommodation with them, The Conful Mammius arrives before Corinth, 552. The 551.
be-

INDEX.
befieged ra(hly offer battle, and are defeated, ibid. The cicy !3 Acbaia is reduced taken, burnt, and entirely deitroyed, 553. to a Roman province, 554. Achillas, general of Pcolomy King of Egypt, with the royal army;

by th Cleopatra, 179, order of Arfmoe, Acilius, a foldier of Casfar, his extraordinary bravery, viii. 180. Acilius Glabrio, (M.) the Conful, is charged with the war againfi: Antiochus, becaufe Greece fell to his Ibare, v. 82, & feq. He Many cities furrender to him, 89. He drives in Greece. gains a conliderable vidlcry over Antiochus near the flreights of Thermopylae, 90. Cato carries the news of the Viilory to Rome, 94. Acilius endeavours in vain to bring over the JEtoHe befieges and carries Hera^ lians by gentle methods, ibid. fie forms clea after a defence of above a month, 95, Sc feq. And abandons it on the reprethe fiege of Naupadlus, ico. Returns to Rome, 168. fentations of Quintius, loi, & feq. And triumphs, ibid. Acilius Glabrio (M.) Couful, is named to fucceed LucaUus, vii.
175.
Is

befieges Csfar in Alexandria, ix.

filter to

aflaffinated

305-

Aitium, the naval battle between Antony and Octavius near that promontory, x. 250. Oftavius erefts there monuments of his
battle was fought between the 286. Adherbal, chief of the Carthaginians, defeats the fleet of the Conful Clodius Pulcher near Drepanum, iii. 212. Adherbal, the eldell fon of Micipfa, h defeated in a battle by Being Jugurtha, and takes reiuge at Rome, vi. 205, & leq. befieged in Cirta, writes to the Senate to implore its aid, 210. He is delivered to Jugurtha, and murdered, 213. See Jugurtha. Adjatorix, after being led in triumph by Oflavius, is put to death. Admirable generofity of his fons, x. 309. Aduatici, a people of Gaul, invaded by Csefar, viii. 220. The good efFeQs of Adultery, how punifhed in Rome. i. 27. ages, ibid. Roman ladies condemne.d for it, many it during

Adda, a

viftory, 313. river in Italy, near

which a

Romans and

the Gauls,

iii.

iii.

19.
ip ad e ufe

Affranchiiing,

the cuftom of afFranchifing flaves, i. 131. The of in afFranchifing flaves, 132. T-hey were not admitted among the knights or fenators, but placed among the city tribes, and had only the common privileges of the peoA law pafTes in the camp for the affranchifement o,f ple, 133.

methods

flaves,

li.

307.

They

are admitted into the land leryice, vi.

411. Afranius (L.) obtains the ccnfulfhip by the liberality of Pprapey,

His Chaiafter, 43. Pompey's lieutenant in Spain, Ai:d purs him to gains fome advantages over Ca:far, ix. 64. fome difficulties, 65. Is obliged by Caefar to abandon his camp, 68. Is purliied by Casfar and prevented from pafTinv the HcDrus, Caefar fpares his troops when he has it in his pQvec to ^'Jt 69. them to pieces, chufmg to reduce them to lay down their arms,
viii.

30.

-7^'

INDEX;
His
foldlers almoft

conclude a treaty with thofe of Casfar,

hiit

are

The war renewed. The two lieuprevented by Petreius, 72. tenants of Pompey are harrafTed and diHrefled by Csefar, and obTheir interview with Csefar, liged to furrender, 73. only on the difbanding of the adverfiiries troops, 75. He returns dition is agreed to and executed, 76.

who

infifts

That con-

with the After the battle of Pharfalia he other chiefs to Pompey, 77. Is put to death joins with Cato to oppofe Csefar in Afric, 232. Csefar, by 281. Africa. The two Confiils, after the naval viflory, go into A.O-ica, take Clypea, and ravage the whole country^ iii. 176. Regulus and his colleague returns )s continued in quality of proconfiil, to Rome, The new Ccnluls fail to Africa with a. 177. fleet. After gaining two battles, put to fea again to return to haly, and meet v/ith a dreadful ftorm on the coalls of Sicily, i88 The Romans return anew, take fome places, and carry ik. feq. Ravaged again by the Roman Fleet, off a great booty, 19 1. iv. 212. After the ruin of Carthage Africa becomes a Roman province, v. C43. Wars in this country between Csefar and See Csefar, Metellus, the remains of Pompey's party, ix. 229, Scipio, Juba, c^c. See Law Agrarian. Agrarian law. Agriculture, a noble profeilion, i. 30. How efteemed at Rome, ibid. Recommended by Numa as the means to avoid po* Having been neglected on account cf the wars, i$ verty, 72. re-ellablifhed by the authority of the Confuls, iv. 297.

Agrigentum, a city of Sicily. The Romans befiege it in conjundion with the Troops of Syraeufe, iii. 150. Hanno, ths Carthaginian, is fent with fuccours to the place, and is beaten, feq. The city is taken by the Conful after a fiege cf J 5 2, & fevcn months, 150. Is befieged and taken by the Carthatfinians, igo. Taken again by the Conful Levinus, iv. 172Agrippa Menenius. See Menenius. Agrippa, (Vipfanius) efpoules the intereft of Odavius, ix. 393. He accuies Calhus before the tribunal erected by Oiflavius, 48c.
Oflavius's lieutenant, he befieges Lucius in Perufia, x. 71. Being cor.queror in Gaul he refufech a triumph, 136. He ia made

charged v^^ith the preparations for war He tbrms the pert of Julius by the junction of the two L-;ke3 Lucrinus and Avernus, 138. He gains an advantage over the fleet of Sextus, 149. His political circumfpedion, ibid. He gains a complete victory over the fleec of Sextus, 52. Oclavius honours him with a roilral crown, 161. The magni.'iQence cf his edilethip, 205. Agrippa and Maecenas, the chief friends, confidants, and minillers of Oflavius, 207. He goes with a fquadron to harrafs Antony, and intercepts a large convoy, 242. His fortunace expedition in Greece, 245. He commands the fleet of Odavius at the battle of Aftium, 2^ i. Oftavius fends him into ItrJy, 257. He aflifts in the triumph ofOdlavius, 308. Ahala. See Servilius.
Conful,
137.
is

He

againil Sextus,

ibid.

Vol. X.

Aius

INDEX.
Ains Locutius a temple erected to that God, ii. 172. Aix, a city of Provence, its foundation, vi. 172. Alban mountain, firft triumph upon it, iii. 261. Albanians, a people of Afia fubdued by Pompey, vli. 406. Alba Longa, a city built on mount Albanus by Afcanius, i. 'f, Succeffion of its kings, 8. Tlieir war with the Romans, 70. Interview for an accommodatiori, 80. Is terminated by a fingle combat between the Horatii and Curiatii, 81. Alba fubmita to the Romans, 84. The city deftj'oyed, and the inhabitants
.

removed
Casre,
ii.

to

Rome, 00

Albinus, his piety with regard to the Vellals,

who

take refuge at

154. Albius, (C.) of Cales, and C. Atrius of Umbria, chiefs of therevolt at Socro, iv, 314. Their puniihment, 320.

Albucius (T.)

his fingular

Jscondemn'd

charailer, vi. 287. for extortion, ibi<d.

His vanity, 288.

Albula, an ancient name for the Tiber, i. 8. Alexander, king of Epirus, lands in Italy, ii. 371. His death, 372;. Alexander, the Great, a comparir.n between that prince and the Romans, ii, 412, & feq. His tomb vifited by Odavius, x. 29&. Alexander, fon of Perfeus. See Perfeus. Alexander, fon of Antony and Cleopatra, declared king by that triumvir, x. 221. Alexandria, the bafcnefs and efFeminacy of the Alexandrians, viii. 274. The war of Alexandria after the battle of Pharfalia, ix. Cleopatra arrives at that city, and is introduced to 170, & feq.
>

Cssfar,
iirli

Cs:far is beiieged there by Achillas, 175. The Great part of the library burnt, 176. Ganimed continues the iiege, 179. Csfar's danger. He efcapes by fwimming, 181. The Alexandrians demand their king of Csfar, who returns him, 182. The lafl: battle, 186. R;;duction cf Alexandria and Egypt, ibid. Antony's triumph at

174.

battle.

that city, x. 216,

.

Odt.ivius approaches

it,

276.

He

enters ic

Riches of that city, advantages of its iituation, 296, 298. The day on which that city was taken by Ofiavius ordered to be obferved as an epocha for the Egyptians to date their time from, 303. Alexas, who betray'd Antony, is put to death by Octavius, x. 275. Alefia, a city of Gaul, befieged by Csefar, a great and memorable event, viii. 439. Cajfar's v/orks. An army affembles from all parts of Gaul to relieve the city, 440. A famine in the city. One of the chiefs propofes to eat human flefh, 442. The arrival of the Gaulifh army. Three fucceflive battles,- in all whichCa;far has the advantage, 444. The Gaulifli army is difperfed, 446. The befieged lurrender. Vercingetorix made
in

hand

hand with the philofopher Areus, 283.

Prifoner, ibid.

near which the Romans are feized with a panic, and entirely defeated by the Gauls, ii. 190. PafAllies, (war of)- its nature, origin, and duration, vi. 380.
Aliia, a river in Italy,

iionate defire of the allies to be admitted citizens of

Rome, 382.

Their proceedings, 389.

They prepare

for a revolt, 398.

And
form

IN
form
tipon
adlion,

D E

X.

ther^ifelves into a comnion-wcrJlh, ibiJ, The inhabitants of Afciilum malTncre P. ocrvilius and the Romans who were in that city, 400, St feq. Open revolt of the ftates of Their embally to the Romans before they enter Italy, ibid.

^oi.

Cruelties

pr/adiifcd

by the

allies,

402.

They have
the conful
ibid.

the advantage at

Rutilius, 404. Ccepio deceived by Pompeius perilhes in an ambufcade, V idory of the Conful Juwith great part of his array, 40'?, lius, which makes the Romans refume the habits of peace, 4C6. Vi(ftory begun by Marius, and completed by Sylla, ^cj. MaViclory of Cn. Pompeius, 410. rius avoids a battle, 408. Freedom of Rome granted to fuch of the allies as had continued The Conful Pompeius preiTes the fjege of Afcuiaithful, 411. lum, beats the Marfi, and reduces fome neighbouring ftates, 41 2, Sylla dellroys Stabis and befjeges Pompeii, 413. He beats the army of the Sarr.nites commanded by Cluentius, 414. Svlla reduces the Harpini, enters Samnium, and gains feveral advanThe Mafli lay down their arms, general tages there, 416. council of the league removed to Efernia, 417. Afculurn is taken by Pompeius, 420. He enters Bovianuni in triumph, is The allies implor>; the affiitar.ca of defeated and killed, 421. Mithridates, but v/ithoat fucccis, 422. The war of the allies comes to nothing, 423. See Samnites. (See .Gaul Allobrogi, war of the Romans againft that people. Tranfalpine.) Lentulus endeavours to engage their ambafT'.They inform Cicero of the dors to Catiline's Party, vii. 531. whole, 532. They get a wnung from Lentulus and the other Cicero, in concert with them, heads of the confpiracy, 534. Motions of caufes them to be feized^ v/ith their papers, 535. this people fome time before Ccfar's entry into Gaul, viii. 184. Alpes, the celebrated pall'age of Hannibal over thofe mountains, Afdrubal paiTes them without much difficulty, iv. 262. iii. 349. Amatius. pretending to be grandfon to the famous Marius, is put to death by the order of Antony, ix. 379. Amazons. It was fallly reported that there v/ere Amazons in the battle between Pompey and the Albanians, vii. 407. AmbafTadors. Roman ambalTadors killed by order of Tolum.nius king of the Veientes, ii. 50. Rome deputes ambaffadors to the Gauls, 147. The anfvver of Brennus their general, ibid. Ths ambafladors violate the law of nations, 148. Roman am baiTadors murdered by Britomaris, a young prince of the Senones The Romans revenge their death by the eatire ruin of that naPreparations made by order ofihe Senate for retion, iii. 52. venging the outrages committed on the ambafladorsof the AoolEmbaily of the Athenians to lonians and Volfinians, 113. of three illuilrious philofophers, v. 507. Rome corapofed Ambaffies Free, v. hat, and how reformed by Cicero, vii. 499. Ambiorix, King of the Eburones, joining treachery to open force, entirely dellroys a Roman legion and hve cohorts, thac wintered Stirs up the Aduatici and the Nerin his territories, viii. 3 18.
'

defeat and kill 403. Grief and conllernatioH at Rome,

firft,

They

vii,

INDEX.'
vii,

who

J2J.

Vigorous defence of the RomaflSsr attack Q^ Cicero. He efcapes from Csefar the firft time, 335. The fecond

time, 339.

Ambracia, a

city of Greece, befieged by the Romans, and makes a Surrenders, ibid. The deputies of vigorous defence, v. 175. that city accufe Fulvius at the folicitation of the Conful ^miThey obtain a decree of the Senate in their favour, lius, 198.

199-

Ambrones, a very brave people, in league with the Cimbri, vL March with the Teutones into Italy, 306. Their battle 300.
with Marius, 309.
.

The

invincible courage of their wives, 310.

Amilcar Barcas, father of the great Hannibal,

the

is charged with Makes a treaty with Lutatius, 220. His hatred to the Romans, 3Cf8. Makes 228. His death, 270. Hannibal,: when a child, fwear that he would declare himfelf the enemy of the Romans, as foon as he Ihould be of age to bear

command

in Sicily,

iii.

arms, ibid.

Aminander, is reinftated in his kingdom by the ^Etolians, v. 174. Amifus, a royal eity of Mithridates, befieged by LucuUus, vii,
263. 272.

Callimachus the governor, fufFers the city to be taken, Generofity of Lucullus with refpedl to the city and its in-

habitants, 273. See Theatres, SpecAmphitheatres, their antiquity, i. 149.^ tacles, &c. ^ Amulius, dethrones his elder brother Namitor, and ihuts up his Caufes her tcf <laughter Rhea Sylvia among the veftals, i. 8. Is be clofely imprifoned in chains for breaking her vow, 9. killed by Romulus and Remas, 12. Amyntas, King of the Galatians, purfues and takes Sextus Pom*
peius, X. 198.

Anaxenor, a player, employed by Antony in gathering the

butes, X. 79. Ancharius, a fenator,

tri-

murdered by Marius, vii. 94. Ancus Marcius, fourth king of the Romans, reflores the divine His war with worfliip, negle^ed under his predeceffor, i. 95. Enlarges Rome by taking in Mount Aventine, the Latines, 96. I>igs falt-pits on Builds the town and port of Oftia, 99. ^8. Builds a Walls in the Janiculum, ibid. the fea Ihore, ibid. His death, 102. prifon, 100. Andranodorus, rejeds the wife precautions of his father-in-law,
Hiero,
iv. 8.

A.ndrifcus,

who gave himfelf out for the fon of Perfeus, poflefTea himfelf of Macedonia, and is at length defeated and fent to
Rome,
V.

511.
vlii.

Andromachus, betrays Craflus,

Anicius, (L.)

365.

Prstor, goes into Illyricum, and takes Gentius After having quieted Epirus returns into Ilprifoner, v. 419. / His triumph, 455. lyricum, 444. Anniu?, (L.) of Setia, propofes to obtain of the Romans that one

of the two Confuls

fhall

be ele<^ed oat of the Latines.

His
fpeecb

I
fpeech to the Senate.
Senate,
ii.

N D E
And haughty

X.
reply to Manilius and
the

345, 349.
altercation with Ti. Graccus, vi. 111.

Annius,

his^

Antemnates

make an incurfion on the Roman territories, and by Romulus, i. Antiates the, go to fuccour Corioli, and are defeated, i. 247. They are defeated anew by Camillas, a military tribune, ij. 183. The government of their city regujated by the Roman Senate,422.
the,

are defeated

'i^-j

Anticatones. of Caefar, ix. 275, 304, 320. iintigonus, fon of Ariftobulus, viii. 36. He is declared king of India by the Parthians, x. 10^, 119. His rage againft Hyrcan, ibid. He is befieged in Jerufalem by Sofius and Herod, 125. He is whipt with rods, and put to death like a criminal, \26; In him ended the reign of the Afmonean?, ibid. Antioch, See Demetrius, a freedman of Pompey. That city receives the Parthians, x. 119. Antiochus, furnamed the Great, King of Syria, receives an em-

The refolute anfwer of the commiffioners to his ambafladors, 50. Embaffy of the Romans to Antiochus, 51. The commiffioners return to Rome, and Ihew that it is neceflary to prepare for war, 52. Conference between his Ambafladors, and Quintius, without eiFedl, 55. He concerts meafures with Hannibal for the fuccefs of the war, 57. The Roman Ambafladors return without having concluded any thing wiih_ Antiochus, 65. He has a fruitlefs interview with Villius, ibid. Holds a grand council concerning the war with the Romans, ibid. Thoas, deputy from the ^tolians, prefles him to go to Greece, 68. He prepares to enter Greece. Thoas

bafly from the Rhodians, v. 49.

Roman

jealous of Hannibal, 73. Antiochus pafles into Europe, v. 74. His fpeech
X)f the -5ito,lians, ibid.

makes him

in the alTerably declared generaliffimo, 75. Makec an unfuccefbful attempt upon Chalcis, ibid. He folicits \n vain the Achaians, who declare againft him, 80. He anakes himfclf mafter of Chalcis, and of all Eubcea, ibid. Prepara-

He

is

of

Romans for the war againft him, 82, & feq. Anfwers the Senate to the ambafladors of Philip, Ptolemy, Mafinifla, and the Carthaginians, who came to offer the Romans fuctions of the

cour againft that prince, 83. Antiochus holds a council of war at Demetrias. Fine fpeech of Hannibal, which is followed in nothing, 85. He takes fome cities of Theffalia, 88. Marries a young woman at Chalcis, and pafles the yvhole winter in feafting, ibid.

Antiochus
mopylas,

deftitute
V.

90.

He

renew the war, 97. Hannibal rouHis fleet is defeated \ by Livius the Roman admiralj 1.04. He prepares to refift the ^.Romans, and equips a numerous fleet, 116. Sends propofals , iof peace to the Prajtor -^milius, but without eftedl, 121. His ileet commanded by Hannibal is defeated by the Rhodians,
-(Etolians prefs

The
fes

all aid, retires into the defile of TherAcilius gains a confiJerabJe vidory over him, retires to Chalcis, and from thence to Ephefus, 93.

of

89.

him

to

him from

his fecurity at Ephefus, 103.

124.

INDEX.
\:t\.-

He
fleet,

endeavours

to

engage Prufias
is

commanded by Poiyxenidas, Hi In /Emilius, near Myonncfus 126.

in his intereft, 125, defeated by the Frsetor his confufion for that lof?-

he abandons the palTcige of the H^llefpont to the Romans, 129. Reflexions on the impruderxe and blindnefs of this prince, 130.

He draws all his troops together, ibid. Speech of his Antiochus propofes peace to the Romans, v. 132. embaffiidor, which has no effeft, ibid. He prepares for war, He fends back Scipio's fou to him, 135. The Conful 134. The armies draw up in follows him to give him battle, I 36. ibid. His army is defeated and order of battle on both fides, He demands peace by bis ambaiTadors, 143. cut to pieces, 140. Conditions of peace impofed upon the king, Scipio's anfvver. He fends ambafladors to Rome, 146. His ambafladors 144. Principal articles have audience. Treaty of peace is ratified. Conditions of the treaty between Maof their regulation, 148. Refledions on the fortune of nilius and his ambafTadors, 191. death, 195. His miferable that prince, 194. Antiochus, furnamed the Illuftrious. The Senate fends embafTaHaughti' dors to him to hinder him to invade Egypt, v. 465. The King's anfwer, nefs of Popilius one of the ambafTadors. His fon AnHis embaily to Rome, 468. His death. 467. tiochus Eupator fucceeds in prejudice of Demetrius, 495. Oftavius, one of the Roman deputies for regulating the affairs of Syria, is killed, 496. Antiochus Afiaticus, acknowledged by Lucullus as the Legitimate heir cf the throne of the Seleucids, and rejeded by Pomp^y, Is made King of Commagena, ibid. vii. 414. Antiochus, King of Commagena, x. 123. Befieged by Antony in Samofatis, obtains a peace by money, 124. Antipater, the father of Herod, and minilter of Hyrcan, perfuadeg He facithat prince to Itrive for the crown of Judea, vii. 428, viii. of Antony into Egypt, Is fupportlitates the pafTage 274. ed by Csefar in the exercife of the fovereign authority, under the name of Hyrcan, ix. 189. Antiftius, the Prsetor, marries his daughter to Pompey, vii. 75. Porapey is Is murdered by order of the Conful Marius, 94, obliged by Sylla to divorce the daughter of Antiftius, 440. Lucuilus's dream on that fube^, Antolycus, founder of Sinope. vii. 283, 284. Antonius (IVI.) the Orator, is involved in the affair of the Veftals,

and acquitted,

vi. 186.

Is

made Conful.

Triumphs over the

pyrates, 351. Saves Aquilius by his eloquence, who was condemned for extortion, ibid. His wife fpeech to the orator Sul-

defends Norbanus, 364, Is accufed and ap? killed by the orders ot Marius, 477. ^ntonius, one of the confpirators againil the life of Sertorius, vii.
picius, 363. quitted, 397.
Is

He

199,
Is

&

feq.

Antonius,

(M

made

Fru;tor,

237.

He

Son of the Orator, called in derifion the Critic. and charged with the command of the fea, vii. mifcarries in an enterprize againll the if]e of Crete,
)

INDEX,
238.

He

dies

of grief,

ibid.

His

chaiasfler,

and prodigali-

ty, ibid.

Antonlus, (C.) Cicero's coilegue in the confiilfhip. He is brought over to the comnionwealth by having the government of A'l.icedonia conFerred upon him, vii. 500. Defeats the army of Is accufed and condemned, viii. 71. Catiline, 558. He chufes the ifle of Cephalenia for his exile, where he builds a
city,

ibid.

Antonius (Marc) Son of Antony the Critic, begins to fignalize His birth, viii. 269. The original c ufe of his hahiinfc-lf. Very debauched in his yourh, ibid. He tred againft Cicero.
himfelf to Clodius ; afterwards q+jks him ro go into Gabinius gives him the command of the horfe in Greece, 270. He mnkts himfelf adored by the ibldiers. His exhjs army. ceflive liberality, ibid. & feq. His courage and good fortune expedition of Gabinius, in the for re-eilablifivinn- Auletes on the throne of Egypt, 274, & feq. Antonius, being namc;d Qneftor, fets cut immediately for Gaul, to ferve under Casf^r, ix. 20. fs left v.ith fifteen cohorts in the country of the BeJlovaci, viii. 452. Sends Volu'fenus to purfue Ccnilus, 456, He grants C'omius peace, 457. .Is made a Tribune of the people, and enters into the views of Curio agnnlt Porr.pey in favour of Ca^far, ix. 20. He oppous the decree of the Senate, which ordered Ca?far to di.'banJ his Violent debate, 25. troops. The Senatufconfuitum ufed in
attaches
the
greateft

extremity,

is

employed

againil

him

He

leaves

Pride and indecency of his cctidui^', gg. 24. On refrom Cxfar he palles from haly into Greece, orders ceiving Danger he is in on this occafion, 115. His behaviour to CiHe is made General of the horYe, cero at Brundufium, 209. and C^far Dictator, 212. Exceffive indt-cciicy in his conduft.

Rome,

His rapine and injullice, ibid. & feq. He at lirll favours the Tribune DolabelLi's pronof.l, 214. He buys the effeds of Pomptry, which are fold by C;:far, 217. Diicord between hiiij and Caelar on that head, 218. Is named C^lar's collegue in the Ele ten Jeis tfie diadem to Caifar, 337. ConlulfJiip, 326.
Tribooius prevents the affair of the cor.fpir..cy apiiinll C;ef;.f being piopoftd to/:ntony, and Brutus oppofes his .b;;ing put tp He joifis vvith Lepidus againll i-.e xJeath withCsfar, ix. 349. A confide; able body of the people and foldiers confpiraiors. declare fir revenging the death of Cefar, 366. Brutus goes 10 He approves of the decree of the ienate, treat with them, ibid. that Caiar's death fiiall pals u.ircvcnged, but that his ads fhall be confirmed, 368. Is reconciled to Brutus, 37-?., He pronounces Csfar's funeral oration, and a^-iiniates the people againit He endeavours to regain the Senate, the confpirators, 375a decree procures to prevent any obiiie being maiie of He 377. Casiar's memorandums and papeis, ibid. Abcliihci ihe diftaturihe puts pretended Marius to death who excittd He fhip, ibid. Aliifts the re-eltabliihment of Se.\the people to' mutiny, 37S. '1 ne Senate grants iiim a guard, which ha tus Pompeius, 380.

e.\tcnds

INDEX.
thoufand men, 381; He vends forged z.^s, pub name, 382. And by that and other means, amafl'es immenfe fums of money, ibid. Antony takes the governments from the confpirators ; gives Syria His to Dolsbella, and keeps Macedonia to himi'elf, ix. 385. young arrival Oftavius, difconcerted by the of ibid. fchemes are The imprudent conduft of the ccnfpirators the caufe of his rif", his firJl interview. His He receives Oiiavius very ill 389. motives for it, 396. He prevents Odlavius from being made a DiiFerences and reconciliations between them. tribune, 397. He accuics Oflavius of an attempt to have him afTalTlnated, 400. They both have recourfe to arms. Antony fends for the Macedonian Legions into Italy, 402. He r.fieds being popular, 405. Antony's fpite againft Cicero, ix. 41 i. He is highly irritated by the iirfl Philippic of that orator, and cites him to the Senate,

extends to
liflied

fix

in

Csefar's

i-Jt

413.

He

comes

to

Brundufium, and offends the

to

foldiers

by

his

with the kgion called the Two of his legions comeovsr Larks, and ftrikes a terror, 414. He leaves Rome, and undertakes to make to Oflavius, 416. himfelf mafter of Cifalpine Gaul, uhich D. Brutes was in poffeverity, ibid.
fefiion of,

He comes

Rome

His forces, ibid. He befieges Decimus in 417. Modena, 421. The Senate, contrary to the. advice of Cicero, The Severe in firufttons with orders a deputation to him, 436. which the deputies are charged, 438. Bad fuccefs of the depuPreparations for war, Antony's haughty anfwer, 439. tation. new depucation, which is rendered! Senate orders a The 441. Antony's letter to Hirtius and Octavius, which abortive, ibid. is artfully turned to fovv divifions among the partisans of Catfar A bloody and Pompey, which were united againft him, 443. combat in which he gains an advantage over Panfa, 448. In returning to his camp he is attacked and defeated by Hirtius, 449. The Senate extols piodigioufly the advantage of Hirtius, A. new battle, in which Antony's lines are forced. He ibid. He is deraifes the fiege of Modena, and gains the Alps, 450. The generolity of Atticus flared an enemy to the public, 454. wife children, Oftavius approaches toand to Antony's 4515. wards Antony, 458. Extremities which Antony is reduced to His courage and that of his foldiers 2Ti his paffyge of the Alps. Ocon that occafion, 46^. His jundion wlib Lepidus, 4<35. tavius makes the Senate revoke ii;e decree againft Antony and Lepidus, 487. Antony iu jiiir.ed by Pollio and Plancus with The head cf Decimus is brought to Antotheir legions, 4.8S. Lepidus unite with )iim. 490. Their Oclavias and DYj 489. Reno, ibid. in of the ifland They wrangle j;bout interview

The exchange o! Cicero's thofe whom they ought o profcribe. head for thofe of the uncle of Antony and the brother of Lepidus, 491.

The among

dlvifion of the empire marriage between 0(5tavius and Antony's daughter-in-law is agreed upon, ^94. (For what CWiiceins the uiaraviri co.njoiDtJy fee the Article Odavius.) The

projefl of the triumvirate.

The

the triumviri, ix, 492.

N D E

X.

htad of Cicpro brought to Antony, Flis barbarous pleafure, Inveftives of writers of all forts againft him, on the 504. lubjcft of Cicero's Death, 503. He grants his uncle L. Ciefar He caufes Atticus his life, at the intreaties of his mother, 505. The to be rafed out of the number of the profcribed, 512. His debauches, public hatred falls particularly upon Antony. 515. He and Oflavius crofs the fea, and enter Macedonia with their troops, x. 19. They r.rrlve oppofite to Brutus and CafDifadvantage of their Sifius, and encamp at a fmall diftance. tuation, 25. Antcny forces the enemy to a battle, which was the iirft of Philippi, 28. He defeats Cafilus, while 0lavius Is defeated by Brutus, 32. A powerful fleet belonging to the triumviri defeated by that of Brutus, 39. The fecond battle of Philippi gained by the triumviri, 41. Antony's generofity to Luciiius, who deceived the Thracians in purfuit of Brutus, 43. He caufes the Isft honours to be paid to the body of Brutus, 48. Antony and Odlavius make a new divifion of the provinces, to the prejudice of Lepidus, x. 57. Antony receives Fulvia his wife rougrly, on account of the Perufian war, 77. His mild and popular condudl in Greece, 78. The luxuries of Afia plunge him into debauchery, ibid. Rejoicings in one part, and mourning in another in Afia, 79. Free and open reprefentations of Hibreas the orator, ibid. The fimplicity and gentlenefs of Antony's charaler the caufe both of good and evil efFefts, 80. The origin of Antony's paflion for Cleopatra, x. 81. The mutual entertainments between him and that princefs, 84. He follows her to Alexandria, 87. amufements and childifh His extravagant expences, ibid, Story of the prodigality of his foil while a child, 88. The necefilty of Antony's affairs calls him into Italy, x. 92. He is courted by Sextus Pompeius, ibid. He is joined by the fleet of Domitius Ahenobarbus, 95. He is refufed entrance into Brundufium. He befieges that place, 96. Hoftilities on that occafion between him and Odlavius ; but are foon terminated, ibid. Negotiation of Cocceius Nerva, which reconciles them, A treaty concluded between him and Oftavius by Pollio 97. and Cocceius, 98. He marries Odlavia, the filter of Oftavius, A fmall triumph decreed to the two generals. Antony's ICO. danger from his veteran foldiers, ibid, Confufion and diforder introduced by the triumviri into all the ftates, 106. Indignation of the people againft them on occafion of the famine caufed by the fleet of Sextus, 107. A furious tumult, in which Oflaviu's runs the ri(k of his life, but is delivered by Antony, 108. Conference between him, Oflavius, and Sextus, iio. Conditions of the treaty, in. The extreme joy which this peace occafions, 113. Ihe three chiefs entertain one another by turn?. An expreflion of Sextus to Antony, ibid. Antony is piqued at
kinds of games againft Oftavius. He leaves Italy and arrives at Athens, 1 14. His popular behaviour in that city, The Athenians treat him as a new Bacchus. The dowry 115. he demands of them for his marriage with Minerva, 116'. Jealous
lofing at
all

INDEX.
Jealous of the glory of Ventidius, he leaves Athens to put hirafe!f at the head of his armies, 121. The fiege of Samofatis, the
fuccefs of

which does no honour

to

him, 123.

of the triumvirate for five years, x. 137. Antony is folicited to join Odlavius againft Sextus. He comes into Italy as an enemy to Odlavius. Their quarrel is fuppreffed by the treaty of Taren turn, 143, Antony's paffion for Cleopatra is renew'd, x- 170. His unjuft and immenfe liberality towards her, 171. His preparations the againft the for war Parthians, 172. He goes into Armenia, the king of which was his ally, 173. The force of his army, Faults which his paffion for Cleopatra makes him comibid. He lays fiege to Praafpa, the capita! of the king of mit, 174. The kings of the Medes and Parthians cut in the Medes, ibid. pieces two of his legions, 171;. The king of Armenia abandons him, ibid. Antony engages in a battle, where he puts to flight the Parthians, but caufes a very fmall lofs to them, 176. He returns before Praafpa, in beiieging of which he has very bad fuccefs, 177. Deceived by the Parthians, who promifed him peace and fafety, he prepares to retreat, 178. Being informed of the treachery of the Parthians, inftead of marching along the plain he gains the mountains, 179. Divers combats, The temerity of a in which the Parthians are repulfed, 180. gain confiderable advanmakes the Parthians a Roman officer tage, 181. The admirable conduifl of Antony, with regard to Their love for him, 182. New battles, where his foldiers. New perfidy of tlie the Romans regain the fuperiority, 183. Parthians, from which Antony efcapes by intelligence from the enemy's army, 186. The Romans fuffer extremely from thirft. A terrible river whofe waters v/ere very unwholfome, 187. foldiers, Antothe of the Roman fury confufion occafioned by

A continuation

ny's defpair, 189.

joy of the

Romans when

Laft battle againft the Parthians, 190. The they find themfelves again in Armenia.

Antony's lofs in his expedition againft the Parthians, 191. Antony's fooliOi hurry to get back to Cleopatra, x. 192. The falfe oftentatious account which he fent to Rome of his expedi-

He liftens to the deputies of 193. Sextus Pompeius, who was drove out of Sicily by Odavius, A league between him and the king of the Medes, who 195. had quarrelled with the king of the Parthians, 214. Antony He conperfidioufly lays hold of the king of Armenia, 215. quers Armenia, 216. Returns to Alexandria, and there triumphs, 217. He fends letters to Odtavia, ordering her to proceed no farther, 218. In a pompous manner acknowledges Cleopatra for his lawful wife, and declares the children he had by her kings of kings, 221.
tion againft the Parthians,
Affairs

grow more defperate between Antony and Odavius.

Antony's laft journey into ArReciprocal reproaches, x. 222. menia. He propofes to make war againft Oftavius, 227. His friends endeavour to perfuade him to fend back Cleopatra Sumptuous during the war, but are not able to prevail, ibid.

and

N D E
231.

'/XU

and gay entertainpients during the preparations

zz8.

He

for ike wnr, fends orders to Odtavia to quit his houfe at Rome.
tears,

She obeys with

06lavius, Z32.

He

lets flip

tunity of attacking Oflavius, ibij.

PI;incu3 quits

an advnmaf;eous opporhim and joins

'

Reproaches thrown upon Jiini in the Senate, and to the peoplj, by O^ui233. viu3, 234. His friends at Rome ieud Gemiuius to him, whQ being ill treated by Cleopatra, kaves him, ibid. Several of his friends alfo leave him, 235. His excclilve infatup.tion, 236. A decree which deprives Antony of the Coafuiruip, and the War is declared only againll Cleofriumviral power, x. 237. patra, ibid. He fwears an eternal ivar againft Odavius, 238. All Italy engaged by oath to fcrve 0>!riavii!3 againll hini, ibid. His inaifcion, 239. Kis forces by fca and land, ibid. A challenge fent to hi^ by Oftavjas, which- he anfwers by another, Antony is very near being farpr;::ed by the enemy, 243. 24!. Pofitlon of the two armies, 244. Small flcirniilhes, 245. Great He becomes exafpcrafed, defertions in Antony's camp, ibid. Cleopatra laughs at him for fufpedline; that flie wanted to 246New lofles which he fullaitis. He runs a poifon him, ibid. He refolves to try the fate of a naval rifk of being taken, 247. engagement,, 248. Reprefentations made to him by an old Centurion, 249. The battle of Aflium, 2^0. Cleopatra flics at the battle of Aciiam. Antony follov/s her, X. 253. His land forces, after a delay of feven days, fubmit to Continuation of his adventures in his the conqueror, 254. His deep melancholy, iljght, 264. tie llops at Paretonium.

His

will read in the Senate

"265,

Cleopatra to Alexandria, 267. He takes Timoa the mifanthrope for his model, ibid. He relapfes into His negotiations with Oilavius, 270. His his pleafures, 268. His unfortunate expedition on fufpicions of Cleopatra, 271. Incredible zeal of a company of the coaft of Paretonium, 272.
follows
gladiators,

He

who fly to his defence, 273. His lafl; efiuris at the approach of Cftavius againll Alexandria, 277. Betrayed and vanquiflied he returns to Alexandria, 278. Upon a fal;e information of Cleopatra's death, he iiabs himfelf, 279. Having heard that flie wa flill alive, he makes them carry him to her.
d^ath, 2!Ji.
cero's fon,

He

dies in hej" ar^s, 280. Oftavius flieds tears at hearing of his Antony's funeral, 284. His charafter, 291. Ci-

who was

Conful, brands Antony's

memory by

a de-

His Poilericy, 293. Antonia, daughter of Antony and Otflavia, promifed Domitius Ahenobarbas, x. 146.
cree of the Senate, 292.

to the fon

of

Antonia, the younger, marries i)rufus, x. 293. Antonius (C.) brother of Marc Antony, is taken prifoner in Illy_ricum by the partifans of Pompey, ix. 199. He difcharges the He endeavours ro oiiice of Praetor in Brutus's abfence, 396. the government of Macedonia, of which had de.tske poirsflion volved on him by his brother's refignation, 423. Is made priI'ut t.> death by way of reprifal for the foner by Brutus, 42,. death of Cicero, 50 3. Antonius ^

INDEX.
Antonius (L.) brother of Marc Antony, ix. 448. He attacks the camp of Oflavius, but without fuccefs, 449. His vanity, x. 59. He obtains a triumph, by means of his filler Fulvia, over the mountaineers of the Alps, 60. He takes pofleflion of the ConComparifon which he made between himfelf and Mafulfhip. He quarrels with Oftavius, rius to his own advantage, 61.

which gives occafion

to the

Perufian war, ibid.

He

obftrufbs

His 0(Elavius in the diftribution of lands to the veterans, 64. efforts and thofe of Fulvia rendered ineffedlual by the addrefs

and

firmnefs

of Oftavius, 67.

The

dijfFerence

between the

Lucius defeats forces of Lucius and thofe of Odlavius, 69. Lcpidus and enters Rome, 70. He retires to Perufia, and is

famine in that city, 72. He befieged there by Oflavius, 71. goes in perfon to 0lavius, in order to furrender at difcretion, His heroic fpeech on that occafion, ibid. He is fent by 73. Oftavius into Spain with the title of Proconful, 78, 95. Antyllius (Q^) An officer of the Conful Opimius, killed by the His death gives occafion to a fcnafriends of Fulvius, vi. 153.

lufconfukum againil C. Gracchus, 154,

Antyllus,
eldeil;

&

feq.

Feafts given by Antony fon of x'intony, x. S8. on account of his fon's entering into the age of manhood, 268. Antyllus put to death by Ofcavias, 283. Anxur, fince called Terracina, a city of the Volfci, taken and pillaged by the Romans, ii. 95. Apame, a city of Syria, furrenders to the Parthians, x. 119. Apennine mountains, Hannibal's pafTage over them, iii. 376. Apicius, the famous glutton, greatly contributes to the condemnation ofRutilius, vi. 374,
Api.s, a faying

&

feq.

of Odlavius with regard to that deity, x. 299. of eloquence to Oftavius, ix. 392. mailer Apollodorus, Apollo, tenth of the fpoils taken at Veii confecrated to that God, The Roman ladies diveft themfelves of their jewels to ii. 132. A tenofurnifli the gold nece)Tary for the prefent to him, 133. ple erefted to that God by Odlavius, to which he joined a liA temple and games to his honour on the probrary, X, 166. montory of Alium, 313. Apollonides, a wife Senator of Syracufe, his fpeech, iv. 31. Philip of Apollonians, implore the aid of the Romans, iii. 113. Macedon having befieged their city, is beaten, and forced to fly almoll naked, iv. 64, & feq. ApoUonius Molo, his grief on hearing a declamation of Cicero,
vii.

129.
i.

Appeal of the fentence of the magiftrates before the people,

1S2,

new law on

that fubjecl, 326.

See Claudius. magnificent proof of the grandeur of the Roman emAqueducts, The firft made by the Cenfor Appire, i. 112. ii. 272. 275. Another made by Curius the Cenfor, iii, pius Claudius, 427. ;.jf07'; Magnificence of Agrippa in that refpedl, 273. x. 205. Aquilii, join in a confpiracy againft Tarquin, i. 171.

Appius Claudius.

Aquilius (M.) his exploits in the war againft Ariftonicus,

vi. 87.

Poifuns

N D E

X.

Pclfons the fpringS of the cities of his enemies, ibid. He repunilhment he juftly deferved, 88. Aquilius (M.) terminates the fecond war of the flaves in Sicily, Is accufed of extortion, but faved by the eloquence of vi. 280. Antony, 351. Is fent into Afia by the Senate to reinftate the Kings which Mithridates had dethroned, vii. 13. Induces Nicomedes to make an incurfion into the dominions of Mithridates, 14. Is defeated by Mithridates, 19. Is taken prifoner by that Prince, who treats him barbaroufly, and inflidls a cruel
ceives a triumph infteadof the

punifhment upon him, 23.

Aquitain, a third part of Gaul, viii. 162. The Aquitani refembled the Spaniards both in their outward appearance and charafler, 163. They are fubdued by CrafTus, 289. Aradus (Ifle of) on the coall of Syria, holds oat a fiege againft the Romans, but is forced to fubmit, x. 121. Arcadians, pafs into Italy, i. 3. Arcathias, fon of Mithridates, vii. 43. Archagathus, firll phylician at Rome, iii. 29S. Archelaus, General to Mithridates, vii, 18. Goes into Greece, of Makes place arms, Athens a 29. 32. Defends it vigorouflv againft Sylla, 39. Is defeated by Sylla at Chsronea, and forced to abandon his camp, 49. Is a fecond time defeated, and obliged to hide himfelf in the marfhes, 52. Has an interview with Sylla, and fets on foot a negotiation, 56. Sufpicions of him, 61. Having put himfelf into Murena's hands, folicites him to renew the war againft Mithridates, 137. Archelaus; fon of the preceding, made priell of Bellona at Comana by Pompey, vii. 412. He marries Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and reigns in Egypt, viii. 229, 273. Is killed, 274. Archelaus, the Rhodian, Caffius's old mailer, pleads before him in behalf of the Rhodians, x. 7. Archimedes, terrible effedls of the machine he employed in defending Syracufe againft the Romans, iv. 31;. Reflexion on his geometry and machines, 39. His death, 60. His Tomb, vii. 225. Ardea. Ardeates. Their city is befieged by Tarquin the Proud, i. 156. The Roman people determine the right of a fmall territory, of which they were made the arbitrators by the Ardeates, The Senate fends them fucto belong to themfelves, ii. 16. cours againft the Volfci, 40. The injultice done againft them
is repaired, 42. Camillus retires as an exile to their city, 142, Aretas, King of one part of Arabia. Expedition of Scaurus againft

him, viii. 41, Areus, a philofopher of Alexandria, refpe^ced by 0<ftavlus, x. 283. Argos, a city of Greece, recovers its liberty under the Proconlul Quintius, v. 1 1, Ariarathes, King of Cappadocia, fends ambalTadors to the Roman Conful, V. 191. The Rorr.ans renew the aliisnce they had made with his father, 494.
8
.

Ariarathes,"

INDEX.
Ariarathes, Ton of the preceding, his
potterity fee vii. 11.
filial

piety, v. 49^.

Fol* his

Ariobarzines I. made King of Cappadocia, x'-ii. n. Is put irt Is dethroned by Tipoffeflion of his kingdom by Sylla, 12. Re-eftablilhed by the Romans, 15. Is dethroned granes, ibid. by Mithridates, 16. The R.oman Generals, who were font into Afia, afTembie three armies to re-eilabiifh him, r;. Difpute in point of affedion between that prince and his fon in the prefence of Pompey, 403. Ariobarzanes II. is relcued from great danger by Cicero, vni, 474. Arioviilus, king of the Suevii in Germany, is acknovvledged a
friend and ally of the commonwealth, viii. 75. The Gauls complain againft him to Csefar; 195. He refufes an interview with Ccefar, v%'ho had demanded it of him, 198. His haughty anfwer to the ambalTadors of Caefar, 199. An interview between Arioviftus and Csefar, 203. The perfidy of the Germans He loads with chains the breaks off their conference, 205. ambafiadors which C-Jsfar liad fent him at his requeil, ibid He

declines a battle with Ca;far, who feveral times offers it, 206. The fuperftitious reafon for this refufal, 207. He is forced to

an engagementj and vanquilhed, 208.

Ariftenes, a principal magiilrate of the Acheans, fpeaks in favour of the Ron>ans in an aflembly of that nation, iv, 5 i cj,

His piflure of Bacchus, v. 555. of Athens, vii 29. Ariftion, the fophift, makes That city being befieged by Sylla, the tyrant regards nothing but amuiing himfelf, and v/ill hearken to no terms of furrenderHe is taken in the citadel, and put to death, ^7, ing, 40. Arillobulua, divifions betv/een him and Hyrcanus with regard to Fompey irrithe fuccefiion to the throne of Judea, vii. 42/. tated againlt Ariltobulus, marches againft Jerufalem, 43c. He And led in triumph, viii. 36. is deprived of the crown, 434. Ariilonicus, natural fon of iiumenes, king of Pergamus, afpires to the throne, and is vanquiihed by the Romans, vi. 36. Ariftotle, original of his works purchafed by Sylla, vii, 69. Arius the ceiiturion, tdies trom Virgil his little farm, and was near killing him, x. 62. Conquered by' Antony, Armenia, fee Tigranes, Lucius, &c.
Ariflides, a

famous painter.

IVIithridates mailer

X. 216.

Arms, not wore by

ufe them,
X. 22.
i.

S9.

the ancient nations, unlefs they were going to Arms diftributed to the people by Ser'^fias'

TuUius, 126.

Brutus's opinion of the magnificence of arrnour,

Armoricans, people of Gaul, viii. 328. /\rpi, a city of Apulia, retaken by Fabius, vi. 69. Arretium, the inhabitants of that city are compelled

to give hof-

tages to the Romans, iv. 249. Aifaces, founds the empire of the Parthi:!ns, viii. 342. very common in the Houfe of the Arfacidse, 344, Arfinoe, filler of Cleopatra, introduces herfelf into

Parricide
Achillas'^

camp,

aiid caufes

him

to be killed, ix. 179?.

Is led intriurapli

by

INDEX.
by
She ihuts herfelf up in the temple of Diana at C.-efar, 287. Ephefus, and there is put to death by the order of Cleopatra,
X. 86.

Artabazes, fon of Tigranes King of Armenia, an ally of the Romans, viii. 351. The Parthian King marches in perfon againll him, ibid. He makes a league with Antony, x. 173. He abandons Antony, 175, 191. He is taken prifoner by the perHe is led in triumph. His noble pride, fidy of Antony, 215.

His death, 267. 217. Artabazes, King of the Atropafenian Medes, x. 173. Ariaxata, the Carthage of Armenia, vii. 302. Artaxias, eldeil: fon of Artabazes, is proclaimed King inflead of his father, who was detained prifoner by Antony, x. 21.6. He is defeated and flies into Parthia, ibid. Artifans, how regarded at Rome, i. 29. Their companies,
viii.

94.

i. 29. And the meaneft of Numa's difpofition of arts and trades, 72. the people, 30. Arts liberal, regulations of Caifar in favour of their profcfTors,

Arts mechanic, exercifed by flaves,

ix. 293. Arvaci, a people of Spain, vi. 6, 7, 4.9. See Numantia. Arverni, a people of Gaul, vi. 171. Aruns, fon of Tarquin the Proud, kills Brutus, i. 178. Aruns of Clufium, conduds the Gauls into Tufcany, ii. 146. Aufpices, prieits, i. 17. As, a Ropan coin, iii. 450. Afander, his revolt agaiuit Pharnaces, Ix. 193. he van-

Whom

quifties

and

kills,

196.

Afcanius, fucceeds his father ^neas, i. 7. The root of the Julian family, ibid. Builds Alba Longa, ibid. Afculum, in Apulia. battle between Pyrrhus and the Romans near that city, iii, 87, Afculum, on the fronucrs of Ancona, vi. 400. Mafiacre of the Romans in that city the prelude of the focial war, ibid. Befieged by Pompeius Strabo, 410. Taken, 420. Aldrubal, the Carthaginian general is defeated by Cccilius Metellus near Panormus, iii. 196. Is condemned and put to death by the Carthaginians, 199. Afdrubal, fon-ln-law, and fucceflbr of Amilcar, builds Carthagena, iii. 271. Makes a treaty with the Romans, ibid. 309.

Sends for Hannibal to the army, 309. Afdrubal, brother of Hannibal, charged with the defence of Spain, iii. 335. He carries on the war again ft the Scipio's, 375, 43';. Receives orders to march out of Spain into Italy, 528. he two Scipio's give him battle, and defeat his whole army, 529. Being inclofed in a defile in Spain by Claudius Nero, he efcapes out of his hands by fraud, iv. 138. Is defeated, and put to flight by Scipio, 240. Is joined by Mago and Afdrubal the fon of Gifco. Their refolutions, 244. He palTes the Alps wi:h more facility than Hannibal, 263. He befiges Placentia, Alarm of the Romans, 264. His letters to Hannibal intercepted, -^bq.
""l

His

INDEX.
with the two confuls. His army is entirely defeated and himfelf killed, 273. His head is thrown into Hannibal's camp, Z97 Afdrubal, Ion of Gifco, is defeated in Spain by Scipio, and obliged to decamp, iv. 303. Goes to Syphax and meets Scipio. of the admiration Roman General, 304. Hii Marries his Sophonifba to Syphax, 385. daughter His camp and that of Syphax burnt by Scipio, 403. Is, together with Syphax, deiHis battle

feated a fecond time, 40B. Afdrubal Haedus, chief of the Carthaginian deputation to demand His fpeech, iv. 463. peace with the Romans. Afdrubal, general of the Carthaginians, v. 518, 527. His barbarous cruelty to the Romans, 535. He furrenders to Scipio. His wife kills her children and throws herfelf into the fire with them, 540. Afdrubal, grandfon of Mafinifla, a Carthaginian General, v. 527= Afellio. See Sempronius. Afia, the Romans pafs into that country for the firfl; tirne, v, 131. (See Antiochus, Scipio Afiaticus) The conqueft of that counState of Afia Minor in try introduces luxury at Rome, 150. vii. Mithridates, Its luxuries plunge Antony inthe time of 7.
to debajuchery, x. 78. Afinius, (Herius) one of the principal
vi.

commanders of the

allies,

407.
See Pollxo.

Afinius Follio.

Afmoneans, the end of the reign of that family, x. 126.* Afs, and his leader, to which Odavius ere^led ilatues, x. 314. Their power after the eftablilhiaent Aflemblies, by curia, i. 113. Eftablifhment of the afof the affemblies by centuries, 130. femblies by centuries by Servius Tullius, ibid. How and where By tribes, i. 313. To whom it bethey were held, vii. 498, longed to convene thefe affemblies. Ceremonies which always preceded their confultations, 127. Their afiembling out of

Rome

prohibited,

ii.

308.

Affemblies of the

leall

half of the

people, vi. 290. Aitapa, horrible refolution of the inhabitants of that city, are killed, iv. 310.

They

Afylum, opened by Romulus,

i.

24.

Ateius Capito, tribune of the people, oppofes Pompey and CrafSee CraiTus. fu3, viii. 255, 265. city taken by Sempronius Tuditanus, iv. 71. that Aternum, See Amynander. Athamanes. Athen^eus, the fon of Attalus, and brother of Eumenes, v, 494. Athens, Athenians. Roman deputies fent to colledl their laws, The city befieged by Philip without effel, iv. 483, i. 383. Decrees of the Athenians againft that Prince, 492. Mithridates rendered mafler of the city by ArifHon the fophift, vii. 29, Extreme famine, 40. Is taken by Is befieged by Sylla, 35. refolved at firft to demolifh it, but fuffers is Sylla llorm, 41. it, Pirreus taken and burnt, 42. himfelf to be difluaded from Is again befieged by Calenus, Cefar's lieutenant, and ob43.
liged

INDEX.'
!iged to furrender after a long;
refiftance,
ix.

205.

Ca^far pari

Antony's ftay at that there is treated He as a new Bacchus. city, X. 115. The dowry he demands of the inhabitants for his marriage with MiHonours decreed to Cleopatra, 230. nerva, ibid. Athenion, chief of the revolted flaves in Italy, vi. 330. See
Slaves.

dons the Athenians, ibid. The young in that city engage with Brutus, 422.

Roman

ftudents

who

are

See Combats. mother of 0(5lav!us, ix. 393. Takes a particular care of Her death, 518. the education of her fon, 396. (Aul.) the Calatinus, forms fiege of Mytiftrata, iii. i66 Atilius Is preferved from imminent danger by the valour of Calpurnius Flamma, a military tribune, 167. Is nominated didator, and
Athletse.

Atia,

is

fent to Sicily,

Atilius Regulus.
Atilius,
ix-

219. See Regulas. J> > a young child, profcribed on account of his riches
.-t.,'.

515.

an officer rn Brutus's army, his reafon for deferring the battle of Philippi, x. 29. Atinius, an old Plebeian, his fon die^, and himfelf is ftruck with a palfy, for difobeying the orders of Jupiter, i. 275., Atinius, (C.) Triiaune of the people, his fury againll Metellus the* ". Cenfor, vi. 12^. Atius Balbus, (M.) Caefar's brother in-law, and grandfather of Augurtus, viii. 72. See Albius. Atrius, of Umbiia. Atropatros, King of one part of Media, an ally of Phraates, x. I75 Attalus I. King of Pergamus, his origin, iv. 290. Is very ne^r being furprized by Philip, 294.. He aflilts the Romans to tranfpott to Rome the mother of the Gods, 366. He fends ambafladors to Rome to demand their aid againll the incurfjiiis Is taken with the palfy r.nd( of Antiochus King of Syria, 505. His elogium, 525. Union between his children, ibid. ' dies. Comes ambaflador to Rome, v. 472. He Attalus II. iv. 525. hearkens to the wiil- remonftrances of the phyfician Statins, Vindicates his brother Eumencs before the Senate, 494. ibid. Attalus III. furnamed Philornetor, laft King of Pergamus, appoints the Roman people his heirs, vi. 110. ;>.j ,03iq'J ':2n;/-, Atticus (T. Poraponiu.-) oppofes the projeft of a military chefl for His generofity to the wife the ufe of the cpnfpirators, ix. 3S.3. And children of Antony, 455. He is rafed out of the lift of the profcribed, 512. A panegyric on his prudence and humanity, His voluntary death- His charader, x. 209.; ibid. Attius Var.usj-di'jven 'from OiimOj ix, ^5...- Seizes the government of Afriqa, 3. Is defeated by Cuiio, 89. Difputes- the comrnand with Metellus Scipio, 231. He gains an advantage near .^.quila, but is forced to fly btfore Caefar, 250, 251.^ Is killed at the battle of Munda, 316. Avaricum. See Bourges. Aventine, (Mount) why fo called, i- 8. Is taken into the circuit
Atilius,
.

YP.i, X.

'

'of

INDEX.
At the demand of Julius, a part of it is granted of Rome, 98. The troops which revolt build upon, 372, people to to the occafion of the on death of Virginia, poft againft the decemviri themfelves there, 410.
Augurs, priefts, i. 16. Their number augmented, and their digSylla augments their nity imparted to the people, ii. 449.

number to fifteen, vii. Augur of fafety, x. 307.

119.

See Aufpices.

See,0lavius. Auguftus. Avienus, (C.) a military tribune, and four other ofEcers degraded by Cffifar, and obliged to quit Africa, ix. 248. Aurelia, mother of Csfar, her extraordinary care in the education of her fon, vii. 22S. She abolifties the celebration of the myfteries of the Good Goddefs, which were profaned by Clodius,
viii.

17,

See Cotta and Scaurus. Aurelius. His jealoufy againft the Praetor Fulvius Aurelius (C.) Conful. His moderation at hi* for having defeated the Gauls, iv. 495.
return to Rome, 498. Aurelius (Quintius) profcribed for his eftate at Alba, vii. 104. Aurunculeius Cotta, Lieutenant of Csefar, is killed with Titurius 322. Sabinus by the perfidy of Ambiorix, viii. 317 Ridiculed Aufpices, how confulted by the Romans, i. 16, 17, 18.

How regarded at Rome, viii. 95. law of by Cicero, 17. Clodius for abolifhing their authority, g6, Autronius (P.) confpires with Catiline, vii. 449, 480. Retires into Greece, and is formidable to Cicero in his exile, vi^i. 1 1. Autronius Pstus, Lieutenant of Oftavius, his triumph, x. 311.

BAcchanalians, their ftrange and abominable Tanaticifm difcovered at Rome, and puniihed, v. 229. Bacchus, the name of that God given to Antony at Ephefus, x. At Athens, 115. 79. Badius, of Capua, a fingle combat between him and Crifpinus the Roman, iv. 93.
Balbinus, formerly profcribed, being arrived to the Confulfhip, isfupplicated by Lepidus, formerly Triumvir, x. 301. Balbus (L. Corn.) fubltituted in the Confulfhip in the room of PolThe fortune of Balbus, ibid. lio and Domitius, x. 102. Manners of that people. The RomansBaleares (Ifles) iv. 330.

make war upon them, vi. 168. Bankruptcy, univerfal in Rome, vii. 73. Bantius (L.) a young officer of Nola, whom Marcellus gains over by his engaging behaviour, iii. 515. Barbula, a fingular adventure of him and Marcus, x. 258. Barcas, See Amilcar. Barks, permitted to the Senators for bringing the produdlof their Small barks made of light wood colands to Rome, iii. 379. vered wiih cow hides, x. 20.

INDEX.
om of the chief Satrapes to the King of Parthia. Grades makes him counfcllor to Pacoius his fon, x. 1 18. He is ki!kd in a battle againll Ventidius, 121. Bafilics, at Rome, what, ii. 39. J^afilius (Minucius) one of Caefar's confpirators, Is murdered by
JBarzSpKarnes,
his flaves, ix. 490.

BaiTus (Cecilius) a Pv.oman knight, makes himfelf mailer of Syria. His troops abandon him to join CafTius, ix. 426. Baftarnre, a people near the mouth of the Borillhenes. Philip forms a defign of tranfpianting them into the country cf the
lofes their

Dardanians, bordering upon iVIacedonia, v. 348. Perfeus powerful aid by his avarice, 414. Exploits of M.

Craffus againll that people, x. 203. Baths, of the Remans, i. 196. Battles, the famous one of Adda, iii. 2S6. Of Allia, ii, iqoi Of Canns, iii. 469. Of Ca-far againft Ambiorix, viii. 332. Againfl Arioviftus, 208. Againft the Nervii, 2ir. Battle of Chicfonea, vii. 46. Of Cynofcephals, iv. 526. Of Emporia,

Of

V. 29. Of ivlarius againft Bocchus and Jugurtha, vi. 277. the fame againft the Teutones near A.ix, 3CS. Battle of ix.
3 14.

Of Orchomenus, vii. 50. Of the Parviii. 357. Of Pharfalia, ix. 139. Of Ponipey Philippi, X. 27, 41. Of againft Mithridates. vii. 39-. Of the fame againft the Albanians, 405, 406. Of Telatiion, iii. 2^8. Of Tecinus, 358. Of Thermophylus, v. 90. Of Thrafimenas, iii. 387. Of Thapfus, ix. 253. Of Trebia, Of Zama, iv. 44^. iii. 368.
iv'iunda,

thians againft Crafius,

See Combat. Beard, the ceremony ufcd by the Greeks and Romans at the firft {having of their beards, x. 108. Bebius (C) Tribune of tlie people, forbids Jugu-rtha to anfwer ths accufationof Memmiu", and breaks up the afTembly, vi. 223. Belgs, people of Gaul, vi:i. 162. Their charafler, They form a confederacy againft the Romans, 210. Csfar advances againft ihem. They form feveral enterprizes, but without fuceefs, 211, 212. I'hey f.-parate and retire every one to his country. Caefar purfues them and kills a great number of them, The Nervii, a part of this nation. Their pride. They 213. prepare themfelves tc r-iceive the Romau army, 214*. A bloody battle, wherein the Romans, after bavin? been in veiv orcat danger, remain conquerors, 215. fhe Adnatici, another part of this nation, attacked by,C3efar, endeavour to defend themfelves in their principal town, 219. Their furprize at feeingr Tiiey furrender, 223. the Roman machines. Their fraud followed with the worft fuccefg, 2x1. Bejlienus, uncle of Catiline, kills Lucretius Ofella, vii, 116. B^llona, temple confecratied to that Goddefs by Ap. Claudiusj 1 he Senate aifembles there to decree the triumph of ii. 464. They give audience the Confuls Nero and Livius, iv. 279. Worfhip there to the ambaftadors of the Carthaginians, 459.
Sattle Naval.

INDEX.
of Bellona at
docia,
vii.

Comana

in Pontus,

and

at

Comana

In Cap|Ja-

Their fkill their power, viii. 211. the war againft bravery with regard to their conducing and feq. defeated, viii. They are entirely Csfar. 449, & Bellovefus, chief of one of the military colonies of the Gauls
fettled in Italy,
ii.

41 3. Bellovaci, a people of Gaul,

146.

Beneventum, anciently called Maleventum, a city of Italy, ii. H?.nno is defeated near that city by Sempronius 459. Gracchus, iv, 19. The viftorious flaves are made free. Their joy on their return to that city. Feafts given to them by
the inhabitants, 19 24. They deBoeotians, make ah alliance with the Romans, iv. 524. They join with clare almoft entirely for the Romans, v. 367. the Achalans in the war againft the Romans, 550. Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, is fet upon the Throne by the Alexandrians, and is firft married to Seleucus Cybiofades, afterwards to Archelaus, viii. 229. She is put to death by her
father, 275.

people of Thrace, x. j. See Calphurnius. Bibulus (Calphnrnius) colleague of Caefar in the Edilelhlp. His faying with refpect to the ihews that were exhibited in common, vii. 453, Colleague of Cfar in the Confullhip, viii. 6a. Caefar endeavours in vain to gain his confent to the Agrarian law, 64. Is obliged to fhut himfelf up in his own houfe for eight months, 67. Is hindered by Clodius from haranguing the people at the expiration of his Confulfhip, 88. Proconful of Syria, does nothing confiderable againit the Parthians, 462. His conftancy on occafion of the death of his fons, ibid. Is made Admiral of Pompey's fleet, ix. 106. His death, 112. Bibulus, grandfan of the preceding, fon-in-law of Brutus, x. 51.
Befli, a

Beftia.

Biffextile,

i.

60.

243. Bituitus, King of the Avernii, vi. 173. Defeated by Domitius^ A.nd by Fabius, 175. Perfidy of Domitius to that 174. Is led in triumph, 177. Prince, 176. Bituitus, a Gaulifli Officer, kills Mithridates, at his requeft,
vii.

Bithynia, province,

is left

by

will to the

Romans, and becomes a Roman

vii.

423.

Blofius,

an accomplice of Tib. Gracchus.

His feditious anfwir

to Lelius, vi. 120.

Bocchus, King of Mauritania, joins with Jugurtha, vi. 257. He Bocchus has a conference with the deputies of Metellus, 259. and Jugurtha being joined they attack Marius, and have fome advantage at firft, but are afterwards defeated, 277. He fends deputies to Marius, and afterwards to Rome, 280. Marius at his requeft fends Sylla to him, 281. After much fluftuation he delivers up Jugurtha to Sylla, 282. A monument of that action fent by Bocchus to Rome, 441.

Bolv

INDEX.
They furrcnder at Boil, -expedition againft that people, iii. 253. approach They revolt at the of the Caragain difcretion, 28;. They defeat the Prator Manlius, ibid. They thaginians, 341.
fend an EmbafTy to
Italy,

Hannibal,

to

engage

liim to

pafs

into

They are defeated by Scipio Nafica, v. 23. 346. Boiorix, one of the Kings of the Citnbri, kills Aurelius Scaurus,
vi. 300. Bomilcar, confident of Jugurtha, is gained by Metellus, and beHis confpiracy againll Jugurtha is trays his mafter, vi. 241. difcovered. He is put to death, 253. Bologna, a city of Italy, excufed from joining with Odavius in the war againft Antony, x. 238. Bourges, a city of Gaul, befieged by Csfar, viii. 421. The \'i426. The city is gorous defence of the inhabitants, 424, taken and burnt, and the inhabitants put to the fword, 427. His anfwer to the Roman Brennus, chief of the Gauls, ii, 145. ambafTadors,, 147. Defeats the Romans at Allia, ,50, & feq. See Gauls. Britain (Great) the alarm caufed by the news cf C^efar's intended He lands, notwithexpedition into that kingdom, viii. 302. The fubmiflive (landing the oppofuion of the barbarians, 304 behaviour on their fide, 305. They renew the war. The ufe They make a that they made of their chariots in battle, 306. treaty with Ca^far, 308. He returns anew. His exploits in that country, 311. Britomaris, a young prince of the Senones, kills the Roman ambaiTadors. Is taken prifoner and put to death, ii. 52, 53. Britomarus. See Viridomarus. Brundufium, the laft conqueft of the Romans in Italy, iii. 112. Antony is denied entrance into that-city. He befieges it, xv. A treaty concluded there between Oflavius and Antony, 229.

'

^ ^7 .'
^

Sura, flops the progrefc of Mitb-ridates's Generals in Greece, vii. 33. Brutus (L. Junius) accompan'es the two fons af Tarquin to DelHe fwears not to phos. Chara6ler of that Roman, i. 155. Is appointed Conful, fufFer any King to reign in Rome, 158. His conftancy with regard to the death of his two fons, 166 who hadjoin'd in a confpiracy in favour of Tarquin, 172. He prevails upon Collatinus his colleague to abdicate the ConfulExamination of his conduft in the execution of his jhip, 174. His death. Honours paid to his memory, 179. fons, 176. Brutus (L. Junius) firft Tribune of the People, i. 239. ijee Junius, Conful, 374, Brutus (D. Junius) General of the cavalry, ii. 358. Brutus (C. Junius Bubulcus) Conful, ii. 422. Brutus (D. Junius) Conful, imprifoned with his colleague by the Tribunes, vii. 33. Builds Valentia in Spain, and clears the His fuccefs in Hifpania Ulterior. province of robbers, 34. He triumphs, and is furnamed PafTage of the river Lethe, 40.
Bruttius

Oallaicus, 52. Btutus (L. Junius Damafippus).

"

See Damafippus.
3

Brutus

N P E

X.

Brutus, father of him who killed Csefar, is flain by order of Pom^ pey, vii. 166. His mother jBriitus (M. Junius) fon of the preceding, vii. 167. has an intrigue with Casfar before the death of her hufband, Brutus does not forgive Pompey for killing his 232. ix. 146. He is father 'till the time of the civil war, vii. 167. ix. 107. battle of Pharfalia, goverthe Is made at Csefar 146. fav'd by

nor of Cifalpine Gaul by Crqfar.

Is

The

fincerity

of

his fiiend-

excited to kill Ccefar. His charadter, fhip to Ca;far, 3 84. Callius in the corifpiracy, and becomes 340. He engages with His prudence in the choice of his the principal mana2,er, 345.
allociates,
'?,j^g.

cppofes Antony's being killed with Csfar, of the confpirators encreafcs to upwards of He lets Porcia into the fecrct, 35 f, (S-ee Csfar) ilxty, 350. Though without doubt Cajfar deferved death, yet the adion of Brutus is unlawful, and at the fame time imprudent, 360. Brutus, with the other confpirators, takes pofleffion of the capiHe endeavours to appeafe the multitude, and treats tol, 365. with Antony, 366. He imprudently confents to Csefar's funeHe and the other Is reconciled to Antony, 373. ral, 372. Is iii confpirators are made governors of the provinces, ibid. want of troops and money, 383. The confpirators endeavour They quit Rome, to ftengthen their party in the provinces. imprudent condul the caufe Antony's lifs, 389. of i'heir 384. Brutus not daring to return to Rome, abandons Italy with CufHe takes his leave of Porcia, 407. fius and paffes the fea, 404. Athens to with Caflius. He engages the young Brutus goes
348.

He

The number

Rcinan

ftudents into his fervice, among others Cicero's fon, and He in a fhort time raifes a powerful the poet Horace, ix. 421. army, and makes himfelf mailer of Greece, of IMacedonia, and State of all the Roman army, and the adjacent countries, 422, the difpofitions of their commanders, 430. Complaints of Brutus againft Cicero, with regard to his condud with Oflavius. His nrmnefs, and the haughtinefs of his mind, ix. 472, & feq. He is legally accufed for the murder of Caifar. The grief of Cecilius Coronas abfolves the citizens on that occafion, 485. An expreffion of Brutus Jiim in the prefence of OiS^ivius, ibid, He caufes C. Antonius to with regard to the death of Cicero, be put to death by way of reprifal, 507. He enters Thrace, and

there

makes war

fuccefsfully, x. 3.

He
ibid.

receives into his

camp

Polemocratia,
order, ibid.
Cafiius at

Queen of Thrace,

Money

coined by his

and re-joins good un4. They pardon Gellius Publicola, who attempted d'-i'^'^^'^*^^^"S' 5* Brutus carries the war into Lycia. to affaffinate them, ibid. His gentlenefs. The rage of the Xanthians, 9. His condud with regard to aflave who had accufed his mafter, 1 1. He takes reveiige on Theodotus, who had profcribed the head of Pompey, He meets Cafiius at Sardis. A very warm debate between ;2. them. Favpnius diverts them from it, ibid. The gonduft and
pafles into

He

Aiia, equips a fleet,

Smyrna,

They

aft together in a perfeft

views

INDEX.
A previews of Brutus more pure than tliofe of Cafllus, 14. tended apparition difcovered to Brutus, 17. Brutus and Caffius arrive at Seltos and review their troops, Magnificent appearance of the army, 22. Money difX. 21. tributed to the foldiers, 23. Brutus and Cailius advance behind Philippi, ibid. Their encampment, 25. Advantages of their fituation, ibid. & feq. Brutus engages in the firft battle of PhiUppi, contrary to the advice of Caffius. The ftoic intrepidity of the former, 29. Brutus is conqueror, and Caffius deThe feated, 31. Brutus's grief on the death of Caffius, 34. embarraffment of his fituation. He caufes all the prifoners who were flaves to be put to death ; but fets at liberty thofe who were Trouble given him by the troops of Caffius, 37. His free, 36. fleet in the Ionian fea deftroys a powerful reinforcement vvhicix was fent to the Triumviri, 39. He is not informed of that im* portant event. Refleftions of Plutarch on this fubjedl, 40. Brutus is vanquiflied at the fecond battle of Philippi, x. 41. He runs a rifk of being taken, and only avoids that misfortune by the generofity of a friend, 43. His laft moments. His blafphemy
againft virtue.
to

His death, 44.

his

Antony

caufes the laft

Odlavius fends his head to body. Rome, 48. The republican party perifhes with Brutus. The remains of the vanquiihed furrender themfelves to the Trium-

honours to be paid

viri,

50.

Brutus [D. Junius) commander of Cffifar's fleet againft the Veneti, Joins in Defeats the Marfeillian fleet, ix. 79. viii. 286. the confpiracy againft Ca^far, 349. Is made governor of Cifalpine Gaul, 373. Cjefar by his will had bequeathed him the reverflon of his eftate, in default of his lirll appointed heirs, 374. Sets out for Cifalpine Gaul, 384. Antony endeavours to deprive him of it, 417. War on that fubjedt, ibid. A decree of the Senate, which authorizes the arms of Decimus, 420. Antony
befieges

him

in

Modena, 421.

Hiftory oi that liege, 435, 4.50.

with Odavius, of the victory, 452. Decimus, misfortune of The and death 488. 455. Bufa, a lady of Canufium, her generoiity to the Romans after the battle of Cannas, iii. 477.
fiege raifed, 450. holds a conference The Senate attributes to him the honour

The

He

Butcetius Barrus, fL.) corrupts three veftals, vi. 185. Byrfa, citadel of Carthage, v. 533, 535.

Byzantium,

v. 180.

C.

CAcus

killed

by Hercules,

i.

4.

Cadiz, a colony of the Phoenicians, iii. 334. Vows of Hannibal to Hercules at Cadiz, ibid. Enterprize ot the Romans againft that city, iv. 312. Ineffectual attempt of Laelius and Marcius upon the fame place, 322. It furrenders to the Romans, 331. It is honoured by Casfar with the freedom of Rome, ix, 77.

4.

Cajfaf,

INDEX.
Csefar, (C. Julius) his birt'n, vi. 351" His youtli, vii 227. Is proExfcribed, and faved by tbe interceffion of powerful friends.
.

preflion

of Sylla on that fubjed;, 107. Goes into Afia, 228. Returns to Rome after the death of Sylla, ibid. He accufes Is taken by the Returns into Afia, ibid. Dolabella, 229. be crucified, ibid. At caafes to pyrates, whom he afterwards the conciliate favour of the his return to Rome he labours to people, 231. He unites debauchery with ambition, 232. He conftantly purfues the plan of reviving Mavius's fadion, ibid. Goes into Spain in the quality of quseftor, 233. EfFedl which Is fufpected cf the ftatue of Alexander had upon him, ibid.

having a Ihare in Catiline's confpiracy, 449. When Edile, gi\-es magnificent fhews to the people, 451. He places the ftatues cf Marius in the capitol, 452. Difference cf opinions with refped to fo bold an aft, ibid. Endeavours ineffectually to caufe himHe condemns thofe as guilty of felf to be fent into Egypt, 453. murder who had killed the profcribed, 474. What part he may be thought to have had in tbe defigns of Catiline, 539. He is of opirion that they ought to inflift perpetual imprilonment on the confpirators. His fpeech, 546. A Csefar is Praetor at the fame time that Cato is Tribune. Comparifon between them by Salluft, viii. 2, 3. Is decreed fovereign Pontiff, 4. He endeavours to find fault with Catulus on account of rebuilding the capitol, 5. Is again impeached by Curius and Vettius, as an accomplice in Catiline's confpiracy, 6. He endeavours to aggrandize himfelf at the expense f Pompey, 8. Engages the Tribune Metellus to propofc a law to recai Pompey with his army into Italy, in order to reform and pacify the llate.. His views on that occafion, ibid. He fupports Is forbid to exercife the funlions of his employthe law, II. ment; he fubraits, and is re-eftabli(hed, 1 3. Pie divorces his wife, 17. At the expiration of his prsetorlhip, having the province of Ulterior Spain afligned him, is ftopt by his creditors when he would have gone thither. Craffus delivers him from His faying concerning a the moft importunate of them, 51. He raifes a war in Spain, pitiful little town of tbe Alps, 52. and obtains feveral advantages from it. Memorable adion of one of his foldiers, ibid. &. feq. His adminiftration is beloved, He returns into Italy, and renounces a triumph, in order to 5 J.
obtain the confulfhip, 54. Ca^far forms the Triumvirate, viii. 54. Is named Conful with Bibulus, 56. His fadious conduft. He re-eftabli{hes or revives former cuftoms, 60. He propofes to the Senate the law, 61. Silence of the Senators, and fleadfaflnefs of Agrarian fends Cato to prifon, and afterwards releafes Cato, 62. He him, 63. He declares to the Senate that he will addrefs himfelf to the people, 64. He tries in vain to gain over his colPompey and Craffus approve of the law publicly, league, ibid. which paffes notwithftanding the generous refiftance of Bibuluj and Cato, 65, After the retreat of Bibulus he afts as if he were fole Confjil, 68. He adds an oath to the law, ibid. He
reduces

INDEX.
By virtue of reduces Clodius into the order of the people, 70. the and territory of to Capua, law one colony is conveyed the of citizens Rome, that city diftributed to twenty thoufand 72. He grants the knights, who farmed the public revenues in Afia, the abatement they required, 73. He gets the afts of Pomjiey's generalfhip to be confirmed, and the province of Ulyria and Gaul to be given to himfelf, 74. A bold faying of Confidius to him, He caufes the Kings Ariovillus and Ptolemy Auletes to be 75. acknowledged friends and allies of the commonwealth, ibid. His avarice, ibid. He marries his daughter to Pompry, 76. He marries Calphurnia himfelf, 77. His behaviour with regard to Cicero on account of the danger which threatened him on the part of Clodius, 86. His feigned moderation, 103. Intimidated at the difcdntent of the people, he fets out for
Gaul, 117.
Csefar hitherto a faflious citizen, is beginning to be one of the greatell warriors, viii. 178. His glory effaces that of all the
foldiers,

himfelf adored by the Some wonderful pafhis fire. fages on this fubjed, ibid. He knew how to reward with magnificence, and give an example of the contempt of dangers and fatigues, 180. The weaknefs of his conftitution, 181. His prodigious aftivity, 182. The eafinefs and fweetnefs of his manners example of them, ibid. He refufes the Helvetii the liberty of paffing the Rhone, 187. He overtakes them at the pafTage of the Soan, and beats the Tigurins on this fide that river, 188. He pafTes it and purfues the body of the nation. An embaffy from the Helvetii, 189. He receives a check in a battle of the cavalry, 190. Treafon of Dumnorix the Eduan. He pardons him, in confideration of his brother Divitiacus, ibid. Through the. fault of an officer, he lofes an opportunity which he had gained of beating the Helvetii, 192. They come to attack him, and are vanquifhed, 193. The refl of the conquered
other

Reman

Generals, 179.

He makes

and animates them by

army

are forced to furrender.

country, 194.

He

is

defired

He fends them back to their own by the Gauls to undertake the war
195.

againft Arioviftus.

The

occafion of that war,

that prince,

He

de-

mands an interview with

which he

refufes

him.

He difpatches ambaffadors to him, to make propofitions. The haughty anfwer of that German, 198. Ca;far marches againft him. He makes himfelf fure of Befan9on, 199, & feq. Terror which fpread itfelf through the Roman army. His admirable conduft to re-animate the courage of his men, 200, 201. The fuccefs is anfwerable to it, and the troops march with confidence againft the enemy, 202. He has an interview with Arioviftus, 203. The conference is broke ofi^by the perfidy of the Germans, At the requeft of Arioviftus he fends deputies to him, 205. and that prince loads them with chains, ibid. He feveral times offers battle, which the Germans refufe, 206. He forces the Germans to come to an engagement and gains the viiftory, 207. He recovers his two deputies, 209. He goes to pafs the winter in Cifalpine Gaul, ibid.
The

INDEX.
The fecond campaign of Casfar in Gaul. The confederation of the BelgJE againfl the Romans, viii. 2 icy. Goes to his army and arrives on the frontiers of the country of the Belgaj, 211. The Rhemi make their fubmiffion to him, and inform him of the ftrength of the combined forces, which amounted to more than 300,000 fighting men, ibid. He goes to encamp on the
Several enterpr/zes of the Belgae other fide the river Aifne. and retire every one to his feparate They without fuccefs, 212. kills a great number of them, Caefar purfues them, and country. He reduces to obedience thofe of the Soiffons, of Beauvais, 213. bloody battle againft the Nervii, and of Amiens, 214. wherein the Romans, after having been in very great danger, remain conquerors, 215. He attacks the Aduatici, who endeavour to defend themfelves in their principal town, 219. They They furrender, and are furprized to fee the Roman machines. with worfe fuccefs, is followed which make ufe of treachery, nations, 221. German from the He receives embaffies 220. account of his Rejoicings ordered for fifteen days at Rome on

viftories,

222.

Galba, Caefar's lieutenant, makes war during the winter, Caefar's fecret mowith fome people of the Alps, viii. 222 winter, the 226. His uneafinefs, Italy in going to for tives and Craffus. with Porapey confederacy the renews 239. He Lucus. He numerous court at His ibid. Their interview, continued in the complains of Cicero to Pompey, 240. He is government of Gaul for five years, 256. The Veneti having formed a powerful league, Casfar diftributes his forces in different parts of Gaul, and goes in perfon A fea-fight wherein the Veneti are vanagainfl them, viii. 284. furrender at difcretion and are treated They 286. qu.ifhed, Sabinus, one of his lieutenants, defeats with rigour, 287.
three nations allied

Veneti, 288. And Craffus fubdues Caefar undertakes to bring under his yoke the Aquitani, 289. the Morini and the Menapii, but is hindered by the bad weather, 290. He marches againft the Ufipii and Tenedteri, people of Germany, who had paffed the Rhine : begins a negotiation with them, which is broke off by a battle, without its beingto the

evident which fide was in the fault, 294. He furprizes, and He refolves to pafs the Rhine. His entirely defeats them, 296. Defcription of a bridge which he built over the motives, 297. Rhine, 298. His exploits in Germany reduced to a narrow compafs, 300. Ca;far forms the defign of going over into Great Britain. His He prepares every thing for his pafmotives for it, viii. 301. fage, 302. He departs. The battle on his landing, 303, 304. The fubmiffive behaviour on the fide of the Barbarians, 305. His cavalry cannot land. The fleet is roughly handled by the high tides, ibid. The Barbarians renew the war, 306. He makes a treaty with thefe iflanders, and re-paffes into Gaul, He makes preparations for his return into Great Britain. 308. Before he paffes over, he reduces the Treviri, who meditated a
re-

INDEX.
revolt,
ploit?,

310.
313.

He
He

takes with hitn

is

all

the prime nobility of Gaul.

Dumnorix,

refufing to go,

killed,

311.

His

pafl'age

and ex-

grants peace to the conquered nations and returns to Gaul, which he hnds quiet in appearance and puts his fcq. legions into winter quarters, 315,

&

legions and five cohorts, are entirely deflroyed by the treachery of Ambiorix King of the Ebnrones, viii. 318. He comes to the afliflance of Q^ Cicero, who is attacked by

One of Caefar's

Ambiorix, with a difpatch worthy of admiration, 325. He defeats and puts to flight 60, coo Gauls> with only 7000 men, 326. His grief and mourning for his exterminated legion, 328. He raifes two new legions in Italy, and borrows one of Pompey, His expeditions during the winter. He goes to Lutetia 330. meafures he takes to fecure his revenge againil AmThe 331. He fubdues the Menapii, and biorix, and the Eburones, 332. theTreviri are vanquiflied and fubjefled by Labienus, ibid Sc feq. He pafies the Rhine a fecond time, 334. He goes at lenoth into the country of the Eburones, and undertakes to extirpate them, 335. He ravages the country of the Eburones ; but Am* He caufes Acco, chief of the Senones, biorix makes his efcape. to be condemned and executed, and goes to Italy to pafs the His demanding the confulfhip in perfon is winter there, 339.
difpenfed with, 409. Csefar returns to Gaul, and
his legions, viii.
is

much

embarraiTed

how

to reioin

419.
his

He

crofies the

Cebenna

in

the midfl of

winter, and

re-joins

legions, ibid.

He

marches from the

country of the Sencnes to that of the Biturige?, and furprizes and burns Genabum, 420. He befieges Avaricum, where the Romans fufFer greatly, 422. He propofes tohis foldiers to raife They requell him to continue it. His care of his the fiege. He takes the city after a vigorous refinance, troops, 423. burns it, and puts the inhabitants to the fword, 426. He fends Labienus with four legions againft the Senones, pafTes the Allier with fix others and befieges Gergovia, 428. The revolt of the ^dui gives him thoughts of raifing the fiege of Gcr^'ovia, Combat, in which the imprudent heat of the troops occa430. Generous adtion of a centurion, ibid. iions a confiderable lofs. his foldiers rafhnefs, and raifes the hege, 431. He blames He fords the Loire, and goes to join Labienus, 433. He procures from Germany horfe and light-armed foot, 436 His cavalry engages with the Gauls. Singular ciicumftances of that fio-ht with regard to him. He is conqueror, 438. (See Akf\3.) He pafles the winter in Gaul, 447. Panegyric on his commentaries During the winter he fubdues the Bituriges, difpei-fes the ibid. Carnuti, and entirely defeats the Bellovaci, 449. He endeavours to pacify Gaul by adding mildnefs and clemency to the force of arm?, 452. He befieges Uxellodunum (See Uxellodunum.) He entirely pacifies Gaul, and employs the whole ninth year of his command in calming the Gauls, and gaining them by mildnefs, 458. He goes into Cifalpine Gaul. The manner in which he is there received, 459.

The

INDEX.
The
true cauie of the civil

war between Caefar and Pompey

to
pofleffion

was their ambition, ix. 5. Caefar's policy down his command, when he had once got

prevent laying of it, 6. He makes creatures every where. It was no longer time to at^ tack him when Pompey refolved upon it. Saying of Cicero upon that fubjeft, 7. The conful Marcellus propofes to recal him. The other conful, and fome tribunes oppofe it, 8. He gains to his party L. Paulus, and Curio one defigned for Conful and the other for Tribune for the next year, 9. Divers refolutiong of the Senate, which are oppofed by the Tribunes in his intereft, True point from whence his caufe is to be viewed, 11. 10. He is ferved very efFedlually by Curio, 12. Two legions taken from him, and delivered over to Pompey. He takes prudent meafures, 16. He writes to the Senate, 18. Pompey is or^ dered to defend the republic againll him, 19. Caefar makes propofals for an accommodation. No agreement could poffibly take place between him and Pompey, becaufe they both wanted a war, zi. He writes anew to the Senate, 22. Which orders him to diiband his troops, 23. M. Antony the Tribune having fled from Rome on account of a decree of the Senate againfl him, Csfar exhorts his foldiers to revenge the violated rights of the
:

tribunefnip, 24. Csefar with a fingle legion begins the war.

Paflage of the Rubicon, ix. 25, 26. He makes himfelf matter of Rimini. Terrible confiernation at Rome, 27. His partizans and thofe of Pompey compared, 30. Negotiation between him and Pompey He befieges infmcere and ineffedual, 32. Caefar's progrefs. Domitius in Coriinium, 34, 35. Domitius's troops promife to deliver him into Ca^far's hands, 36. Casfar pardons Lentulus Spinther, 37. He pardons Domitius and the other prifoners, purfues Pompey, who fhuts himfelf up in Brundufium. New fteps taken by him towards a peace. He has fometimes difguifed the truth of fafts in his Commentaries, 40. He befieges Pompey, who goes over toEpirus, 42. He is determined to go into Spain, and fends Valerius into Sardinia, and Curio He preffes Cicero to go with him to Rome into Sicily, 43. and appear in the Senate, 51. He comes to Rome, and afFefts He great moderation in his {peechcs to the Senate and people. any able to do thing open he intended, not He breaks is 54. the public treafury, in fpite of the Tribune Metellus's oppofition ; and t. kes away all the gold and filver he finds there, 57.

38.

He

His clemency
Crefar,

is

thought affefted

but wrongfully, 58.

before he fets out for Spain, appoints

in
Italy,

commanders

\s\

his

and feveral of the provinces, ix. 60. Mrhe befieges it, 61. He cuts feiiles fhuts its gates againft him down a confecrated wood to employ it in his works, 62. He leaves the conduft of the fiege to Trcbonius j and continues his His army flrong and numerous. The route to Spain, ibid. He flreightens the enemy. Fight, in Gaulifli cavalry, 63 does not fucceed, which he He is in great difficulties, 65. 64. He recovers his fuperiority, and forces his enemies to abandon
:

name

their

INDEX.
camp, 67. He purfues them, and prevents their pafling the Ebro, 68. He fpares his enemies, when he has it in hiu power to cut them to pieces, chufing to reduce them to lay down their arms, 71. Tieaty alm?ft c ncluded between the two armies. Petreius prevents its execution. Ca^fu's clemency,
their

The war renewed. He harrafles and diftreil'es his enemies, 72. His interview with Afraand compels them to furrender, 73 nius ; he infifts only on the dilbandmg of" the advcrfary's troops, That condition is agreed to, and executed, 76. He eafily 75. fubdues Ulterior Spain, after which he goes before Marfeilles, (See Marfeilles.) His party receives a check in Illyricum, 78. 82. The foldiers of one of his cohorts chofe rather to kill one another than furrender, 83. He receives another check in Africa by the fault of Curio, 85. (See Curio.) C^efar is named Didator by the Prstor Lepidus, ix. 97. His ninth legion mutinies. His refolute haughty behaviour, by which he makes the mutineers return to their duty, 98. He comes to Rome, takes pofleffion of the di^tatorfliip, caufes himfelf to be eleded Conful, and prefides at the eledion of the other Regulation in favour of debtors, recal of exiles, magiftrates, 99. and the children of profcribed peifons reftored to the capacity of
ferving public offices,
Caefar's preparations

100.
for pafTing
foldier.';,

into Greece.
fix

He

takes with
ix.

him 20,000 legionary

and

hundred horfe,

109.

Pompey, with propofa's for an accommodation, 110. He makes himfelf mailer of almoft all Epirus. Pompey encamps a^^ainfl him, with the river Apfus between them, iii. Pompey's fleet hinders the troops he had
difpatches

He

VibuUius

to

left in Italy

from

crofling the

fea,

112.

New
left at

advances on his

Brundufium are goes himfelf to fetch them. His famous fpeech to the mafler of the bark, 114. The ardcur of his foldiers at his return, 115. On receiving new orders, Antony palles from Italy into Greece with four legions, 116. He fends three detachments from his army into ^tolia, ThefTaly and Macedonia, 119. He endeavours in vain to bring Pompey to a battle. Tries to inclofe him in lines. Divers adlions near the lines, 120. Prodigious valour of one of his cohorts, and above all of the centurion Scsva, 122. Incredible patience of his troops when in want, 123. His fruitlefs negotiation with Scipio, 124. Two of his Gaulifh ofiicers defert, and acquaint Pompey with the weak part of his lines. They are forced, ibid. Casfar receives a confiderable check, 125 He determines to retreat into ThefTaly. 1 he fhame and grief of his foldiers, 127. Calvinus, one of his lieutenants, narrowly efcapcs Pompey. Csefar juins him, 128. His various difpofitions according to the different dtfigns Pompey might form, 129. He ftorms the city of Gomphi in ThefTaly, ibid. He flarves that metropolis he comes to Pharfalia, and is followed by Pompey,
part always rejefted. 113.

His troops

dilatory in joining him.

He

130.
Caefar

INDEX.
to a general aclion, Ix. 137. The confequence, 139. He forces thd enemy's camp, 143. His remarkable faying on that occafion, He purfues fuch as had fled to the adjacent mountains, ibid.

Caefar encJeavours to

come
its

battle of Pharfalia, and

and compels them to furi-ender, 144.. Hislofsin the battle, 145. He is well pleafed with His generofity after the viftnry, 146. The battle of Pharfalia foretold at Dyrfavirg Brutus, ibid. rachium, and known at Padua in a very extraordinary manner,
147.

He

Caefar arrives at Alexandria, and

head.

gives C. Caffius a favourable reception, 164. is prefented with his enemy's He weeps, ix. 169. He eaters Alexandria, where he
againll

finds the people irritated

Etefian winds,

170.

He

him. He is detained by the takes cognizance of the diiference behis filler Cleopatra.

The caufe of Difcontent of the Egyptian ir.i171. nlliers, particularly of the eunuch Pothinus, 173. Cleopatra comes to Alexandria, and is introduced to Caefar. Their adulteries, 174. He declares Ptolemy and Cleopatra jointly King and Queen of Egypt, 175. Achillas with a royal army, between the King of Egypt and
this mifunderftanding,

The firft battle. Great part him in Alexandria, ibid. burnt, the Alexandrian library The war continued. 176. of Pharos, the Ifle of Cajfar takes pofl'efllon of He caufes 177. Pothinus to be affaffinated, 178. He is a fecond time named
lieges

Didator,

The war continued by Achillas is killed. ibid. Ganimed, 179. The danger to which Caefar is expofed. He The Alexandrians demand their efcapes by fwimming, 181. King. He returns him, 182. He receives fupplies, 183. Miihridates of Pergamus brings him confiderable fuccours. He
goes to join him, 184. Laft battle, wherein Ptolemy is defeatAlexandria and Egypt fubmit to the vanquilher, ibid. ed, 186. He puts Cleopatra and her fecond brother in poffeflion of the kincrdom. He for fome time devotes himfelf to the charms of
Cleopatra, 187. The repoit of the progrefs of Pharnaces in Afia obliges Caefar Concluiion of his amours with Cleoto quit Egypt, ix. 188. He fettles the affairs of Syria and Cilicia, 189* patra, ibid. DoDejotarus applies to him for pardon, and obtains it, 190. defeated is by Pharnaces, Cssfar mitius his lieutenant 192, His inarches agalnft that Prince, and gains a vidory, 193.

remarkable faying on that occafion, 196. He returns to Rome, His fettles the affairs of Afia, and levies great contributions. maxim on that head, 197. War in lllyricum between his parCalenus takes for him tizans and thofe of Pompey, 199. Athens, Megara, and Peloponnefus, 203. The ftate of Rome after the battle of Pharfalia. ix. zli. Cxfar, on his return to Rome, quells the troubles excited by DoHe endeavours labella, witiiout examining into paft fafts, 216. ibid. He makes a fale of the effefls to raife money at any rate, of the conquered party, particularly of Pompey's, which are bought by Antony, 217. Difcontent between him and Antony He ingratiates himfelf with the people, on that head. 218. 220.

INDEX.
He rewards the chiefs of his party. Calenus and VatiHe gets hiinfelf nominated Dicnius appointed Confuls, ibid. tator and Conful for the year enfuing, and takes Lepidus for his
S.20.

Sedition among colleague and for his General of horfe, 222. appeafes it his He by refolution, ibid. foldiers. his veteran with refped to his foldiers, 225. The principles of his condud Casfar pafles into Africa, to fight the remains of the vanquiflied party. His inconceivable difpatch, ix. 234. He fails down His caution to obviate the vulgar fuin getting out of his (hip. He had at firft but few troops with him, and perllition, 235. He is attacked by Labienus. thofe very ill provided, 236. is very much difirefled, 237. His difhe battle, wherein great

and dangerous fituation, 240. He finds means to make Juba return, who was marching againft him, 241. He keeps His impatience, ibid. He endeavours to clofe in his camp. ingratiate hirafelf with the people of the province of Africa and A great number of Getulians and Numidians fucceeds, 242. He receives a reinforcedefert, and arrive in his camp, ibid. and gains troops and provifions, an advantage ia an enment of terrible iiorm which greatly gagement of the cavalry, 243, A incommodes his army, 246. Panic among his troops on Juba's approach. His fingular expedient to encourage them, ibid. His feverity to fi,ve officers, Jundion of all his forces, 248. Remarkable inftance of his adivity in faving a fquadroa ibid. attacked by Varus, 250. He puts Ligarius to deaih, for having continued in arms againft him, notwithltanding the pardon granted him in Spain, 251. He particularly applies himfelf to the Battle of Thapfas, 25 j. Medifciplining of his troops, ibid. morable engagement of a foldier with an e!ephant, 256. A complete vidory, carnage of his enemies, 257. He marches againft Utica, 258, His expreflion on the news of Cato's death. What may be thought of the concern ha ihewed for not being able to fave his life, 276. He caufes L. Caefar to be killed, pardons Cato's fon, and lays a heavy tax on the Romans fettled in Utica, 277. He meets with no refiftance, 279. He reduces Nuraidia to a Roman province. Tyranny of the governor Salluft, 280. Cffifar's diiiribution of rewards and punifhments, 284. He puts to death Fau^lus Sylla and Afranius. His clemency to the reft, 281. His return, having put an end to the African war in little more then five months, 2S2. Flattering decrees of the Senate to Csfar. They ered for him a ftatue in the Capitol, ix. 283. He having refolved to ufe gently the fupreme power, folemnly engages himfelf to it in a fpeech to the Senate, 284. Reflexions on the plan of his condud, 285. He celebrates four triumphs on account of the victories he gained over the Gauls, Alexandria, and Egypt, Pharliaces, Pontus, and Juba, 286. Satyrical reflexions on him, fung by the foldiers during the triumph, uncommonly licentious, 288. Rewards beftowed by him on his foldiers. His bounty to the people. His profufe expences, 289. Roman knights engage as gladiators, 290. He engages Laberius to piay a part in
ficulties

the

INDEX.
the

He erefls a temple to Ve^ of his compofiuon, ibid. of the fums which were carried in his Amount nus Genetrix. Regulations for repairing the diminution in triumphs, 292. Againil luxury, 293. In favour the number of citizens, ibid. He reof phyficians, and profeflbrs of the liberal arts, ibid.
MimI

He introduces into ths Senate a great forms the calendar, ibid. He confents to Marcelnumber of unworthy members, 294. He is induced by the pleadings of Cicero to lus's return, 295. pardon Ligarius, 300. The anticatones, 304. His origin, Troubles in Spain excited by young Pompey. into Spain. compofes a comes He fmall poem Casfar IX. 307. He obliges Pompey young to raiftf voyage, 311. durinw the He befieges and takes Ategua. Rethe fiege of Ulia, ibid. He defeats the army of Pompey near ciprocal cruelties, 312.
Munda, 313.
Bcetica,

He takes that City, 317. He totally reduces He diftributes rewards and punifhments, 319. 318. Services rendered by him through Odavius, his nephew, ib:d. He triumphs for his fuccefs in Spain. Difcontent of the citizens
on
that account, 320. Csefar is fpoilt by the Senate's flattery, ix. 321.

He is deDidator, perpetual Sec. Extraordinary 322. clared Imperator, honours conferred on him. The privilege of conftantly wearing
The reafon, a crown of laurel gives him fingular fatisfaftion. 323. He appoints Fabius and Trebonius Conful for three reHe maining months, and Caninius for feventeen hours, 324. He arbitrarily difpofes of all oftices and employments, 325. creates new Patricians, and grants the confular ornaments to ten ancient Pretors, ibid. He is named Conful for therifth time, He prepares to make war againft together with Antony, 326. forms feveral defigns, all equally grand He the Parthians, 328. He reftores the and magnificent, 329. His clemency, 331. The temple of Clemency, ibid. He Ilatues of Pompey, 332. Several circumftances which renrefufes to have a guard, ibid. His readinefs to accept honours and exder him odious, 333. He is looked on as a God, ibid. Arroorbitant privileges. He defires to be gance in his difcourfe and beiiaviour, 334. Antony offers him the diadem, 337. M. King, made 336. againft him, Public refentment 339. (See Antony, Brutus, Confpiracy againft Csfar, ix. 340. The number of confpirators increafes to upwards Caffius, &c.) They determine to kill him in full Senate, ,352. offixty, 350. He begins to have fome fufpicions of Brutus and Caflius, 353. He rejefts the predictions of a foothfayer, ibid. His opinion as Frightful dream to what k'nd of death is moft eligible, 3154. of Calphurnia his wife, ibid. He is inclined not to go to the Senate-houfe ; till perfuaded to the contrary by D. Brutus* An intimation fent him of the confpiracy, which never ibid. Refolution and tranquillity of came to his knowledge, ibid. They meet with feveral difappointments, the confpirators, 35 (j. He falls at the foot of Pompey's Caefar's death, 358, 356, ftatue, 359. DifFerentopinionsinrelation to the murder. Without
doubt

1
idoLibt

N D E

.t.

he (kferved death, 360.

Short rsPit.\lon on his chara(f-

ter,

362.

death occafions a great conflernatioa In tile Senate and among the people, ix. 364. The confpirators tske polu-fThe Senate favours them, ibid. (See iion of the capitol, 36;;. T^ntony, Brutus, LepiJas, Sec.) The Senate meets and decrees that his death {hall pafs unrevenged, but that his adts Ihall be
Ca^far's

His will is to cake place, and his funeral is fconfirmed) 368. ordered to be celebrated with all imaginable honours, 371. His
funeral.

Antony fpeaks

his

funeral oration.

The

people's

refentment againft the confpirators, 374.. A comet fiippofed to denote that Csfar's foul had been received among the Gods, Temples ere<fl;ed to his honour, x. ^cj. Temple dedi 399. cated to him by Oflavius, 311.
Cesfar (L. Julitis) vi. 383. His viftory over the Samnites in the war of the Allies, which makes the Romans refume the habits of

peace, 406. He pafies a law to grant the freedom of Roirie to fuch of the allies as had continued faithful, 41 1. He is made Cenfor, 423. He is put to death by the order of M-rius 476. Gaefar (C. Julius) Brother of the preceding, his conteil with Sylia for the Confullhip, vi. 426. He is killed by the order of Marius,

476. Conful,
vii.

Cffifar (L. Julius)

474.

His fpeech

in

the Senate

againft Lentulus his brother-in-law, 556.

But Cuved by his filler Julia, 491, 500. the mother of Antony, 508. Caifar (L.) is deputed from Cato at Utica to CzCar the Dictator, He is put to de?.th, 277. ix. 267. Csfar (Sextus) being left governor of Syria by Cajfar the Diiftator, is fupplanted and killed by Cecilius BhUus, ix. 426. Csefario, fon of Cffifar and Cleopatra, ix. ib'8. Is a:knowledged by Antony to be the lavvful fon of Csfarj x. 221. Fe^s giv^n by Antony on his entering the age ofpubQity, 268. L put to death by Oclaviusj 283. Calaguris, a city of Spain, befieged by Afranius, Pumper's Lieutenant, fufters the greateft horrors ot famine, vii. 202. See Pacuvius. Calavius. Calendar, reformed by Numa, i. 60. By Csefar, 61. By Pcpe Gregory XIII. ibid. Calenus (Fiifius) THbune of the people, is the only refource of Clodius in the affair of the Good Goddefs, viii. 19. C::sfar's Lieutenant takes Athens, Me^ara, and Pc-loponnefus fot" him, iNlHmed Conful, 220. Is favoured by Antony, 436ix. 203. Ht faves Varro in the profcription, 511. He commands part of Antony's f.:r:e3 in Italy, x. 66. fjis death, 76. His fon givKs the army, which his father commanded, up to O^'tavius,
ibid.

M. Antony his nephew He is profCribed, 215.

governor of

He is appuintea by Rome in his abfencc; ix.

Calidius, Tribune of the people, propofes a law for

tellus

rtcallini'-

Me-

Numidicus,

vi.

ji\S.

Galidius, the Orator. V'oL. X.

Ch?,! after of his eloquence, viii, 1:6.

He
was

Aa

I
V7as

N D

E;

advanced to the Prsetorfhip,; ^ut could never arrlvb at being Conful, 158. Callicrates, the Achsc^n, a flatterer of the Romans, is detefted by his couctrymen, v. 483, 484. Callimachus, the Engineer, is charged with the defence of Amifiis, He is taken in Nifibis by Luculand fets it on fire, vii. 272. lus, and made to undergo the punifhment he dei'erved, 302. Her frightful dream before Calphurnia, wife cf Cg^far, viii. 77.
C^efar's death, ix. 354. Calpurnius. See Pifo. Calphurnius Flanima, a legionary Tribune, delivers the Conful His recoraAtilius from great danger by his valour, iii. 167. pence, 168. Caiphurnius Beftia (L.) Conful, arrives in Numidia at the head of He is corrupted by Jugurtha, and makes a pretendthe army. He returns to Rome, and is geed treaty with him, vi. 214. He was dear to the party of the great, nerally blamed, 216.
ibid.

He

is

Calghurnias Beftia (L.)

condemned to exild, 229. Tribune of thi& people, one of

Catiline's

hinders Cicero from haranguing theaccomplices, vii. 533. people on quitting the Confulfnip, 562. See Domitius. Calvinus Domitius. Calvifius Sabinus, Conful, x. 106. Admiral to Oflavius, 132. He
frees Italy from robbers, 165. He Calvus, the famous Orator, fon of Licinius Macer, vii. 367. pleads againlt Vatinius, viii. 281. Camelus, or Capenus, Prince of Burgundy, betrays Decimus Brutus, ix. 489. Camerini, make- war with the Romans, and are defeated, i. 41. They are defeated a fecond time, 44. He reinftates Camillus (M. Furius) declared Didator, ii. 124. Being upon the point of taking the^ the affairs of Veii, ibid. city, he confuks the Senate concerning the fpoils, 125. He Fine expreffion of takes the city by the help of a mine, 127. He tranfports Camillus on cccaiion of the taking of Veii, 129. His triumph in a chariot the ftatue of Juno to Rome, 130. His expedition againft the drawn by four while horfes, 131. He ftrongly oppofes the removing of half the RoFalifci, 135. man pecpls to Veii, 140. He is unjuftly accufed by a Tribune of the people, but prevents his condemnation by retiring to ArHe de.eats a confiderable detachmentof dea, as an exile, 142. Gauls, it^y. Camillus is declared Di^lator during his exile by the Senate, ii. 161. He defeats the Gauls, delivers Rome, and in a fe-

He

cond

battle cuts

them

to pieces,

166.

He

enters

Rome

in

He oppofes the defign of tranfplanting the triumph, 167. people to Veii after Rome had been deltroyed by the Gauls, 173, J 77. He is again declared Didator, defeats the Volfci, Equi, and Hetrurians, and enters Rome in triumph, 180. Refpeft of his colleagues for him, and his regard for his colleagues, 183. He terminates the war with the Antiates fuccefsfully, ibid. He
ifi

INDEX.
His great niodemtiorl *s chofen one of the military Tribunes. His valour S'^^ainit the with refped to one oF his colleagues. His fingular expedition againll the TuTcuIans, enemy, 206. 212. He is created DiiS^aror in order to oppofe the new laws of the Tribunes, 221. He abdicates the Dii5iator(hip before the affair is terminated, 222. He is created Didlator for the fifth time, and defeats an army of the Gauls, 227. He terminates the difputes on the fubjccl of the new laws, 229. His death,
.

234-

ii. 515. Camillas (L. Furius) fubdues the Latines, ii. 359. His fpeech with regard to what was proper to be done with refped to the vanqjilhed, 360. Camps, the form made ufe of by the ancient Romans. The difpoiition ofPyrrhus's admii^d, and afterwards ufed by the Romans, iii. 97. Campanians. See Capuans. Camulatus, a brave officer, deferts to the Triumviri, in the fight of Biutus, X. 41. Camulogenus, commander of the Gauls. His courage, viii. 434. Candidaici, i. 236. Law to prevent their whitening their robes, Biibery on their part. ii. 55. See Bribery. Canidius Crali'us (P.) and Balbus fubltituted in the Confulfliip in the room of Pollio and Domitius, x. 102. Canidius, Antony's Lieutenant, gain'd over by Cleopatra, perfuades his general to carry that Princefs to the war, 228. He changes his advice on the approach of danger, 248. He commands Antony's land forces at Aclium, 25 i. After the flight of Antony he abandons the troops he commanded, and betakes himfelf to flight, 255. He informs Antony of the revolt of his army, 268. He is put to death by Octavius, 294, Caniniuo, Conlul for feventeen hours. Cicero's witticifms on that

Caniillus (L. Furius) defeats the Gauls,

occafion,

ix.

324.
iii.

Canna;,
battle

its

lituation,

466.

Alarm of Rome concerning the

which was upon the point of being fouoht there, 467. Divifion and difputes between the two Confuls, ibid. Varrp refolves to give battle, 46S. A famous engagement, 469. The
death of Pauliis jEmilius, 472. The Carthaginians take the fpoils of the dead, in the field of battle, 476. Hannibal makes himfelf mailer of the two campS;, ibid. Generofity of a lady of Canufium, 477. Young Scipio fupprefles a dangerous confpiracy, ibid. Four thoufend P.omans retire to Venufia, 478. The Conful Varro comes to Canufium, 479. Confternation at Rome on the confufed rumour of the cieteat of the army, 480. The Senate alTembles. The wife couni'el of Fabius for raakino- the necsflTary difpofitions in the city, ibid. Letters from Varro to the Senate which inform them of the prefent ftate of affairs, 48 1. Hannibal permits the P.oman prifoncrs taken at the battle of Ganna; to fend deputies to Rome to treat of their ranfom, iii. Carthalon, a Carthaginian officer, ordered to quit the ter484.
ritories of the rcpublick,

485.

Speech of one of the deputies of

a 2
"
.

the

INDEX.

Anfwer of ManHus tne Senate in favour of the prifoners, 486. The refufes Senate Torquatus, 489. to ranfom the prifoner, Reflexions upon that refufal, 491. Mean fraud of one 490. Varro returns to Rome, and is very well of the deputies, 492. Reflexions upon the conduft of the Romans, 493. received. Mago carries the news of the viftory to Carthage, 509.

The Soldiers, who after the battle of Cann^ were baniflied into Sicily, fend deputies to Marcellus, defiring that they may Marcellus writes to the be taken again into the fervice, iv. 44.
Senate in their favour. Severe anfwer of the Senate, 48. Scipio forms a chofen corps out of them, and takes thera with him. into Africa, 388. Ganuleius, Tribune of the people, propofes, and, after great difi putes, paiTes a law for permitting the Patricians and Plebeians to intermarry, ii. 19. Canutius, Tribune of the people, fupports 0<?lavius againft AnHe is killed by the order of Oftavius, x. 74. tony, ix. 398. people of Tufcany, fend fuccours to Veii, ii. 119. Capenates, a They demand and obtain a peace, 132. Tarquin the Capitol, Tarquin prepares its foundations, 1. 113. Prodigies on that occafion^ Proud continues the work, 149. Its dedication, 183. Herdonius the Sabine having feized 150. it, is defeated and killed, 350. The flower of the Senate and people, afttr the battle of Alli?, retire thither, and defend it againll the Gauls, ii. 152. It is It is rebuilt and confecrated, 352. burnt, vii. 85. See Manlius. Capitolinus. Capua, Campanians, the Samnites make themfelves mailers of that The Campanians imcity, and maiTdcre the inhabitants, ii. 69. plore the prntedlion of the Romans againft the Samnites, and acknov. ledge them for their fovereigns, 320. The Romans who were in garrifon there form a confpiracy againft the inhabitants, Compaffion of the Campanians for the Roman foldiers af336.
ter their defeat at

queft, fend

Caudium, 397. The Romans, them a prsefeft, 421. Capua abandoned to luxury, Hannibal arrives
iii.

at

their re-

there in his

Pacuvius Calavius fubjefts the Senate to the 496. Caufesofthe luxury and people, and thereby to himfelf, ibid. vices of that people, 499. They fend ambafiadors to Varro, who difcovers too much to them concerning the defeat of Canna:, The fame ambafiadors are fent to Hannibal, 501. Con500. Their horrible cruelty ditions of their alliance uith him, ibid. to the Romans which we're in their city, ibid. Decius Magius He is there received, oppoffrs the reception of Hannibal, 502. Hannibal's extraordinary promifes, 507. He demands 503, that Decius Magius be delivered up to him, which is done imMagius reproaches them with bafenefs, 5084 mediately, ibid. Winter quarters in that city fatal to Hannibal's army, 5 18. Enterprize of the Campanians againft Cumaj fruftrated by Sempronius, iii, 54^. Single combat between jubellius Taurea, and Claudius Afellus, ^' cc8. recal HanniThe Campanians ^
bal

march,

INDEX.
fcal

to their aid, iv.

to the

17.

An

71, near their city, 88. The Campanians demand fuccours of Hannibal, 90. The Confuls march into their territories, 91. And there receive a check, 93, Single combat between Crifpinns and Badius, ibid. Battle between the Confuls and Hannibal with equal advantage, 96. Capua is befieged in form, iv. 98. The fiege is prefled vi goroufly by the two Proconfuls, 99. Hannibal comes to fuccour the place, and retires after a fmart battle, ibid. It is reduced to defpair, 105. The garrifon writes to Hannibal, and reproaches him very warmly, ibid. Deliberation of the Senatr, 106. Eloquent difcourfe of Vibius Virius to exhort the Senators to kill themfelves, ibid. Many of the Senators put it ia execution, 109. The city furrenders, 110. Dreadful punifliment of the Senators and inhabitants, ibid. Death of Taurea Wife condudl of the Roman people, who deJubellius, 112. termine not to demoiifh that city, 113. Campanians, being authors of the fire at Rome, are punifiied with death, iv. 157. Their complaints againft Fulvius. They follow Laevinus on his return from Sicily, !<;8. Severe fentence pafled againft them by the Senate, 164. Their confpiracv difcovered and punilhed, 209. A Roman colony eftablilhed at Ca-

00 over

Romans,

The

hundred and twelve Campanians Confuls force Hanno's camp

pua by Ca^far, viii, 72. Aquedufl which he built

Cappadocia.

Regard of Oi3.avius
there, x.

for that colony.

16S.

Mithridates puts one of his fons in pnffeflion of that having extirpated the race of its Kings, vii. jo. The Senate having offered the Cappadocians liberty, they chulc rather to have a King, and eledl Ariobarzanes, 12. See Ariirathcs, and Ariobarzanes, Capfa, a city of importance in Numldia, befieged and taken by

kingdom,

after

Marius, vi. 270. Caranus, firll King of Macedonia, v. 440. Carbo, (C. Papirius) Tribune of the people, his difcourfe with Scipio Africanus concerning the death of Tib. Gracchus, vi. 123, He is fufpefi^ed of being the author of the death of the fame Scipio, 129. When Conful he defends Opimius, 161. Hi is accufed by L. Craffus, and poifons Inicnihlf, 189. Carbo, (Cn. Papirius) attacks the Cimbri in Noricum, and is defeated, vi. 293. Carbo, (Cn. Papirius) befieges Rome with Cinna and Marius, vi. He is made Conful, vii. 78. He is continued Conful, 469. He is fole Conful after the death of Cinna, ibid. He is for 79. exacting hoftages from the cities of Italy, 81. He is betiayc-d by Verres his Quaeilor, v/hom he had intrufted wih the military cheft, 86. His faying concerning Sylla, 89. He is made Conful for the third time with young Marius, 9?. He abandons Italy, gy. His death, 111. Carbo Arvina, killed by Damafippusi accordii^j to the orders of young Marius, vii. 94. Carmenta, mother of Evander, i. 4. . A a 3 Car*

INDEX.
Carneades,
the celebrated

philofopher,

envoy

In

an embrifly to

507. Carnutes, a people of Gaul, vlii. 317. His triumph, 311. Carrinas, lieutenant to Oflavius, x. 78. Carteia, a ciiy of Spain, made a colony of freedmen, v. 319. Carthagena, its foundation, iii. 271. Is befieged by Scipio, iv. The army and fleet of the Romans arrive before that city^ 174. It is befieged by fea and land, 179. Its fituation, 178. 176. And taken by itorm, 182. The plunder of it confiderable, jg^. The Carthaginians diffemble their grief for the lofs of that city,

Rome,

V.

Carthage, Carthaginians, their firft treaty with the Romans, i, Second treaty, ii. 318. Third treaty, according to T. 184. Treaty renewed between them and the Romans, Livy, 443Extraft of their feveral treaties concluded with the Roiii. 91. mans, 132. The Carthaginians congratulate the Romans on account of their viftories over the Samnites, ii. 334. Their fending a fleet to the relief of Tarentum befieged by tiie Romans,' the firft fubjeft of difcontent, iii. 104. Foundation of Carthage by Dido, iii. 118. Defcriptjon of Extent of its dominions, iii. 119. Its gothat city, v. 533. vernment, Suffetes, Senate, and people, ibid. Deteds of its government, izi. Commerce, the fource of its riches and Advantages and inconvepower, 123. Mines of Spain, 124. Tiienciesof its government with refpeft to war, ibid. Charadler and manners of the Carthaginians, 128, 156, 163. Aid granted by the Romans to the Mamertines againft the Carthaginians occafions the firll Punic war, iii. 139, (Seethe whole xith book.) They are beaten in Sicily by Appius Claudius, 144. They are defeated at the fiege of Agrigentum, iqo. They take the Conful Cornelius prifoner with feventeen {hips, and carry them to Carthage, 158. They are defeated at fea by Their cruel behaviour to the inhabitants of CorDuilius, 159.
fica,

They abandon IVIytiftrata, befieged by the Romans, 163. They are defeated at fea by Sulpicius, 169. Alfo in the l66. Clypea is taken frcm celebrated fea-fight near Ecmona, 170. them, and the whole country plundered, 176. They are deThey fue for peace, but refufe the feated by Regulus, 180. offered them, )8i. are which Their couia?e hard conditions Xantippus the Laceda;rnonIan, 182. revives on the arrival of They, by his conduct, defeat Regulus and (See Xantippus.) Reflexions of Polybius on this great take him prifoner, 183. They lol'e two battles, io3. They befiege and event, 186.
They lofe feveral places in Sicily, ipi. take Agrigentum, 190. I'hey retake all the places in Africa which Regulus had made They fend an embaffy to Ptolomy himfelf mafter of, 192. are defeated in the famous battle They King of Egypt, 194. They fend ambafTadors to Rome in order near Panormus, 196. of prifoners. Regulus accomto treat of peace, or the exchange They put Regulus to death by the mol^ panies them, 200. (See Regulus) Carthaginians delivered cruel torments, 203.
up

INDEX.
Aip

the refentment of Marcia, the wife of Regulus, 205* They defend Lilybjeum againll the Romans, 207. (See Lily' baeum.) They defeat the Roman fleet near Drepanum, 212.
to

They

burn and difperfe another

Roman

fleet,

the city of Eryx, 219.

Exchange of

prifoners,

216. 221.

They lofe They re-

They arc defeated near the iflands Agates, take Eryx, 222. peace with the Romans, 228. of Treaty End of the 226. upon it, 230. war, and refleflions War of the Carthaginians againfi: the revolted mercenaries, Sardinians taken from them by the Romans, 251. .jii. 249. Thev obtain of Rome a confirmation of the peace, but not withDifi'erences between them and the Romanf, out difficulty, 257. the Carthaginians, which increafvd every power of The 258. Romans, Afdrubai's treaty- with the Rothe alarms 270. .day,

mans, 271. General idea of the fecond Punic war, iii. 307. Hatred of Amilcar againll the Romans, 308, The war is rcfolved upon
at

Rome, 327. The Roman ambafladors decl^Jre it, 328. Frivolous reafons of the Carthaginians to juRil'y the fiege of Saguntum, 329. Real caufe of this war, 330. They are defeated in

The bad fuccefs of their expedifea-nght near Sicily, 365. ravage They Sicily, 482, Mago carries tions in Spain, 433. Debates beto Carthage the news of the battle of Canns:, 5C9.
a

tween Hanno and Himiico on that occafion, qi i. The Ser.ats But they are not fent, 519. Aflfairs in Spain little advantageous to the Carthaginians, iii. They order Afdrubai to march into Italy, 52S. And. 527. Afdrubai ^:ves battle lend .Himiico to fupply his place, 529. They fend into to, and is defeated by the two Scipio's. ibid. Spain and Sardinia the forces which were defigned for Hannibal,
decrees fuccours to Hannibal, 513.

They lofe a battle in Sardinia, 551. They are twice 535. They make a treaty beaten in Spain by the two Scipio's, 561. They are drove entirely with Gala King of Numidia, iv. 7.3, out of Sicily, 172. Their -ill treatment to their allies caufe them
to defert

from them, 237.

They

are driven out of Spain

by

Soiplo, 299.
the Carthaginians on the arrival of Lxlius in Africa, Meafures taken by them to put themfelves in a pofture Their conllernation on the arrival of Scipio, of defence, 359. After the burning of the two Africanus.) Scipio (See 391. they raife new troops to continue the war, Scipio, by camps after the lofsof a fecond battle. They conilernation 406. Their They fend to demand peace of Scipio. recal Hannibal, 408. Their ambafladors demand Conditions which he propofes, 420. peace of the Romans, They are referred to Scipio, 428. They They inviolate the truce by taking feme Reman veflels, 430. lult the ambafladors of Scipio, 341. Hannibal returns to Carthage. Scipio prepares to befiege it, The Carthaginians fend a new embafly to demand iv. 454. Conditions propofed by Scipio, ibid. .peace, 455. Gifgo opThe pofes thefe conditions, and is fllenced by Hannibal, 457.

Alarm of
358.

iv,

Romans

N D E

X.

Romans

'

give iheir ambafladors audience, 463. Peace is granfe them, and their prifoners fent home without a ranfom, 46 Their ambafTadors return, and conclude the peace with Scipio. 466. Five hundred of their (hips burnt by Scipio, ibid. (See for a longer detail of that war, book xiii. and the following. Alfo the names of Hannibal, the Roman Generals, cities, battles, &c,) Reflt-ftions on the governments of that republic and ot Rome in the time of that war, 468. The Romans fend ambafllidors to Carthage to complain that Amilcar had excited the Gauls and Ligurians to break the peace, iv. 478. Succefs of that erabafiy, 480. Firil payment of the tribute impofed on them, iv. 500. They offer aid to the Romans againft Antiochus, v. 83. Difpute between them and Mafmiffa," 265. The Romans reftore their hoftages, 269. They fend ambafTadors to Rome to complain of Mafinifia's ufurpat-'ons, 316. The Senate's anfwer to them, Their ambailadors and GulufTa return to Rome, 319. 318. The third Pimic war. Its origin, v. 515. War between the Carthaginians and Mafiniffa; they are defeated, 516. Rome deliberates upon declaring war againft them. Difputes between Scipio and Cato, 519. A war refolved on, 521. Their alarm. They fend deputies to Rorae in order to fubmit to the Romans 9t difcretion, 522, They accept the conditions propofed to them, ibid. They fend three hundred of their principal citizens as hoftages, 523. They deliver up their arms, ibid. They are at laft told that they mull quit Carthage, which is to be deflroyed. ExceiTive grief of the deputies. Defpair and fury of the Carthaginians at this news, 524. Reflexions en the conduft of the Romans, 525. Generous efforts of the Carthaginians to prepare for the fiege, 527. Evocation of the tutelary Gods of Carthage, and the devoting of that city, ibid. Carthage is befieged by the two Conful?, v. 530. The new Conful Pifo carries on the fiege very flowly, 531. Scipio is elecled Conful, paffes into Africa, and puflies the fiege with vigour, ibid. Barbarous cruelty of Afdrubal to the Roman prir

Works for inclofing the city, 536. A fea-fight Joners, 535. in which the Romans have the advantage, 537. Continuation of the fiege. The city furrenders, 539. Afdrubal alfo furrenders.
Afdrubal's wife kills her children!^ and throws herfelf into jhe fire with them, 540. Scipio's compaffion for the ruin of that city, ibid. Joy at Rome on receiving the news, 542. Deftruction of Carthage. The country made a Roman province,

543.

544. Carthalon, the Carthaginian, burns the

iii.

It is rebuilt,

Roman fleet near

|:.ilyb2eum,

2 J 6.
iii.

officer, ordered to quit the territories of 485. Carvilius, (Sp.) Coniul, takes the city of Cominium, iii. 28. He marches againft thp Hetrurians which had revolted, 30. He defeats them, and triumphs, 31. Conful for the fecond time, he terminates the war with the Samnitps, 105.

Carthalon, a Carthaginian
the republic,

Cafca,

INDEX.
Cafca,
firft wound to Ca:far, ix. He enters upon 358. people, Tribune the He of of is deprived of it his office 419. by Oftavius, 485. He offends Brutus by his rude expreffions,

gives the

^- 37Cafhiers, of the treafury, i. 31. Cafilinum, that city is attacked by Hannibal, iii. 517. It is compelled by "extreme famine to furrender, 520. It is retaken by Fabius, iv. 27.

Cafinum, Hannibal's guide miflakes the name

for that

of Cafili-

425. Caffivellaunus, General of the Britons, oppofes Csefar, but is fubdued, viii. 314. Caffius, (Sp.) iirlt Mailer of the horfe, i. 207. Being Conful for the third time, he takes a refolution to ufurp the fovereign power, and in order to efFcft it propofes the Agrarian law, 286. He is accufed before the people, condemned and executed, 289. Caflias, (Q^) legionary Tribune, is feverely punifhed for attackinor the abfence, and againlt the exprefs command of the Lipara Conful, iii. 193. Caflius, (L.) created Prstor to judge the corrupted veftals, vi. 185. He is deputed to Jugurtha, and perfuades him to come to Rome to give an account of his conduit, 221. Caffius (L.) Conful, vi. 255. He is defeated and killed by the Tigurini, 295. Caffius, (L.) Prcccnful of Aiia, vii. tj. He affembles troops againll Michridates, 17. He is defeated and retires to Apamea,
iii.

num,

Cdffius,
vii.

(L.) ftands for the confuKhip with Cicero and Catiline, He enters into Catiline's confpiracy, 480. He is 476. difpenfed with from figning a writing to the Allobroges, and

leaves
Caffius,

Rome, 534.
(C.)
Quajlior to
CrafTus,

viii. His indignation 350. deceived his General, 355. He faves himfelf in Syria after the defeat of Craflus, 365. And defends it againft the incurfions of the Paithians, 460. After the battle of Pharfalia he fub:nits to Csfar, and meets with a favourable reception, ix. 164. He is the firft contriver of the confpiracy His charadcr, 344. He engages Brutus, 345, sgainft Csfar. (For v/hat concerns him conjointly with Brutus, fee Brutus,; He quits Italy with Brutus, and pafl'es the fea, ^04. He goes into Syria whilftDoiabella (lays in Afia Minor, 425. He makes himfelf mailer of Syria, and of twelve legions, 426, He is commiffioned by the Senate to make war againft Dolabella, whom he reduces to fuch llreights that he kills himfelf, 428. He is accufed by Agrippa of the murder of Casfar, ix. 48c. He rejoins Brutus at Smyrna, x. 4. They al together with a perfe^ good underftanding, 5. Caffius fubjedls the Rhodians, 6. He treats them roughly, and amalfes prodigious riches, 7. He meets Brutus at Sardis. very warm debate between them.

againil Abargu-s

who had

Favonius diverts them from it, 12. The conduft and views of Caffius lefs pure than thofe of Brutus, 14. Hjs opinion of a

phan-

I
p"han tome
rival

N D E
but
is

X.

which is faid to have appeared to Brutus, iS. Artof the two Generals at Seitos, they review their troops,
dirtribute

Caffius oppofes 23. obliged to agree to the propofal of Brutus, 29. He is defeated, whilft Brutus is conqueror, 32, His deatJj Cafiius through precipitate defpair kills himfelf, 33. Triumviri, the to fuperiority 34. gives a people with Antony, he joins with Caffius, (Q^) Tribune of the him in the party of Ccefar againfl the Senate, and is obliged to Casfar fends him with two legions into quit Rome, ix. 23.

32. the

And

money

to the foldiers,

firft

battle of Phiiippi,

-'Ulterior Spain, 78.

He

is

left

there

commander,

ibid.

Hia

His death, 309. avarice and bad conduft, 307. to Csefar, who had only a flngle fubmits ihips fix. with (L.) Cafiius,
bark, ix. 167.
Cafiius of Parma, enters into the confpiracy againlT: Casfar, ix. 350After the death of Brutus he makes a junftion of all the navai He abandons Sextus forces of the vanquifhed party, x. 52.

put to death by Oftavius, 294. Cafiius, (L.) nephew of Caius, is killed at the fecond battle of

Pompeius, 197.

Is

Cafior and Pollux, fight at the head of the Roman army, i. 215^ temple erefted to them, ibid. Its confecration, 292. governed Phanagorea, revolts Caftor, a man of obfcure birth, who Becomes a friend and ally of the vii. 418, againft Mithridates, Dejotarus, King to fon-inlavir 437. Roman people, and

Phiiippi, X. 49.

Catiline, his

heroic virtue of Sergius Silus his greatHis wicked life. He is accufed of ingrandfather, vii. 443. acquitted, and 448. His cruelties in the proveftal a with ceft
nobility
:

Horrid punilhment of Marius Gratidianus, in quality of Propraetor, and is acAfrica governs He IOC. firft confpiracy, 449. The conHis cufed of extortion, 448. acquitted of the is He accufatioa ibid. spirators mifs their aim, f extortion, 450. He is again accufed and acquitted, 475. He Hands for the confulfhip with Cicero, ibid. Second confpiracy of Catiline. He applies himfelf to promote his fcheme, vii. 476. He engages all the villainous part of the city in his intereft. His arts for corrupting the youth,
scription of Sylla.

Heafiembles the chiefs in his 477. Strength of his party, 479. confpirators, the to difcourfe 480, Whether His houfe, ibid. is of doubt, 483. blood, a matter he made them drink human
fpread of it greatly contributed to Cicero's gaining the Confulihip, 484. Several women of quality Catiline re-animates his party, 509. again for the Confulihip, 511. All ftands He 510. join them, to him who fpeaks in Cicero, full by detected are his meafures He refolves Senate, and forces him to take off the mafk, 513. field of Mars. fails of the He the in to afi'aflinate the Ccnful

The

fecret

of the confpiracy takes

air, ibid.

The rumour

Confullhip, and determines to make open war, 515. Decree to charcre the Confuls to take care of the commonTrouble and confternation at Rome, 517, wealth, vii. 516. Catiline endeavours in vain to have Cicero ailaffinated in his houle,

518.

INDEX.
ioid.

and Cicero attacks hi'm openly, He quits Rome, ibid. He f^oes 522. They are both declared enemies to the camp of Mallius, 528. Inveteracy of his partizans. to their country, 529. The mulHe orders Lentulus to endeavour to titude favour him, 530. Plan of the confpirators for burning pain the Allobroges, 531. Rome, 533. Several of his principal accomplices are convicted (For what regards his accomplices, the dein full Senate, 536.
ri8.
to the Senate,

He

comes

Catiline's anfwer,

liberations on that fubjedl,

and their death, fee Lentulus Suis.) people change their opinion with regard to him, and begin He is defeated by Antony, andhimfclf flain todetefthim, 53S.

The

in the battle, 558.

Cato, (iVI. Porcius) the Cenfor, his firft campaign, iv. 64.. His He is Praetor in Sardinia. His feverity and chayouth, 232. He is made Conful, and fets out for Spain, v. 2-, rafter, 517. His ftratageni to fuccour the Illergeti, 27. He o-ajns a 26. viftory over the Spaniards near Emporium, 29. He difarms all the ttates on this iide the Iberus, and throws down all the walls

of the

His praife, 32. He marches into Turdeta31. His triumph, ibid. His fpeech ia iiia to affift the Prstor, 33. He has a great fhare in the vicfavour of the Oppian law, 36,
cities,

tory gained over Antiochus near Thermopyls, 91, And carries His hatred againft Scipio Africanus, the news to Rome, 94. He is chofen Cenfor, notvvithftanding the violent oppcfi215.

250. His charafter, ibid. He nominates Collegue Flaccus Prince of the Senate, 253. and his friend He His conduft with regard to Scipio degrades L. Quintius, ibid. His efForts againft luxury, ibid. Afiaticus is dilspproved, 254. He declares in favour of the Rhodians, and prevents a declaraHis fpeech, 478. He prevails on the Senate to tion of war. banifhed Achaians, 487. His alarm on occifioa the home fend Carneades the Athenian, 507. em.baffyof of the He is fent by Africa on occafion of the differences betweea the Senate into He prelTes the deilrucMafmifiTa and the Carthaginians, 515. 1 he death of his fon. The great care tion of Carthage, 519, he took of his education, vi. 6^. He accufes Galba, 64. His opinion of uftjry, ii. 307. Cato, fon of the Cenfor, and fon-in-law of P. ^milius, his couHis death, vi. 63. rage in the battle againft Perfeus, v. 432. Cato, youngeil fon of the Cenfor, when Conful is defeated by the
tion of the nobility,

Scordifci, vi.

178.

He

is

condemned

for extortion,

191.

Cato (L. Porcius) Conful, is killed in a battle againll the Allies. Young Marius is fufpedted of his death, vi. 412. Cato (C.) Tribune of the people, his turbulent fpirit, viii. 231,

He oppofes the aflembly in the eledion of the magiftrates^ 235. 248. His inflexible Cato, of Utica, his family and infancy, vii. 456. At the age of 14 he refolution even whilft a child, vi. 388. His tender afFedion for his brodefires to kill Sylla, vii. ic6. His fondnefs of the Stoic philofophy, 459. He apther, 457. He takes pains 10 jncreafe his plies him'lelf to eloquence, 460.
ilren^tft

INDEX.
and inure his body to Iiardfhip, 461. He accufioms drinking to excels, ibid. He took a pleafure in aflage, the taile his of ing contrary to 463. His haughty firmnefs, The great prudence of his youth. He marries, 464. He ibid.
flrength

himfelf to

war with Spartacus, ibid. He Tribune in Macedonia, 465. He makes His fimplicity and mildnefs, 467. Pompey the tour of Afia. gives him fuch a reception as makes the ftates of Afia to refpel him, 468. Dejotarus cannot prevail upon him to accept pre-

had ferved

as a volunteer in the

ferves as a legionary

fents, 469.

He

prepares to iiand for the

Quasftorfhip, ibid.

When Quaellor he rejedls the follicitatinns of Catulus in favour He reduces the regifters to a fubmiflion, cf a regifter, 470. ibid. He iTiews himfelf exaft in payments, circumfped as to frauds, and affiduous in difcharging all the duties of his office, Opinion of his collegues, with refpefl to him. Remarkibid. His able infl^nce of his refolution with regard to them, 472. punftual difcharge of the duty of a Senator, 473. His great
reputation,
ibid.

He

accufes

Murena,

the

Confal

eledt,

of

His frank and candid behaviour with refpeit to the bribery. He refutes Csfar's fpeech on the fubjefl of Caaccufed, 526. tiline's accomplices, and brings the whole Senate over to his opinion, 551. Cato Tribune at the fame time that Cxfar is Prajtor. A He ftands for the comparifon betwixt them by Salluft, viii. 2. Trjbunefliip, purely to oppofe the turbulent def;gns of Metellus Nepos, 8. A fcheme which he imagined would weaken the power of Csfar, g. He refifls the law of iVIetellus with a proHe is refcued from danger by Murena, digious conflancy, 10. iz. He obtains favour for Metellus, whom the Senate had forbid to exercife the functions of his employment, 14. Pompey makes an inefFeclual attempt to gain him, 30. He objefls to His firmCsfar's demanding the Confulfhip by a friend, 54, nefs againft the Agrarian law propofed by Cjefar, 63. For ibid. is prifon, and afterwards releafed, fent to which he He refufes at firft to take the oath added by Csfar to the Agrarian He fets out for the law, and afterwards fubmits to it, 68. His great exa(51:nefs in gathering togejfland of Cyprus, ) 17. The precauther the treafures of the King of Cyprus, 121. tions he took in tranfporting them ; his books of account lolV, He returns to Rome, ibid. Clodius cavils with him to 123. no puJ-pofe, 124. The good advice hegave to Ptolemy Auletes, A coldnefs between with regard to his going to Rome, 228. him and Cicero, 235. He ftands for the Prstorfhip. Vatinius He ineffecis preferred to him by the credit of Pompey, 253. tually oppofes a law propofed by Crafius and Pompey to make His reprefenthe Confuls Governors of Spain and Syrig, 255. tations to Pompey upon his getting Cisfar continued in the government of Gaul, 256. He is made Praetor. The fingularity of his defs, 380, He oppofes bribery; is infuUed by the populace, which he quiets by his authority, 381. Compromife of for the Tribunclhip He rethe candidates in his hands, 382.
gulates

INDEX.
gulates the expence of Favonius's games with great fimpHcity, which is neverthelefs relilhed by the multitude, 388. He confents to
eledl

Pompey

Pompey, 358.

He demands

He

Marcellus, and is renounces the Confulfliip tor ever, 413. The penetration and fagacity of Cato, with regard to the civil war, ix. 28. He is the only fincere friend of the Republic, 30. He retires out of Sicily without Itaying for Curio, who was Ca;fdf's

His harfh anfwer to Conful, 397. the Ccnlulfhip with Sulpicius and vefufed, 412. His con Ilancy after this refulal.
fole

envoy there, 44. He blames Cicero, and with reafon, for going to Pompey's Cimp, 54. He is left by Pcmpey at Dyrrachium. Realons for this condud^. He is very fenfible of the dellruftive effefls of civil wars, 134. After the battle of Pharfalia, he advances towards Libya for intelligence, 163. He hears of Pompey's death by Sextus and Cornelia, 164, He takes on him the command, and is received in Cyrene, 165. He goes into Africa and joins M. Stipio, Varus, and Juba, in order to renew the war againfl Crefar, 230. He reconciles the chiefs, impofes upon Juba, and fubmits to Metellus Scipio, 231, He faves Utica, which Juba would have demolifhed, and fhuts He advifes Scipio to protraft the war, himfelf up there, 232. his council rejcfted, repents his having given up the hut finding

command, 243.
Cato is willing: to defend the city of Utica againft C^far, but no body difpofed to fecond him. His courage, firmnefs and prudence, ix. 258. Having taken a refoiution to difpatch himfelf, his whole attention is employed in fecuring the retreat of the Senators, who had accompanied him, 263. His laft fupGaiety of the converfation, 268. per. His death, 269. Refleflions on his death, 272. He is truly valuable for the mild refs which accompanied his refolut'on, 273. He may te cfteemed one of the moil virtuous men Pagan:lin ever produced, 274. An inexcufable circumftance in his life relat ng to his wife Marcia, 275. His funeral. Commendations befiowed on him o^ inhabitants Utica, 276. by the Cajfar's exprefiion on the news of his death, ibid. Cato, the fon of Cato of Utica, obtains Csfar's pardon, ix. 277.
finds

He is killed at the battle of Philippi, x. 42. Catulus (C. Lutatius) made Conful, lii. 225. He encages tlie Carthaginian fleet near the iflands yEgate?, 226. He concludes, a peace with them, 228. His triumph, 2^2. He ODpoies without fuccefs the triumph of the Praetor, ibid. Catulus (Q^Lutatius) demands the Confulfnip^ but is refufed, vi. He is made Conful, 306. He pofts hinfelf on the 'idc 297. of the Norican Alps, to wait there for the Cimbr', ibid. Hir, foldiers flying before the Cimbri, he puts himfelf at their head, in order to fave their honour at the expence of his own, 314. He had compofed an hiflory of his Confulih'p, 317. He beats the Cimbri in conjunflion with Marius, who has but a fraall Ihare in the victory, 315. He is jput to death by Maritis, 478.
Cntlil us

INDEX.
Catulus (Q^Lutatius) decreed Conful with Lepidus, vii. 147. Ke' He joins oppofes his collegue, who affilts Marius's party, 162.

with Pompey, and defeats Lepdus, 166. He confecrates the His fpeech againft the law of Gabinius, which capitol, 352.

He oppofes the gives Pompey the command of the fea, 378. His famous faying with regard to the fta. Manilian law, 388. tues of Marius which Casfar had placed in the capitol, 453. He They differ with each other and abdiis Cenfor with CraiTas. in vain He folliclts Cato in favour of a regifter, ibid. cate, 455. to trouble him endeavours on account of rebuilding the Csefar
capitol, viii.
5.

His death, 39.

Hannibal over that of the

Cavalry

fuperiority of the cavalry of

Romans, iii. 363. The Romans put into a confternation by the Campanians, feconded by the Carthaginian cavalry, iv. 93, Admirable ger.erofity of the PvOraan cavalry, ii. 109. Scipio arms 300 Roman horfe, at the expence of a like number of SiHorfes barbed with Heel, vii, 2S9, 291. Caudium ; a village near which the Roman army fall into an amThe Roman bufcade laid for them by the Samnites, ii. 390. army, reduced to neceffity, accept the conditions impofed on them, 393. Pontius makes them pafs under the yoke, and takes 600 of the principal Roman youths, as hoftages for the Their extreme performance of the articles agreed upon, 395. forrow at pafiing by Capua, and at their return to Rome, 397. The Senate declares the convention void by the advice of Poithumius, one of the Confuls, 400. Who, with his collegue, and all who had figned the convention, are delivered up to Pontius, who refufes to receive them, 402. RefieQion on the condudl of They gain two battles over the Samnite?, the Romans, 404. whom they caufe to pafs under the yoke. They take Luceria,
cilians, iv.

353.

their 600 hoftages, 405. heard by him concerning the Gauls, ii. 142. voice a Cedicius, defeats the Tufcans, ii. 160. Centurion, Cedicius, the Celibacy; a citizen condemned to a conliderable fine for continuing unmarried till he was grown old, ii. 40. Celtes, Celtica, one of the great parts of Gaul, viii. 162. The See maritime coaft of Celtica is fubdued by P. Craffus, 221. Gauls. They Celtiberians begin to ferve in the Roman artny, iv. 74. Conliderable vidory gainabandon Cn. Scipio in Spain, 1 18. They are again defeSted by ed over them by Fulvius, v. 268. laid by They are fubthemfelves, 279. him in an ambufcade jefted, 297. Ceninenfes, make war with the Romans and are vanquifhed, i. 34. A fummary defcription Cenfor, Cenfors, their inftitution, ii. 28. of their funftions, 30. Punifhments inflided by them on the Examples of it, 35. EfFeds and advantages of citizens, 34. Its duration is reduced from five years to that magiltracy, 36. Death of one of the Cenfors. Law on eighteen months, 54, which ordains, that one of the Cenlaw A that occafion, 142. The firll plebeian fors Ihould be eleded out of the people, 358. Cen8

and recover

INDEX.
Cenfor chofen with pomp, iii, 86. A law which prohibits the conferring the office of Cenfor twice on the fame perfon, 115. Remarkable feverity of thefe magirtrates, 195. Their feverit/ Another example of it, 222. Two plebeians at Rome, iv. 24. Diminution of their power, Cenfors for the firft time, vi. 124. antient ri;;hts, 41 1. ellablifhed in its Which is viii. 95. Centurion, defeated by Hannibal, old Centenius, Penula, an
^^- ^1-.

Centumviri, a tribunal of judges, ii. 237. Centuries: diftribution of the people into clafTes and centuries, The aflemblies by Centuries, fubllituted to thofe by i. 125. The youth of the century Anienfis nominate two Curise, 127.
Confuls, iv. 12. It is terminated Centurions ; a difpute concerning them, v. 361. by the fpeech of an antient Centurion, 362. Cephalus, one of the principal perfons of Kpirus, raifes the counperifhes, v. 388, 444. taken by the Romans, v. 189. Cepio (Q^ Servilius) Conful, paffes into Spain, and breaks the treaty of peace with Viriathus, who efcapes the purfuit of Cepio, vi. 25. He refufes the peace, 26. He becomes odious to the whole army, and is in great danger, 28. He caufes Viriathus to be treacheroufiy murdered, 29. Cepio (Q^ Servilius) Conful, vi. 28 r. He is fent into Gaul againil the Cimbri, and plunders the gold of Touloufe, 295Diffenfion between him and Mallius on this occafion, 297. Fatal Terrible defeat of the two armies, 29^8. confequences of it. His misfortunes, and condemnation, 323. Confequences of Jiis
try againft the
ifle,

.....
Romans, and

Cephalenia,

condemnation, 325. Cepio (Servilius) a turbulent young man, oppofes the laws of Drufus, vi. 385. Is made Rutilius's lieutenant, and perifhes in an ambufcade, with great part of his army, 4O5. Cere, the afylum of the prieft of Quirinus and the Veltals, when Rome was taken by the Gauls, ii. 153, 154. They are pardoned by the R.omans, for this good adt, 311. Cefetius Flavus, is deprived of the Tribunefiiip by Casfar, ix. 337. See Quintius. Cefo Quintius. Ceftius, an inhabitant 01 Perufia, caufes the deflruflicn of that
'

city, X. 75.

Cethegus (C. Cornelius) defeats the Infubrians in Gaul,

and

triumphs, v. 17. Cethegus, with feveral others, declared an enemy to the public, by Sylla, vi. 451. He efcapes with Marias, 45S. He goes
.over to Sylla,
vii.

86.

Cethegus, perhaps the fame with the preceding, procures Lucullus to be fent into Cilicia, vii. ^49. Cethegus, one of Catiline's coriipirators, vii. 480. He is arrelled, 535, and llrangled in prifon, 557. Chalcis, Entertamruent given to Quintius by an inhabitant of
that city,
v. 79.

Chara-

INDEX.
Characitani,
vii.

fubdued by Sertorius, by an ingenious

ftratagerOj

182.

Chariots armed with fcythes ; their defcription, v. 139. The Roman ladies granted the ufe of chariots, ii. 133. That privilege granted to C. Metellus, iii. 247. Charopus, flatterer of the Romans, v. 388. ChalHty, plebeian, a new altar ercdled to, iii. 4.

Cheronea, battle

of, vii. 4.6.

Chic (ifland of) cruelly treated by Mithridates, vii. 54. Chiomara, wife of Ortiagon, a prince of Gaul, a prifoner of the Romans, ravilhed by a Centurion. Exh-aordinary aftion of that
lady, V. 187. Cieereius (C.) formerly fecretary to Sclpio Afi'icanus, preferred to the fon of Scipio for the Prstorfhip, which he generoufly refufes, and fupports him with his credit, v. 311.

Cicero (M. TuUius) his birth,

His firfi ftadies. He is vii. 123. admired from that time, 124. His application on quitting the fchools. His pafEon for philofophy, 124, 125. He is charged with the caufe of Sex. Rofcius, and pleads with great Ipirit and freedom, 126. He makes a voyage to Afia, 128. Grief of Apollonius Molo on his account, 129. He praftifes aflioa with Rofcius the comedian, ibid. His condaft in his Qusftorfliip, A flight mortification which he met with on his return td 224.
Italy, 226, He refolves to fix at Rome for good, ibid. He accufes V'erres, 329. His laudable conduft on. that cccafion, 343. Ill grounded fufpicion caft upon him by Plutarch, 348. He compoied, too late, five books on the alBiir of the accufation of Verres, 349. His Edilefhip, 353. His friendfliip for Hox"

tenfius, 35. He defends the Tribune C. Cornelius, 361;. His prstorihip. He condemns Licinius Macer, 366. He undertakes the defence of Manilius, 367. He fupports the Law of Manilius. Refiefflion on his conduft upon tiiis occafion, 388.

He

employs his eloquence to do julUce to Pompey, 389. Cicero flands for the confuiihip at the fame time with Catiline, vii. 475, The rumours of Catiline's confpiracy greatly contributed to gain him the Confulfliip, 484-.. His faying upon the Cenfor Cotta, 485. Idea of his Confuifhip, 487. He prevents Rullus's new Agrarian law from being palled by the peoplej 489. He appeafes the clamor of the people again ft Rofcius^ 495. He defends Rabirius, accufed of having killed Saturninus, ibid. He oppofes the children of the profcribed, who were for being admitted into the public offices, 499. He undertakes to reform the abufe of free embaflies, ibid. He gains his colleague by refigning the government of Macedonia to him^ 500. He deteds all Catiline's meafures, fpeaks to ham in full Senate, and forces him to take oft the mafk, 513, 514 Catiline refolves to aflaffinate him in the field of Mars, 5:5. He reCatiline endeavours to' ceives information by Crafl'us, 516. have himafiaffinated in his houfe, 518. Cicero addrelfes a dif^ Firll ora*^ courfe tohim in the Senate, and attacks him openly. His oration to the people on Catition againll Catiline, 5 19.

VmJs

INDEX.
Second oratipn againft Catiline, 523. He line's departure. defends Murtna, Confiil cleft, accufed by Cato of bribery, 526. His oration. The addrefs with which he manap-es whatever reHe caufes Murena to be acquitted, 328. lates to Cato, 527. Allobiogcs inform him of the whole confpiracy, 532. In The concert with them, he caufes them to be feized, with their papers, which Lcntulus and other confpirators had figned, 535. Singular honours rendered him by the Senate, 537. He gives an account to the people of what had juft pailed in the Senate.
is

Third oration ag.inlt Catiline, ibid. & feq. His anxiety. He encouraged by his wife and broth-;;', 541. He affembles the

Senate to decide the fate of the prifoners, ibid. He interrupts the proceedings by a fpeech which Ihevvs him inclined to the fide Fourth oration againft Catiline, 547. of rigour. He caufes Lentulus, and thofe who had been feized with him, to be put to death, 556. Expreflicns of the public efteem and gratitude for him, 557. Cato and Catulus call him father of his country, ibid. A Tribune prevents him from haranguing the people on quitting the Confullhip. His oath, 562. Brief plan of his Confulfiiip, ^6;^. He had endeavoured to prevent future evils by attaching the equeftrian order to the benate, 564. His Confulfhip the higheft degree of glory, 565. Cicero, is att-icked by the Tribune Pv^eteHus Nepos. The Senate reprimands the accufer, viii. 8. Cicero's moderation with regard to Metellus, 14. He depofes againll Clodius, 21. He reanimates the courage of good men, whom this judgment had difmayed, 23 He endeavours to engage Pompey to explain himfeif favourably upon his Confulihip. The equivocal condu6t of the latter, 26. His ambiguous condu6l wiih regard to Pompey's demandi^'g the confirmation of his afts and the tribune's law lor affig..ing -lands to his foldiers, 47. He endeavours to hinder Pompey trom joining with Csefar, His friendfhip for the former, 54. His anxiety concerning Csfar's Ao-rarian Law, 69. He pleads for Antony his colleague, and complains of the prefent Itate of affairs in confequence of which Caviar brings Clodius into the order of the people, 70. He refafes the office of one of the commiffioners for the dividino- of
:

him by Casfar, 72. He compofes biflorical anecof the public affairs of his time, 78. His indio-nation againft the Triumvirate, ibid. His fentiments with regard to Pumpey, jg. His refledlions upon the impotent complaints of the Roman citizens, 83. He gives himfeif up entirely to pleading, ibid. He is accuied with feveral others by a low wretch of having a defign to affaffinate Pompey, 84. The danger which threatens Cicero on the part of Clodius. Behaviour of Pompey and Csefar in this ccnjunfture, viii. 86. Preparatives of Clodius againil him, 94. Triumph of^the fame Clodius on the palTing of his laws, 96. Law propofed ao-ainft Cicero in general terms. He puts on mourning Reflexions on this itep, 97. All the orders of the flate intereft themfelves The Senate, after public deliberation, put on for him, 98. Vol. X. B b raournlands, offered

dotes

INDEX.
.niDurning with him, 99. Rage of Clodius, 100. An ordinance of the Confuls which enjoins the Senators-to quit their mourning, 101. Cicero is abandoned by Pompey, ibid. An alTembly of the people wherein the Confuls and Csefar explain themfelves The double in a manner difadvantai'eous to his caufe, 103.

danger he was in from

Casfar,

Clodius,

and from the Confals and

104. Cicero, on the advice of Hortenfius and Cato, leaves Rome, His dream prefaging his re-cftablifhment, ibid. viii. IC5.

law b'ought againft him by name, 106. Obfervations upon It pafles, 108. His goods fold, and his houfes that law, 107. Clodius feizes on the land bepillaged by the Confuls, ibid. longing to his houfe, and confecrates a part of it to the goddefs Repulfed by the Prstor of Sicily, he pafles inta Liberty, 109. Greece and comes to Dyrrachium, no. Plancius gives him His exceffive grief, n2. His refuge in Theflalonica, in. friends. Their juftification, n3. He againft his complaints makes an apology for the excefs of his grief, 114. Refleclion of Plutarch on Cicero's weak nefs, 116. Favourable difpofitions Pompey, infulted by Clodius, with regard to his caufe, 130. Deliberation of the Senate in his fareturns to Cicero, ibid.

The oppcfition of a tribune, 131. The Confuls ftill continue their oppofition to him, 134. New efforts of the Tribunes in his favour without eftecb, 135. He is much troubled at a decree of che Senate in favour of the Confuls appointed, Sextius, a tribune eleft, goes into Gaul to obtain ibid. Csfar's confent for recalling Cicero, i 36. The affair is propofed in the Senate by Lentulus. The advice of Cotta and Pompey, 137. Eight Tribunes propofe the affair to the people. The violence of Clodius. A great flaughter, 138. Milo detotal fufpenfion of affairs in clares againft Clodius, 139. Rome. The beft part of the commonwealth take the bufinefs upon themfelves. Circular letters from the Conful Lentulus to The applaufes of the multitude, all the people of Italy, 141. Incredible commotions in Rome and all Italy, in favour 142, of Cicero, ibid. An affembiy of the Senate in the capitol ; and a Senatusconfultum for ordering Cicero's being recalled, viii. 143. Affemblies of the people and the Senate. The affair is finally determined, 144. He abides at Dyrrachium for eight months. His departure from that city, and triumphant return to Rome, 145. His houfes in the ci:y and country rebuilt at the public expence, By his advice, the fuperinttndance of corn and provifions 148. through all the empire is decreed to Pompey, 151, Murmurs of the ligid republicans on this fubjeft. His anfwer, 152. The good face which Cicero puts upon the affair of Ptolemy Auletes, viii, 232. He retorts againft Clodius the anfwer of the ioothfayers, which he had applied to him, 234. He takes away from the capitol the tables of the laws of Clodius. A coldneis on this account between him and Cato, 235. Some bold reiie(^ions of his againft Ca;far, 238. Upon the reproaches of
vour.

INDEX.
tof

Pompey he

makes an apology
far's

refolves to fupport the intereft of C^far, and for his change, 24.1. He declares fincereiy

his fentiments, 242.

He

gives his vote in the Senate for

Cx-

having the government of the two Gauls, 245.

He em-

fus,

ploys himfelf much in pleading, 247. He is reconciled to CrafHe pleads for Gabinius, 279. And for Vatinius, 266. His great grief at being obliged to defend his enemies, 280. He defends Plancitis. Vivacity of his anfwer, 377. He 281. pleads for Scaurus, who was accufed of extortion. Scaurus is

His extraordinary zeal in his defence of Milo, acquitted, 379. ia He difconcerted in his pleading. General idea of his 395.
oration for Milo, 402.

Addrefs of the orator in handling what regarded Pompey, 403. He fubllitutes his own intreaties and fears in the room of thofe which Milo difdaincd to ftoop to,
Cicero Proconful of Cilicia.

405-.

Reafons which determined him His rriilitary exploits. 463. Jmperator. proclaimed That title does not make hiia He is He demands and obtains the honour of fupplicavain, ibid. tions againft Cato's opinion, vvhofe favour he had in vain folHis julHce, mildnefs, and difintereftednefs, in ths licited, 465. exercife of his office, 466. The moderation and wifdom of his conduft, with regard to his predeceflbr, 469. He refolutel/ refafes an unjuft demand of Brutus, 472. He rsfcues from Ariobarzanes, danger great King of Cappadocia, 474, He impatiently defires the end of his Proconfulihip, ibid. Laft inftance of his diunterellednefs and refolution, 475. He fets oat on his journey, and receives the news of Hortenfius's death, 476. His faying with regard to Pompey's engagements with Csfars
to accept of that

employment,

viii.

ix. 7.

Cicero's perplexity and uncertainty at

the comnftencement of

ix. 45. He refufes to go with C^far to Rome, and appear in the Senate, 51. Afcer much delay, be at laft goes to Pompey's camp. Cato juftly blames that ftep, 53. Cicero remains at Dyrrachium, his (harp and peeviih ralieries, After the battle of Pharfalia, he defnes to return into 135. Italy, 16). Pie is in great danger from young Pompey, 163. He goes to Brundufium. where he waits a coniiderable^time for Ctefar, ibid He is ill treated by his brother and nephew. His moderation, 207. Particulars of his uneafinefs during his ftay at Brundufium. Fears which he fuitered from Antony, 209. He goes to Caefar, and is favourably received, 211. Smart reHis oration on partee made to him by the poet Laberius, 291.

the civil war,

He pleads for Caefar's conf^-nting to Marcellus's return, 296. Ligarius, 297. His inaclion is forced. He employs it in the His opinion ofAufpices, compofition of feveial works, 300. tables, 423. twelve His ^is elleem for the laws of the .i. 17. opinion of games exhibited to the people, ii. 261. viii. 261. And cf the expences in building theatres, ii. 265. His confiis pocern for the public fuuation of affairs abates, ix. 302. liiical conduct with regard to Cseiar, and his affection towards him. B b 2

N D

X.

His panegyric on him. His plcafan tries on that fubjecl, 303. His excellive grief for the death of his daughter Cato, 304.

TuUia, 305.
not let into the fecret of the confpiracy againft CjeHe is impofed upon by young Odafar, and why, ix. 348. He fets out on a voyage to viu5, and joins with him, 394. He changes His motives for this refolution, 408. Greece. upon afTurances of peace. his mind and returns to Rome, Unfavourable opinion of Antony vs^ith regard to nim, 411.

Cicero

is

Second Philippic, 413. His lall en412. He prevails Oclavius, upon the Senate with 419. gagements military the authorife preparations to of Decito make a decree mus and Oilavius, 420. Cicero oppofes a deputation to Antony, but without fuccefs, He becomes furety for Oflavius to the Senate, 437. ix. 436. He excufes himfelf from being one of the deputies to Antony, 442. Paffages againft Cicero in a letter of Antony, 444446. An equivocal exprelTion of Cicero, with regard to young Crcfar, Cicero becomes his dupe, and fupports him to gain the 4.1:6. He makes his fubmifTion to him, and is Confulfhip, 460.
Firfl Philippic,

He is forced to leave Rome, 471. 470. Cicero, 473. againft The death of CiComplaints of Brutus cero is determined at the conference in the ifland of Reno, 491. Inveftives of writers of all forts againft AnHis death, 501. of Cicero, 506. Expreflion of Brutus Charafter tony, 505.
coldly
received,

on

his death,

507.

Cicero,

His fon of the foregoing, his natural talents, ix. 409. heart, engages the He in army honefi; 422. of generous and

himfelf with wine, ibid. He is proHe efcapes the profcription by fcribec with his father, 502. After the battle of Philippi he beino- in Brutus's camp, 508. Being Conful he brands the efcapes on board the fleet, x. 52. memory of Antony by a decree of the Senate, 292 Cicero, ( Q^ ) brother of the Orator, governs Afia for the His letter to his brother. His chafpace of three years.
Brutus, ibid.

He

ftupifies

racter,

viii.

4r.

He

arrives at

Rome.

Effects

which

h's

Caefar's prefence produced in favour of his brother, 132. He is attacked by Ambiorix. Hi* vigoilieutenant in Gaul. Singular example of military emulatii n ous refiftance, 323. He is futbetween two Roman Centurions in his army, 325.

coured by Csfar, ibid.

a Isorjon

Extreme and unexpefted danger

is

to

expofed by the Sicambri, which proceedings with regard to his brother, unworthy His 336. with his brother, His death, profcribed He is 502, ix. 207.
508. Cicero, fon of the preceding, is killed with his father, ix. 508. Cilicia, the original country of the piratis, vii. 234. Cimber, (Tillius) See Tillius. Cimbri and Teutones, people of Germany, their incurfions through They are attacked in Noricum different countries, vi. 293. defeated, who is ibid. They enter the Conful Carbo, by the country

commanded by him,

INDEX.
country of the Helvetii, who join them, and defeat the Conful Being denied peace by the Roman Sylvanus in Gaul, 294. Generals, they prepare for a battle, and make a terrible (laugh7'hey refolve to march to ter of the two Roman armies, 298. Rome. Alarm and confl:eination of the Romans, 300. They They and the Teutones divide, are defeated in Spain, 305. and the Confuls alfo, 3:6. (See Teutones) The Cimbri enter They are enItaly, and force the pafTage of the Adige, 313. tirely defeated near Vercella; by Marius and Catulus, 3 16. Joy Each of the two Geat Rome occafioned by this vidory, 321. nerals erefts a temple, 323. Giminian Foreft, traverfed by Fabius Rullus, ii. 432. Cincinnatus. See Qnintius, L. Cineas, confident of Pyrrhus, iii. 61. Hisconverfation with that
Prince,
ibid.

He

advifes

him

to return the

Roman

prifoners

without any ranfom, 73. He i? fent envoy to Rome by Pyrrhus to treat of peace, 81, He executes his coramiffion in the Senate, 82, Ap. Claudius prevents the peace from being concluded, 83. Cineas returns to his matter, his elogium on the

Romans,
Cingetorix.

85.

Prince of the Treviri, puts himfelf under the protec-

tion of Caefar, viii, 311. Cinna, one of the faftion againft Sylla, is named Conful, and In order eleded without the oppofx ion of the latter, vi. 461. to force Sylla to quit Italy, he caufes him to be accufed by a tribune of the people, He labours to have Marius re462. called. Sedition on that head, 463. He is driven out of the city, and carries Sertorius with him, 464. He is deprived of He gains .the ConfuKhip, and Merula chofenin his llead, 465. the army in Campania, ibid, and interefls the people of Italy in He receives his caufe, 466. Perplexity of the Confuls, 467. Marius into his camp, ibid. They march againft Rome, 468. The Samnites join him, 470. The Senate fends deputies to him, 472. New deputation, 473. Council held by him and Marius, in which the deaths of the cppofite party are refolved. They enter the city, which is abandoned to all the horrors of

war, 474. Diflinguifhed perfons put to death, 475. Cinna is continued in the confulJhip, 481. He is conful for the third time, vii 78. For the fourth time, 79. He is killed by one of the Centurions, 80. Cinna, (L. Cornelius) The Praetor, his invedive againft Caefar,
-after his death, :x. 367,

Cinna, (Helvius) being miftaken

pieces^ ix. 376.

for

ihe preceding;,

is

torn in

Circe,

i. 143. Circus, built by

Carceres, or

Porticos,

Tarqain the elder, i. 113. added to it, 367.

Its

ufe,

It

is

ii. 254. adorned by

Agrippa,
414.
Citizens

x.

207.

Cirta, capital of Syphax's dominions, furrenders to Mafinifla, iv.

See Adherbal.

Roman,

right of freedom given to the vaaqui/hed nations,

b 3

i.

24.

I
i.

N D E

,X.

24.

yi. 142-

Law to Law

regulate the manner of proceeding againil them, with regard to the allies regiftering themfelves

the liR of the citizens of R.ome, v. 310. Law to prevent of citizen of Rome, freedom vi, tlie ufurping Law which 360.

upon

banifhment any one who caufes the death of a ciSee Appeal. tizen without the form of procefs, viii. gy. ClalTes, diUribution of the people into Hx claiTes by Servius,

condemns

to

i. 125. Claflidiam, Hannibal makes himfelf mafter of that place, where he finds a great quantity of provifions, iii. 364. Claudia, acculed before the people, and condemned, iii. 222. Claudia Quinta, a Roman lady, with her girdle draws the veflel wh)ch contained the mother of the Gods, iv. 368. Claudii, the origin of that family, i. 197.

His fpeech againfl Claudius, (Appius) fettles at Rome, i. 197. He is made Conful, 220. He the aboliihment of debts, 204. puts 300 children to death, which the Volfci had fent as HoftHe oppofes the Triumph ot his Colleague, ibid. ages, 225. fpeech in the Senate on the affair of Coriolanus, vehement His hinder the paffing of the Agrarian law, he proto order In 263. between the Tribunes, 293. a divifion pofes making the preceding, made Conful. of His hapfaudius, (Appius) fon The army he commands fufFefs tred of the plebeians, i. ^i^.. He itfelf to be defeated by the Volfci otit of hatred to him. He is cited before the people, caufes it to be decimated, 318but dies before lentence is pafTed, 321. His fon pronounces his funeral ( ration, 322. Claudius, (App.) and the reft of the Decemvirs prepare ten tables He becomes of laws, which are ratified by the people, i. 387. popular, 386. He is continued Decemvir, and gains the people by his conduft, 389. He takes off the mafk, and appears in liis He endeavours to pofTefs himfelf of Virreal charadler, 391. Her father is reduced to kill her to prcferve her from ginia. He is cited His danger on this occafion, 407. infamy, 401. to take his nial, and put in prifon, where he dies, 417. He inefFedualiy fupplicatcs the Claudius, (C.) Coniul, i. 349. his nephew, 420. the Decemvir, favour of people in Claudius, (M.) miniikr of debauches to Appius the Decemvir,
.
.

i. 402, 421. Claudius (App ) military tribune, refutes, by a fine harangue, the complaints of the Tribunts of the people relating to the fiege

of Veii,

ii.

103.

Claudius, (App.) grandfon of the Decemvir, oppofes the law for Is made Dicplebeians to the Ccnfulfliip, ii, 224. admitiin Hernici, and defeats the tator, 296. Iplaiidius, (A}p.) furnamed the Blind, Cenfor with Plauiius, ii. They abufe their authority. His colleague abdicates, 434. but Appius refolutely maintains his office five years, 425. He
.1;

confirufts

the

Appian way and aquedud, 427.

Conful
for the fecond time,

He

is

made

Coniul, 442. truria, 462.

He

trcuts his

he marches into Hecolleague in a rude manner, who, oi>

receiving

INDEX.
receiving a letter from him, had marched his army Into HetruHe is named Praetor, iii, 4. After he has lolt his ria, ibid. fight he caufes himfelf to be carried to the Senate, and prevents the peace with Pyrrhus from being concluded, 8 ,. Claudius, (App.) furnamed Caudex, goes into Sicily to fuccour He gains a vidory over HIero, and the Mamertines, iii. 142. He beats the Carthaginians, 144. Reenters Meflina, 143. turns to Rome and triumphs, 145. Claudius, or Clodius (P.) Pulcher, pafles Into Sicily. His character, iii. 212. He is defeated at fea, by Adherbal His irreliHe names a Diftator of the dregs of the people, gion, ibid.

218. See Marcellus. Claudius, {M.) Marcellus. Claudius Afellus, fingle combat between him and Jubellius Taurea, iii 558. Claudius, (App.) Prsetor of Sicily, fends ambafladors to Hleronymus, Iv. II. He commands a fleet of an hundred fhips, obferving the motions of the Syracufans, 31. He afliib Marcellus at the fiege of that city, 3c;, 41. He is made Conful, 44. He forms with his colleague the fiege of Capua, 91, & feq. See Capua. He Is there dangeroufly wounded, 100. Claudius Pulcher, (App) Conful, v. 240. He obtains the Confulfcip for his brother,
fion fent into

245.

He

is

made head of

the commif-

Macedonia and Greece, 246,

Claudius Pulcher, (C) is decreed Conful. His violent condufl with refped to the Proconfuls, v. 301. He attacks Nefartium ; terrible defpair of the inhabitants, 302. He defeats the LiguHe is made Cenfor, 471. riaris and triumphs, 304. Claudius Pulcher, (App.) fent to Tigranes by Lucullus to demand Appius has audience of Tigranes. Mithridates, vii. 275. Boldnels of that young Roman, 279. He is made Conful. His tyrannical condudt in the governHis character, vi. 277. ment of Cilicia. Moderation of Cicero who fucceeded him, viii. 469. He marries his two daughters; one to Pompey's eldell fon, the other to Brutus, 470. He is accufed by Dolabella, acquitted, and created Cenfor with Pifo, 477. He renders himfelf ridiculous by his feveriry, which ill agreed with the reft of his conduit, 478. He endeavours to lligmatize Curio, but fails, ix. 15. His love for divination. His death, 204. Claudius Pulcher, (App.) Conful, x. 117. Claudius Pulcher, is defeated by Spartacus, vil. 207. Claudius Nero, (Tib.) Conful, goes Into Africa to join Sclpio, iv. 434. His fleet is difperfed by a great llorm, 459. Claudius Nero, ( fib.) makes propofals to marry Tullia, dauf^hter of Cicero, viii. 478. Is Quellor to Cajfar, ix. 184. After the death of C^far, he propoies that the Senaie fhould reward the confpirators who had killed him, 368. In the war of Pcrufia he is attached to L. Antonius, and alter the vidory of Odavius faves himfelf in Sicily, x. 76.
13

He

returns to

Rome, 127.
Claudius

His wife Livia marries Octavius, 12S.

b 4

His death, 129.

INDEX.
CtaudiuB Nero, (Tib.) afterwards emperor, is like to betray his paAt the age of rents by his cries, in their flight to Sicily, x. 76. fourteen years he accompanies Odavius on horfeback in his triumph, 308. Clselia, cfcapes from Porfena, by fwimming the Tiber, i. 192. Clon, chief of a body of flaves, revolted in Sicily, vi. 81. He is taken prifoner, and dies of his wounds, 84. Cleonymus, the Lacedsmonian, lands in Italy, and is repulfed, ii.
448. Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes ; the dijfFerences betwixt Her intrigues w)th young Pomher and her brother, ix. 171. pey, 172. She is declared by Cjefar Quetn of Egypt, and her She and her fecond brobrother at the fame time King, 175. Her charms gain the kingdom. of poffeflion the ther put in their amours, 188. of Conclufmn She heart of Ccefar, 187. alone, reign to ^28. poifons her brother in order Confidence of that Origin of Antony's pallion for Cleopatra. Princtfs when fhe went to appear before Antony, x. 82, & feq. Her ma<jnificent and gallant entry into Tarfus, where Antony was, Sj.- Reciprocal entertainments between her and Antony. The charms of her Luxury and prodigality of Cleopatra, 84. mind more feducing than thofe of her beauty, 85. She fubdues Antony, and obtains his orders for the death of her filler Arfinoe, 86. She returns to AUxandrin, and is followed by Antony,
S7.
trick
'

Her

affiduity to captivate
llie

him more and more, S9.

x.

A
An-

which

puts upon

him

in fiiliing, 90.

The

pafiion of

tony's unjuft and

Antony for Cleopatra is renewed, immenfe liberalities^ towards her,

171.

ibid.

The

foolifli hurry of that General to return to Cleopatra, after his Her alarms at the apexpediticn againft the Parthians, 192. Antony. Her artifice to keep pofwife of Oftavia, the proach of acknowledges, He in a pompous feffion of his affection?, 219. wife, and lawful the children he had manner, Cleopatra for his by her Kings of Kings, 221. Cleopatra prevails on Canidiusto perfuadc Antony not to fend her back to Egypt, but let her ac-

Sumptuous and gay entertainto the war, 227. ments given both by her and Antony during the preparations A pearl diflblved in vinegar and fwallowed .for the war, 228. Honours decreed to her by the Athenians, Cleopatra, by 229. who was fent to Antony by his Geminius, 230. She ill treats he leaves the camp, 234. Madnefs of friends at Rome, fo that

company him

War declared a^ainfl; her, 237. Her ilU that Princefs, 236. She laughs timed jeft upon Oftaviub's taking Torynum, 244. at Antony for fufpefting that (he wanted to poifon him, 246.
Cleopatra's flight at the battle of Aflium.
her, X. 253.

Antony follows

She leaves Antony and

arrives at Alexandria, 266.

She attempts

to tranfport her iket over the Ifthnius of Suez inHer preparations to Antony comes to her. Red-Sea. to the conqueror, Trials which ilie againft the 267. defend herfeif made with poifons and Serpents, 269. She endeavours to make
I
,

her-

I
lierfelf

N D E

X.

ibid.-

be beloved by Oftavius, who wants to impofe on htf, Antony's fufpicionsof Negotiations between themi 270. off, She treacheroufly tier. She obliges him to fhake them 271. Cleopatra caufes Pelufium to be given up to Odavius, 276. carried be caufes every thing that was valuable in her palace to
to her

She (huts herfelf tomb. Her reafon for this ftep, ibid. up in her tcmb, and caufes them to tell Antony that flie is dead, After he has ftabbed himfelf, being iiiformed that fhe is 279 She is taken ftill alive, he makes them carry him to her, 280. alive, 282. Oftavius permits her to bury Antony, 284. Cleopatra wants to kill herfelf, but is reftrained from it by the fear
of thereby occafioning the death of her children, 285. Oflavius vifits her, ibid. She is informed that (he mull quit the place in three days, 287. She goes to offer libations on AntoShe finds means to kill herfelf notwithftanding ny's tomb, ibid.
the precautions of Oclavius, 289.

reprefentation of her

life

and
309.

ifearaifter,

290.

Herpidure

Her

ftatue of gold

carried in Oi^lavius's triumph, placed in the temple of Venus at

Rome, 311.
Clients, reciprocal duties between

them and

their patrons,

i.

22.

Clodius, (P

his

charader.

He augments

the (edition of Lucul-

He Other particulars of his charadter. 305. profanes the myftery of the Good Goddefs, viii. 16. ExtraorPreparations for dinary commiffion to judge that impiety, 18. the procefs, 20 The judges Cicero dcpofes againft him, 21. fuffer themfelves to be corrupted. He is acquitted, 22. Pomlus's foldiers, vii.

pey enters into an alliance with him,

into the

i;o.

He

attempts

to

make
pafles

himi'elf a plebeian, to get the office of Tribune, ibid.

He

order of the people, 70. He hinders Bibuius from haranguing the people at going out of his Confulftip, 88. He is fupportcd by both the Confuls to opprefs Cicero, 91. And favoured by the Tribunes, 93.

Clodius propofes feveral laws to prepare the way to attack

Cicero,
viii.

94.

Law

for the free

diltribution

of corn, ibid.

For the re-eftab!ifhing fraternities of artizans, ibid. For leflening the power of the Cenfors, 95. For abolifhing the laws called ^lia and Fufia, ibid. He deceives Cicero, who lets his laws pafi quietly, g6. He propofes a law which condemns to bani(hrnent any one who caufes the death of citizens without the form of a procefs, gj. And another to affign governments to the Confuls, who engage againfl: Cicero, 98. He arms againft Cicero all the mob of Pome, 100. He propofes a law againft him by name, ic6. It pafles, and at the fame time one for the departments of the two Confuls, 108. He feizeson the land belonging to Cicero's houfe, and confecrates a part of it to the Goddefs Liberty, 109. Being formerly offended by Ptolemy King of Cyprus, he, out of revenge, propofes a law to red-ace that ifland to a Roman province, and charges Cato with that commilTion, 119. He cavils inefteflually with Cato after his murn from Cyprus, 124, He infults Pompey, who returns to Cicero,

INDEX.
Combats between him and Gabinius, who ranges Cicero, 130. himfeifon the fide of Pompey, 132. I'he hatred of the republic difcovers itfelf in every fhape aHe returns to thej)arty of the rigid gainft Clodius, viii. 132.

He attempts the life of Pompey, who fhuts republicans, 133. His violence and fury, 138. He hiraielf up ik his houfe, 134 againft Cicero and Miviolences His Milo, 140. by accufed is Milo before the peoaccufes He ^dile, i chofen is 54. He lo.
Anfwer of Pompey who defended him, 232. which Cicero, Cicero applies to retorts he which the aufpices, from taken the of his laws tables Capitol The upon him, 234, Great diflurbance at by Cicero, 235. He is killed by Milo. Rome His funeral, 390. Clodius, (Sex.) ringleader of P. Clodius's feditions, burns his body
ple,

and

infults

in a public place, viii.

392.

He

is

condemned

to

banilhmenl,

407. Clodius, a deferter from the Triumviri to the camp of Brutus, informs them of the defeat of the Triumvirs fleet, but is not believed, X. 40.

Cluilius,

Didator of Alba, excites a war againfl the Romans, i, 79. CJufium, a city of Hetruria, the Romans defeated near it by the Gauls, iii. 277. Hannibal lofes an eye in paffing the marlhes of Clufuim, 383. Ciypea, the Carthaginians form the fiege of that city, and afterThe Carthaginian fleet overcome wards abandon itj^iii. 1S8. iv. Valerius, 257, near that place by Cocceius Nerva, enters into a negotiation for the reconciliation of Antony and 0lavius, x. 97. He concludes a treaty between Conful, 142. the two Triumviri with Pollio and Maecenas, 99. Cicero, viii, by Tridefended is 247. accufed, being Coelius, being of He Caefar's Milo, protefts people the 394. bune of Is denied the party, endeavours to bring Cicero over, ix. 51.
Prsetorfliip

by Csefar.

Cicero on that fubjeiS.

ter,

Motions excited in Rome. His death, 101, & feq.

to

His

letter to

His charac-

104.

Coelius,

(Mount) added

Rome,

i.

41.

Inclofed within the city

by Tulius, 79, 91. Collatina;, origin of that family, i. 105. CoUatinus, (L. Tarquinius) married to Lucretia, i. 156. Is creatIs fufpefled, and obliged to abdicate the Coned Conlul, 166.
fulfliip, 174. r r Advantages of thefe Colonies, eftablifhed by Romulus, 1. 24. Complaints and murmurs of the Roman eftabliihmentf, li. 447. Twelve of them refufe to furnifh their concolonies, iv. 247. The Coniuls reproach them fevereiy, 218. The tino-ents. The colonies do their duty with alacrity, .219. other ei?*htecn v. of Laly, out fent colony 544. firtl Roman Column, of malTy gold in the temple of juno Lacinia, iii. 562.
,

Columna

Roltrata of Duilius, iii. 161. Comagenfi, King^ of that country, vii. 415.

Com-

INDEX.
Combats of gladiators. Their inftitution, iii. 145. DifTertatioti upon that iubjeit, 234. Combats of Athleta;, v. 240. A Senator prevented from fighting as a

common

gladiator, x. 127.

Combat, Naval, of Aftium, X. 250, Of Drepanum, iii, 212. Of Ecnome, 170. Of the ifies Agates, 226. Of Myle, x. 153. Of Myonnefus, V. 126. Of Panormus, iii. 196. Combats fmgle, i. 81. ii. 297, 315. iii. 558, iv. 93. Comedy and Tragedy, firll introduced at Rome, iii. 249. Comet, eileemed by the fuperllitious vulgar to be the leat of Czefar
Commentaries of
the civil war.
after his deification, ix. 399. Cosfar, by

whom

continued,

viii,

Who was

447.

Upoa

their author, ix. 3.

Cominium, the city of, taken by the Conful Carvilius, iii. 28. Comitium, iv, 261. Comius, King of the Artelians, fent by Ca;far into Great Britain,
viii.

302, 305.

He

enters into a general league with the Gauls

againft the

Romans, 441. Being determined never to truft a Roman, retires into Germany. Reafons for bis diftruft, 451. He, by an extraordinary artifice, deceives Volufenus who purfued him, 456. He wounds Volufenus in an engagement, and afterwards makes peace with him, 457.
.

Concord, temple of, ordered to be built, ii. 231. Its dedication, The Conful Opimius eretls another temple upon the death 445 ot C. Gracchus, vi. 159. Congiaria, what, i. 99.
Coniidiiif, his bold faying to Csefar, viii. 75, Confpiracy, for re-eliabliniing the Tarquins, i. 170. New confpiracy on the part of the Tarquins, 200. The Tribunes fpread a falfe report of a confpiracy formed by the Patricians, 349, Confpiracy of the ilaves, ii. 8;. Another at Rom-, iii. 164. Firil of Catiline, vii. 449. Second, 476. Againft Csfar, ix.

340Conlulfhip, Confuls:

firft creation of thefe magiftrates, and their power, i. 166, 327. Mutual dependance of the Confuls, Sena:e, and people, 330. Form which renders their power abfo-

Interruption of that magiftracy, by the creation of Decemvirs, 383. Military Tribunes created inftead of Confuls, ii. 26 The Confuls are reduced by force to nominate a Diclator, 56.

lute, 340.

A law which ordains that one of the Confuls fhall be elefted out of the people, ii. 229. The firft p ebetan Conful, is elefted. His bad fuccels, joy of the Patricians, 296. Two Patrician Confuls. Debates on that fubjea, 309. 'fhe plebeians re-inflated in the Confulfnip, 312. A Conful elected at twenty three years of age, and in his abfence, 317, l>.e Latines haughtily demand tnat o.-^e of the Confuls be elefted out of their nation Firft example of two plebeian Confuls, iii. 345. 534. Time when the Confuls entered upon office, iv. 87. Two of them abdicate on account of the defel of a religious form in their election, v. 508. Two Confuis inprifoned by the Tribunes, vi. 33. The people elect a Conful who had ferved the fame ofl
hce

INDEX.
fice wlttiin ten years, contrary to a law, 301. vii. 92. Decree of the Senate, by which the Confuls were not to have governments conferred on them till five years after their office was

expired, viii. 387. The demanding the Confuifhip in perfoii difpenfed with, 407. The Confulfhip only a mere title, x. 102. Balbus the firft llranger who enjoyed that dignity, ibid. Changes. No more annual Confuls, 106. Confus, or Neptunus Equellcr, fellival to his honour, i, 33. Coponius, the Rhodian admiral, foretels the battle of Pnarfalia,
ix.

147.

Corbis and Orfua, Princefs of Spain, determine to decide their right to the city of Ibis by tlie fvvord, iv, 309. Cordova, origin of that Roman colony, vi. 6. Coriinium, a city of the Peligni, eftablifned by the revolted allies Befieged and taken by C^far, the capital of Italy, vi. 398.
'^' 35.

The fiege Corinth, the city of, befieged by L. Quintius, iv. 5 1 1. raifed, 515. Befieged by Mummius, v. 551. Taken, burnt, and entirely deftroyed, 553. Great plunder, paintings of ifieftimable value, 555. Ccriolanus, (Marcius) his chara(Ser, i. 245. He diftinguifhes And in the battle againft himfelf at the fiege of Corioli, 246. He ftands for His glory and reward, 248. the Antiates, 247.
'

His rage at their refufal, the Confulfhip, and is refufed, 256 He declares himfelf violently againft the people, 259. He 258. is cited before the people and baniflied, 260. He retires to the

He diVolfci, whom he engages in a war with Rome, 274. vides the command of the troops with TuUus, 277. He forms the fiege of Rome, and treats the embafl'y of the Senators, and
that of the priells with contempt, 278. the requeft of his mother, and returns

He

raifes

the fiege at

into banifhment,

279.

Reflexions on his good and bad qualities, 283. Corioli, a city of the Volfci, befieged and taken by the Romans,

His death, 282.

i. 247. Cornelia, daughter of the firft Scipio Africanus, wife of Tib. GracHer extraordinary care of chuf, mother of the Gracchi, vi. 96. Her remaikable faying with relation to their education, ibid. After thtir death, flie retires to Mifenum, her two fons, 97.
.

160.

Corn

cited before the people for not diftributing it Melius bfing chofen to dillribute corn, 261. conceives the defign of making himfelf King, ii. 44. Cornelia, daughter of Metellus Scipio, and widow of young CrafHer grief on feeing Pompey, fus, marries Pompey, viii. 398. ix. i;;i. She is a Spedator of the after the battle of Pharfalia, death and funeral of her huftjand, i^y, See Cofius. Cornelius Cofiius (Aui.) See Dolabella. Cornelius Dolabella. Cornelius Rufinus (P.) Conful, iii. 46. Conful the fecond time by the means of Fabricius, 92. He takes Cotona and Locri, and triumphs, 93. Conjedure with regard to his Diftacorfhip, 95.
:

Coriolanas
i.

is

in a famine,

He

INDEX.
He is branded with infamy by the Senate, for having ten pounds of filver plate for his table, 98. Cornelius Scipio, for this, and others of the fame branch, fee Scipio. Cornelius Lentulus, Conful, he obtains leave to go into Africa, in order to terminate the fecond Punic war, iv. 460. Cornelius Lentulus, gains a great viftory over Indibilis and Mandonius, iv. 3^6. He obtains an ovation, 49^. Cornelius, Cethegus, Cinna, Lentulus, Merula, Sylla. See Cethegus, Cinna, Lentulus, Merula, Sylla. Cornelius (C.) Tribune of the people, a conteft between him and the Conful Pifo, on occafion of the laws againft bribery, vii. 361. His law with regard to the difpenfations granted only to the Senate, 363. Another law to oblige the Prxtors to judge according to their edids, 364. He is accufed. Cicero defends
him, 365. Cornelius (C.) foretels in Padua the battle of Pharfalia, and all itsconfequences, ix. 148. Cornelius, a Centurion in the Army of OcSlavius, and chief of the deputation, demands the Confullhip for his general, ix. 468. His menacing fpeech on that occafion, ibid. Cornificius (L.) arcufes Brutus of the murder of Caefar, ix. 485. Admiral of 0lavius, x. 132. The troops under his command in Sicily, efcape with great difficulty, 150. Cornutus, faved in the profcription by his llaves, vi. 480. Cornatus, Praetor of the city, kills himfelf on the arrival of Oflavius, ix. 470.

defcription of that ifland, iii. 162, Cruelty of the Car; thaginians towards the inhabitants, 163. See Sardinia. Coruncanius (Ti.) Conful, iii. 65. The firft plebeian Pontifex

Corfica

Maximus,

195.

Corvus, (M, Valerius) See Valerius. CofTus (Aulus Cornelius) kills Tolumnius, King of the Veientes, in battle, and gains the fecond royal fpoils, called Opima, ii. i;i. is mafter of the horfe to the Didator Mamercus Emilius,
()i.

Cofllis,
ii.

(Au! Cornelius) is made Didator, and defeats the Volfci, 187. His contell with Manlias Capitolinus, whom he caufes to be call into prifon, 193.

(A. Cornelius) Conful, by his imprudence expofes the army ; from which the valour of Decius, the Tribune, happily delivers it. The Samnites are entirely defeated, ii. 328. Cothon, an ifland or port of Carthage, v, 535. Cotta (Aurelius) the Orator, nephew of Rutilius, vi. 374. He is accufed and goes into voluntary banifhment, 396. Conful, vii. 192. 224. Cotta, (L. Aurelius) Tribune of the people, abufes his authority by refufjng to pay his debts, vi. 62. Cotta, (L. Aurelius) Conful, is excluded the command of the army with his colleague, by an expreffion of the fecond Scipio Africanus, vi. 17.
CX)irus

to extreme danger

Cotta

N D E

5t.

Cotta (L. Aurelius) accufed by the fecond Sclpio Africanus, and

acquitted,
vi. d"].

Cotta (M. Aurelius) Lucullus's colleague

in the Confulfhip, fent He is defeated by Mithridates, 250. into Bithynia, vii. 249. He takes and ravages Heraclea, 281. He returns to Rome, and is deprived of his dignity of Senator, 282. Cotta (L. Aurelius) Prjetor, paffes a law for dividing the adminillration of jullice

between the Senators, Knights, and Tribunes

v.

of the treafury, vii. 328. Cotys, King of the Odryfs, an ally of Perfeus,

359. 379. 388.

it,

463. Courie Trojan, a game given by Agrippa

defcription of

x.

207.

CrafTus (P. Licinius) is decreed Pontifex Maxim us, when he was upon the point of ftanding for the Curule ^dllefhip, iv. 82. The difeafe Is decreed Conful with Scipio Africanus, 353.

which fpreads itfelf in his army, 365. His praife, 400. CraiRis (P. Licinius) Conful, departs for the war againrt Perfeus. Difquiet of the Romans, v, 372. He removes to Theffaly, 376. Adlion of the cavalry, in which Perfeus has the advantage, 378. He makes his troops pafs the river Peneus in the night for their Grief and ihame of the Romans, 383. better fecurity, 382. Perfeus fends an envoy to him to demand peace, which he rearmies after feme flight aftions, retire inComplaints again ft him, 323. to winter quarters, 387. Craffus (P. Licinius) Conful, the firft Ponifex Maximus who had any command out of Italy, goes to the Ariftonian war, vi. 86.
fufes, 384.

The two

His death, 87. the age of twenty-one years accufes Carbo, at Licinius) Craffus (L. generolity, and timidity, 189. The fote occafion His vi. 188. of his oppofing the Senate, 190. He is made Conful, 359. He defires a triumph in vain, 361. His integrity and noble

His

feverity, ibid.

Cenfor with Domitius ; their decree againft confidence, ibid. His luxury, 372. Conteit bethe Latin Rhetoricians, 370. tween him and the Conful Philip, who had infulted the Senate, His death. Reflection of Cicero upon it, 391, & feq. 390. Craffus, the father and fon killed by order oi Marius, vi. 476. Craffus (L. Licinius) fon and brother of the two preceding, vi.

477.
89.

His adventures in Spain,

vii.

82.

He

joins with Sylla,

Being

enriches himfelf with the eftates of the profcribed, 12I-. His is charged with the war againft Spartacus. He caufes a cohort to be decimated, 212. He caufes feventy. He Spartacus to retire towards the Streight of Mefiina, 213.
PrcEtor,

He

up Spartacus in Bruttium, by lines drawn from fea to lea, His lines are forced. His terror, 214. He gains a new ibid. One of hii Lieutenants and his Quxltor are deviflory, 215. Lalt battle, in which Spartacus is defeated and feated, ibid.
lliuts

killed, 216.

He

obtains the leffer triumph, 217.

Emulation of Craffus and Pompey, vii, 316. Riches of Methods by which he acquired them, 317. His poCraffus. I'hc competition between pular and obliging manners, 319. from violence, 321. Fiucexempt was always aim and Pompey
tuatingj

INDEX.
tuating charadcr of bis conduft, 322. His tafre for letters Snd' the fciences, ibid. They both Hand for the Confulihip, and are elefted, 323. Mifunderftandings between them, 324. Thev are reconciled, and difmifs their armies, He is lufpefled 351. of being concerned in Catiline's confpiracy, 449. He is made Cenfor with Catulus. They differ with each other and abdicate, 455.

gives Cicero information, with regard to CatiHe is informed againl^ as havino516. ihare in the confpiracy, 539. Csefar being arretted by his
line's confpiracy,

He

c%-

delivered by him, viii. 51. He makes difpofitions with Pompey to obtain a fecond Confulfliip, The Conful 248. Marcellinus obliges them to explain themfelves. Their anfvvers, 250. (See Pompey.)
ditors,
IS

Craffus. His extravagant joy, 263. The murmuring of the citizens againft the war which he was preparing to make an-ainft the Parthians. The dreadful ceremony made ufe of by olie of the Tribunes to load him with imprecations, A pretend265. ed bad omen. Cauneas, ibid. Before his departure he reconciles himfelf to Cicero, 266. The contempt he had for vulgar fuperftitions prejudicial to him, Saying of Dejotarus to 345. him upon his age, 346. He enters Mefopotamia, and havin^fubdued fome towns, returns to pafs the winter in Syria ibid^ His avarice. He plunders the temple of Hierapolis, and that of Jerufalem, 347. He is unfortunate after that time Pretended prefages of his misfortune, 348. His folly and exceffive confidence, 349. His army is difcouraged at hearing the valour of the Parthians extolled, 350. Artabazus, his ally,

The

province of Syria

falls to

and chimerical

projects,

viii

fends

fuccours, and gives him advice, which he negleds pafles the Euphrates and enters Mefopotamia.

him

31; i

He

f He

G-neral ^'^^ "'S^^t they retire to the city of Carr^! ^r.?' u^V^^ The Parthians purfue them, 364. CrafTus leaves Carrs in the night, and trufts again to a traitor, 365. He has an opportunity of efcapmg from the Parthians and negledls it, 366. Perfidy of Surena, who treacheroufly invites him to a conference the "^!"y ./t,'^^ Ro"ian Soldiers compels him to ^o to it, ibid
^'''"/
is killed,

the Parthians, 356. The battle, 357. His fon is killed. The Parthians infuitingly prefent him with his head, ^rg His he roic conflancy. Night puts an end to the fight, .62. Grief and difcouragement of the Roman Soldiers, and their

of his bad fortune, 352. He is betrayed by Abargus. He engages in the plains of Mefopotamia, He prepares to fight 354.

New

prefaces

'

367.

Hewas
is

man

equally

carried to the King of the Parthians ^-^"^^^os, His death fatal to the liberty of Rome 371. 37. Craffus, (P.J fon of the foregoing, makes confiderable conquefls in Celtica in quality of Ca^lar's Lieutenant, viii. 221, 284. Hfubdues the Aquitani, 289. He joins his father in the war againft the Parthians.^ His charader, After giving ex349. traordinary proofs of his valour, being overcome, caulbs himfdf to be killed by his equerry, 359.
Crafiiis,

tuous, 36g.

H,s head

weak and p.efumpl

INDEX.
of the famous CrafTus, attached to Carfar Jft ix. wars, His exploits againft the Myfians and the the 57. Eallarns, x, 203, Craffus (Canidius) See Canidius. Crallinus, an old officer of Caefar, his courage at the battle of His death, 145. Pharfalia, ix. I4I. RegulaCreditors, their cruelty to the debtors, i. 221. ii. z^p.
Cra^Tus, fecond fon
civil

tions againft them, 373. Cremera, unhappy defeat of the Fabii near that

river,

i.

301.

Cremona, colony, iii. 298. Crete, Cretans; tht war declared

ifland is unjuft, vii. 353. Crifpinus (T. Quintius) See Quintias. Critolaus, one of the principal incendiaries of the war of the Achaians againft the R.o.T!ans, v. ^^S. He difappears in tl?e battle, without its being known what became of him after-

The

them by the Romans fubdued by Metellus, 385.

againft

himfelf with Spartacus, vii. 207. He is de210. feated and Crotona (the city of) is taken and rafed by the Conful Rufinus,
killed,

wards, 550. Crixus, affociates

By Hanno and the Bruttii, iv. 19. iii. 93. Crufluminians vanquifhed by Romulus, i. 37. Cumse, enterprize of the Campanians againll that city, fruftrated by Sempronius, iii. 545, Who defends it againft Hannibal, A fea-fight near it between Odavius and Sextus Pom547.
peiu:, X. 133. Cures, capital of the Sabines,

40. Curiatii, lingle combat between them and the R"oratii, i, 81. The Curiatii carried to Rome, and admitted among the Patrii-

cians, 92. Curis; their

eftablilbmcnt,

i.
i.

19. 19.

AfTcmblies

by Carife 123.
Firft

Curio,

a prieft, his fiinciion,

to that dignity,

Grand Curio.

plebeian

advanced Cusio (C. Scribonius) Conful, vii. 185. His exploits in MaceHis conftancy in maintaining the difcipline, 219. His donia. He interefts triumph, ibid. He is a fingular Orator, 221. himfelf for Cicero, and is with Hortenfius infulted by the Coniv,
viii. 99. His theatre, virr, Scribonius) fon of the preceding. (C. Curio Antony, with debaucheries extreme 269. Defigned His 127. who pays his debts, ix. 9. Ca;far, with engages he Tribune,

215.

ful,

His

fubtle conduft to ferve him, 12.

Hepufhes Pompey home

with regard tohisaffcded moderation, 14. The Cenfor Appius endeavours to ftigmatize him, but fails, 15. His addrefs ia He retires from brinffino- the Senate to what Carfar wanted, 19.

Rome, and goes

Curio
is

to Caifar,

20,

by Caefar into Sixzily, ix. 43. He pafTes ovpr war there againft Varus and Juba. His make to Africa, into Varus endeavours to debauch his troops, .84. firft, fuccefs at his fpeeches to the council of war danger, that in Hisconftancy He defeats Varus, fidelity. who promife and the foldicrs, 85,
fent

89.

Juba

INDEX.
Juba comes to affift Varus. Curio's prerumption, 90. Batwhich his army is entirely defeated, lie caufes himfelf to be killed upon the fpot, 92. Unhappy fate of almoft all who were flain in the battle. Juba's cruelty and arrogance, 93, mifcondufl and rafhnefs of Curio, ibid. Refledlion on the Curio Dentatius (M.) Conful, obtains a double triumph, iii. 46. He refufes the prefents of the Samnites. His moderation, 47. Conful for the fecond time, he fells a citizen who refufed to lift, He terminates the war againft Pyrrhus by a compleat vie-' 95. tory, 96. His illullrious triumph, 99. He is made Conful for His Cenforlhip, in which he builds an the third time, 10 1; aquedudl, 107. He is accufed of having converted part of the fpoils to his own ufe, and honourably acquitted, ibid. Curiiis [Q^) flruck off the lift of Senators by the Cenfors, vii. 356.He engages in Catiline's confpiracy, 480. He difcovers the feHe engages with Cicero to give him an cret to a woman, 483.
89.
lit in

account of all that pailed, 513. Curtius (Mettius) leads the Sabines againft the

Romans, and

caufes

them

to retire,

i.

38.

Curtius (C.) Conful, ii. i8i Curtius (M.) devotes himfelf to the Dii Manes, and leaps into aii abyfs, which immediately clofes upon him, ii. 295. Cynofcephalae famous battle of, in which Philip is entirely defeated by Quintius, iv. 526. Cyprus: claims of the Romans upon that ifland, vii, 4^4. viifi Law of Clodius to reduce it to a Roman province, 120, 119. Cato is charged with putting this law in execution, ibid. Gyrene (the kingdom of) given to the Romans by will, vi. 538. Cyzicum, a city of Fropontus, befieged by Mithridates, vii. 252* The army of that prince is there defeated by Lucullus, 259.
:

0.

DAG ON,
lus,

the fame with the Syrian Goddefs, honoured at HIe

viii.

rapolis,

347.

and Nafica^ v. 509. By Metelaccount takes the furname of Dalmaticusj vi. Subdued by OAavius, x. 201. 168. Damaratus of Corinth, father of Lucumo, i. io. Damafcus : Aretas, who had made himfelf mafter of that city^ is driven thence by the Romans, vii. 427. Damafippus (Brutus) Praetor, at the order of the young Marius, butchers feveral Senators, vii. 94. He is put to death by Sylla, 101. D<;mophiIus, an inhabitant of Erlna, whofe cruelty caufed the reTheir treatment of him, vi. 79, volt of the llaves in Sicily. Sweetiiefs and good nature of his daughter, 80. Dardanians, a people bordering on Macedonia. Philip defigns to tranfport the Baltarnae into their country, v. 348. They fend smbafladors to Rome on that fubjed, 350.
Dal.Tiatians, fubjedted by Figulus

who on

that

Vol, X.

Daiiu.s

INDEX.
pafius Altinus, a traitor to the Carthaginians,
the
as

he had beea to

Romans

iv.

67.

Hannibal caufes

his wife

and children to

be burnt alive, 69. Dafius, concurs with Blafius to deliver Salapia to the

Romans,
ii.

ir.

170. Debtors, cruelty of their creditors towards them, i. 221. A law of the twelve tables concerning them, 280.

279.

Debts, troubles in

on that Subjeft, i. 202. The Diftator them, 205. New troubles appeafed by the Conful Servilius, 221. More violent troubles than ever, 226. New troubles, ii. 214. Thought on the conduft of the Roman Senate, 284. Wife and prudent meafures to pay the debts, 312.
Lartius appeafes

Rome

New
.

Diflentions,

iii.

48.

Decemviri, chofen to reduce the laws into form. Extent of their They prepare ten tables of laws, which are power, i. 383. They are continued the fecond ratified by the people, 387. They year. Strange abufe they make of their authority, 391. continue themfelves in office, and exercife all kinds of violence.
394. The Sabines and ^qui profit by thefe troubles. Difficulty Murder of Siccius, 400. The folin levying the troops, 395. The Dediers revolt on occafion of the death of Virginia, 410. They refer cemviri are obliged to lay down their office, 412. themfelves to the refoluticms of the Senate, 413. Two of them
perifn in prifon, and the reft are banifhed, 417, & feq. Decidios Saxa, lieutenant of the Triumviri in the war againft Brutus and Cafiiu's, x. 19. In Syria, is abandoned by his army and reduced to kill himfelf, 1 18. Decimation, of a culpable army, i. 320. Of a cohort, vii. 212. Of feveral companies, x. 103. Deciniius, collegue with Popilius in an embafly to Egypt, v. 465. His moderation, 466, Decius, (P.) a legionary Tribune, delivers by his courage the army of Coflus from the danger to which it was expofed by the imprudence of that General, ii. 328. Conful, he devotes himfelf
for the array in the battle againll the Latinrs, 352. Decius Mus, (P.) fon of the preceding, Conful, ii. 424. Conful for the fecond time, 440. He pleads in favour of the law for transferring the facerdotal offices to the people, 450. He is deHe is creed Pontiff, 451. Conful for the third time, 457. continued in the command and Confulfhip for fix months. He He defeats the Samnites, and obliges them to retire, 460.

takes feveral places in

a collegue by Fabius,
-

their country, 461.

iii.

He

is

demanded

as

Conful for the fourth tiir.e, ibid* A flight difpute between him and Fabius his collegue, with regard to their provinces, 6. He devotes himfelf in the famous battle with the Samnites and Gauls. The Romans gain the vic2.

tory,

II.

Decius Mus, (P.) fon of the foregoing Conful, iii. 86. Report of bis devoting himfelf, 87. That fa<fl uncertain, ibid. Decius Jubellius, a legionary Tribune, fent with a legion to garrifon

Rhegium, who murder

all the

inhabitants of that city,

iii.

fji

INDEX.
Severe vengeance taken by the Romans on that legion, 65. Exemplary punifhment of Decius, 109. io. Pecius Magius, oppofes the reception of Hannibal into Capua, iii. 502. His arrogant behaviour at the entrance of Hannibal,

Who demands him to be delivered up, 507. He re503. proaches the Campanians of bafenefs, 508. He is driven by a Itorm into Eoypt, ibid. Decurio, an officer of the horfe, ii. 70. Dedication of the capitol, i. 183. vii. 352, It is ordained that no one fhall dedicate a temple without the permiffion of the Senate, ii. 445, Dejotarus, efcapes being killed with the reft of the Tetrarchs of Gallo-Graecia, who were put to death by Mithridates, vii. 54. His faying to CraflTus upon his age, viii. 346. He brings fuccours to Pompey, ix. 105. He fues to Caefar for pardon, and partly obtains it, 190. He is ill treated, 197. His death, his commendable qualities, his cruelty to his family, x. 105. Deldon, King of the Baflarns, killed by M. Craflus, Odavius's

lieutenant, x. 203.

Dellius, an officer charged

by Antony makes his court to her, x. 82. His manding a dowry of the Athenians
nerva,

to bring Cleopatra to
for his marriage with

him,

pleafantry on Antony's de-

Mi-

Antony. His charadter, 235. Delos, without walls and arms, was defended by refpeft for religion alone, vii. 30. Plundered by Methrophanes, one of Mithri116.
quits
dates's Generals, ibid.

He

Delphos, Brutus and the two Tarquins go thither to confult the oracle, i. 154. The Senate fends to confult the oracle on occafion of the fudden increafe of the water in the Alban lake,
ii.

120.

They

which
nerous

are difpatched to carry

fend thither a cup of gold, 133. The deputies The geit are taken by pyrates.

conduA of Timafitheus their chief, 139. The oracle of Delphos fallen into contempt in the time of Cicero, iii. 60. Demetrius of Pharos, iii. 264. He dravi's the Roman arms upon himfelf, 294. Vanquilhed by the Conful iEmillus he faves himfelf in Macedonia, 296. He engages Philip to declare for Hannibal againft the Romans, 537. Demetrius, fon of Philip King of Macedonia, with the other hoftages, adorns the triumph of Quintius, v. 16. He is fent emHe endeavours to vinbaflador to Rome from his father, 247.
.

Romans, 258. Difquietude brother Perfeus, and jealoufy of his father againft hira, His father caufes him to be put to death, 264. 263. Demetrius, fon of Seleucus King of Syria, retained an hoftage at Rome, demands in vain the Senate's permiftion to return into Syria in order to afcend the throne vacant by the death of Antiochus, v. 495. He flies from Rome, arrives in Syria, and is
dicate his father's proceedings to the
his

of

generally acknowledged King, 497. Demetrius, a freedman of Pompey, his riches and infolence,

vii.

435Demochares, a freedman ^nd admiral of Sextus Pompeius, roughly

c z

treats

INDEX
treats

Oclavius's

fleet,

x.

134.

He

is

entirely

defeated

by

Agrlppa, 153. Denarii, iii. 450.

Deferters punifhed,
iii.

44.

Another example,
ii.

vi,

34.

Devoting

manner of

tnat ceremony,

353.

Manner of de-

voting a city befieged, v. 528. Diaius, one of the principal authors of the war of the Achaians

546, 550, 551. His fatal death, 553. Diana, a temple ereiled to that Goddefs by the Romans, and Laagainil the

Romans,

v.

tines,

i.

135.
village in Spain,

Dianium, a
Dictator,

now

called Denia, vii.

Its

194.
i.

firft

eftabliftiment of that magillracy.

power,

207.
to

Kefleftions

upon

that

magiftracy, 210.

Didator chofen

Firfl: Diftator drive a nail into the temple of Jupiter, ii. 235. eleded out of the people, 309. General idea of the Diftatorfliip, iii. 418. The Dictator obtains an exprefs permiflion of Authority the people to ride on horfeback in the army, 419. of the Diiflatorlhip, 422. Interval of fix-fcore years before the nomination of Sylla, vii. IJ4. The name became odious fince Sylla's time, viii. 385. A decree which for ever abolifties the Pro-didator, Diftatorlhip, after the death of Caefar, ix. 377.
iii. 419, Dido, the founder of Carthage, iii. 118. Die, chief of the Alexandrine ambatTadors

to

Rome

aflaflinated,

viii,

230.

Diophanes, General of the Achaians, raifes the ixege of Pcrgamus by his courage and addrefs, v. 122. Divitiacus, the Eduan, obtains pardon of Caefar for his brother Dumnorix, viii. 191. Hepropofes in an afi'embly of the Gauls, to implore the affiitance of Csefar, in the war againft Arieviftus,
Divorce, not known at Rome for feveral ages. Firft example, i. 27, iii. 261. Dolabella, (P. Cornelius) Conful, defeats the Senones, iii. 53. Dolabella, (Cn. Cornelius) fent into Cilicia, to make war againfi: the pirates, takes the infamous Verres for his lieutenant j vii.
Dolabeila, (Cn. Cornelius) Conful, vii. 117. Proconful in Macedonia, obtains the honour of a triumph, 219. He is accufed by Dolabella, and abfolved, 229. Dolabella, (P. Cornelius) fon-in-Jaw of Cicero, accufes Appius Claudius, viii. 477. Though a patrician, he caufes himfelf to be enrolled among the plebeians, obtains the Tribunefhip, and occafions great troubles in Rome, which are appeafed by the arrival of Caefar, ix. 213. His conduA after Csefar's death, whom he endeavours to fucceed in the Confulfliip, ^66. He overturns the altar erefted to the honour of Caifar, 380. Antony confers on him [the government of Syria, 385. Cafilus goes into Syria, whilft he flays in Afia Minor, wnerc he puts Trebonius to death, 425. He undertakes to recover the government of Syria from Caifius, who reduces him to fuch llreights that he kills himfelf, 428.

Demi

INDEX.
Domitlus, (Cn.) Conful, ii. 364. Pomitius Calvious (Cn.) entirely defeats the Senones, who were marching againft Rome, iii, 53. Cenfor, is the firil plebeian who compleated a Cenfus, 86. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (Cn.) Conful, receives an embaffy from the King of the JEdai, vi. 174. He defeats the Allobroges and Arverni, ibid. with regard to Bituitus, 176. His treachery His vanity. His triumph, 177. He exercifes the Cenforfhip
with great feverity. 179.

Pomitius Ahenobarbus, (Cn.) Tribune of the people, accufes Scaurus of a kind of profanation. His generofity, vi. 288. He transfers the eleftion of Pontiffs and Augurs to the people, Conful, 289. He is foon after eleded Pontifex Maximus, 290. CralTus, Cenfor he agrees but badly with the orator L. 358. with him, 370. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (Cn.) 13 vanquifhed in Africa by Pompey, and killed in the battle, vii. 131. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (L.) Queftor, difperfes a multitude of the
Praetor, he declares againft Caefar, viii. 366. alone to demand the Confulfhip with Pompey and CrafTus. He is removed out of the way by violence and he fear of death, 252. He is named Conful. His charafter, His infamous agreement with the candidates and Confuls, 277. He is named 385. He prefides at the accufation of Milo, 401. to fucceed Cjefar in the government of Gaul, ix. 24. He is befieged by Casfar in Corfinium, 35. His troops promife to deliver him into Ca^far's hands, 36. He refolves to poifon himfelf. His phyfician in/lead of poifon gives him a foporific, Caefar pardons him, 38. His foolilh prefumption, 132. 37.
vii.

populace, iiy. He

perfilts

He

is

killed in the battle of Pharfalja,

146.

Domitius Ahenobarbus, (Cn.) fon of the preceding, is comprehended in the condemnation of the murderers of C^far, placed

He joins Murthe confpirators, ix. 486. of fifty vefTels, x. 21. He deftroys a convoy After the battle of Pharfalia, he fent to the Triumviri, 39. )ceeps the fea for fome time without acknowledging any chief, He joins Antony with his fleet, 95. He is made governor 52. of Bithynia, 98. His family joined with that of the Ciefars by Conful, 221. He a marriage of his fon with Antonia, 146. He leaves Rome to join him, 226. He favours Antony, 225. endeavours to perfuade Antony to fend back Cleopatra during He leaves Antony, and the war, but is notable to prevail, 227. His death, 245. pafTes into Odavius's camp. Domitius Calvinus, (Cn.) Conful, viii. 387. Commands the Decenter of Casfar's array at the battle of Pharfalia, ix. 139. fecond the time, for x. Pharnaces, Conful 92; feated by 192. His triumph. His feverity with regard to difcipline, 103. Doryla-us, general of Mithridates, vii. 49. Drapes, a Senonian, a chief of the revolted Gauls, viii. 453. He He ftarves himfelf to death in prifon, 456. is taken, 454. Dream of T. Atinius, i, 275. Of ihe two Confuls, in their
among
the

number of
fleet

cus with a

c 3

march

>

INDEX.
march
againft the Latines,
viii.

Of

Cicero,

105.

Of

ii. Of Hannibal, iiJ. 337. 349. Calphurnia, ix. 354. Of Helvius

Cinna, 376.

Prepanum, a
feated,
iii.

port in Sicily, near which the

212.

Roman

fleet is

de-

Druids, were the priefts, the philofophers, the poets and judges of Gaul. Their chiefs, &c. viii. 166. Drufus, (M. Liv.) Tribune of the people, in concert with the Se nate oppofes C. Gracchus his collegue, vi. 148. He takes advantage of his abfence to ruin his affairs, 150. Conful, 208.

He

defeats the Scordifci,

.78.

Drufus, (M, Liv.) fon of the preceding, and Tribune of the people, is employed by the Senators to recover the adminiftration of juftice, vi. 383. He endeavours to conciliate the people by laws in their favour, and the allies by the promife of the freedom of Rome, ibid. The Conful Philip and Caepio declare againft him, 384. His violence againft his adverfaries, 386. pafTes two He laws, the one favourable to the people, and the other to the Senate, ibid. His perplexity with regard to keeping his promife with the allies, 388. He is aftaffinated, 392. His charadler, 393, All his laws are annulled, 395. Drufus, fon of Livia. His power, x. 129. Educated in the palace of Oftavius, ibid. Duel, refleftion on that fubjeft, iv. 95. Duilius, Tribune of the people, prevents his collegues from being continued in their office the following year, ii. 5. Duilius, gains a famous naval viflory over the Carthaginians near the coaft of Myle, iii. 159. His naval triumph, 16 J. Cenfor, 169. Dumacus, Angevinus. See Drapes. Dumnorix, the Eduan, taken by Caefar, who pardons him in confideration of his brother Divitiacus, viii. 191. He refufes to go with Cjefar into Great Britain and is killed, 311. Duronius, (M.) is expelled the Senate for his defending luxury,
vi.

357to try

i. 85. See alfo, vii. 498. 429. Dyrrachium, general magazine of Pompey, ix. no. See Pompey, Casfar. Dytentus, fon of Adjatorix, conteft of admirable generofity between him and his brother. He is made prieft of Bellona at Comanus, by Odtavius, x. 309.

Duumviri, appointed

Horstius,

To command

the

fleet, ii.

E.

EAGLES,
Catiline,

which are reported to have alighted on the ftandards of Brutus and Caffius, x. 18. Eagle of filver reverenced by
vii.

560.
viii.

Eburones, a people of Gaul,

318.

(See Ambiorix and Csefar)

INDEX.
Their country undertakes to extirpate them, 333. ravaged, 339. Eclipfe of the fun, furprizes the Romans, v. 190. Eclipfeof the moon foretold by Sulpicius Gallus, 427. Ecnoma, a city and mountain in Sicily, near which the Romans gain a famous naval viftory over the Carthaginians, iii. 170. Ediles, Edilefhip. Ediles plebeian, their creation and fundtion Their creation, ii. 233. i. 240. Patrician Ediles, or Curules. brief defcription of the fundlions of that magiHracy, 251. Obligation of paffing through that office before entering upon any other. Magnificence of the games which they gave to the people, 262. Curule Ediles, ix. 327. Interruption of the Curule
far) Csefar

Edilefhip, which is reftored by Agrippa, x. 205. Edidls, of the Praetors, what they were, vii. 364. Edueni, or ^dui, firfl: allies of the Romans in Gaul, and are therefore called their Brothers, vi. 174. One of the two faftions

which divided the Gauliih nation,

alliance with the

Romans, 429.

They have
Egates
iiles,
iii.

recourfe to Csefar's

viii. They break their 165. Their revolt is declared, 432. clemency, and obtain peace, 446.

the Carthaginians

defeated

in

a fea-fight near that

place,

226.

And

Egeria, nymph, faid to Egerius, founder of the Collatinian family, i. 105. Egnatius (Gellius) General of the Samnues, engages the Hetrur!ans to join them, ii. 460. Egypt, fucceffion of its Kings from Lathyrus. Will of Alexander III. vii. 453. Pretended claims of the Romans upon that kingdom, viii. 119. Re-eftablifhment of Ptolemy Auletes. (See Ptolemy.) Egypt, being taken by Odtavius, becomes a Roman province ; immenfe riches carried away by the conqueror, x. Singular precautions which Oflavius takes with regard to 296. the government of that province, 297. The happinefs of Egypt
firfl time they fight with of fearing thefe animals, (^-j. them, iii. 69. Their method Some of them led in triumph, 99. The Romans at firil call them the oxen of Lucania, ibid. Some of the.m tranfported out of Sicily to Rome, it,9. Manner in which Hannibal tranfported them over the Rhone, 345. Manner in which they were killed by their guides wh?n they became ungovernable, iv. 275. Manner in which Marcius caufed the elephants to defcend the lleep Commiferation of the people declivity of the mountain, v. 393. for the elephants killed in the games given by Pompey, viii, 262. Memorable combat between a foldier and one of thele animals, ix. 256. Forty elephants employed in carrying the lultrcs in Casfar's triumph, 287. EleAions, canvafling for, firft law againPc that abufe, ii. 306. Another law, viii. 253. Extravagant Another law, vii. 361. Infamous agreement becaballing of the candidates, 381, 383.

conclude a peace with Lutatius, 228. converfe with Numa, i. 60.

under the Roman government, 298. Elephants, frighten the Roman Troops the

tween the candidates and Confuls, 384.

Exceffes of Milo

Hypfeus

INDEX.
feus,

New
Eliffa.
Elii, or

and Metellus Scipio, candidates for the Confuiniip, 390, laws of Pompey againft force and corruption, 399. See Dido.

^lii, the name of a family in Rome, >vhofe love for poSee Tuhero. verty was podigious, v. 500. with the power of ConTribune military (Mamercus) Emilius, a great viftory over Tolumniiis, gains he Dictator, ful, ii. ?o.

He reduces the Cenibrfliip Diftator for the fecond time. CI. the Cenfors againft him, 54. Hatred of to eiohteen months. encourages the people, who He Again nominated Diftator, 61. Veientes, He gains ibid. were much alarmed on account of the
a fingular viftory over the Veientes, 63. Emilius Papus, Conful, gains a famous and bloody vidory over the Gauls near Telamon, iii. 278. Emilius (L. Paulus) Conful, carries on the war in Illyricum, iit. 295. He gains a victory over Demetrius of Pharos, 296. He, with his colleague, are cited and acciifed before the people, 298. He demoliflies with his own hands the chapels confecrated to He is appointed colleague to Varro, 457. His raIlls, 299. The Senate exhorts him to come to a detional difcourfe, 460. His Fine fpeech of Fabius to him, 461. cifive battle, ibid His fpeech to his troops, ibid. (See Canna:) His anfwer, 464.

death, 472. He gains a vidlnry over Emilius, (L. Paulus) his youth, v. 169. after many repuifts, decreed Conful He is Lufitanians, the 173. but defeats thtm entireLigurians, the by deceived is 262. He Remans regard to the electhe with of Inquietudes ly, 266. Perfeus. Emilius is chofcn againft tion of Confuls in the war precautions, He demands 405. with Licinius, 404. His wife of the commiflioners in Macedonia an account of the condition

Troops under his comof the armies by fea and land, 407. mand, 408. His fpeech to the people before his departure, 409. He fets out for Macedonia, 412. He re-eilabliihes difcipline 111 He difcovcrs water in places wliere it was his army, 419. news of a vidory gained in Illyricum augThe wanting, 420. He deliberates on the pf his foldiers, 421. ments the courage He fends Scipio Nafica with Perfeus, 422. manner of attacking Pythium, ibid. He amufes Perfeus a great detachment to feize of Enipeus, He wifely 423. by flight flcirmiflies on the banks His anfwer to Scipio Nafica, who preiies him defers a battle.
to a battle, 425.

He

gives his

reafons for deferring the battle,

battle in which Perfeus is defeated and flies, 429. 428. Anxiety of the Conful on account of his fon, (the fecond Scipio He narches in purluit Africanus) who does not appear, 433. He receives pf Perfeus, 435. That prince is brought to him. Hi^ difcourfe to the youngliim, and fpeaks kindly to him, 439. Romans on that occafion, 440. Wews of the vidtory carried ta He vifits the cities of Greece, 445. His regard Rome, 441. He returns into Macefor the education of his children, 446. In concert with ten commifiioners he fettles the donia, 447. He gives Hig wife regulations, 448. affairs of Macedonia. magni-

INDEX.
His noble difinterertmagnificent games at Amphipolis, 451. gives up Epirus to He plundered, be cdnefs, 452. He 45^. The Senate decrees him a triumph. His arrives at Rome, 455. foldiers, at the iiiltigation of Galba, combine to prevent his The triumph is granted him, 4(^9. triumph, ibid. DefcripHe lofes two of his children, 450. tion of that triumph, 162. His fpeech to the people on his vidtories, and the death of his two fons, 460. He is made Cenfor, 495. His ficknefs and death, 498. His obfequies, ibid. His praife, 499, Emilius Lepidus, (M.) Conful, accufes Fulvius, who was Conful the preceding year, by the Abracian deputies, v. 198. Pontifex Maximus, 274. He is made Cenfor with Fulvius. After a long Prince of the Senate, 276. enmity they are reconciled, ibid. Conful for the fecond time, 311. He attacks the Vaccsi, in Emilius Lepidus, (M.) Conful, vi. 36.
Spain, befieges Pallantia, and is forced to a precipitate retreat, For the Emilii fee alfo Lepidus, Paul us, and Scaurus. 3p. Cato gains a celebrated vidlory Emporia, a city of Spain, v. 26. over the Spaniards near that place, 29. He is well received by LaEneas, or ^neas, lands in Italy, i, 5. tinus and marries his daughter, 6. He founds the city Lavinium, ibid. He fupports the war againft Turnus and Mezentius, and

He unites the Aborigines and Trojans, conquers them, ibid. under the name of the Latine people, 7. He dies and is honoured by the name of Jupiter Indiges, ibid. Enna, a city in Sicily, the bad defigns of the inhabitants fruftrated by a bloody execution, iv. 43. Enemies, conquered, deprived of their territories by the Romans,
iii.

108.

Ennius, time of the birth of that poet, lii, 249. His celebrated verfe on Fabius, iv. 434. See alfo iii. 60. Ephefus, Antony's gallant reception in that city, x. -8. Epicurus, judgment of Fabricius on the doctrine of that philofopher, iii. 80. Epicydes and Hypocrates, ambafladors from Hannibal to Hieronymus, iv. 10. Created one of the Prxtors at Syracufe, 30. He animates the people againfl; the Romans, ibid. He, with his colleague, embroil every thing at Syracufe, of which they make thcmfelves mafcers, 32. He fails for Agrigentum, cr. Epirus, (See Alexandria King of Epirus, and Pyrrhus.) On the authority of Cephalus, that kingdom declares for Perfeus ao-ainft
the
It is

Romans, v. 388. It is entirely fubjedled and quieted, 444. abandoned to pillage by Paulus Emiiius, 453.

Epochas principal of the Roman Hillory, from tne foundation of Rome to the battle of Adlium, i. 337. Equi, or ^qui, turn their arms againft the Romans, i. 231. They fnut up the Conful Furius, 339. And the Conful Mirwcius, 364. They are defeated by the Didator Cincinnatus, ibid. They demand quarter, and pafs under the yoke, 367. They re-commence the war, 371. By a mifunderftanding between the military Tribunes, they defeat the Romans, which is retrieved b/

INDEX.
by
the Diflator,
ii.

82.

They

are

conquered and almoft en-

tirely dellroyed,

443.

pretends to be the fon of Ti. Gracchus. Firmnefs He is made Tribune, of Sempronia on that occafion, vi. 337. He is mafTacrcd by the multitude, 347. 344. Eros, a fiave of Antony's, refufes to kill him, and kills himfelf,

Equitius (L.)

X. 279.

Eryx, a promontory of Sicily. Junius Pullus makes himfelf mafter of it, iii. 219. It is taken by Amilcar, who keeps poffeiJion of It is returned to the Romans, it to the end of the war, 222. 230. Temple of Venus upon that mountain, 219,232. Efculapius, brought to Rome from Epidaurus, under the form of a
Serpent,
iii.

41.

Temple

is

built for

him

in the

ifle

of the

Tiber, 42.
Efernia, general counfel of the league transferred to that city, vi. 419. Efquilinus, (Mount) taken into Rome, i. 122.

Efquiline, (Tribe)

i.

134.

Etna, a mountain in Sicily, the earth which furrounds it burnt by torrents of fire, x. 151. Etolians, a treaty concluded by Levinus between them and the Romans, iv. 152. Motions of that people and Philip, 154. They break the peace with Philip, 291. Aflembly of them, to which Philip, the Athenians and Romans fend their ambafladors. DifThe aflembly feparates ferent fpeeches of the ambafladors, 485. They declare for the Rowithout concluding any thing, 488, mans, 492. Their vanity and infolence after the battle of CyThey fecretly decry the treaty of peace conmofcephals, 532. cluded between the Romans and Philip, 537. The Etolians fend ambafl:adors to Nabis, Philip and Antiochus, to induce them to take arms againft the Romans, v. 61. They fend Thoas to Antiochus to prefs him to go to Greece, 68. .They call a general afl'embly, in which, notwithflanding the remonftrances of Quintius, Antiochus is called to deliver Greece, They Their perfidious enterprife againft three cities, 72. 6gAcilius endeavours to declare Antiochus Generalifllmo, 75. They prefs Anbring them over by gentle methods, 94. They afk peace of the Contiochus to renew the war, 97. But are difgufl;ed at the hard conditions, ibid. Their ful.
ambafliadors,
their

who were

fent to
it,

Rome

to

aflc

peace,
refufals,

are fent
at

back without obtaining

ambafladors, iii.

109.

Their anxiety.

Return of
laft;

Scipio, after

many

grants them a truce for fix months, to fend new ambafliadors to Rome, 112. Which are expelled Rome and Italy without obThey re-inftate Amynander in his kingtaining peace, 172. They are terrified at the arrival of the Conful Fuldom, 174. They aflc, and at laft obtain peace of the Conful, vius, ibid.

The treaty of out for Rome. Their heavy complaints to Paulus peace 178. They do not obtain juftice, 481. Emilius. Etrufci, make war with the Romans, under Tarquin the elder, i. Overburdened with their defeats, they fend to demand 107.
175.

Their ambafladors
there,

fet

is ratified

peace.

INDEX.
A confiderable and bloody viflory gained over peace, no. They make themfelves matters of the Janiculum, them, 294. but are afterwards defeated, 306. New war, ii. 430. A vidlory gained over them by the Conful Fabius, 431. A new vidory. They obtain a truce for thirty years, 433. Vidlory gained over them by Fabius, which they never recovered, 437. They are
to join them.

defeated by Valerius Maximus, 449. They engage the Gauls The latter having received the fums agreed on reThey join the Samnites, and are defeatfufe their fervice, 41^2.

ed, 464.

They

revolt.

The Conful
4.

Carvilius marches againlt

them, iii. 30. Evander, arrives in

Italy,

i.

He

gains great refpefl by teaching

the people the art of writing, ibid.

He

eftablilhes facrifices in

honour of Hercules, 5. Evander of Crete, by the order of Perfeus attempts the life of Eumenes, v. 355. He is accufed and cited before the judges. Per-

him to be killed, 436. Eumenes, King of Pergamus, fon of

feus caufes
in the

Attains, feconds the

Romans

war againft Nabis,

He

goes

v. 5, 6. Againft Antiochus, 105, 117. to fuccour the befieged capital, 120. aflifts the Ro-

He

mans

in their pafTage into Afia,

131.

He

He fets out for Rome vidlory, 139. He has an audience of the Senate. Hisfpeech, Antiochus, 146. is magnificently recompenfed by the Romans, 148, He 147. He comes to Rome to exhort the Senate to a war with Prufias^ He is in danger of being killed by aiTalfins hired by Pru352. He joins the Conful Licinius, 377. He wavers befias, 355. tween the party of the Romans and that of Prufias, 414. The Senate prevents him from entering Rome, 493. He is accufed in the Senate by the ambaffadors of Prufias, ibid. And is vindicated by his brother Attains and Athenseus, 494. Imprudent conduft of Sulpicius againft that Prince, ibid. Ariftonicus his natural fon. See Ariftonicus. Eunus, the Syrian, chief of the confpiracy of the flaves in Sicily,
His defeat and death, 85, vi. 79. Euphranor, a brave and experienced Rhodian admiral, is funk with his (hip in a combat with the Alexandrians, ix. 184. Euphrates, paiTed by Lucullus, vii. 285. Euricles, the Lacedaemonian, purfues Antony, and takes one of his
vefTels, X. 264Euripus, defcription of that ftreight, iv. 294. Exile, the form of condemning a citizen to it,

contributes to their with the ambaiTadors of

ii.

241.

F.

FAbii,

(Family of) odious to the people,

i.

29 t.

They

be-

come popular, 301. Their unhappy defeat before Creraera, ibid. Where the whole are killed to a man, 305.
IFabius (Caefo) accufes Sp. Caffius, i. 289. Conful, 292. Conful for the fecond time, 294. He commands the Romans in the war
againft

I
againft
tlie

N P E

X.

Equi, and the Veii. His foldiers refufe to fight, ibid, Conful for the third time, 301. Fabius, (M.) Conful, gains a fignal and bloody viflory over the
Etrufcans.
Ilis brother

and colleague are

i.

killed.

He

refufes

298. Conful for the fecond Fabius Vibulanus, ( C^) Conful, i. 323. He oppofes the law of Terentillus, eftablifhing a time, 324. Conful for the third fixed form for admjniltering juftice, 341,
time, 363.

the honour of a triumph,

Fabius

fent deputies to the Gauls, of nations, 148. They violate the law They are ii. 147. One of them is accufed, bijt eledled military Tribunes, 149. prevents the execution of the lentence by his death, 179. Fabius Ambuftus (M.) marries his two daughters, the one to The jealoufy of the a Plebeian, and the other to a Patrician.

He is made Decemvir, Ambufius (M) His three Tons

391.

two

fillers

occafions great events, 215.

Fabius Dorfo, pafles through the camp of the Gauls, and facrifices on the Quirinal mount, ii. 161. Fabius RuUianus Maximus, ( Q^) Mafler of the horfe, fights during the abfence of the Dictator contrary to his order, and He is cited before the trigains a famous viftory, ii. 375. bunal of the Diftator, who is for putting him to death. The

army appears

in his defence, 377.

He

takes refuge at

Rome,

and is followed thither by the Didator, 378. Who at lall parConful, 387. dons him at the requelt of the people, 382.
Conful for the fecond Diftator, he defeats the Samnites, 422. and the Hetrurians, penetrates into the CiHe defeats time. minian foreft, 431, He gains a fecond vidory over the fame

He is named Didator, notwithftanding the re> people, 433. New vidory over the Hefentment of Papirius Curfor, 436. Conful for the third time. He defeats the Umtrurians, 437. Cenfor. He inbrians who threatened to befiege Rome, 440. eludes the meaneft of the people in four tribes only, 446. Conful for the fourth time, obtains great advantages over the Samnites, and ravages the whole country, 457. He refufes to Conful for the fifth time, he decontinue in his office, 459. mands Declus for his colleague, iii. 2. Slight difputes between the Confuls concerning Hetruria, which is decreed to Fabius.

He

repairs thither to the

fent

army,

6.

He

is

recalled to

Rome,

and new troops, gains celebrated over the Samnites a victory and Gauls. He 9. Decius devotes himfelf in it, 11. His triumph, 17. He obtains of the people his fon's pardon, and ferves under him, 37. He gains with him a celebrated viftory over the Samnites, 39. He accompanies his fon in his triumph, 44. He is cholen and then

back

to Hetruria with Decius

Prince of the Senate, 48. Fabius Gurges, ( Q^) fon of the foregoing, Conful, marches He is accufed beagainft the Samnites and is defeated, iii. 34. fore the people, and pardoned by the intercefiion of his father, who ferves under him, 37. And v'ich him gains a famous victor)'.

INDEX.
His triumph, 44.. Confu! for the Chief of an embafly to Egypt, an admirable fecond time, 94. example of moderation, 106. Prince of the Senate, 107. Conful for the third time, he is killed at the fiege of Volfcinia, 114. Fabius Maximus Verrucofus, (Q^ Cunflator) is made Conful for
the firll time. His charafter in his infancy, iii. 257. Conful for the fecond time, 271. He is named Pro-diclator, 419, He is named Didator. He begins with afts of religion, 421. He
fets

him

Dtfpute between tory, 39. to quit Samnium, 43.

him and Pofthumius, which obligea

out for the army, 422.

He

determines not to hazard a bat-

which he perfeveres inflexibly, notwithftanding the endeavours of Hannibal, and the railleries of his own people, 423. His firmnefs againft the feditious difcourfe of Minucius, 426. He fends out L. Mancinus for intelligence, who is defeated by his temerity, 428. Skirmifh between the two parties, 429. He fhuts Hannibal up in a defile, who extricates himfelf out of it by a ftratagem, 430. Being obliged to go to Rome, he counfels Minucius, 433. His wife delays hurt him, 438. Two other
tle, in

Minucius's authority made equal to his, 440. He faves Minucius, who is defeated by Hannibal, 444. Refledions on his excellent qualities, 448. Wifdom of his condudl with regard to Hannibal, 449, His fine difcourfe to Paulus Emilius, 461. His wife counfels for making the neceffary difpofitions in the city, after the battle of Cannae, 480. Fabius made Conful for the third time, in the room of Maribid.
cellus,

things render

him fufpeded,

from a defedl in his eleftion, iii. 535. Difpofitions with refped to the army, 536. The Generals repair to their refpedive provinces, ibid. He prevents Otaciiius, his niece's hufband, from being made Conful, iv. 12. He is named Conful for the fourth time together with Marcellus, 16. Reflection upon his condud on that occafion, ibid. He repairs to his He takes Cafilinum, 27. He ferves under his province, 18. ion in quality of lieutenant, 67. Different opinions of the father and the fon, on the report of Dafius Altinus, 6S. His firmnefs on Hannibal's approach to Rome, 101. Fabius Conful for the fifth time, is made Prince of the Senate, iv. 221. He prepares to befiege Tarentum, 223. Which he takes by means of his good intelligence, 229. His faying with regard to the ftatues of Tarentum, of which he took only one, 232. He difcovers Hannibal's llratagem, ibid. Contrail between him and Marcellus, 252. He oppofes the defign of fending Scipio into Africa to carry on the war. His fpeech, 334. Refledion on his fpeech, 347. He oppofes Scipio's enterprize, And fpeaks againlt him with great warmth, on occafion 350. of the Locrians, 376. Refledion on that part of his condud, ^82. His death and charader, 433. Fabius Pidor, (Q^) is fent to Delphi, iii. 483. He wrote a hiftory of Rome, ibid. He brings back the anfwer of the
oracle, 508.

Fabius Buteo, (M.)

is

created Didator in order to chufe Senators

in

INDEX.
in the

room of

thofe
iii.

who were

killed at the battle

of Cannae.

522. Fabius Maximus, (Q^) decreed Conful,

His wife condud,

His father
Arpi, 69.

ferves

under him,
fent to the

iv.

He

is

army

fent into Apulia. retakes the city of (^i. at Venufia, 257.

and

He

Fabius Emilianus, (Q^) fon of Paulus Emilius, v. 171. Conful, he marches againll Viriathus, vi. 17. He gains feveral advantages,
18.

Fabius Maximus, ( Q^) AUobrogicus, gains a famous viflory over the Allobroges and the Arverni, vi. 175. His triumph, 177. His fon interdifted by the Prastor for his debaucheries, 287. Fabius Servilianus, banifhes his fon, and afterwards caufes him to be put to death for infamous practices, vi. 286. Fabius, (C.) Prstor, is burnt in his palace at Utica, vii. 93. Fabius Sanga ( Q^ ) patron and proteftor of the nation of the Allobroges, is informed by them of the defigns of Catiline, and apprifes Cicero of it, vii. 532. Fabius Maximus, ( Q^) lieutenant of Casfar, triumphs, ix. 321. Made Conful for three months, is hated by the people, 324. Fabius Gallus, an officer in Antony's army. His temerity makes the Parthians gain a confiderable advantage. He is killed in
the aftion, x. 181. Fable of the body and the members, i. 237. His charafter, 62. Deputed to Fabricius (C.) Conful, iii. 54. His difmtereftednefs. Pyrrhus, his private difcourfe with him. His faying with ."His conftancy at the fight of an elephant, 73.
ji'Tegard to the doftrine of Epicurus, 80.

which attaches that Prince

to

him, 81.

His anfwer to Pyrrhus, Conful for the fecond

time, he informs Pyrrhus of his phyfician who intended to poiHe caufes Corn. Rufinus, his declared enemy, to 'fon him, 88. Cenfor, he degrades the fame Ruhnus, be named Conful, 92.
98. Fabricius ( Q^) Tribune, defends the caufe of Cicero, viii. 138. Energy of that exFaith, Numa builds a temple to it, i. 69. preffion, " to abandon one's felf to the good faith of the Ro-

mans,"

V. 98.

Falcidius, Tribune, propofes a law with regard to wills, x. 105. Falerii, a fchool-mafter delivers up the principal children of that nation to the Romans. Generofity of Camillus, who fends them back to their parents, ii. 136. The inhabitants, out of gratiRefleftions on that event, 137, tude, deliver up their city. They take arms againft the Romans, and are defeated, iii.

248.

Famine, extreme, at Rome, i. 251. Troubles on that occafion, Another famine, ii. 43. 252. formally by the Conful Marius, ufes him gecondemned Fannia,
neroufly in his misfortunes, vi. 4^6. Fannius (C.) is named Conful by the interefl of Caius, vi, 146^ He makes a decree contrary to the interells of Caius, 151.

Fannius, Lieutenant of Caflius, x. 7.

fafti

INDEX.
Fafti

made public by C. Flavius the regifter, who is chofen curule Edile, ii. 44^.

fon of a freedman,

Fathers Confcript, i. 20. Fathers, the power they had at

Rome over their children, i. 27. Example of the exrcife Refpeft which was paid them, ii. 292. of paternal authority upon a fon, aftually a Tribune, iii. 259.

in Latium, i. 4. an imitator of Cato, refufes to take the oath ordained by the law of Casfar, viii. 68. He is made Edile, and Cato defrays the expences of his games, 388. He accompanies Pompey, and renders him the fame fervices as one of his flaves, ix. 150, Brutus gives him fome hints of his defigns upon Caefar, 348. He diverts Caffius and Brutus from a warm debate, x. 1 2. He is made prifoner at the battle of Philippi, 50. Fauftulus, the King of Alba's fhepherd, faves the two infants, Romulus and Remus, i. 9. Fauftus. See Sylla. See Hifpala. Fecenia, Feciales, heralds at arms, eftablifhed by Numa, i. 6"], The form of their declaring war, 97. Another day adoed, 250. Another day, Feriae Latinae, i. 146. Why and for what reafon inftituted, iv. 87. ii. 122. Fidenae, Fidenates, the city befieged and taken by Romulus, They are vanquiflied by Tullus, 92. i. 44. The city taken by the Hetrurians, and retaken by Tarquin the elder, 108. They kill the Roman ambafladors, ii. 50. Vengeance takea on them, 51.

Faunus reigns
Favonius,

Fiduflius,

twice profcribed,

ix.

514.
nouriflied,
i.

Fig-tree, under

which Romulus and Remus were

9.

Fimbria (Flavius) orders a perfon to kill Scaevola, but not Succeeding, he cites him before the people, vi. 482. He accompanies Flaccus to the war as his Lieutenant, vii. 59. Difcord between him and Flaccus, the latter is killed. Fimbria becomes Governor of the place, 60. He reduces Mithridates to extreme danger, 62. His horrible cruelties. Purfued by Sylla,
64. Flaccinator (M. Foflius) Conful, ii. 421. Menius the Didlator. See Menius. Flaccus. See Fulvius and Valerius.
is

reduced to

kill himfelf,

Mailer of the horfe ta

Flamen

Dialis, priefts of Jupiter,

prieft

i.

61.

Flamen, or

of Mars, and one for Quirinus, i. 61. Flamininus. See Quintius. Flaminius (C.) Tribune of the people, propofes a law which excites troubles, iii. 259. Conful, he engages in the battle againft the Gauls near Addua, without regard to the orders of the Senate, 286. Difcontent againfthim, 288. Cenfor, he makes the great road which leads to Ariminum, and builds the Circus, both which are named from him, 295. Conful for the fecond time. His ralhnefs and arrogance, 379. He gives Hannibalbattle, contrary to the advice of his council of v/ar, and bad omens, 385. He is vanquilhed and killed near the lake of

Thra-

INDEX.
'Thrafymenus, 388.
nibal, 389.

Contrail between the Conful and Hail-

Flavius
edile.

(C.)

Regifter,

and fon of a freedman,

is

made

curule

the falH public, of which only the Pontiffs had the keeping, ii. 444. He dedicates the temple of Concord in fpite of the Pontiffs, 445. He mortifies fome of the nobility,

He makes

who

treated

him with contempt,

ibid.

Flavius, Tribune, propofes a law for affigning lands to thefoldiers of Pompey, viii. 46, He puts in prifon Metellus the Conful, who oppofed it, 49. Praetor, Clodius undertakes to fet at
liberty

young Tigranes, who had been committed

that occafion,

to

his care.

Combat on

131.

Flavius, a Regifter, is employed by Cafar to reform the Calendar, ix. 294. Flint cut with a razor by Accius Navius the augur. Refledlion oh
i. 114. I'uHius erefts a temple to that Goddefs, i. 122. Servius Fortune : One is built to the fortune of the Ladies, 282. And to fortune, And to the fortune of the davj tailed Fors Fortuna, iii. 32.

that event,

vi.

323.

Fortunate Iflands, defcription of them, vii. 171. Fraternity of the Inimitable Life, x. 87. Fraternity of Artizans, viii. 94. confpiracy in that city fuppreffed by Opimius, vii 138. Pregellai See Calcnus. Fufius. Fulvia, difcove'rs the confpiracy of Catiline, vii. 483. Fulvia, wife of Clodius, her conduft after the death of her hufMarried to Antony, is adband. Her charai^er, viii. 391. she is procecled by Atticus in the didled to cruelty, i:t. 414. Her fcurrility to the head of Cimoft extreme danger, 455. She meddles in the profcription, 515. She exercero, 505. With L. Antocifes in Rome the Triumviral power, x. 60. Secret motive Perufian war. of her malice nius fhe excites the She hariingues the foldiers with a fword againft Oi5tavius, 6^. by her fide, 71. Her flight and death, 76. Fulvius, Praetor of the Lucanians, betrays Gracchus his friend and
:
.

gueil, iv. 91.

Fulvius (M.) Conful, he makes himfelf mafter of the Volfcinians and triumphs, iii. 114.. Fulvius (Cn.) who commanded an army In Apulia, is cited and accufed before the people, as the cauie of the defeat of that army by Hannibal, and condemned, iv. 135. Proconful, he is deFulvius Centumalus (Cn) Conful, iv. 135. feated and killed in a battle againft Hannibal, near Herdonia, 208. Conful for the fecond Fulvius Flaccus (Q^) Conful, iii. 253.

He makes Coulul for the third time, iv. Sy. He is ordered to the fiege of Capua, 98. march with his troops to defend Rome againft Hannibal, lOi^ He orders the puniihment of the Campanian Senators, iiz* He is Complaints of the Campanians againft them, 11,8. Difputcs on that occafion, 213. He is named Dii^ator.
lime, 285. preparations
for
,

named

isr

D E

X,

New difpute on thai: tiamed Conful, whilft adlually Didlator. fubjefl on the part of the Tribunes, ibid. His reputation is quite funk, 247. Fulvius Nobilior (M.) Conful, arrives in Greece, and forms the fiege of Ambracia, which is vigoroufly defended, v. 175. The Etolians demand and obtain peace. Ambracia furrenders, ibid. He takes Samos by ftorm, and reduces the whole i/land of Cephalenia, 189. He is accufed by the Ambracians at the felicitation of the Conful Emijius, 225. He demands a triumph and obtains ir, notwithftanding the oppofition of the Conful Emilius, 225. He is decreed Cenfor with Emilius, his declared enemy. They are reconciled, 274. Fulvius Flaccus (Q^) Praetor, gains a confiderable advantage over the Ccltiberians, v. 268. He defeats them a fecond time, ia ambufcades laid for him by themfelves, 270. He returns to Rome with great glory, 272. He triumphs, and is eledted Conful with his brother, 273. He exercifes the Cenforfhip with great feverity, 312. He takes the marble tiles from the temple of Juno Lacinia, to build a temple to the goddefs Fortune, furnamed Equefiris. They are carried back by order of the Senate, 314. His miferable death, 318. Fulvius Flaccus (M.) one of the commifiioners for the diftribution He attacks Scipio Africanus, who is found of lands, vi. 126. dead in his bed, 127, 12S. He is named Conful, 137. He: firfl; triumphs over the Tranfalpine Gauls, His turbulent 171, behaviour. He feizes on Mount Aveiitine, with his armed raenj 155. Where he is killed with his eldeft fon, and his followers put to the rout, 157. His fecond fon is inhumanly put to deaths

Funus

(P.) Ccnful, his extreme danger among the Equi, i. 339. Furius (Agrippa) Conful, ii. 9, His deference to his colleague, 13; See Camillus. Fuiius (M. and L.) Camillus. Furius (L.) Colleague of Camillus. His rafhnefs. Moderation of Camillus v.'ith regard to him, ii. 206, Sc feq. Furius (L.) Pra-'tor, defeats an army of the Gauls which befieged Cremona, iv. 495. The jealoufy of the Conful Aurelius againft him, ibid. He returns to Rorrie, and demands a triumph, which is granted him after long debate, 496. He is made

Conful, 535. Furius Philus (P.)

Conful,

vi.

41.

His noble prefeverance

irt

virtue, 42. Furius, an c.'Hcer fent by head, ix. 489.

Antony

to kill

Decimus, and bring

his

G.

GAbii,

a city of the Latines,

i.

147.

Tarquin the Pfoud takes

it by ftratagem, ibid. Gabinus Cinftus, lii. 414.

Gabinius (Aul.) Tribune of the people, propofes a law for giving pompev the command of the feas, vii. 373. Alarms of the Dd .Yoc. X. Senaw

Index.
Senate on that occafion, 374. His fpeech to force Pompey InefFeflual oppofition of the accept of that employment, 376. two Tribunes, 377. The law pafTes, 380. He efcapes the feverity of juflice by the credit of Casfar and Pompey, viii. 77. He is made Conful. His charafter, 90, 92. He gains to himfelf the government of Syria, 98, 108. His fury againft Cicero, Combats between him and Clodius, 132. 100. Gabinius is continued in Syria by the credit of Pompey, notwithftanding the badnefs of his condufl, viii. 247. He fettles the troubles excited in Judea with great aflivity. He demands He dethe honour of fupplications, which is refufed him, 268.
feats Ariftobulus,

and fends him back to Rome, 271. He leaves the war with the Arabs to carry it on with the Parthians, 272. Ptolemy Auletes, by the help of money, brings him back towards Egypt, ibid. He re-eflablifhes Ptolemy there, 274. New troubles in Judea, where he defeats Alexander, the fon of Ariftobulus, 275. to Craffus.

He is obliged to yield the command of his army He general difguft at Rome againft him, 276. returns to Rome, is accufed of high treafon, and acquitted. Public indignation againft this infamous judgment, 277. He Cicero pleads for him. He is conis accufed of corruption. demned, 279. He is defeated in lUyricum, and flies, ix. 200. Gala, King of one part of Numidia, father of Mafmifla, makes a

Galba Galba

treaty vvith the Carthaginians, iv. 73. (P. Sulpicius.) See Sulpicius.

oppofes the triumph of Paulus Emilius, v. defeated in Lufuania, vi. 11. His detefta455. He is accufed by Cato, but is acquitted by his ble perfidy, i 2. Conful, is excluded from the command of the eloquence, 64. army, 17. He pleads a caufe undertaken by Laclius, and gains
(Serv. Sulp.)
Praetor, he
is

it,

67.

Galba, Caifar's Lieutenant, makes war during the winter againft fome people of the Alps, viii. 222. He fails of the Confulftiip, He engages in the confpiracy againft Ca:far, 350. ix. 18. the city, put to death by Oftavius, ix. 487. Prajtorof Gallius, origin of that people. The Conful Manli us unGallogrecians, dertakes a war againft them, v. 180. And marches againft them, Two or three bodies of them retire to the top of mount 182. Olympus. They are there attacked and defeated, 184. They
Tetrarchs of the Gallo-greare defeated a fecond time, 188. cians put to death by Mithridates, vii. 54. Gallus (Fabius.) See Fabius. He gains feveral advanGallus, Lieutenant of Oflavius, x. 266. over Antony, tages He is made prsfeft of Egypt by 272.

Game

Games

0<fl;avius, x. 312. Capitoline, when eftabliftied, and on what occafion, ii. 172. Inftitution of the Scenic games, 235, 254. Grand Games, 254* Games of the Circus, ibid. Extraordinary games called Votivi ; when, and on what occafion celebrated, 257. Games, called

Odavius, 297. of Troy, celebrated by

Floralia,

iii.

249..

Secular games, a diftertation on that fubjeifl,

;206,

Apol-

INDEX.
Apollinarian games, their origin, iv. 88. 66. Thefe laft rendered annual, 249. Adian games, x. 313. Games in which a hundred unchained lions were exhibited, vi. 369. And others from Numidia, viii. 40. Beginning of the cuftom to interrupt the gladiators by going to dinner, ibid. Magnificence of the games given by Len'tulus Spinther, 57. By Scaurus, 125. By Curio, 127. By Pompey, 261. Cicero's criticifm on them, ibid. ii. 261. Ganymed, an Eunuch of the Alexandrine court, continues the war againft Csfar, afte. the death of Achillas, ix. 179 Gauda, grandfon of MafinifTa, gained over by Marius, folicits fof him the Confulfhip, vi. 253. Gaul Tranfalpine, firll time of the Romans conquering that country, vi, 170. Fulvius firft triumphs over it, 171. Sextius fubjeds the Saluvii, and builds the city of Aix, 172. The Allobroges, and the Arverni draw the Roman arms upon themfelves, ibid. Their opulence, 173. Embafly from the King of the Arverni to Domitius, ibid. By whom they are defeated, 174. Great viftory gained by Fabius over the fame ftates, 175. Treachery of Domitius, with regard to Bituitus, 176. Roman province in that country, ibid. Boundaries and divifions of Gaul before the conqueft of Cajfar, viii. 162. The manners of that people. The diiFerence between the Aquitani, the Belga;, and the Celtas, 163. They make ufe of the Greek language in their afts, ibid. A multiplicity of people form one national bodyj 165. Two faftions divide all the country. Particular faftion among the people,
ibid.

Two
5

diftinguifhed

and

illuftrious

orders

among them

The D uid and The Druids were

people of no elleem, 166. the prieftsj the philosophers, the poets, and the judges of the nation. Their education, their chief, ibid. The nobles all fought on horieback. Continually engaged ia The form of their government ariftocratical, ibid. war, 168. on private perfons concerning affairs of ftate, impofed Silence Their barbarous cuftoms, ibid. Their good and bad 169. Their advantages of body: Their tafte for qualities, 170. magnificence: Abundance of gold, 171. Their commerce, religion,

the Nobles.

The

and human viftims, 172.

Gaulifh Hercules, 174.

Their principal

divinities,

iflue of 173. the Dead. at God of They day the fetbegin their natural the Their domeftic ufages. Sons did not ting of the fun, 175. appear before their fathers in public, till they were of age to Their marriages, 176. Their funerals, ibid. bear arms, ibid. Their manner like thofe of the ancient Latium, defcribed by The glory of their arms, 178. Virgil, 177. The Helvetians pafs into Gaul, and are defeated by Cjefar. They defire Gaefar to undertake (See Helvetians and Cslar.) viii. the war againft Arioviftus, (See Ariovillus and 195. Ca;far.) Second campaign of Ca^far in that country againft the
B^-lgae,

They

pretend to be the

210.

d 2

Eftate

INDEX.
Eftate of

Gaul

after the

284.
ibid.

The Veneti form

two firft campaigns of Csefar, viil. a powerful league againll the Romans,

people of the country of country quiet in appear(See Ca;far.) They prepare for a ance. Several revolts, 316. The Carnutes give the fignal by maffageneral revolt, 416. The Gaulifh cring the Roman citizens in Genabum, 417. method of conveying news fpeedlly, ibid. Vercingetorix caufes The revolt breaks out over almofl all the Arverni to rebel. Caefar returns thither, and is much embarraffed Gaul, 418.
to re-join

(See Veneti and Csfar.) Treves reduced by Csfar, 310.

The The

Genabum is furprized and his legions, 419. Siege of Avaricum, where the Romans fuffer (See Vercingeto-rix.) Siege of Uxellodunum. greatly, 422. Gaul entirely pacified, 458. (See Uxellodunum ) Gaul Cifalpine ; importance of the government of that province,
how
burnt, 420.
^- 57.

Gauls; a voice informs the Romans of

their approach, ii. 142. under the command of Brennus, 145. Short account of their country, and their oifFerent expeditions, The Romans fend embaifadors to them, 147. They 146.. Rome, 148. Defeat the Romans near AUia, i 50. againft march They advance to the city, 152. Courage of the old men who remained there, ibid. The antient Senators feat themfelves at I'he Gauls find their doors, drefl in their robes of ftate, 154. Rome almofl entirely abandoned, ibid. They maflacre the an-

They

befiege Clufium,

They fet fire to the city, 156. They arc tient Senators, 151;. repulfed in attacking the Capitol, 157. Camillas defeats a conThey attempt the fiderable number of them near Ardea, ibid. but difcovered by the geek, 162. the night, are Capitol in Courage of Manlius, 163. The Romans reduced to extremities Camillus arrives, and defeats the Gauls, 166. capitulate, 164. They are cut to pieces in a fecond battle, ibid. A new army of that nation which marches againft Rome, is defeated by CaDefeated anew by the Dictator Sulpicius, 300. millus, 227. By L. Fur. Camillus, 314. They engage to join with the Hetrurians, but after they receive the fum promifed, they refufe to They join with the Samnites, and are defeatferve them, 452. ed in Hetruria, iii. 1 1. (Gauls Senonois. See Senonols.) Preparations for war on the part of the Gauls. Alarm at Rome, iii. 270. Impious and crnel facrifice of the Romans on The caufe of that war, 273. Irruption of that occafion, 272. Preparations of the Romans, ibid. the Gauls into Italy, 274. Firft battle near Clufium, in which the Romans are defeated, Famous battle and vidory of the Romans over the Gauls 277. Reflexions on that vi6lory, 284. Battle near Telamon, 278. New war, of Adda, where the Romans are vidorious, 286. Viridomarus, their King, is killed by Marcellus, 291 290. How the Gauls received the Roman embafladors, who defired
them
to refufe

Hannibal a pafTage.
8

iii.'33i.

killed in Cifalpine Gaul, with all

Hs troops,

as they

L. Pofthumius is were marchins

INDEX.
ing thro' a vaft
caufes at
foreft,
i;;25.

Extreme

fcrrovv

which

this

news

Rome, 526.
iv.

by L. Furius,
fuccefs of the
V. 17.

They befiege Cremona, and arc defeated They defeat Cn. Bebius, 503. Good 495.
Infubriarrs
19.

two Coiifuls againft the

defeat of that people,

and Cenonians,
war, 20.

New

New

The

Gauls

pafs the Alps into Jtaly,

and build

a town,

which the

oppofe, 257. They are driven out of Italy, 260. See Gallogrecians. <5auls eftablifhed in Afia. Gauls, two Gauls, a man and woman, and two Greeks, a man and woman, buried alive by the Romans, iii. 273, 483. vi, i88. Gaul, one of a prodigious ftature, killed by Manlius Torquatus,

Romans

Another, firnamed Corvus, killed in fingle combat by 297. Valerius, 315. Conduft of the Giauls with regard to young Their prodigious valour, viii. 360, CralTus. Geganii, an Alban family transferred to Rome, i. 92. Geganius Macerinus (M.) Conful, ii. 7. Conful for the fecond He defeats the Volfci, and makes them pafs under time, 28. the yoke, 41. Conful for the third time, 51. Cenfor, he exercifes an unworthy vengeance on Mamercus Emilius, 54. Gellius Egnatius. See Egnatius. Gellius Poplicola (L.) Conful, vli. 209. He is vanquilhed by Spartacus, 210. Cenfor, he ftrikes lixty-four Senators off the
ii.

lill, 349. Gellius Poplicola, brother of MefTala, confpires againfl: Brutu?, and afterwards againft Calfius, and after obtaining pardon for both crimes, he pafTes over to the enemy, x. 5. Conful, 142. Gellius Canus (Q^) a friend of Atticus, is with him rafed out of the number of the profcribed by Antony, ix. 512. Gelo, fon of Hiero, father of Hieronymus, iv. 2. His death, 3.
_

Geminius, is fent to Antony by his friends at Rome, but being ill treated by Cleopatra leaves them, x. 234. Genoa, taken by Mago, iv. 360. Genabum, now called Orleans, an important place. The Romans are maffacred there by the revolted Gauls, viii. 417. It is furprifed and burnt by Ca^far, 420. Gentius, King of Illyricunn, his Piracies, v. 272. He becomes fufpeiSted by the Romans, 357. Perfeus, by his avarice and cruelty, hinders himfelf of the powerful aid of this Prince, 417. Gentius is taken and fent to Rome, 418. Genucius, Tribune of the people, raifes com'motions in Rome. Pie is found dead in his bed, i. 309. Genucius (L.) Conful, ii. 234. Conful for the fecond time, 291. The firft plebeian Conful, who was charged with the command of an army. His bad fuccefs in the campaign againlt the
Hernici, 296.

Gergovia, befieged by Casfar,

who

Is

obliged to raife

it, viii.

428.

Germany, Germans,

pafs into

Gaul under theconduftof Ariovillus,

The

(See Arioviftus.) They fend ambafladors to Casfar, viii. 221. Ufipii and Tenfteri, people of that country, pafs the Rhine, Ca;far marches againft them. 292. A negotiation begun beand but tween them Csfar, broke off by a battle, without its being D d 3

INDEX.
being clear which fide vvas in the fault, 294. They are Airprifed by Caefar and endrely defeated, 297. Cffifar's exploits in

Germany, 300. Gerunium, a city of Apulia,

feized by Hannibal, who intended to form his mag..zines there, iii. 439. Geryon, killed by Hercules, i. 4. Gifgo, endeavours to make the Carthaginians not accept the conditions impofed on them by the Romans. Hannibal filences him, iv. 457. Gladiators, See Combat. Incredible zeahof a company of Gladiators who fly to the defence of Antony, x. 273. Glaucia (Servilius) a friend of Saturninus, is ill treated by that Tribune, vi. 344. Saturninus endeavours to make him Conful, He is put to death by the people, 346. 345. Gods Tutelary form of invoking them to leave a befieged City, V. 527. (flavius ranked among the Gods, x. 304. Gomphi, a city of ThefTaly, taken by Caifar. Tragic fpedlacle in
:

a houfe in that city, ix. 129, 130. Gordius, protedled by Mithridates, makes head againft Sylla in Cappadocia, and is driven out, vii. 13. Gordyenia, Gordyenians, Lucullus being fent into that country, gains the hearts of the people by his humanity, vii. 295. Gorgus, a rich citizen of Murganda, is killed with his fon by the revolted flaves, vi. 82.

Gracchus, (Ti. Sempronius) Tribune of the people, a particular enemy of Scipio Africanus, declares for him againit his colleagues who were for condemning him, v, 211. He marries one of the daughters of the fame Scipio, 215. He oppofes Scipio's iniprifonment, 221. He oppofes one of his colleagues who is not for granting Fulvius a triumph, 227. Prstor, he is fent into Spain, 272. And there merits a Triumph, 297. Conful, 301. He fubjefts the Sardinians, 309. Cenfor, he includes the freedmen in a fingle tribe, 471. His ambafly into Afia, 494. Conful for the fecond time, 495. His refpedl for religion, 508. Gracchus (Tib. and C.) brothers; the extraordinary care taken of their education by Cornelia their mother, vi. g6. Comparifon of their characters, 98. Caius keeps a fervaiit to regulate the tone of his voice by a pipe, 99. Gracchus (Tib.) vvhijft very young is eleifled Augur, vi. 100. He ferves in Africa under Scipio, and afterwards in Spain, in quality of Quffiftor, ibid. Treaty of Numantia the caufe and origin of his misfortunes, 37, 100. His refentment with regard to the He attaches himfelf to the party of fentcnce of Mancinus, 41. Tribune of the people, he revives the Agrathe people, ipi. Complaints of the rich people againll him, rian law, 102. Odavius, one of his colleagues, who oppofed depofes He 103. Reflexion on this violent proceeding, 108. that law, 106. The law pafies. Thiee commifTioners named to put it in exeHe names Mucins, one of his clients, to lucceed cution, 109. Refentment of the Senate, ibid. He perfuades tl)e Oflavius. He p^lfes people that defigns are Ibrmed againft his life, 1 19.
a decree

INDEX.
the eftates of Attalus among the poorer undertakes to juftify the depofition of 0taHe endeavours to hai'e himfelf continued in the vius, III. Tribunefhip, 113. He is killed in the Capitol, 114. ilefledion upon that event, 117. His accomplices are condemned, 119. Seditious awfwer of Blofius, one of them, 120. Gracchus (C.) retires after the death of his brother, vi. 122. He He applies himfelf to has a hand in the death of Scipio, 129. eloquence, 135. He goes into Sardinia in quality of Qusllor, A dream which denounces him the fame fate as his bro136. ther, ibid. His wife condudl in Sardinia, ibid. His great reHe returns to Rome, and enputation alarms the Senate, 137, He is ele(?ved Cenfors, the tirely juftifies himfelf before 138. Senate. of the His Tribune, notwithftanding the oppofition praife, 140. He propofes feveral laws, 142. He undertakes and executes feveral public works of importance, 144. He He is continued caufes C. Fannius to be elefted Conful, 145. He transfers the adminillration of in the Tribunefhip, 146. The Senate, to Juftice from the Senate to the Knights, ibid. colleagues, his oppofe of one credit, Drufus, ruin his makes He returns him, 148. He carries a colony to Carthage, 150. Decree of t-he Conto Rome and changes his habitation, 151. He quarrels with his ful Fannius contrary to his interefls, ibid. -colleagues, 152. He is prevented from being chofen Tribune Every thing is prepared for his ruin, for the third time, ibid. Licinia exhorts him to arms, The Senate takes 154. 1.53. an accommodation endeavours provide for his fafety, 155. He

a decree

to diflribute

citizens, ibid.

He

^
-

ineffedually, 15,6. He is abandoned by the people, and killed by one ofhisflaves, 157. His head, on which a price had been fet, is brought to Opimius, and his body thrown into the Tiber, 158. Honours rendered by the people to the -two brothers, 155,
Refleftion on their charader, 162.

Gracchus (Ti. Sempronius.) See Sempronius.

Gratidianus (Marius) Prastor, fraudulently acquires the Honour of He is put to a a decree for f xing the value of money, vii. 74. terrible death by order of Catiline, 105. Greece, Greeks ; firft alliance between them and the Romans, iii. 265. Treaty between them and the Romans againft Philip, iv. 289. The treaty of peace, which fecures the liberty of Greece publillied at the Ilthmian games. Tranfports of the

Greeks.
in their

upon that event, 538. Ufage ofthe Greeks affemblies and theatres, iii. 56. Greek rhetoricians and
Refledlion

The rhetoricians enjoy v. 507. The Greek language ufed by 370. the Gauls in their ads, viii. 163. See Gauls. Greeks, a man and woman buried alive at Rome. Grumentura. See Slaves. Gulufla, fon of MafinifTa, defends his father before the Roman Senate againft the complaints ofthe Carthaginians, v. 317. He returns to Rome, 319. He is fent by his father to Carthage, 5 1 6.
piiilofophers banifhed
entire liberty at

Rome,
vi.

Rome,

d 4

His

INDEX.
After the death of his Scipio gives him the command in his army, vi. 199. Guras, brother of Tigranes, is taken prifoner in Nifibis by Lucullus, vii. 302. Gymnafium, to vyhat deflined by the Greeks, x. Note to page z2i, Gyrifenians, furprixed by a ftratagem of Sertorius, vi. 359. Gythium, a port of the LacedEcmonians, taken by the brother of
father,

His revenge on the Carthaginians, 518.

the Proconful Quintius, v. 6.

H.

HABITS of the Romans,

digrefiton on that fubjeft, iii. 4.09. Hannibal, the Ton of Gifgo, commands in Agrigentum beHe abandons the city, jr^. fieged by the Romans, iii. 152. He is vanquiflied at fea by the Conful Duilius, 159. He is defeated a fecond time at fea, and afterwards crucified by his troops,

169.

Hannibal the Great,

his birth, iii. 221. His father caufes him to take an oath that he (hoiild declare himfelf the enemy of Rome, as foon as he was capable of carrying arms, 308. Afdrubal His charader, 311, He caufes him to come to the army, 309. is charged with the command of the army, 312. He prepares for the war with the Romans, by ^the conquelts which he makes He beiieges Saguntum, 314. Gives audience in Spain, 313. He preffcs the fiege, 321. He to the Roman ambaffadors, 317, takes and deftroys the city, 325. Hannibal prepares for his march into Italy, and reviews the army of the Carthaginians, iii, 333. He provides for the feHe makes fure of the curity of Africa, and that of Spain, 334. good will of the Gauls, 336. He fignifies the day for marching Plis dream or vifion, ibid. his troops, 337. He marches to Way whtch Hannibal had t6 march fiom the Pyreneans, 338. Carthagena to Italy, 33Q. The Gauls favour the paffagethroigh Upon the news of his arrival the Boii retheir territories, 340.
.

volt againft the

Romans, 341.

He pafles

the

Rhone, 343.

Ac--

tion between the detachments fent from him and thofe from SciThe Boii fend a deputation to him, ibid. Before he pio, 346. He efcapes fets out for the Alps he harangues his troops, ibid. from Scipio, 348. He crofles Gaul. He is chofen arbiter between two brothers, and fets the eldelt on the throne, 349. His famous paffage of the Alps, ^50. Grandeur and' wifdom of Hannibal's enterprife, iii. 355. He He gains a battle of the cavalry over takes Taurinum, 357. The Gauls come in troops to join Scipio near Ticinum, 358. him, 363. He makes himfcif mafier of Claftidium, finds there He gains a famous vidlory a great quantity of Provifions, 364. near Trebia over the Romans commanded by the Conful Sem-

pronius, 368.

He .marches

into Hetruria,

376.

He
ibid.

partes the

Apennines. The difficulties which attended it, gages in a fecond Battle with Sempronius, 377.

He

en-

He

difmilles

fume

INDEX,'
fome prlfoners taken from the allies of the Romans, 382. Stratagem which he ufes to prevent attempts upon his life, ibid. He
out for Hetruria, 383. He paffes the marihes of Ciufium, where he lofes an eye, ibid. He advances towards the enemy and ravages the whole country to draw the Conful on to a battle, He engages in the famous battle near the lake of Thrafy384. menus, 387. Contraft between him and Flaminius, 389. He defeats four thoufand horfe, which Servilius fent to fuccour his collegue, 391. He ravages the country, and attacks Spoletum
fets

in vain,

420.

He

difpatches couriers to Carthage, with advice

ibid.

of

his

good

fuccefs,

Hannibal's uneafinefs at the conduft of Fabius, iii. 423. He is conducted wrong through the miftake of his guide, 425. He ineffedually endeavours to gain the allies of Rome, 426. Skirmilli between the two parties, 429. He extricates himfelf out of a very dangerous polt by a ftratagem entirely new, 430. He refrains from ravaging a fmall eltaie of Fabius, 438. Minucius gains a flight advantage over him, 439. Battle between him and Minucius. The latter is beaten, but faved by Fabius, 444. He is extremely embarrafled by the two Confuls following the plan of Fabius, 453. Stratagem of that General difcovered, 465. Extreme perplexity to which the want of provifions reduces Hannibal. He removes and encamps near Cann^, iii. 466. He harangues his troops before the aftion. Famous battle of Cannas, After which he refufes to befiege Rome. Refleftion upon 468. his refufal, 475. He makes himfelf mafter of the two Roman camps, 476. He permits the Roman prifoners to fend deputies to Rome to treat of their ranfom, 484. Hannibal marches into Campania, iii. 495. He turns towards

'

Capua, a

city

abandoned

to

Luxury, 496.

The Campanians

fend the fame ambafladors to him, which they had before fent to Varro, 501. Conditions of the alliance of the Campanians with him, ibid. Decius Magius oppofes his reception into Capua, Perolla offers to his father to kill 502. He is received, 503.

His magnificent promifes to the Campanians, 507. He demands that Dtcius Magius be delivered up to him, ibid. The Senate of Carthage orders fuccours to be fent to Hannibal, iii. 513. He makes vain attempts upon Naples and Nola, He is beaten by Marcellus before the walls of Nola, 516. 514.
Winter-quarters at Capua fatal to Refledion on his ftay in that city. True caufe 518. of the decay of his affairs, ibid. Extreme famine compels Cafilinum to furrender to him, 520. The fuccours defigned for him are fent into Spain and Sardinia, 536. He receives ambalTadors from Philip King of Macedonia, 537. Alliance between him and that Prince, 540. (See Xenophon.) He attempts to make himfelf mafter of Cums, and is repulfed with lofs by Sempronius, 547. He receives new ambalTadors from Philip, His allies implore fuccours againft Marcellus, who ra550. vaged their country, 553. His army is beaten before Nola, by Marcellus, 554. Hanno and the Eruttii's attempt on Locri and Croton,
attacks Cafilinum, 517.
his army,

him, 504.

He

INDEX.
Croton, 562. Skirmilhes between the Carthaginian General and Marcellus, 563. Hieronymus fends ambaffadors to Hannibal, and makes a At the defire of the Campanians, that treaty with hira, iv. 10.

General caufes his troops to return into their country, 17. New advantage of Marcellus on him, 21. His horrid cruelty to the The city of Arpi is taken wife and children of Albinus, 69. from him by Fabius, ibid. Tarentum is delivered up to him by treachery. He attacks the citadel inefFedtually, and leaves it blocked up, 84. The inhabitants of Capua demand fuccours Melapontum and Thurium go over to againft the Romans, 90. him, 91. Battle between him and the Confuls with equal ad-

He defeats M. Centenius Penula, 97. He comes vantage, 96. He to fuccour Capua, and retires after a fmart battle, 99. marches againft Rome to make a diverfion, 100. (See Rome.) He encamps near the Anio, 103. Both fides prepare for a battle. Mortified by two Anviolent ftorm prevents it twice, 104. Rome, abandons and retires into the country of he gular events,

the Bruttii, ibid.

Cruel rcfolution of Hannibal with refpeft to the cities in alSalapia is betrayed with the garrifon, liance with him, iv. 169. by the inhabitants, 170. He defeats and kills Fulvius near Hardonea, 208. He harraiTes Marcellus, 209. Marcellus offers him battle, 223. Firft battle with equal advantage, 224. Second battle whferein Hannibal has the advantage, ibid. Thiid Several battle, in which he is defeated and put to flight, 226. which he abandoned, furrender the to Calabria, Rocities of

His (Iratagem is difan ambufcade, a detachment covered, of the Romans fent to inveft Locri, 250. New ambufcade in which Marcellus is killed, 251. Hannibal is caught in his own fnares at Salapia, 254. He caufes the fiege of Locri to be raifed,
mans, 229.
Fabius.

He lays a fnare for 232. He furprizes, in

256.

He is is defeated by the Conful Nero, iv. 265. him Afdrubal's letters to are time, 268. infecond defeated a head is thrown into his camp. Afdrubal's He tercepted, 269. His praife, 297. He retires to the extremity of Bruttium, 279. <iefeats the Conful Sempronius, and is afterwards defeated in his
Hannibal
turn, 396.

Hannibal quits Italy with grief, and with a kind of rage, iv. 425. Thankfgivings are decreed by the Senate for his deparHe arrives in Africa, 432. Anxiety of the Romans ture, 427. on that fubjefl, 434. Scipio fends back his fpies, 436. Interview between the two Generals, Their difcourfe from Polybius and T. Livy, 437. Preparations for a decifive battle, 447. The battle of Zama, 449. He is defeated, 451. His praife on
that occafion, 452.

He

Gifgo,

457.

who oppofes the He laughs whilll

returns to Carthage, 41^4. He filences conditions of peace offered by Scipio, others

cry,

and

jullifies

himfelf for

jfo

doing, 466.

Hac-

INDEX.
Hannibal becomes fufpefted by the Romans, v. 52. Deputies fent to Carthage to demand that he Ihould be delivered up, 53. He leaves Carthage and efcapes, 54. He goes to Antjochus at Difcourfe of a philofopher in his prcfence, 55. Ephcfus, ibid. Hs counfels Antiochus to carry the war into Italy, 57. He en* deavours in vain to make his country take arms againft the Romans, 58. His converfation with Scipio, 64. He comes to an explanation with Antiochus, and is heard favourably, 66. Thoas renders Antiochus jealous of him, 73. Excellent advice which he gives that Prince, who does not follow it, 85. He roufes Antiochus from his fecurity at Ephefus, 103, He commands the fleet of Antiochus, and is defeated, 124. His death, 259. Character and comparifon between him and Scipio Africanus, 278. Hanno, a Carthaginian General, goes with fuccours to Agrigentum, and is defeated by the Romans, iii. 152. His perfidy in refpel to the mercenary troops, 155. He is recalled, and Amilcar fucceeds him, 156.
is defeated near the iflands Agates, and condemned to death by the Carthaginians, iii. 226. Hanno, chief of the fa6lion which oppofed the family of Hannibal, diffuades the Carthaginians from fending him into Spain, He fpeaks in favour of the Romans, 318. His aniii. 310. fwer to Himilco, who infults him on occafion of the battle of

Hanno,

Cannx, 511. Hanno, vanquifhed by T. Sempronius Gracchus, near Beneventum,

iv.

19.
is is

Hanno, Hanno,

beaten and made prifoner in Spain by Silanus, iv. 286. killed in Africa in an aftion of the cavalry againft Sci-

pio, iv. 3Q3.

Harangues, of T. Livy, refleftion on that Subjedl, i. 334V Hat, or bonnet, the fymbol of liberty, x. 3. Helepolis, a warlike machine, vii, 254. Hellefpont, Antiochus in confufion for the lofs of a naval battle abandons this important paffage to the Romans, v. 129. Helvetii, encouraged by Orgetorix, determine to leave their country and fettle elfewhere, viii. 1 84. Orgetorix afpires to make himfelf King. Is about to be profecuted. His death, 185. His fcheme put in execution. The Helvetii begin their march, ibid. They aflc leave of Csfar to pafs the Rhone, which he reThey pafs the defile between mount Jura and fufes them, 187. The Tigurines pafs the Soan, and are beaten the Rhone, 188. by Caefar, 199. The grois of the nation are purfued by that General, they fend an embafly to him, ibid. They gain an advantage in a combat of horfe, 190. They come to attack Casfar and are vanquiflied, J92. Cslar fends them back to their own
country, 195. Helvetia, mother of Cicero, vii. 124. Helvius Cinna, a bafe flatterer of Casfar, x. 337. terrible death, 376.

His dream and

Hera-

IN
ful Acilius,

D E

X.

is befieged and taken by the Conmonth's refiftance, v. 95. Heraclea, the inhabitants of that city refcue the captives of Chio

Heraclea, a city of theEtolians,

after

above

from Miihridates, vii. 55. Mithridates is faved there and afterwards makes himfelf mafter of it, 262.

in a ftorm,

Heraclides, minifter of Philip is difgraced, his charafter, iv. 502. Heraclides, of Byzantium, ambaflador of Antiochus to the Romans to demand peace, but cannot obtain it, v. 132. He endeavours to gain Scipio by conliderable offers. Fine anfwer of that General, 134. See Feciales. Heralds, at arms.

Heralds, employed for the ceremonies of religion, i. 69. Herb, uncommon, caufes a fingular and very fatal difeafe in Antony's army, x. 185. He kills Cacus, ibid. Altar Hercules, goes into Italy, i. 4. erefted to his honour, 5. Vows of Hannibal to that God in his temple at Cadiz, iii. 334. Gaulilh Hercules, viii. 174. Hardonea, city, near which the Proconful Fulvius is defeated and killed in a battle againft Hannibal, v. 208. Herdonius, the Sabine, feizes the Capitol. He is defeated and kil.

led,

i.

350.

Herdonius (Turnus.) See Turnus. Herennius, father of Pontius General of the Samnites, ii. 392. Wife advice which he gives his fon concerning the Romans fhut

up

in the defiles of

Caudium,

ibid.

Herennius, cited as a witnefs againfl Marlus defires to be difpenfed with, as he was his client. Marius difputes that title, vi. 249. cuts Herennius, centurion, off the head of Cicero, ix. 504. Hernici, enter into a league with the Volfci againfl the Romans, Treaty of peace and alliance between them, 285. Afi. 220. ter defeating the Conful Genucius they are vanquifhed by the
Diftator

App. Claudius,

ii.

296, 297.

Herod, the Idumean, declared King of [udea, x. 103, 119. He and Sofius btfiege Jerufalem, and make themfelves matters of it. After the death of Refpedl of the former for the temple, 125. Antigonus, he is put in peaceable poffeffion of that crown, 126.

He

Rhodes.

And prefents himfelf to him at Submits to Odlavius, 268. His noble fentiments, 274. He obtains his pardon, He magnificently receives and afTnls Odavius in his paiTage 275.
through Judea, ibid.

Herfilia, one of the principal

to feparate the

of the Sabine women, engages the two armies, i. 39.

reft

Hiempfal, the youngell fon of Micipfa, quarrels with Jugurtha, who caufes him to be killed, vi. 205. Hiempfal eflablifhed King of Numidia by Pompey, vii. 132. Hierapolis, city of Syria, the temple of it plundered by CrafTus,
viii. 347. Hiero, King of Syracufe,
is vanquifhed by App. Claudius, iii. between hir. Treaty and the Romans, 146. He goes to 143. Rome, 253. His Zeal for the Romans againft the Carthagini^

an!>

INDEX.
ans, 365.

fends ambafladors to Rome with prefcnts, 458. His fidelity to the Romans, iv. 2. His death and charadter, His His defign of re-inflating the liberty of^ Syracufe, 7. 3. wife precautions, which are rendered inefFedual by Andranodo-

He

rus,

8.

Hieronymus, fucceeds Hiero,

racy againll his life. He He declares for the Carthaginians, ibid. He reaccufed, 10. ceives the Roman ambaffadors with contempt, and is killed by the confpiracors, 11. Himiico, infults Hanno on occafion of the battle of Canna?, iii.

His chara<5ler, g. Confpiiv. 7. caufes to be executed the perfons faKely

511. Himiico.

See Phameus,
Sertorius, vii.

Hind, of

177.

She

is loft

and found again,

188.

Hippocrates. See Epicydes. He dies of the plague, iv. 54. Hirpini, in concert with the Samnites of Caudium, fend an embaffy to Hannibal, iii. 553. Hirtius, (A.) a friend and continuator of Csefar's commentaries, viii. 447. Hisintimacy with Cicero, ix. 303. He ineffeilually Defigned Conful with prefles Caefar to accept of a guard, 333. Panfa by Caefar, 420. Conful, 435. His difpofition with regard to the Hate of the republic, ibid. He joins Oclavius with his troops, 436. And approaches with'him to the city of MoWhere he gains an advantage, dena, befieged by Antony, 437. Antony's lines, 450. killed in forcing Grief at He is 449. of Panfa. Their obfequies, Rome at his death, and that 453.
Hirtuleiu?, Qnaeftor of Sertorius,
vii.

174.

Vanquifhed and killed

by Metellus Pius, 185.

Hifpala Fecenia, a courtezan, difcovers the myileries of the Bacchanalians, V. 231, & feq. Hiftory, Roman, principal epochas from the foundation of Rome to the battle of Adium, i. 337.

Virtue, a temple erefted to them by Mariu?, vi. 323. Horatii and Curiatii, their fingle combat, i. 81. Their death, He is condemned, Horatius, vi(ftor, kills his fifterj 84. 83. Defended by his father, ibid. And faved by the people, 85. 86. He is ordered to prefide at the dellrudion of Alba, 89, 90. Horace, the poet; his birth, vii. 474. He ftudies at Athens, Is made a legionary Tribune in the army of Brutus, ix. 422- An Having efcaped from allegory of that poet explained, x. 53. the battle of Philippi, finds a refource in his genius for poetry, He has not once mentioned Antony in all his poetry, 237, 54.
note.
.

Honour and

Horatius (M.) Conful with Publicola, i. 183. He dedicates the Capitol. he is informed of the the the ceremony In midft of death of his fon, 184. Roratius Codes, alone defends the bridge againft the army of Porfena,
i.

187.

Horatius Barbatus, fpeaks boldly againft the Decemviri, i. 397. He takes part with Valerius in abolifhing the Decemvirace, 407, They are decreed Coiviuls, 416. Their laws, 410, 411, 413.
ibid.

INDEX.
He defeats the Sabines, ii. 4. He triumphs with his collegue, notwithftanding the oppofition of the Senate, ibid. Her fpeech in favour Hortenfia, daughter of the orator Hortenfius. tax was a impofed, on whom ix. ladies the of 519.
it>jd.

Hortenfius, (L.) Tribune of the people, accufes the Conful Sempronius, and is prevailed upon by his collegues to defift, ii. 75. Hortenfius, (QJ dies Diftator, iii. 50. Hortenfius, Praetor, complaint of the Allies againft him, v. 323. Hortenfius, Lieutenant-general of Sylla, vii. 44. Hortenfius, the Orator, has a hand in the corruption of judgments, He undertakes to defend Verresj 342. ConfuJ, vii. 327. the command of the army in the war againft the yields He 352. Cretans to his collegue, 355. His firft fucceflesat the bar, ibid. His talents, and afliduous application, 356, His effeminacy and

His afFabilityi and friendfhip for Cicero, 358. luxury, 357. Complaints of Cicero againft him. His juftification, viii. 113, His death. Grief of Cicero, 476. Hortenfius, fon of the preceding, a commander in Caefar's party, Has the charader of being difTolute, 275. He yields ix. 132. command of the troops he had in Macedonia, 423 . the Brutus to C. Antonius, by the order of Brutus, 507. death to He puts himfelf by Antony after the battle of Philippi, death He is put to
X. 49. Hoftilius, (Hoftus)
is

killed in the

combat between Romulus and

Tatins,

i.

3,8.

Hoftilius, (Tullus) See Tullus. Hoftilius Tubulus, is condemned for felling juftice, vi. 65.

See Mancinus. Hoftilius Mancinus. parricide among the Romans, vi. 333. Hoftius, (L.) firft Hut, of Romulus, i. 10. fpecimens of the brilliant eloquence of that orator, Hybreas.

Two

X.

80,

120.

Hypfeus, demands the Confulftiip witli Mllo and Metellus Scipio, He is accufed of bribery. Haughiinefs of Pompcy viii. 389. thatoccafion, 408. on between him and Ariftobulus with regard to divifions Hyrcan throne of Judea, vii. 427. to the Pompey marches the fucceffion of Hyrcan, 430, who is placed upon againft Jerufalem in favour Is the throne, 434, He is made governor by Herod, x, 81. dethroned by the Parthians, 104, 119. Rage of Antigonus againft him, 119.
:

I.

JAniculum, (Mount) walled in, i. 99. Taken by Porfena, The Hetrurians attempt it and are defeated, 306.
Janus.

187,

Numa

builds a temple to

up for the firft time, 59. the third time by Oftavius, x. 306.

him, i. 58. That temple ftiut For the fecond time, iii. 255. For

Japode*

INDEX.
Japodes: fubdued by Sempronius,
vi.

i68.

By

Oftavius, x. 200,

&

feq.

Icilius

firft five Tribunes of the people, i; law which augments the power of the Tri239. parting prefles the of the Agrarian law, 293. He bunes, 254. Icilius, Tribune of the people, grants the people part of mount Aventine to build upon, i. 372. Icilius, (L.) endeavours to defend Virginia, who was promifed him in marriage, i. 403. He llirs up the people againft Appius, 407. He is created Tribune, 416. Icilius, Tribune, caufes military Tribunes to be chofen, ii. 91. See Judea. Jerufalem. Jefus Chrift and his church the end of all events, x. 317. See Indibilis. Illergetes.

kuga,

(Sp.) one of the

He

pafles a

Ilion

the

V.

135.

Romans, at their entering into Afia, offer facrifices there, That city experiences the fury and violence of Fim-

bria, vii. 64.

Illiturgis,

a city of Spain, is befieged, taken, and entirely deftroyed by Scipio, iv. 307. Illyricum, Iliyrians. Peginning of the war in that country, iil. Complaints fen t to the Senate againft that people, 262. 261. Teuta caufes the Roman ambafladors to be killed, ibid. Expedition of the Romans into that countr)-, 263. Treaty with that people, 265. Demetrius of Pharoj, ravages the cities depen-

dent on the Romans, and draws their arms upon him, 294. He is defeated by the Conful Emilius, 296. The country receives its laws from the Romans, 297. Enemies of Rome, the country is conquered in thirty days by the Praetor Anicius, v. 4t?. Regulation for that new conqueft 442. Publifhing thefe regulations, 445, War between the partizans of Caefar and thofe of Pompey in that country, ix. 199. Wars of Odavius in the fame country, x. 201. Imilco, Carthaginian General, defends the city of Lilybeura befjeged by the Romans. See Lilybeum. Imperator, a title given to Caefar, ix. 322. For the different acceptations of this word fee the note on the fame page. Imports : in what they confifted among the Romans, iii. 400. Great marmurings among the people on account of a new import, iv. 166. Generous and falutary ccunfel of L^vinus, 168. They emulate each other in carrying their gold and filver to the public treafury, 169. A law to abolifli tolls and duties to be paid on entering Rome, and all other parts of Italy, viii, t7 See Tribute. Indibilis, King of the Illergetes, iv. 189. His daughters after the taking of Carthagena, are treated with the greateft refpefl by He and his brother Mandonius quit the CarthaScipio, 190.
ginians and join Scipio, 237. They revolt. Scipio marches againft them and defeats them entirely, 313, 324. Mandonius obtains pardon for himfelf and his brother, 326. Indibilis re-

news the war

after

the departure of Scipio, 35.5.

He

is

killed
in

INDEX.
Mandonius and thd in battle, and his army defeated, 356. other authors of the revolt are delivered up to the Romans, 357. Indians, drove by a ftorm on the coall of Germany, viii. 33.
Indutiomarus, Prince of the Treviri,
far, viii.
is

obh'ged to fubmit to Cae-

311.
;

Infantry,

of what that corps was compofed, v. 137. Romulus, i. 23. Power of their fathers over them, 27. Ingenui, free-born citizens ; their privilege above the freedmen,
Infants, forbid to be expofed by
i- 133Infubrians,

Roman

war with that people.

i.

They

are entirely defeated,

V. 18.

Intercalatians,

60.

Intercatia, a city of the Vacca; in Spain, vi.

city, ibid.

Single combat 10, between Scipio Emilius and a Spaniard before the walls of that

Intereft

of money its different eftimations, ii. 306. A law which fixes it at one per cent, ibid. Others, ii. 77. Interregnum, after the death of Romulus, i. 52.
:

viii. 2151, 389. Form Invocation of the tutelar deities of befieged cities, ii. 127. of it, v. 527. Journal, of what pafTed in the Senate, in the afTemblies of the people, and in the city, viii. 60. Ifaurians, fubjefted by P. Servilius, for which he receives the furname of Ifauricus, vii. 237. Ifthmean games, the proclamation of the liberty of Greece publifh-

ed
is

there, iv. 538.

Iftria,

fubjefted by the

Romans,

iii.

294.

Manlius with

his

army

there defeated, and afterwards gains a confiderable vidtory, v.

298. The city ofNefartium is taken, and the country fubmits, 32Entirely fubjefted to the RoItaly, by whom inhabited, i. 3. mans, iii. 1 2. Juba, fon of Hiempfal, King of Mauritania, is attached to PomHe comes to the afTillance of Varus, 90. He goes pey, ix. 84. to attack Cxfar, and is obliged to return to defend his own kingdom, 241. He fends troops to Metellas Scipio. His pride
1

and arrogance, 246. His flight. Zama, His death, 278. gates againft him.

his capital,

fhuts its

Juba, fon of the preceding, is led in Caefar's triumph, ix. 287. His captivity not unfortunaie to him, as it procured him an excellent Reprefentation of his life and charafter, 288, reputation, ibid. Re-eftabliflied on the throne of his fathers. He marries a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, x. 293. Jubellius, (Decius) See Decius. Jubellius Taurea, a fingle combat between him and Claudius After the taking of Capua he kills himfelf Afeilus, iii. 558.
in that place, iv. 112.

Judacilius, defpairing to fave his country

felf,

Afculum, poifons him-

vi.

419.
thfli

Judea, troubles in that kingdom, occafioncd by the fuccefllon to

N D E

X.

the throne being difputed between Hyrcan and Ariflobulus, vii. Admirable example of mildnefs and fiatcrnal charity in a 427. Jew, naincd Oiiias, 429. Pompey in favour with liyrcan, and being angry with Ariltcb.dus, marches againll Jfrufalem, 4^0. He cakes it and befieges tlie temple, ibid. Takes the temple. Religious conflancy of the Jewiili prieilf, 432. P(;nipey enters the Sanftum Sanflorum, 433. The Jewifh nation is fubjeded to the Romans, 434New troubles excited by Alexander foii of Ariilobulus. Gabinius fettles matters there with great afcivity, viii. 267. Alexander renews the war, and is vanquiihtd, Craflus pillages the temple, 347. Csfar permits them to 275. rebuild the walls deftroyed by Pompey, ix. 189. Jerufaletn taken by Sofius and Herod. Vigorous refiftance of the bcfieged,
X.

125.
at

Judges

Carthage,

iii.

121.

Their power

di.Tiinlfhed

by Han-

nibal, ibid.

See Judice. Jugurtha, his youth, chara(51er, and great qualitie?, vi. 199. He is fent by Micipfa, his uncle, to fcrve at the fsege of Numant'a, where he acquires great reput::tion, 200. Scipio fends him back to Micipfa with a letter full of praifes, 201. He is adopted by Micipfa, 202. He caufes Hiempfal, fecond fon of IMicipfa, to be killed, 204. He defeats in a combat Adherbal, the eldeft {6n of Micipfa, 205. He fends deputies to Rome, and corrupts the principal Senators with money, ibid. The Senate fends commiiiioners into Numidia, to make a new partition of the kingdom between him and Adherbal, 206. He attacks Adherbal, and obliges him to take arms, 207. He defeats his army and befieges him in Cirta, 208. The Senate orders the two brothers to lay d.own their arms. Jugurtha continues to prefs the fiege, 209. New deputies fent to him, who return without havAdherbal i'urrenders to him, ing concluded any thing, 21 1.
Judicature.

and

is

murdered, 213.

Rome

declares

war

a'gainft

him, and

orders his fon

He corrupts the Cooful Ci'lpurnios, and Scaurus his Lieutenant, who were fent into Numidia, and makes a pretended treaty with them, Harangues of the Tribune Memmius to animate the peo214. ple againft jugurtha and his accomplices, 217. CaJIius is dewho was
fent thither to quit Italy,
ibid.

puted \o him, and perfuades him to go to Rome and give an account of his conduft, 221. He anives and corrupts the Tribune Bebius, 222, He is legally interrogated before the people by Memmius, 223. Bebius forbids him. to anfwer the accufations, and breaks up the afTembly, ibid. He caufes Maf. fiva to be affaffinated in Rome, 224. He evades the attacks of the Conful Albinus, deceives Aulus his brother, and caufes ihe Rom;.n3 to pafs under the yoke, 226. He fends deputies to Mttcllus, 'A ho engages them to deliver up their mafier, 234. He endeavours to deceive the Conful. Finding himfelf impofed upon, he refolves to de.'end himfelf by arms, 235. He is vanquillied in a battle, ibid. He raifes a. new army, 236. He (urpiizes part of the Roman army, 257. He continues bis &ir-

VoL. X.

mifkcs.

Index.
Attacks the camp of the Romans, who were beBetrayed by Bomilcar, heconfents 10 furfieging Zama, 239. Tho* deprived of render at difcretion to the Romans, 241. He difcovcrs Bomilevery thing he again takes up arms, 242. His extreme anxiety^ car's confpiracy, and puts him to death. His perplexities, 256. Vanquifhcd in a battle, he retires 253. to Thala, and quits itfoon after. The place is befieged and taken by the Romans, ibid. He arms the Getuli, and engages Bocmlflies,

23S.

The two Kings march to Cirta, 257, They have fome advantages at firft, but are afterMarius, and attack They are defeated a fecond time, 279. wards vanquifhed, 277. Jugurtha delivered by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla, 282. His ftiiferable end, 285. See Csefar. Julian family, their origin, i, 7. Julia, wife of Marius, aunt of Ccefar, vi. 250. Julia, wife of Antonius Criticus, and mother of Marc Antony, vii. She marries the fecond time, Lentulus Sura, 239. viii. 269. life of her profcribed brother, ix. 508.- AfShe laves the ibid.
chus
in his party.

ter the Perufian

war

fhe retires into Sicily, x. 77.

viii.

Julia, fifter of Ceefar,

Julia, the only

43 daughter of Ciefar, marries Pompey, viii. 76. ReHer death and obfeciprocal tendernefs betwixt them, 263.
daughter of OdlavJus and Scribonia.

quies, 375.
Julia,

Her youth,

x. 127.

Julius (ProculuS;) his teftirnony concerning Roinulus's being

among
the

the

Gods,

i.

46.
i.

Hi

is

among

thofe

who

fet

up

for

crown, 55. Julus Afcaniusj

7.

July, fo called from Julius Csfar, ix. 323. Junia, fiftcr of Brutus, engaged in the confpiracy of young Lepidus her fon, againft Odlavius, x. 301. Junius (Brutus). See Brutus. Ple^ Junius Brutus (L.) is made Tribune of the people, i. 239. beian Edile, they ftir up the people againll the Senate, 252. Tribune for the fecond time, he fpeaks in favour of the people and the Tribunes, in the aflair of Coriolanus, 262. Junius Pullus (L.) Conful, goes into Sicily, iii. 215. Suffers a terrible Ihipvvreck, 217. He makes himfelf mailer of Eryx,

219.

Didator after the battle of Junius Pera (M.) Conful, iii. 261. Cannae. He raifes troops, 484. After having provided for every thing he fets out for Rome, 514. He returns to Rome, and prefides at the eleftion of Confuls and Praitors, 524. See Silanus. Junius Silanus. Camillus builds her a Juno, is tranfported from Veii to Rome. magnificent temple, ii, 130. Juno Moneta, a temple ereftcd to her, 319. Juno Lacinia, a celebrated temple of that Goddefs, iii. 562. Marble tiles taken from her temple, are ordered to
be carried back by the Senate, Sextus Pompeius, x. 193.
iv.

145.

Her templs

pillaged by

Ju.

INDEX.
jiipjter Indiges,

Feretrius, 36. 1,7. build him a temple, 38. Latwlis

Roniulas vows to his temple eredcd by TarStator

:

qi^in the

Proud, 146. See Laws;

Jupiter Julius, a name given to C.Tfar, ix. 333. Jurifpruderice ; a law propofed to fix it, i. 3"j.i.
:

Jus PolUimihi, vi. 42. JulHce manner of the magiftrates adminiftering jufl'ce at Rome, Scrutiny introduced in judgments, vi. 75. i). 236. The execution of jullice transferred from the Senate to the Knights, 146. It is reftor'd to the Senate, 323. It is divided between the berate and the Knights by a law, which ordains that any judge who has committed prevarication in the adminiftration of his office may be profecuted, 386. This law is annulled, 395. Corruption which had crept into their execution of juftice, vii. 325. Law which divides it between the Senators, Knights and Tribunes, 328. Law to oblige the Prstors to judge according to their edids, 364. new difpofition introduced by Pompey in the choice of judges, viii. 257. He alfo reforms and abridges judicial proceedings, 400.

Juftitium, i. 340. Juventius Laterenfis (M.) renounces his f)retenfioris to the Tribunefhip, becaufe he will not take the oath which Caefar had added to the Agrarian law, viii. 69. Being deprived of the curule edilefhip, he accufes Plancus of bribery, 376. He reconciles Lepidus and Plancus, ix. 462. After the junflion of Octavius and Lepidus, he kills himfelf, 466.

K.
choice of one after the death of Romuof thf: Kings, 156. Expulfion Reiiedions upon 53. of the Kings of the different characters P^ome, 163. An oath never to fuifer Kings at Rome, 168. A law which gave permiifion to kill, without trial, any perfon who aifeded the regal power, 182. (See Sp. Caffius, Sp. Melius, and Manlius Capitoiinus.) King of the facred things, eilabliflied before the expulfion of the Kings, i. 169.

King: lusj

difficulties in the

i.

Knights Roman, called at firfi: Celeres, their creation, i. 20. When they became a diftincit order, 21. Tneir number is augmented to four hundred, 232. Solemn review of the Knights ; Knights punifhed by the Cer.fors, iv. their inftitutions, ii. 446. 222. This order forms the company of publicans, iii. 404. (See Publicans.) T. Gracchus transfers the adminiilration cf It is divided between juftice from the Senate to them, vi. 146. them, vii. 328. Law which determines the eftate neceff-iry to be of that order, and for afligning them places in the tiichtre, 360. Their power raifed and aggrandized by Cicero, 565. Alienated from the Senate, and why, viii, 44. Knigtus fight as gJadiaiois, ix* 290.

L.

INDEX.
L.

^Abeo, one of the confpirators againfl: Caefar, ix. 349. Labeo, killed at the battle of Philippi, x. 49. Laberius, a Roman Knight, engaged by Caviar to play a part His fmart repartee the Mimi of his compofition, ix. 290.
Cicero, 291.

in

to

And Labienus, a friend and accomplice of Saturninus, vi. 346. killed with him, vii. 495. Labienus (T.) Tribune, nephew of the preceding, accufes Rabirius He renders by a law Angular hobefore the people, vii. 495. his defeat of Mithridates, 426. He is for Pompey, nours to Cxfar, viii. vanquiflies and of He Lieutenant 214. made a

He fubjeds the Treviri, 333. nones, with four legions, 428.

he returns
433.
far,

is

fent

by Caefar

againft the Se-

After an attempt upon Paris, Agendicum and from thence to Caefar's camp, He goes over to Pcmpey, ix. 34. His brutality to Cxto
;

His oath before Flis cruelty to the Soldiers, 126. 11^. Fie arrives at Dyrrachium, and rethe battle of Pharfalia, 138. He goes into Africa, 165. He folves to continue the war, 162.
attacks Czefar on his landing in Africa, and is defeated notwithHe is in great danger iiandinfr the fuperiority of his troops.

from a
254.

foldier,

237.

Magnanimity of

his foldiers

who

lately

come out of

He

Defeated at the battle of Thapfus, 239. He is killed at the battle of paffes into Spain, 310.
flavery,

Munda, 316.
Labienus (T.) fon of the foregoing, after the battle of Philippi, He enters at their head ingoes over to the Parthian s, x. 118. fubdues Cilicia, and peneprovinces, ibid. He to the Roman name of Parthian. Caria, He takes the 120. trates as far as He is vanquiflied by Ventidius, Pleafantry on that title, ibid. and taken prifoner by Demetrius, 121. See Nabis and Sparta. Laceda:monia. Ladies Roman, put on mourning at the death of Brutus, i. 179. Of Coriolanur, 282. They diveft themOfPublicola, 199. jewels furnifli the gold neceflary for the prefcnc to their of felvcs for it to their advantage, ii. 133. are rewarded They to Apollo. poifoning and punilbed, 364. convi6^ed of They Roman ladies iii. lady accufed before the peoA 19. are accufed of adultery, Several of them in Catiline's confpiracy, ple and fmed, 222. Temple crc(5led to the fortune of the ladies, i. 282. vii. CIO. Tax miThe Oppian law for rei'lraining their luxury, v. 34. Hortenfia's fpeech pofed upon them by the Triumviri, ix. 518.

on that occafion, 5 19. Lady, who in order to clear her reputation, draws with her girdle, the fl'iip which contained the mother of the Gods, iv. 368. Lake Re^illae, celebrated for the vidory of the Romans over the
Latines,
i.

21 1.

Lake

INDEX.
Lake of Alba, fudden
incrcafe

of the water there.

Aiifwer of the

Delphian oracle on that occafion, ii. 120. Lake Curtius, in the Forum at Rome, ii. 296.

Lake Thrafymenus (battle of) iii. 387. Lamia, Roman Knight, is baniflied by the fimplc order of Gabinius
the Conful, for fupporting the intereft of Cicero, viii. 101. Lampfactis, violent excefies of Vcnes in that city, vii. 140Laodicea, a city of Afia, Oppius retiies thither, vii. 19. And is deliver'd up to Mithridates by the inhabitants, 23. Laodicea, a city of Syria, in the hands of Dolabella, taken by Caf-

Laodice,

429. of Mithridates, marries Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, vii, 10. Grofs fraud employed by that Princefs, 11. Larks (legion of) ix. 414. Laronius fent by Agrippa to fuccour Cornificius in Sicily, x. 150. Firlt Diftator, he appeafes the trouLartius (T.) Conful, i. zoo. He makes a truce with the Lables occafioned by debts, 207. tines, 2C9. He gives his vote in the Senate for abolilhing the debts, 238. Laithencs one of the chiefs of the Cretans in the war againft the Romans, vii. 354, He is defeated and made prifoner by Metelfilter
:

fius, ix.

lus, 385. Latines ; firft vvar with that people under TulKis Hoflilius,

i,

93.

Under Tarquin the elder, 105. Under Ancus Marcius, 96. Their alliance with the Romans under Servius Tullus, 135. They fubmit to Tarquin the Proud, 143. Solicited by the TarThey conquins, they declare war againil the Romans, 201.
clude a truce with them, 210.
obtain
it,

War

againft them.

Celebrated

battle near the lake Regills, 211.

peace, and prepare to 216. They renew the They haugiitily demand one of the renew the war, ii. 344. The war is declared, 349. two places of the Confulsi 345. devotes himfclf. The Decius the two Confuls, ibid. Dream of They continue the war, Romans gain a famous vidory, 352. Some of the people of that country which are vanquiihed, 358.

They demand a treaty, 2^9. They

are made Roman citizens, 362. Latinus, King of the Aboiigines, gives his nam.e to the people and country, i. 5. Whence it has its Latium by what people inhabited, i. 3.
;

name,

'

5.
i.

Lavinia, daughter of Latinu?,

6.

Lavinium, Laurona, a

by ^neas, i. 6. city of Spain, taken and burnt by Sertorius, vii. 184. Law Elian and Fufian, for the aufpices and feail days, xii. 1 19. Law Agrarian, propofed For the firft time by Sp Caflius, i. 286, Difputes on that fubjec>, 290. Icilius prelles its paffing, 293. New troubles excited on the lame fuhjeft by the Tribune GeNew intrigues of the Tribunes, 324. Tne Agranucius, 309. propofed Reaions why Law anew by the Tribunes, 374. rian New difputes un that fubject. Difthe Senate oppofed it, 378.
a city built
ficulty

of

its

execution,

ii.

84, 2S6.

vi^
,

126.

Laws

INDEX.
Laws Agrarian renewed by Tib. Gracchus,
vi.

102.

(See Tib,

They are aiir Scipio declares againll them, 127. Gracchus.) the Tribune pafTed by new one propofed and nulled, 160.

Agrarian law of Rullus, vii, 488. Of the Saturninus, 340. Tribune Flavius in favour of the foldiers of Pompey, viii. 47. Of C^far propofed to the Senate, 61. Law for dillributing corn

Law

to the people, vi. 143. Calpurnian againll extortion, vi, 71. Cafiian, for introducing a fcrutiny into judgments, vi. 75, Falcidian, x. 104. Gabinian, for introducing fcrutiny, into the eleftion of ma

giving Pompey the command of (See Gabinius.) the fea, vii. 373. Licinian, for the eleflion of Pontiffs, vi. 74, .rManilian, for charging Pompey with the war againft Mithri(See Pompey and Manilius.) dates, vii. 387. Difputes on that Oppian, againft the luxury of the ladies. AnSpeech of Cato in favour of the law, 36. fubjeft, v. 34.
giftrates, vi. 71;.

Another

tor

~
.;

fwer of the Tiibune Valerius, 42. It is repealed, 46. Orchian, againft the luxury of the table, iv. 203. Petilian, againft peculation, v, 216.

Plautian, againft violence, vi. 425. Terentillan, for fixing the form of adminiftring juftice, 1. 342, Trebonian, for eleflion of Tribunes of the people, ii. 7. m ."Valerian, which permits an appeal to the people, ii. 451.

Voconian, which excludes the women from fucceffion, v. 313. The Tribune Terentillus Laws; compiled by Papirius, i. 169. laws, Difputes on that fubof the propofes a curtailing 342. Tribunes prefs the affair, The (See Terentillus.) jet, 345. In confequence of which they fend deputies into Greece, 389.
ibid.

They eftabliOi ten Sovereign magiftrates for this purpofe, They prepare ten tables of lavvs, which are ratified by the 383. people, without examination, 387. Two new tables of laws addThe twelve tables publifhed, 423. ed to the former, 394. Their cruelty with regard to Cicero's efteem of them, ibid. fearch is made after the laws an4 flrift A ii. 282. debtors, by the Gauls, 179. of Rome burning treaties, after the
Allies, v. 310. AfFranchifements, ii. 307. Corn (for the diftribution Appeals,!. 182. Artifans, viii. 94. Candiof ), ibid. Bribery, ii. 306. viii. 361. viii. 258, 399.

Laws facred, i. 239. Laws which regarded

dates,

Cenforftiip, <;4 359- "i- nS* '*'"' 95* Citizens, 55. ConfullTiip, ii. 218, 230. vii. 118. viii. 409. 360. vi. 142, Infants, 23. Impofts, viii. ^diles, i. 315. Debts, ii. 2 J 7.
ii.

Judgments, vi. 146, 323, 306. vii. 360. Knights, Luxury, 257. 386. vii. 119,328. Marriage, i. ii. 26. People Magiftrates, v. 274. 19. vi. 72. Pontiffs and Angurs, vi. (favourable to), i. 182,416. iii. 50. Senate (conPriefthood, ii. 449. Praetors, vii. 364. 290.
57.
Interefts

of money,
viii.

ii.

trary to),

i.

311.

ii.

358.

Senators, vi. 325.

Tribunes

(fa-

vourable

INDEX.
vourable
to),
i.

254, 311.

(For more minute reference?, con-

fult the different articles.)

Leander. See Aretaphilus. Ledifternium ; ellablifhment of that ceremony, and in what itconr
fids,
ii.
1

18.

Legion of linen, among the Samnites, what they were, iii. 22. Roman legion compofed of three corps ; the Haltati, the Principes, and the Triarii, iv. 447. Lelius, (C.) accompanies Scipio Africanus into Spain, iv. 174. He is fent to carry the news to Rome of the taking of Carthar
gena, 193. He arrives at Rome with the Carthaginian prifoners, He makes an unfuccefsful attempt upon Cadiz. He gains 214. an advantage over the fleet of Adherbal in the fame llreight, and returns to Scipio, 322. He ravages Africa with his fleet, and fpreads the alarm as far as Carthage, 357. Mafinifla comes to him and complains of Scipio's flownefs. He returns to Si-

and takes him prifoner, 41 2. He arrives at Rome. 420. joy which the news of the viSoriies occafions, 422. He is made Conful, v. 108. He defires the province, which is given to L.
cily, 359. defeats Syphax carries his prifoners to Rome,

He

He

Scipio, his colleague, no. Lelius (C.) Sapiens, defires the Confuliliip, vi. 22. He is made the fecond Scipio His friendfhip v/ith Africanus, Conful, 25. His fingular modefty, with regard to a caufe in which he 57. In his was engaged, and which he recommended to Galba, G-j TribuneCbip he had the fame idea as Tiberius afterwards had, but dropt it, 104. Seditious anfwer of Blofius to him, 120. Lentulus (L. Cornelius) Conful, ii. 369. Hecounfels the Romans
.

to accept

the conditions impofed on

them by

the Samnices

at

is wounded in a battle againfl Fulvius, vi. 157. Lentulus Sura (P.Cornelius) grandfon of the preceding Conful, vii. 212. He is Itruck out of the Senate, 350. His charafter, ibid. He demands the Praetorfhip in order co re- enter the SeHe endeavours to ennate, and engages with Catiline, 480.

Caudium, 394. Lentulus (P.) Prince of the Senate,

M.

gage the AUobroges

in Catiline's party,

531.

He

\z

feized to-

gether with four of his principal accomplices, and convicled in full Senate, 535. They are diilributed into prii'ate houfcs tp

be kept prifoners, 537.

fate.

The

S,eGate affembled to decide their

Silanus

is

for executing

them

Caefar

for

infliding on

Anfwer of Cicero, 547, imprifonment, 54?. Cato refutes the difcourfe of Ca:far, and brings the whole SeExecution of the prifoners, 556,. nate into his opinjum, 551. Ciodianus ) Cooful, vii. 209. Cenfor, Lentulus ( Cn, Cornelius

them

p.erpetual

349Lentulus Spinther (P. Cornelius) Edile, gives magnificent games, Is vii. 566. Prstor, gives the Apollinarian games, viii. 57. made Conful, 135. Before he enters on his charge, he propofes He is charged by the the affair of Cicero to the Senate. 137. Sec alfo 469, Senate lo re-eltablilh tjie King of Egypt, 230.

470.

INDEX.
4.70.

His triumph, 477. pardon of Caifar, ix 37.

Beficged in Corfiniiim, he obtains He p-oes over to Pompey, 40. His

He flies with Pompey, 150. foolifh prefumption, 132. Lentulus Sptnther, fon of the precedinrf, ix. 427. Lentulus Marcellinus (Cn. Cornelius) Conful, endeavours inefFLcFliially to overcome the obftinncy of the Tribune, who in concert with Pompey hinder the election of the magillrates, viii. He would oblige Pomj-ey and CrafTus to explain them248.
felves.

Their anfwers, 250.

(L.

Lentulus

Cornelius)

Conful,

animates

the

Senate

againft
ibid.

Cjefar, ix. 23.

He

arrives in

Motive of his attachment to Pompey, Egypt after the battle of Pharfalia, and is

killed

there,

-61.

Lentulus, lieutenant of Caffius, x. 7. Lconicus, how refpefted by Mithridatos, vii, 28. ],fono!ius, a chief of the Gauls, v. 180. Lepidus (M. Emilius) is blamed by the Cenfors, for living in a houfe that was too magnificent, vi. 179. Lepidus (M E:^,iliu5) Conful, endeavours to reftore the party of His Marius. Idea of his characEler and conduct, vii. 156. 161. Reflefii'on upon his projeft, fpeech to the people, 157. Heafl^mblts troops and puts himfelf at their heal, 162. After an accommodation with the Senate, he returns with his troops Speech of to Rome, and demands a fecond Confulfnip, 163.

He is defeated, and the orator Piiilippus againil him, ibid. Pie is defeated a fecond declared an enfemy to the public, 106. time, and goes into Sardinia, where he dies, 167. Lepidus (M.) chofen interrey, viii. 392- Pie is befiegcd in his
houfe, 393.

Lepidus

(I'vj.

Emilius) Praetor, appointed

governor of

Csefar before he fets out for Spain, ix. 60.

He

Diftator, 97. Made Conful with Ca:far, and at General of the horfe, 222. After the death of Csefar he becomes a perfon of importance, 364, 366. He is made Pontifex Maximus, 383. His wcaknefs, 431. The Senate decrees him
a gilded
It.

Rome by names Caefar the fame time

tue,

438.
Vvf.th

He

writes to the Senate to exhort

them

Antony. His condufl fluduating and unto make peace certain, 442. He is invited by Odtavius to join him, 459. He favours Antony's paOare over the Alps, and joins him, 462, &: He is declare! an enemy to the public, and his llatue feq pulled down, 465. Oolavius njakes the Senate revoke the decree Lepidus, Antony, and O^avius unite, 490. againil; him, 487. Province of each Triumvir, 492. Projeft of the 'i'riumvirate. (For what regards conjointly the Triumviri, fee OAavius.) He confents to the e cape of his brother Paulus, who was profcribed, 509, He triumphs in the midlt of the profcription, 515. Conl 1 for the fecond time, 523. Antony and Oftavius make Pie a new divifion of the provinces to his diiadvantage, x. 57. Pie has Africa allotted for his is defeated by L. Antc^nius, 71. province, 99. He is preffed by Oclavius to join him againft bc.^tuE Poi.apcius. His fortes in Africa, 143. He enters Sicily, ' 147

INDEX.
Who' deDlvifion between him and Odavlus, 154. 147. bauches his troops, defpoils him of the Triumvirfhip, and He fupplicates before a banifhes him to Cercii in Italy, 157. Conful, who had formerly been profcribed, 301. Lepidus, fonof the preceding, forms a confpiracy againft O^lavius. He is difcovered and pat to death, x. 300. Servilia his wife follows him to his tomb, 301. Two cities of this name, note Leptis, a city of Africa, ix. 231.
ibid.

Letorius, Tribune of, the people, "defends the law of Volero his colleague, i, 316. Levinus (Valerius.) See Valerius. Liho, Father-in-law of Sextus, propofes to Antony a treaty of
alliance alliance

between them, x. 92. He goes to Rome and begins an between the Triumviri and Sextus, 109. He abandons
197.

Sextus,

Library of Lucullus. Noble ufe which he makes of it, vii. 507. That of Alexandria burnt, ix. 176. Pollio collefts a confideraLibrary of Palatine ble one, and makes it public, x. IC3. Apollo, 166. Licinia, wife of C. Gracchus, exhorts him to provide for his fafety,
Licinia, a veftal, corrupts

Licinius Calvus (P.) the

tary Tribune,
ii.
1

firft

17.

two others of her companions, vi. 185. of the plebeians who was made miliHe refufes the office a fecond time, and

obtains it for his fon, 122. "Licinius Stolo (C.) fon-in-law of M. Fabius Ambuftus, ii. 214. He is made Tribune of the people with L. Sextius, 217. He fignifies his entrance into his office by opening the way to the Confulfhip for the plebeians. His laws, 218. He is made Conful for the fecond time, 297. He is condemned by his own law, 308. Licinius (C.) Praetor, is appointed commiflioner to enquire into and judge the affair of Popillius with regard to the Ligurians, V. 307. By his lenity Popillius efcapes being fentenced, 308. ReHexion upon his condul, ibid. Licinius Geta, formerly Conful, is degraded by the cenfors, is afterwards Cenfor himfelf, vi. 179,
Licinius.
Liclors,

See Craflus, Lucullus, Macer, Murena.

their origin

and office, i. 18, no. Twenty-four Li6lors walk before the Dii^ator, 208. Ligariiis (P.) put to death by Csefar, ix. 251. Ligarius {QJ) Csfar pardons him, and permits him to return to Rome, ix. 277. He is accufed by Tubero, and defended by
Cicijo, 298.
Cai.Qir

in the confpiracy againft

pardons him entirely, 300. Csfar, 347.

He

engages

Ligurians,
in

firft war againft that people, iii. 249. New war, v. 20. which the Proconful Minucius is deliv. red from extreme danger by the Numidlans, 21. Furious inveter.-.cy of the Ligurians, They become perpetually enemies of Rome. Deicription 23. cf their country, 223. They a4*e defeated by the two Confuls,

ibid.

INDEX.
They defeat and put to flight the Conful, Q^Marius, 239. They deceive Paulus ^milius, by whom they are entirely They afk peace, 269. Twelve thouf^nd of defeated, 266.
abitl.

Samnium, ibid. New expedition into Several fuccefiive viftories gained over them, 303. They are defeated by the Conful PopilJius, who The Senate condemns the treats tl^em with great cruelty, 304. Conful's conduft, and caufes him to rellore them, their liberty,
them
trr4nfplanted into

their country, 272.

305. Liguftinus, (Sp.) an old Centurion, his fpeech, in a difpute with the Centurions who refufed to ferve in a lower poll than they had been in before, v. 362. Treafon in that Lilybaeum, befieged by the Romans, iii. 207. The Carthaginians fend thither conficity difcovered, 2c8. Bloody aftion at the machines of the derable fuccours, 209.

Romans,

ibid.

Burning of

Clodius paffes into Sicily to prefs-the fiege.

near Drepanum, 212.

The

works, 211. The Conful His fleet defeated Conful Junius goes to fuccour the
their

New difgrace of the Romans, 216. befiegers. Lions, Sylla gives a fight of a hundred unchained lions, vi. 369, Lipara ifland and city, befieged by the Romans, iii. 193. Livia, wife of Tib. Nero, marries Odlavius, by confent of her
flie was fix months gone with child, x. 128. She is delivered of Drufus three months after, 129. A pretended omen which happened to her, 139. Statues eredled to her,

hulband, when

209. Livius Andronlcus,

iii.

the

firft

dramatic poet

among

the

Romans,

249.

He is cited before the Livius Salinator (M.) Conful, iii. 295. He is condemned, and repeople after the war in Illyricum. He is forced to accept of a fecond tires into the country, 298. He is reconciled, 260. He Confulfhip with Nero, iv. 258. His rough anfwer to Fa261. feverity, new with makes levies His extravagant and (See Nero.) He joins Nero. bius, 265. Colleague in the Cenforfhip, indecent conduft againfl: Nero, his Roman people, ibid. 397. His feverity againft moil of the Livius (C.) Admiral of the Roman fleet, gains a vidlory over that of Antiochus near Corycus, v. 104. He puts to fea, fails to the Hellefpont, and makes himfelf mafter of Seflos, 1 17. Livius, governor of the citadel of Tarentum, which he delivered
Debates on that fubjeft, iv. 249. up. Livius Drufus, grandfather of the emperor Tiberius, kills himfelf
of Philippi, x. 49. Livy (T.) what works remain of that author, iii. 33. Reflexions upon his harangues, i. 334. His opinion of prodigies, 344. v. End of his hiftory, 490. 390. Locri, a city of Greece in the country of the Bruttii, taken by Hanno and the Bruttii, iii. 562. A detachment of Romans fent to invefl; that place falls into an ambufcadc of Hannibal, iv. It is retaken 250. Which caules them to raife the fiege, 256. Pleminius of to the Locruelty and Avarice by Scipio, 361.
after the battle

crians,

INDEX.
crians, 363.

The

Rome,

372.

Who

inhabitants fend deputies with complaints to fend commiffioners thither. Pleminius is conOfella.

demned, 379. Longjnus (Q^Caflius.) See

Lucania, Lucanians, ii. 345, 371. Lucceius, a learned hiftorian, demands the Conrulfhip, viii. 5-. Lucceius, Hirrus (C.) Tribune of the people, is for making Pom. pey Dictator, viii. 386. He is fent by Pompcy againft the Parthians, ix. 132. Luceres, an ancient tribe elhblifhed by Romulus, ii. 449. It is taken from the SamLuceria, a village of Apulia, ii. 390, Hoitages of Caudium fet at Romans, and the nites by the 600
Lucilius,
liberty, 405. vi. 287. :: fatyric poet,

l^ucilius,

in his Head, x. 43.

a generous friend of Brutus, allows himfelf to be takea He faithfully attaches himfelf to Antony,

265. Her death occafions the Lucretia, being ravifhed, kills herfelf. expulfion of the Kings, i. 156. Judgment upon that adion, 160. Lucretius, the poet, his birth, vi. 369. Lucretius, father of Lucretia, is made Conful, and dies, i. 183. See Ofella. Lucretius Ofella. Lucullus (L. Licinius) Conful, pafles into Spain, his cruel Avarice, vi. 9.

He

befieges

and takes Intercatia, iq.

1

Reforms

and

raifes the fiege of Pallantia,

1.

Lucullus, father of the great Lucullus, gains a famous vilory over the revolted flaves in Sicily, and neglcls to make a right ufe of it, vi. 331. He is accufed and condemned of extortion, 332.

Lucullus, his

His knowledge in the 244. fine arts, and all branches of polite learning, 345. His military capacity, 246. His difpofition and virtues, 247. He is charged by Sylla to aflemble him a fleet, 39. Difficulties in He re-eilablifhes order in executing that commiflion, 52. Cyrene, 53. He aflembles a fleet, ibid. He refufes his afiiftance to Fimbria againlt Mithridates, 62. His moderation in executing a fevere commiffion in Afla, 68. He has no (hare in
rife.

His parents,

vii.

the civil war, ibid.

to Sylla's fon, 149. 248. He caufes the command of the war againft Mithridates to be conferred upon himfelf, ibid. He reforms the mutinous difpofition of his troops, 249. He redrefies the cities of Afia oppreffed by the tax-farmers, 250. He marches to fuccour Cotta defeated by Mithridates, 25 i . He declines a battle and endeavours to undermine his enemy, ibid. Mithridates decamps and gees to the fiege of Cyzicum. He follows him. Method which he takes to inform the inhabitants of his arrival, 252. He defeats a detachment of the enemy, 257. He obliges Mithridates to ralfe the fiege, and defeats his army, 259. He conquers Bithynia, 260. Jn two battles he deftroys a fleet which the King was fending to Italy, ibid. He purfues Mithridates, and carries the war into his dominions, 262. He blocks up EmilTiis and Eupatoria, 263. Murmur of
is

He

made guardian
vii.

Lucullus

is

made Conful,

his

INDEX
Reafons wliy he gave Mitbridates time to his foldiers, 264. afiemble a new army, ibid. He receives a check, 265. Danger he runs of being affaflinated by a deferter, 266. He gains two Avarice of his troops, by which the King vlftories, 267. efcapes, 269. Forts and caftles of Mithridates furrender to him. Prifoners of ftate fet at liberty, 270. Lucullus returns to the fieo-e of Amifus and Euoatoria, and makes himfelf mafter of thefe two places, vii. 272. His gencroficy with refpedl to the city and inhabitants of Amifus, 273. His wife regulations with regard to the tax-farmers in Afia, 277. He fends Appius to Tigranes to demand Mithridates, 279. He Singular dream of makes himfelf mafter of Sinope, 283. After fubduing Pontus, he pafies the winter Lucullus, ibid.
there, 284.

Lucullus prepares to march again ft Tigranes.

vii. 281;.

Many blame

He pafTes the Euphrates and that enterprize as rafh, the Ti^^ris, 286, He defeats one of the Generals of that Prince, 287. In order to force him to a battle he belieges TigranoHe marches againft the enemy. Pleafantries of certa, 288.
the

Armenians on the fmall number of his

troops, 290.

Cattle,

Incredible flaughter of his army, 29!. Tigranes flies, i.92. obfervation upon the conduft of the Roman Important 293. takes deftroys Tigranocerta. He and Riches General, ibid. engages of the He the hearts Barbarians, cf that city, 294. 295. He is for attacking the Parthians, but is prevented by the
his

He pafies mount Taurus in march againft Tigranes and Mithridates, who raife a new army, 300. He forces the enemy to a battle, he prepares to
difobedience of his foldiers, 298.
befiege Artaxata, ibid.

victory,

501.

The battle is fought. Pie gains the The mutiny of his foldiers prevents him from
Pie beficges and the origin of the

compjeating the conqueft of Armenia, ibid.

takes Nifibis, 302. Beginning of Lucullus's bad fuccefs, and

The foldiers are fupported difccinent of his troops, vii. 303. by a decree of the people, which dift)ands part of his army, and Tiie mutiny of the foldiers carappoints him fucceilor?, 304. Triaried to exceis by the feditious difccurfe of Clodius, 305.
one of his lieutenants, is defeated by Mithridates, 307._^ They proceed to incredible Invincible obftinacy of his troops. Plutarch's reflexions on abandon him, and infolence, 309. behaviour of Pompey, who is named Bad that occafion, 311. Their Interview. The converfation beto fucceed him, 312. Their diigins with politcncfs and ends with reproaches, 313.
rius,

31J. His luxury, his houfes, 500. His library. gardens, find enormous expence of his table, 502. Noble ufe wlilch he malccs of it, 507, He oppofcs the coaiirmation of Pompcy's afls, viii. 46. He trembles before Ca:far,
vii.

courfc of each other, 314. Triumph of Lucullus,

He

returns into Italy,

74.

His death, 156.

deputies
to

Lucumon, names
the elder.

Tarquin

the elder.

See Tarquin
Lu.'riu?,

INDEX.
Luerius,

King of

the Arverni.

Lupercales:

feafts eftablifhed

His riches, by Evander, i.

vi.

173.

10.

Sec alfo

ix.

338.

Lufitanians, defeat Paulus Emilius, v. 169Defeated Galba, Viriathus, Sertorius, &c. See 173.

by him,

Lufuis (C.)

killed

by a young

foldier,

whom

he endeavoured to

debauch, vi. 303. Luftration of Oftavius's fleet, x. 146. Ceremonies which were praftifed there, Luftrum, what it was. Table of the ten firft lultrums, ii. 31. The i. 130. ii. 39. number of citizens greatly augmented, iii. 145. After the firll

Punic war, the number of citizens leflened

iv.

to almoll

one half,

261.

Lutatius. See Catulus. Lutetia, now Paris. Casfar transfers thither the general aflembly of the Celtic Gauls, viii. 331. Labienus makes an ineffedual attempt upon that city, 433. Luterius, one of the firll lords of the Qoerci, Vercingetorix the fecond, viii. 419. He throws himfelf into Qxellodunum, 454. He is delivered up to Ca^far, 456. Luxury, introduced to Rome by the conqueft of Afia, v. 150.

Cato the cenfor againft it, 254. Law againft it, vi. Senator excluded the Senate on account of his plate, iii. Another Senator noted for having a houfe of too great a 98. rent, vi. 179. Duronus is expelled the Senate for his defence of luxury, 357. Excefs of it at Rome, viii. 258. Csfar endeavours to retrench it, ix. 293. Lycia, a province in Afia, given to the Rhodians by the Romans, after the war of Antiochus, v. 148, 195. Brutus carries the war thither, and makes himfelf matter of feveral places ; rage of the Xanthians, x. 9. Lycomedes, made prieft of Comagena by Cssfar, ix. 190. Lydia, given by the Romans to Eumenes, v. 148, 195. Lyons, a Roman colony founded by Plancus, ix. 481. Lyfimachus, principal city of Cherfonefus of Thrace, vi. cr.
Efforts of

72.

M.

MAcedonia
wars.

(war of)

iv.

154.

End of

that war,

291).

Philip, Valerius, Levinus, &c.

Second war, 472.

Sec See

Philip, Sulpicius, Villius,

T. Qnintius Flamininus, &c.

Other

Sec Perfeus, Paulus Emilius, Andrifcus the impoflor, &c. The end of the v/ar with Perfeus. Fate of the kingdom of Macedonia, v. 441. Commiilioners named for the regulation of that conquelt, 442, 447. Macedonia reduced to a Roman province, 514. Macer, (Licinius) condemned by the Prsetor Cicero, vii. 367. He was the father of the orator Calvus, ibid. Machares, fon of Mithridates King of Bofphorus regains the friendlhip ofLucullus, vii 2S4. He is killed by his father's order, or reduced to kill himftlf, 416. ,

Mscenas,

INDEX.
MiEcenas, is charged by 0lavius to demand for him in marriage 8cribonia filler of Libo, fifi:er-in-Ia\v of Sextus, x. 94. He concludes a treaty between Odlavius and Antony, 99. He is fent by Odavius to Antony to demand his conjunftion againll Sextus, Maicenas and Agrlppa chief friends, confidents, and mi143. Difpatched by Oflavius in purfuit of iiilters of Odftavius, 207. Antony, returns and fees out for Rome, 255. He renders abdrtive a confpiracy formed by young Lepidus againft Odavius,
300Magiftrate?,
iii.

ancients, required by the Romans for their entrance into The magiltrates opprefs the allies in office, iv. 76. V. 274. Extortions which they exercife there, v. the provinces, 321. (For a farther detail fee each particular article.) 355.
:

Magiftracies

their

venality

among

the

122.

Age

Magius

See Decius. Minatius. See Minatius. engages (L.) Mithridates to fend ambafTadors to Sertoriu*, Magius, vii. 193. Magiu?, chief engineer of Pompey taken by C^far, ix. 41. Faliity in Cxfar's Commentaries on that fubjed, ibid. Mago, brother of Hannibal, fent to Carthage with the news of the vidory at CanniE, iii. i;og. He is ordered into Italy to join He makes an ineffedual attempt upon his brother, iv. 329. ibid. He returns Carthagena, to Cadiz, of which the gates are He goes to the iflands Baleares, ibid. fhut againll bim, 330. He lands in Italy and feizes Genoa, 351. He receives convoys from Carthage, 360. Is defeated. He receives orders to repafs

Magius Decius.

into Africa, and dies by the way, 424. Maherbal takes prifoners the remains of the army after the battle of Thrafymenus, iii. 388. His counfel to Hanno to marclj
againft

Rome

after the battle of

Canna;, 474.

Malleolus (Publicus) guilty of parricide, vi. 333. Mallius, a perfon of no merit, is made Conlul and fent into
di/Tention between them, to fupport Cepio, vi. 297. confequences, horrible defeat of the two armies, ibid.

Gaul
fatal

Mallius takes arms for Catiline,

of the public, 529.

vii.

518.

He

is

declared an

enemy

He commands

the right

wing of

Catiline's

army, 560.
See Emilius. Mamertines, a troop of adventurers, feize Meffina, zficr havirtg drove out the inhabitants, iii. 139. They demand fuccours of Which are granted the Romans againft the Carthaginians, 140. them, 141. Ap. Claudius paffes into Sicily, 142. Mamilius, brother in-law to Tarquin the Proud, i. 143. He ftirs

Mamercus Emilius.

up the Latines, 200.

He commands

the right

wing

in the battle

And is there killed, 214. of the lake of Regillas, 211. goes of his own accord to Tufculum, of Mamilius (L.) Didator hands of Hcrdonius, i. 354. the was in retake thecapitol, which Rome, For which he acquires the freedom of 369.
Mana-

Index.
Is charged by Scipio Manaftabal, fon of MafinifTa, vi. 198. Emilius wich the adminillration of jullice, 199. Mancinus, (L.) a young officer, is fent by Fabius Max. to get inHe rafhly engages in a combat, and telligence of the enemy.
is

defeated,

iii.

429.

Mancrnus

Numantia. He retires in the night from is purfued and by the Numantines, vi. 36. before He makes an infamous treaty with them, which is negotiated by Tib. Gracchus, 37. He is ordered to return to Rome, where together with tne deputies of Numantia he is heard before the Senate, 38. He is ordered to be delivered up to the Numantines, 41. The Numantines refufe to receive him. He returns to Rome, and after a great oppofition is re-eftablilhed in
arrives before

that place,

his rights as a Senator, 42.

Mancipia, etymology of that word, IWandonius. See Indibilis.

i.

131.

Manes (Dii) ii. 349, 353. Manilius, Tribune of the people, propofes a law for charging Pompey with the war againft Mithridates, vii. 366. 387. The Cicero fupports it, ibid. Senate oppofes it, 388. The law Cicero undertakes his defence, pafTes, 391. accufed. is He
,

^367Manlius, (A.) fent into Greece to colleft the laws of that country, i. He is one of the firll Decemviri, 385. 382. Manlius Capitolinus, (M.) Conful, ii. 141. Awakened by the cackling of the geefe, he faves the Capitol, 163. He has a houfe given him upon the Capitol, 177, He undertakes to make himfelf King, 189. Is cited before the Didlator, 193. His condudl in prifon, 195. Murmurs of the people, 196, He is Renews his intrigues, 198. Hs difcharged out of prifon, 197. is cited before the people, 201. He is condemned to death and thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 202. Manlius Imperiofus, is named Dictator to drive a nail into the temple of Jupiter, ii, 235. He is obliged to abdicate the Dictatorfhip, 291. He is accufed by a Tribune, and delivered by his fon, who prefenting a dagger to the Tribune's breall, obliges

him

to defift,

292.

Manlius Torquatus (T.) forces a Tribune to defill from an accufation which he intended againft his father, ii. 293. He is made He gains a vidory in a legionary Tribune by the people, 295. fingle combat over a Gaul, 297. Whereby he acquires the firname .of Torquatus, 299. He is named Didator, 311, a fecond time, 317. Conful, 318, for the fecond time, 319, for His anfwer to the Latines who demdndej the third time, 3^5. that one of the L'onfuls fnould be eledled out of their nation,
puts his fon to death for fighting contrary to his or347. ders, 350. Manliana imperia, 352. He gains a famous viftory over the Latine?, 353. Refledion upon his condufl with regard
to his fon,

He

356.

Manlius Torquatus (T.) Conful, fubdues Sardinia and triumph^ iii. 255. In his confullhip the temple of Janus is ihut fcr the
fe-

INDEX.
fcGond time, ibid.

Conful

for the fecond time,

285.

Ills fpeech

He is againll ranfoming the prifoners taken by Hannibal, 489. fent into Sardinia which had revolted, and gains a famous victory,

550.

He

refiifes

the

Confulihip.

Admirable wifdom of

the youth of the century called Veturia, iv. 151. Manlias Vulfo, (Cn.) Conful, v. 172. He undertakes a war with He marches againll fhem, 182. He the Gallo-grecians, 180. and exhorts his foldiers to do their territories, in their arrives

duty well, 183. He attacks and defeats two of the three bodies of that people, who had retired to the top of mount Olympus, He approaches Ancyra, to attack the third body, 187. 184. He gains a fecond viftory, 188. Ambafiadors from the people Other ambafiaof Afia congratulate him on his fuccefs, 190. Treaty dors from Antiochus, the Gauls, and Ariarathes, 191. of peace concluded with Antiochus, ibid. Decrees and regulaHe retions with refpeiSl to the Kings and cities of Afia, 195. into Greece, demands marches He and 196. turns to Europe, a triumph, which is difputed with him by the commifiioners of His anfwer, 202. The triuitiph is decreed the Senate, 200. him, 205. His triumph, 228. Manlius Vulfo, (A.) Conful, is defeated by the Iftrians, and afterwards gains a coniiderable vidtory over them, v. 298. his fevere fentence upon Silanus his fon, vi. IVIanlius Torquatus
:

66.

Manners

of Romulus on that fubjeft, i. 26. Hovy much the feverity of the Cenfors with regard to this fubjefl conSee Cenfors and tributed to the grandeur of Rome, ii. 36.
:

regulations

Romans.
Marcellinus. (See Lentulus.) His charafter, iii. 290. He Marcellus, (M. Claudius) Conful. ibid. Kills their King Viridomarus, Gauls, the againll inarches Opima, His triumph, 293. called fpoils 291. and obtaiDs the charged to com~mand the troops Is He is decreed Prstor, 457. He takes upon him the command, in the room of Varro, 482. 484. He brings over, by his engaging behaviour, L. Bantius of Nola, ^15. He beats Hannibal before the v/alls of that city, C16. He punifhcs the citizens Vv-hn would have delivered up the He is chofen Conful for the fecond Hannibal, 517. to city He ravages the country of eleSion, in his Defe6l time. 534. the Carth.igiiiians before beats He Hannibal, the allies of 553. for the third time, together Coniul made Nola, 554. He is

with Fabius Maximus, iv. 16. He enters on his office, ibid. He gains a new advantage over Hannibal, 23. He adMarcellus is cliargcd with the war in Sicily, iv. 30. vances to Syraciiff, 32. He befiegcs it by fea and land, 35. Marcellus Terrible eifeds of the machinesof Archemides, ibid. He turns the fiege conllrufts machines called Sambuca:, 36.
iftio a

blockade, 39.

The

foldiers baniflied into Sicily fend de-

puties to

him

defiring they

may

ferve again in the war, 44.

He

He deliberates whefavour, 48. writ(rb to the Syricufe. He holds fiege of ther he Ihall continue or (jui: the
Senate in their
intelli-

INDEX.
intelligence
is difcovered, 49. He makes part the of city, 50. He fheds tears on viewhimfeir mailer of Havock made by the plague, 53, Various ing the city, 51.

in

the city which

events follow the taking of that city, 54. The death of ArchiHonours paid by Marcellus to his memory, 60. He regulates the affairs of Sicily with great equity, and dilintereftHis lafc aftion in Sicily. Viftory gained over ednefs, 61.

medes,

Hanno, 62.

He

returns to

Rome

Statues and paintings carried in it, ibid. Marcellus enters the fourth time, 156.

and obtains an ovation, 144. He is made Conful for

upon

his office.

His

tranquillity amidlt the numberlefs complaints of the people, ibid. Complaints of the Sicilians againft him. Confequence of that affair, which at laft terminates to the fatisfadlion of both parties,

FelUvals ertabliilied to his honour at Syracuie, 164. He cities in Samnium, 208. He harraiTes Hannibal, He offers him battle before Canufium, 223. Firft battle 209. Second, wherein Hannibal has the with equal advantage, 224. Marcellus fnarply ibid. reproves his army, 225. advantage, which Haiiribal is defeated and put to flight, Third battle in 226. Accufed by his -enemies, he juftifies himfelf with good
159. takes

fome

named Conful for the fifth time, 247. He enters 249. He falls in an ambufcade of Hannibal, and Contrail between him and Fabius, 252. is killed in it, 251. His death inexcufable, 253. Marcellus, (M.) aflifts Cicero in his defence of Milo, viii. 4or. He is made Conful, 413. He propofes to recal C^far, ix. 7. After the battle of Pharfalia he goes into a voluntary exile. His Cajfar confents to his return. Harangue of conllancy, 205. Oration on that occafion, 295. His unhappy death, Cicero.
fuccefs,

and

is

on

his ofnce,

297Marcellus, (C. Claud.) his firmnefs againft Caefar and Curio. He orders Pompey to defend the republic, ix. 19. Marcellus, (C. Claudius) Conful, ix. 12. Marcellus, defigned by Oftavius for his fucccflor, accompanies him in his triumph, x. 308. Gifts dJluibuted in his name by

Odavius, 310.
Marcia, death Marcia, Marcia, Marcius
to revenge that of her hufband,

puts feveral of the moft diflinguifhed Carthaginians to iii. '205.

a criminal veftal punilhed, vi, 185.

the laft wife of Cato of Utica, ix. 275. See Coriolanus. Coriolanus. Firft plebeian DIftator, MarciuiS Rutilus, (C.) Conful, ii. 306. Firft plebeian Cenfor, fecond time, for the Conful 312. 309. For the fourth time. the third time. for 313." Conful 319. the confpiracy of the for rendering abortive His wife meafures garrifon of Capua, 336. Marcius Rutilus Cenforinus (C.) author of a law to prohibit the conferring the office of Cenfor twice upon the fame perfon, i:i.

115. Marcius, (L.) a Roman Knight, is chofen con^mander uf on the in Spain. He gains iwo fucceiJive vicdeath of the two Scioio's * tories f f X. Vov

INDEX.
tOTics
letter

Manner in which his over the Carthaginians, iv. 126. He is approved of and is received by the Senate, 134.

employed by Scipio, 143. Marcius Philippus (Q^) Conful,

againlt the

is charged with the information He is fent ambaffador into Bacchanalians, v, 229. The flrataGreece, and has an interview with Perfeus, 365. gems of his embafTy condemned by the ancient Senators, and approved of by the greateft part of the others, 369. He is made

He advances towards MaceConful for the fecond time, 389. Achaians prepare fend him aid, 391. He paflTes to The donia. ways incredible difficulty, Polybius communiof through 392.
him the offers of the Achaians, 39;. He enters Mace* His letters to the Senate giving an account of his 397. Cenfor, he fets up a new fun-dial, 495. iii. fituation, 400. 148. Marcius Philippus, (L.) Conful, vi. 383. He oppofes the law of His Jeditious expreffion when he was Tribune, Drufus, 384. caufes him to be carried to prifon. Infolent fayDrufus 385. Philippus's injurious faying to the ing of the Tribune, 386. Senate. Contsft on this fubjeft between him and Craffus, 390. He pleads for Pompey, vii. 75. He degrades his uncle irom His fpeech againft Lepidus, 163. the rank ot Senator, 77. His honourable expreffion with regard to Pompey, when he was fent into Spain againft Sertorius, 169. Marcius Philippus, (L.) Governor of Syria, viii. 267. Conful, 231. He marfies Atia, niece of C?efar and mother of Auguilus, ibid. He has Cato for his fon-in-law, 248. His timid counfels He is fent by the Senate to to Oftavius, ix. 393, 394, 396. Antony, and acquits himfeif of that commiflion in a weak manSee alfo 480. ner, ix. 436, 439, 440. Conful, Cenforinus, x. 106. Marcius (L.) Marcus, fingular hittory of him and Barbula, x. 258. Markets of the Romans: in what they confifted, i. 268. Marriage, law of Romulus on that fubjeft, i. 26. Law which permitted marriages between the patricians and plebeians. Debates on that fubjed, ii. 19. Speech of a Cenfor to exhort the citizens to marry, vi. 124. See Divorce. Marine, firft occafion where a fleet among the Romans is mencates to

donia,

for it, ii. 429. When the Romans themfelves ferinufly to their marine, iii. 157. The manner how they built the firft vefiels for their fervice, ibid. Firft fleet equipt by the Romans to difpute with the Carthaginians theempire of the fea, 158. They gain a famous naval vicConfiderable fleet equipt by the Romans and Cartory, 159. thaginians, 171. Roman privateers ravage the coafts, 220New Roman fleet fitted out by the 7.eal of particulars, 224. fleet furnilhed with feamen at the expence of particulars, iv. 17. Loftration of a fleet, x. 146.

tioned.

Duumviri named

began

to apply

Marius,

his origin,
his
firft

birth, education,

and charafter,

vi.

245.

He

makes
his

campaign under Scipio Africanus, and

acquires.

efteem,

246.

He

ferves in

Numidia

under the Conful Meiel-

INDEX.
Metellus,

232.

Confu!

244..

He

Origin of the enmity between him and fhat is decreed Tribune of the foldiers, and af-

terwards that of the people. His firmnefs in that office, 247. lofes his election twice in one day, 248. He is eleded His Praetor with great difficulty, and accufed of bribery, 249. fortitude againft pain, 250. chofen Metellus for his by He is Metellus refufes lieutenant. His conduft in that office, ibid. him permiffion to go to Rome to ftand for the Confullhip, 2; i. He afperfes him out of revenge, 252. After obtaining his difcharge he goes to Rome, is made Conful, and charged with the war againft Jugurtha, 254. Cicero's opinion of the means he made ufe of to obtain the Confulfhip, 255. He prepares for his departure. His fpeech to the people^ 261. He fets out from Rome, and arrives in Africa, 268. He begins by forming and difciplining his new troops, 269. He makes himfelf mafter of Capfa, a place of importance, 270. He forms the fiege of a caftle believed impregnable, and makes himfelf mafter of it by the hardinefs and agility of a Ligurian foldier, 271. He is attacked by Bocchus and Jugurtha, who have fome advantage at firft, but are afterwards defeated, 277. His caution in his marches, 279. He gains a fecond viftory, ibid. At the requeft of Bocchus he fends Sylla to him. Jugurtha is delivered up to Sylla by Bocchus, 281. The triumph of Marius, 285. Marius is made Conful for the fecond time. His feverity with regard to difcipline, vi. 301. His generofity with regard to a foldier who had killed his nephew, 30 3 He makes a new canal of the Rhone, ibid. He is made Conful for the third time, 304. For the fourth time, by means of the Tribune Saturninus, 305. He declines fighting with the Teutones, 306. He fupports theimpofture of a Syrian woman, who pretended to be a prophetefs, 307He refufes a fingle combat, ibid. He entirely defeats the Teutones near the city of Aix, 308. His army prefents him with the fpoils, which he fells at a very low price, 311. While employed at a facrifice, he receives advice that he has been elefted Conful for the fifth time, 312. He joins his army to that of Catulus, and march jointly againft the Cimbri. His jealoufy of his colleague, 3"! 5. Defeat of the Cimbri, in which Catulus has the greateft ffiare, 316. He triumphs with Catulns. His vanity, 322. They each ereft a temple, 323. He obtains by canvailing and money, a fixth Confulftiip, 336, His union with the Tribune Saturninus. (See Saturninus.) His vile artifice with regard to Metellus, 341. His unworthy praftices to exafperate the people more and more, He inefFeftually oppofes the return of Metellus, 347, 344.

He

and quits Rome on that occafion, 349, He ferves as Lieutenant-general in the Social war, 401. He begins the viftory over the allies, which is compleated by Sylla, 407. He avoids the battle, and retires with little glory, 408.

The exceflive jealoufy of Marius againft Sylla, on accoant of a prefent which Bocchus fent to the Roman people, vi. 440.

Fd

Both

I
'fiotK'are am'bUious'of

N D E

X.

commanding in thewar againft Mithridates? Marius fupports himfelfwith the Tribune Sulpicius, 442, 441. who by his violences caufes the people to confer it on him, notwithftanding the Senate had before given it to Sylla, 443. On the approach of the latter againft Rome, he is greatly embarraffed, and obliges the Senate to fend ambafladors to him, 447. He flies out of the city, 448. Sylla caufes him to be declared an enemy to the public, 456. His flight and various advenHis partizans refume their former courage, tures, 457, & feq. 461. He returns into Italy, and is received by Cinna, 467. He marches with him againft Rome, 468. He offers battle to Odavius, who dares not accept it ; he holds a council with Cinna, in which the death of the oppofite party is refolved. He enters the city, which is abandoned to all the horrors of war, Horrible Perfons of diftinftion put to death, 475. 474. {laughter, 479. Humanity of the Roman people on that occafion, 480. He is named Conful for the feventh time with Cinna, and exercifes new cruelties, 481. His death, ibid. His funeral, at which Scasvola is wounded with a dagger, 482. Refleftion on his charafter and fortune, 483. Marius, fon of the preceding, is fufpefted of the death of the Conful Porcius, vi- 413. His adventures, and the dangers to which he is reduced in his flight with his father, 452, 455, 457. He He is kills a Tribune of the people with his own hand, 481. made Conful with Carbo, vii. 92. He puts to death feveral Senators by the Praetor Damaiippus, 93. He is defeated by Sylla, 95. He caufes himfelf to be killed by one of his flaves, Infulting faying of Sylla upon his youth, ibid. 108. Marius (M.) fent by Sertcrius to MithridatJS, in quality of Proconful, vii. 195. Re acquires great honours in the army of Mithridates, ibid. He is made prifoner by LucuUus, and put
to death, 261.

See Gratidianus. Falfc Marius. See Amatius. Maronsa, a city of Thrace; Philip on his evacuating that country, puts the inhabitants of that city to death, v. 246. Mars (the God) paffes for the father of Romulus aind Remus, i. 9. Prieft, or Flamen, affigned to Mars by Numa, 61. The Ro-

Marius Gratidianus.

mans
'"54-

believe that

that

God

in perfon affilled

them

in battle,

Marfeilles,

Marfeilhans their attachment to the Romans, iii. are revenged by the Romans on the Oxybians and 333. Deceates, v. 510. They obtain pardon of the Romans for the city of Phocffia, their original country, vi. 87. It ftluts its gates againft Cxfar, who befitges it, ix. 61. An account of what pafTed at the fiege, which was conduced by Trebonius, in the abfence.of Csefar, 79. Perfidy charged on the inhabitants with little reafon, 80. (Ja:far's levere, but not cruel behavioUr to
:

They

them,

'81.
ii.

Marfi, a.people of Italy,

440.

Defeated by Valerius Maxinius.

INDEX.
Th? Social war, often called by thc'name of themus, 449. war of the Marfi, vi. 399. Celebrated faying on their valour,
4Q7.
vi.

They

lay

Martha, a Syrian
307.

down their arms, 411. woman, given out by Marcius

for a prophetcfs,

Mafgaba, fon of Mafinifla, goes in an embafly to Rome, and is very honourably received, v. 469. Honours alfo paid to his
brother Mifagenes, 471. Mafaefuli fubmit to Syphax, vi. 195. Mafinifla, fon of Gala, King of one partof Numidia, twice defeats Syphax, King of another pa.rt of it, iv. 74. Charadler of that young prince, 120. He joins with the Romans, 303. He has an interview with Scipio. His admiration of him, 327. He

comes to Lslius, and complains of Scipio's flownefs, 359. join? Scipio on his arrival in Africa, 393. He repofTefTes

He
him-

felf of his kingdom, which had been taken from him by Syphax, 412. He makes himfeif mailer of Cirta, the capital ofSyphax's He marries Sophonifba, 41^. Reproaches of minions, 414. MafinifTa fends Sophonilba poiScipio on that occafion, 417. He is confoled by Scipio, who gives him great fon, 419. praifes and prefents, 420. His ambafladors are well received by the Senate, 423. Scipiogives him the kingdom of Syphax,467. The Romans demand fuccours of him againft Philio," 478. He complies with their demand, 48a. Difpute between him and the Carthaginians, v. 265. The Carthaginian ambafladors complain to the Roman Senate of his ufurpations, 316. Anfwer of his fon GulufTa, 317, and of the Senate, 318. War bevveen him and the Carthaginians. He gains a viiftory, 516." His death, 531. Abridgement of his hillory, vi. 195. His Partition of his dominions, 199. praife, 19S. Mafiva, a young Prince of Numidia, nephew to Mafinifla, fent back without ranfom, and with prefents by Scipio, iv. 242. Meals of the Romans: digreffion upon that fubje<5l, iv. 196. Firll intioduftion of luxury there, v. \^o. Laws parted at dliferent times to regulate the expences of [he table, vi. '72. iVIafter of the horfe, his power, i. 207. Mafter who delivers up his pupils to Camillus, ii. 136. Media ; diftinftion between the two Media's, x. note on pao'c

173-

Megacles, a friend of Pyrrhus, changes arms with him,

is

wounded

and

laid

upon the

earth,

iii.

68.

Megallis, a woman of Damophilis. See Damophilis. Megara, part of the city of Carthage, v, 533, 535. Megara, a city of Greece, taken from Cxfar by Calenus, ix. 203, Terrible adventure of the Megarians, ibid. Melius (Sp.) endeavours to make himfeif King, by diftributing He is killed by Ahala, 46, corn to the people, ii. 44.

Memmius

(C.) Tribune, animates by his harangues the people againft Jugurtha and his accomplices, vi. 217. He formally interrogates that Prince before the people, 223.

i"

Memmius

INDEX.
Memmjus
difputing the Confulfliip with Glaucia, is killed by Saturninus, vi. 345. Memphis, opens its gates to Mithridates of Pergamus, ix. 185. Men, new : what they were among the Romans, ii. 232.

Menapii, a people of GauJ, viii. 290. Subdued by Caefar, 332. Menas, a freedman of Sextus Pompeius, his origin and charafter, He writes to Sextus to defire him to fpin out the negoX. 95. He counfels Sextus to commit a tiation with Oftavius, 109. Generoiity of Sextus, 113. He quits Sex perfLaious aftion. tus, goes into the fervice of Ocflavius, and is well received, 1 30. He faves the fleet of Calvifius in a tempeft, 135. He leaves Oftavius and returns to Sextus, 147. He harraJTes Oflavius's fleet, ibid, He returns again to Oftavius, 148. His death,
202. Menecrates, another freedman of Sextus, fent with a fleet to ravage the coalT: of Campania, x. 132. Afterwards being fent before Calvifius, admiral of Odavius, he periflies in a naval engagement near Cuma, 133. Menenius Agrippa, Conful, i. 197. He reconciles the people to the Senate by a fable, 237. His death. Honours rendered to

250 Menenius (T.) fon of the preceding, being Conful, is defeated by the Hetrurians, i. 304, 30^. He is condemn'd to pay a fine, and dies with grief, 307. Menius (C.) Conful, ii. -^59. Diflator, he abdicates that office
to anfvver the complaints raifed againft him, 4.23.

his poverty,

by the Carthaginians, iii. 124. and caufe a very dangerous war, Conduft of the Romans on that occafion, 250. pirft 249. mercenary foldiers employed by the Romans, iv. 74 Mericus, a Spaniard, delivers up the ifle of Syracufe to Marcellus, iv. 58, and 161. Merula (L. Cornelius) prieft of Jupiter, fubftituted in the room His death, of Cin^a, abdicates the Confulfliip, vi. 465, 473. The priefthood of Jupiter, which he exercifed, con478.
troops

Mercenary

employed

They

revolt againil them,

Mefopotamia,
349MeiTala.

tinued vacant for feventy-feven years, 479. viii. 346. Crafl"us takes feveral cities there, and leaves garrifons in them, ibid. He prepares to return thither,

See Valerius (M.)

Mefl^ala (Valerius) a refugee in the

camp of

Brutus,

is

blotted out

of the number of the ..rofcribed. His praife by Cicero, ix. He refufes to take upon him the command of the van513. ijuiflied party after the deah of Brutus, x. 51. His fine exprefiion to Qilavius, ibid. Lieutenant of Odlavius, he fubdue? the Salafli, 203. (See alfo the note on the fame page.) Conful with Oflavius, 239. He has a command in the battle of Aclium, 251. ^leafures of the Romans, called Miles, infcfibed upon pillars, i ii. 269. Meafures for corn, &c. iii. 207.

INDEX.
Mctapontum and Thurlum go over
Metaurus (Battle of) iv, 274. Metella, wife of Sylla, vii. 38.
to

Hannibal, W. 91.

That faMetelli, extraordinary dignity of that family, vi. 154. mily feems fond of pompous furnames, 170. He gains a famous viiflory Metellus (L. Cecilius) Conful, iii. 195. One hundred over the Carthaginians near Panormus, 196 and forty-two elephants taken, 199, His triumph, 206. Pontifex "Maximus, he faves the Palladium, and other facred things belonging to the Temple of Vefta from the flames, 247. Metellus (L. Cecilius) after the battle of Cannas, endeavours to
quit Italy,
lii.

477.

Qua:ltor,

is

branded by the Cenfors,

Iv.

lieutenant-general with the Confuls LiConful, 296. He takes the part of He exhorts the two Cenfors who Scipio againft Fabius, 377. were enemies to be reconciled, v. 274. Metellus Macedonicus (Q^ Cecilius) Praetor, defeats Andrifcus, who pretended to be the fon of Perfeus, and fends him to Rome, He defeats the army of the Achaians, 5^0. He V. 513, mailer of Thebes and Megara, 551. himfelf makes He in vain makes overtures of peace to the Achaians, ibid His tri-

Metellus

(Qi

Cecilius)

vius and Nero, iv. 282.

umph, 559. Conful, he makes war with the Celtiberians. His exalted merit, vi. 18. ExcefTes committed by him, when he is informed that Ponipey is to fucceed him, 22. Cenfor, Fury of the Tribune he exhorts the citizens to marry, 124. His good fortune, 183. Atinius againft him, 125Metellus
Baleares, vi. 168. Metellus Numidicus (Q^ Cecilius) Conful, is charged with the war againft Jugurtha. His good qualities, vi. 232. He arrives in Africa, and endeavours to re-eftablilh difcipline in the army, 233. He receives deputies from Jugurtha, and engages

Balearicus

(Q^

Cecilius)

fubdues

the

them to deliver up their mafter, 234. He marches his army Numidia with abundance of precaution, ibid. He gains a

into

vicHe ravages the whole flat country, tory over Jugurtha, 235. His new vigilance to prevent 236. He receives a check, 237. befieges He Zama, 238. And raifes the a furprize, ibid. He endeavours during the winter to bring over the fiege, 240.

with

He deftroys the city of Vacca and fvvord, for having maflacred the Roman garrifon, Origin of the enmity between him and Mariu?, 244. By 243. He beats Jugurtha, befieges and which he is afperfsd, 252 His grief on hearing that Matakes the city of Thala, 256. In him. fucceed confequence of which he has named to is rius with Bocchus, deputies He is perfeftiy 258. a conference by well received at Rome and receives the honour of a triumph, 268. He is accufed of extortion. His judges refufe to examine the journal of his adminiftration, 269. Cenfor, his violent contefts with the Tribune Saturninus, ^^j. He alone of the
confidents ef Jugurtha, 241.
fire
i'

^+

Senators

INDEX.
Senators refufes to take an unjuft oath. Baniflied, he retires to Rhodes, 342. Marius oppofes his return, 347. Glorious recall of Metellus, 348. Metellus Pius (Q^Cecilius) obtains the return of his father, and thereby acquires the furname of Pius, vi. 349. He commands an army againft the Samnites, 467, 470. He joins the Conful Odlavius, ibid. He retires intoLiguria, and thence into Africa, 472. Driven out of Africa he retires into Liguria, and then joins Sylla, vii. 82. He is made Conful, 135. His gratitude to the perfon who had occalioned the re-eftablifhment of his father, ibid. He is fent againft Sertorius in Spain, and fuffers very great diiEculties, 171;. He undertakes a fiege, which Sertorius obliges him to raife, ibid. He beats Hirtuleius, one of the lieutenants of Sertorius, 185. Good underlianding between him and Pompey, 189. His immoderate joy on his pretended vidory over Sertorius. Pomp and luxury of the feafts given by him, 190. He fets a price upon the head of Serto'

rius,

192.

His triumph, 203.

He

is

eleded Pontifex Maxi-

mus,

viii. 4.

Metellus (C.) makes a bold reprefentation to Sylla, vii. 132. Metellus (L.) Prsetor of Sicily after Verres, vii. 346. Conful, dies in the beginning of January, 359. Metellus (Q^Ceqilius) furnamed Criticus, Conful eled, in the intereft of Verres, vii. 346. He enters on his office, 352. He is appointed to reduce the i{land of Crete, and executes his commiffion with fuccefs, notwithftanding the oppofition of Pompey, He is fent by the Senate againft Catiline, 517, His tri385.

umph,

viii.

15.

Metellus Nepos, Tribune of the people, hinders Cicero from haranguing the people on his quitting the Confulfhip, vii. 562. He continues to attack Cicero, and is checked by the Senate, viii. 8. In concert with Caefar, he propofes a law to recall Pompey with his army into Italy, to reform and pacify the ftate,ibid. Cato, who was Tribune with him, oppofes the law, 10. His enterprife fails, 13. He is forbid by the Senate to exercife the funftions of his employment, ibid. He is re-eftablifhed, 14. He is defigned Conful, 135. He enters on his office, 137. He is finceiely reconciled to the caufe of Cicero,

Metellus Celer (L. Cecilius) Praetor, faves Rabirius,

vii.

498.

He

levies troops againft Catiline, 517, 559. His letter to Citero, viii. 14. He is named Conful, 32. Indians fent to him by the
ibid. He enters on his OiHce. His chaoppofes the law to affign lands to the foldiers of Pompey, 49. He is put in prifon by the Tribune Flavius. His conftancy, ibid. He dies, not without fufpicion of being poifoned by his wife Clodia, 74. Metellus Scipio, demands the Confulfiiip with Milo and Hypfeus, viii. 389. Pompey fole Conful, marries his daughter Cornelia, Accufed of bribery, he faves the credit of Pompey, who 398.

King of

the Suevi,

radler, 43.

He

names

INDEX.
names him
eftablifhes

for his colleague in the Confulfliip, 408.

He

r<*-

the

Cenforfliip

and the ancient laws.

His mon-

Ilrous deba)ichery, 41 i.

He

brings to

Pompey

the Syrian le-

His tyrannical conduft, ix. 1 18. He comes into Africa and Juba. A perfon of his charafter very imVarus to meet He rejedts proper to condudl a war of that importance, 229. war. cruelty to His a Centuthe advice of Cato to protrafl the His conderion, and feveral veteran foldiers of Ccefar, 244. He is vanquifhed by Csfar, 253. fcenfion to Juba, 248. Intire defeat of the army, 256. To preFlight of the chiefs. vent his falling into Casfar's hands, he falls on his own fword,
gions.

279. Metellus (L.) Tribune, refills Ca^far, who breaks open the publick treafury of Rome, ix. 57. Metius Sufletius, General of the Albans, propofes an accommodaHis fpeech, i. 80. His treachery tion with Tullus Hoflilius. and punilhment, 86. Meton, makes inefFeftual reprefentations to the Tarentines, his
fellow-citizens,
iii.

59.

Metrodorus, a philofopher, made choice of by Paulus Emilius for a tutor to his children, v. 446. Metrodorus of Sepfis, a friend of Mithridates, is put to death by
that Prince, vii. 280. Mettius (M.) fent by Casfar to Arioviftus, is put in chains, viii. 206, and fet a liberty after the vidory, 209. Metulum, the capital city of the Japodes, befieged by Odavius. Bravery and intrepidity of that General, x. 201. Mezentius, King of Etruria, joins with Turnus in the war againft
jfEneas,
i.

6.

Micipfa, fon of Mafini/Ta, mounts the throne, vi. 199. He fends the fiege his nephew, to ferve at of Numantia, Jugurtha, 200. He adopts him at his return, 202. At the point of death he His death, 204. exhorts his fons to live in perfeft amity, ibid. Milo (T. Annius) Tribune of the people, undertakes to put a flop He accufes him, viii. 139, 140. He is to the fury of Clodius. Pompey pleads for him, himfelf accufed before the people, Confulfhip. Wiflies of the befl citiHe demands the 233. Credit of his competitors. zens for him, 389. He kills CloContinuation of the troubles, 391. dius, 390. He returns to Rome, and continues to demand the Confulfhip, 392. Salluil, then Tribune, his perfonal enemy, 394. He is protected by the Tribune Ccelius, ibid. Admirable zeal of Cicero for him, He is accufed. Pompey aflifts at his trial with his 395. troops, 401. Cicero pleads for him, 402. Condemned, he retires to Marfeilles. His faying about the oration that Cicero compofed after his trial, 406. He joins with Cailius a^'ainft Caefar. His death, ix. 101. Minatius Magius his attachment to the Romans, at the time of the war of the Allies, vi. 401. Mines fubterranean the firll time that they were ufed by the ji^omans, i. 98.
:

Mines

r, ,; Mines of Spain, iri.'T24.". Minucia, a giiilty veftal, puniihed, 11.7363. Minucius (L.) Canful, :is.hefieged in his camp by the Equi, i, Abd delivered : by Quintius Cincinnat\is the Diftaor, -364.
.

the CcxnfalGiip^ 368. city in a famine, ii-43, 45. He difMinucius covcrs the pernicious defigns of Sp. Melius, ibid. His recomibid
'

He abdicates
(Lv) Prasfeit

of the

pence,49^- -Minucius' Rafas (M.) Conful,

'
'

He is named General of 294. the horfe to Fabiiis the Diftator, 419. His charafter, 424. Hisfedilious fpeech againil Fabius, 426. He gains a fmall advantage over Hannibal, 439. The people make his authority equal to that of the Di^lator, 440. His pride and infolence, He is beaten by Hannibal, and faved by Fabius, 444. 442'. ov^n^ his fault, and- returns to obedience, 446. He is killed He at the battle of Cannas, 473. Minucius Rufus (Q^) Conful, is delivered from an extreme danger among the Ligurians by the hardinefs and courage of the Numidian"!, v. 21. ^ Minucius Myrtilus (L.) is delivered up, together withL. Manlius, to the CarthagirJnns, for having infuked their ambafladors,
iii,

V. 197.

Minu'-ius Bafilus,

fpiracy againit him, ix. 350.

-

formerly attached to Caefar, joins in the conHis death, 490.

Mifagenes. SeeMafgaba. Mithridates, Evergetes, father of the great Mithrldates, vii. 3. Mithridates, King of Pontus, fends ambafladors to Rome, who His ancefare in ful ted by the Tribune Saturninus, vi. 338. Comets, pretended prefages of his tors and nobility'i vii. 3; grandeur, 4. He is e-xpbfed in^his infancy to the plots of his They turn to his advantage, ;j. His cruelty, guardians, ibid. was a great "eater and drinker, ibid. His ambition and He 6. He projedls for a long time the war with the Rotonquefts, 7. mans, 8. He divides Paphlagonia with Nicomedes, 9. He extirpates thie race of the Kings of Cappadocia, and puts one of Nicomedes oppofes his fons in poffeflion of that kingdom, 10. a competitor to his fon,- M, -He dethrones Nicomedes, fon of Nicomedes Phi lopa tor'.- A^liilius is fent into' Afia Oil that oc"cafion-,- 13-. 'He fbrms^'fl povvefrfiil" league againft the Rom.ans, *' 14." His Dom-ihion3;ariBinVaded-by-Nicomedes at the fbllicitaibid. '^"^Htf'fcrtds-his complaints to the Romans, oTAquilius', tion aiifWer to him, 16.= He dethrones Arioafrfbiguous Their 1-5. barzanfes,- and-ftn^s' ai'-hew embafly ti) the Roman Generals

'

Tummonirig them
'

befo'i^e

the Senate, -17.

They
His

declare that

their orders are "to aft againft him, ibid.

forces, 18.

His

'

Generals defeat Nicdrnedes, ibid.. He defeats Aquilius, 19. The whole country remains open to him. He gains the hearts of the penple by a popular behaviour and liberality, ibid. His fpeech io the foldiers before he leads them agliinil the Romans, AH Afia Minor fubmits to him, 23. He takps'Oppius JO. prifoner, and afterwards Aqililius, whom he" treats very barbarouHy,
2

INDEX.
a cruel punifhment upon him, ibid. He marries Monima, 24. The Senate and people of Rome declare war againft him. He mafTacres 80,000 Romans in one day, 25. He befieges Rhodes, and i? obliged to raife the fiege, 26. Two remarkable circumftances in his (;haraAer, 28. His
roufly,

and

infllfts

meafures

for

puihing the war and

invading Greece,

ibid.

Hiftory of Ariftion the Sophift makes him mafter of Athens, that Sophirt, zg Progrefs of his Generals ftopt by Brutus
Sura, 33. Sylla Pretended omens of his bad fuccefs, 31;. marches againft his General, 43, and entirely defeats them, 46, The King fends a new army into Greece, 49. He is defeated before Orchomenus, qo. He puts to death the Tetrarchs of the Gallo-Grecians, and cruelly treats the inhabitants of Chio, Cruelties which he exercifes Several cities of Afia revolt. 54. on them, 56. He fends Archelaus to Sylla, to enj6r on a negotiation, ibid. Haughty anfwer of that Roman, 57. He is reduced to extreme danger by Fimbria, 62. His interview with Sylla, where the peace is concluded, 63. He fuppreffes the revolt of the people of Colchis, by giving them his fon for their King; and then kills him, 136. Occafion of the fecond war between Mithridates and the Romans, vii. 136. Events of the war not confiderable, 137. End of the war, 139. He fends an embaffy to Sertorius, to aflc his alliance. Haughty anfwer of Sertorius, 193. Surprife of
Mithridates. Third war,
peditions.

The
vii.

alliance

is

concluded, 195.
exercifes his troops

242.

He

by

divers ex-

Tigranes in concert with him invades Cappadocia,

Mithridates declares himfelf openly, and makes more judicious preparations than in the preceding Wars, ibid. He defeats the Conful Cotta, 250. After having engaged in a battle with LucuUus, he decamps and befieges Cyzica, 252. Famine in his army, 257. He is obliged to fly. Difafter of his army, 259. He Ihuts himfelf up in Nicomedia, 260. He fends a fleet into Italy, which is entirely defeated by LucuUus, ibid. In retiring into his kingdom he meets with a violent ftorm, 261. He makes himfelf mafter of Heraclea in his paf(^g, 262. He gains fome advantages over the Romans. Noble fpirit of a Roman officer, prifoner. Generofity of the King, He lofes two battles, 267. Confternation of his troops. 265. His flight, 268. He efcapcs with great difficulty, and retires into Armenia, 269. His forts and caftles furrender to LucuU lus, 270. He puts to death Roxan^ and Statira, bis fifters alfo Berenice and Monima, 271. His interview and reconciliation with Tigranes, 280. Whom he rejoins after his defeat, He fends letters by the ambalfadors of Tigranes to the 294. King of the Parthians, 297. He is reftored, 306. He gains a confiderable viftory over Triarius, 307. Situation of the affairs of Mithridates when Pompey is fent to

243.

in the war againft him, vii. 387. He ftands by himand without allies, 392. Negotiation begins between him ^nd Pompey. He fwears never to break the peace with the
felf,

command

Romans^

I5

X.

He lofes his cavalry and is obliged to retire, vanquiftied in a battle during the night, 395. His 394. He is He refolves to march round the Euxine fea, in flio-ht, 396. His fecret memoirs fall into order to gain the Bofphorus, 397. CoUeftion of obfervations on the hands of Pompey, 411, He arrives at the Bofphorus, -phyfic made by his order, ibid.
Romans, 593.
and caufes Macchares his fon to be killed, 415. His odd kind of juftice, 416. He caufes Xiphares to be murdered, ibid. Ambaffadors to Pompey, without eiFeft. He prepares to renew the war, 417. He forms feveral enterprizes which do not fucHe conceives thoughts of marching into Italy by ceed, 418. Murmur of his troops, 419, who revolt to Pharnaccs land. The revolt becomes general. He is befieged in his fon, 420. His imprecations againft the citadel of Panticapeum, 421. His death, 423. Praifes given to that Prince, Pharnaces, 422. 424. Judgment upon his charadler and merit, ibid. Joy in the Roman army on receiving the news of his death, 426. Mithridates, fon of the great Mithridates, is vanquifhed and driven out of Bithynia by Fimbria, vii. 62. He is put to death by
order of his father, 415. Mithridates, King of the Medes, ally of the great Mithridates and Tigranes, vii. 301. Mithridates, fon of Phraates, and brother of Orodes, King of the
Parthians, viii. 272, 344.^ Brings confiderable fuccours Mithridates, ofPergamus, ix. 184. to Cssfar, in the Alexandrian war, ibid. Mithridates, friend of Monefes, gives Antony advice of the bad New advice which he gives <iefigns of the Parthians, x. 186. recompence, 188. his to Antony, Mithrobarzanes, fent by Tigranes, with orders to bring to him

"LucuUus,

is

killed in the battle, vii. 287.

ifle

Mitylene, capital of the

of Lefbos,

vii.

23.

Aquilius,

who

fick there, is delivered up by the Lefbians to Mithridates, Pompey grants liberty to that city in honour of Q^heoibid.

was

Cornelia receives phanes the Mitylenian, his friend, 438. Pompey in that city after the battle of Pharfalia, ix. 15 i, Modena ; D. Brutus retires into that city, and is there befieged by Antony, ix. 421. Hirtius and Odavius approach that place. Pigeons made ufe of to carry and bring difpatches, ix. 447.
forced to raife the fiege, 450. Monefes, a powerful lord among the Parthians, quits the court of Honours and Phraates, and takes refuge with Antony, x. 170. rewards bellowed on him by Antony, who confcnts to his return again to Phraates, 172. He apprizes Antony of the bad defigns of the Parthians, 186. Moniraa marries Mithridates, vii. 24. Her death, 271. Money: Servius Tullius is the firft King of Rome who ftampt an Silver money coined for the impreffion on the coin, i. 122.

Antony

is

firft

time,

iii.

ill.

Rome, 450.
iv.

Gold money coined

Digreflion on the changes made in it at for the firit time at Rcmc,

279.

Alterations in the

money, decree

to fix its value, vii.

74-

D E
caufe

X.
the gold and filver to be coined, 93. Money
all
i.

74.

Yoang Marius and Carbo

3.

ornaments in the temples at coined by order of Brutus, x.

Rome

Mount, Sacred

the people retire thither,

234.

The

revolted

Decemviri retire thither, 412. Morini, a people of Gaul, viii. 290. Mother of the Gods, called Idroa Mater, is tranfported from Peffoldiers againll the

finus to

Rome,

iv.

366.

Scipio Nafica, declared the worthieft

man

of the whole commonwealth, is charged to receive her, Prodigy on that occafion with regard to a Roman lady, 368.

ibid.

Mourning: how long it was to laft, i. 62. Mucia, the wife of Pompey, is divorced
vii.

for her bad behaviour, She marries Scaurus, 440. She is forced by the peo439. ple to engage her fon Sextus Pompeius, to enter into an accommodation with the Triumviri, x. 109. Mucius (C.) Scsvola, endeavours to kill Porfena, i. 186. He thrufts his right hand into a pan of burning coals, 190. Mucius Scevola. See Scevola. Mummius Achaicus (L.) Prsetor, commands in the war in Ulterior Spain, and acquires the honour of a triumph, vi. 5. Conful, he arrives before Corinth, and continues the fiege, v. jiji. He

defeats the befieged,

who

rafhly offer

him

battle,

552

He

makes himfelf mailer of

553.

the city, burns and entirely deftroys it, His difintereftednefs, 555. His fimplicity with regard

to the ftatues and paintings which he fent to Rome, 556. His triumph, 559. Cenfor with Scipio Emilius, he executes his office poorly, vi. 70. Munatius Plancus. See Plancus. Munda, a city of Spain, near which Csefar gained a great vifiorv over young Pompey, ix. 313.

Murcus.

See Statins.
(L. Licinius) in the
battle

Murena
left

of Ch?Eronea commands the

of Sylla's army, vii. 4J. He engages in the fecond war againft Mithridates, and oL-a*ns a triumph, 135. Occafion of that war, ibid. Events of i; not confiderable, 137. End of

Murena

139. preceding, (L. Licinius,) fon of i.\ marian Tyrannion his prifoner, vii. 274.
;

it,

and obtains it, 511. He Cato, and defended by Cicero, 526.

Confulfliip,

is

makes the gramHe demands the accufed of bribery by

is

He

acquitted, 528.

He

enters

on his

office, viii. 2.

He

refcues

Cato from great

danger, 12. Mutines, a brave and able officer, fent by Hannibal into Sicily, Hanno becomes jealous of him, and treats him univ. 62. He delivers up the city of Agrigentum to the generoufly, 172. Romans, J73. He is made a Roman citizen, 212. Myle, a city of Sicily, a famous naval victory gained by the Romans near the coaft of that city, iii. 159. Defeat of cjextus , Pompeius between Myle and Naulochus, x. 153.
Mvor.nefus,

INDEX.
Myonnefas, a
of Ionia, near which the fleet of AntlocBus^ Polyxenidas, is defeated, v. 126. Myra, a city of Lycia, fubmits to Brutus, x. 2. Myfians, the exploits of M. CrafTus againll that people, x. 20?. Mytiftrata, a city of Sicily, taken from the Carlhaginiafts by tpe Romans, iii. 166.
city

commanded by

N.

NAbis,
iv.

521.

tyrant of Sparta, makes an alllstnce with tire Romans, Upon the report of the ten commiflioners retutn-

ed from Greece, the Senate leaves Qaintius at liberty to aft as he (hall fee proper, with regard to that tyrant, v. 3. The war againft him is refolved on in the affembly of the allies, fummoned at Corinth, ibid. The tyrant prepares to defend Sparta againft Quintius. His cruelty to the citizens, 5. Interview with Quintius, 7. Conditions of peace propofed to him, ^. He refufes them^ Quintius renews the fiege with vigour, ibid. Nabis fubjipUs, and obtains peace, 1 Difcontent of the allies, 12. liivg;ienced by the JEto\\a.ns, he renews the war, 61. He is defeated by Philopasrtienj 68* He is killed by Alexamencs, chief of the ^tolians, 72.
1 .

l^ajvis the poet,

iii.

257.

Nail driven into the temple of Jupiter by the Dictator, ii. 23$. Names, obfervations on the names of the Romans, ii. 204. Scipio is the firft who takes for his furname that of the people which he fubduedj iv. 470. Naples. See Palepolis. The inhabitants diFef a prefent to the

Romans to afliil them in the war. It is refufedj iii. 453, Vain attempts of Hannibal upon that city, 514. Narbonne, foundation of that city, vi 176. Naupadlus befieged by the Conful Acilius, who raifes the fiege oa the remonftrances of Quintius, v. 101. Nemean games, Quintius prefides there, v. 11. Neptune Equefter, games celebrated by Romulus to his honour, Mithridates caufes a fet of \Vhite horfes to be thrown ini. 33. to the fea, in honour of Neptune, vii. 244. Nero (C. ClaudiuO does not execute the orders of Marcellus in He is fent into Spain after f' e battle againll Hannibal, iv. 24. Afdrubal inclofed, efcapes the defeat of the two Scipio's, 138. He is defigned Conful with out of his hands by fraud, ibid. M. Livius, 259. He is reconciled to him, 260. They make Nero gains a victory over levies with new feverities, 261. advantage, Second 268. He intercepts the Hannibal, 265. Bold defign which he letters from Afdrubal to Hannibal. forms on that occafion, 269. He fets out to join his colleague, Alarm at Rome on receiving that news, ibid. He de270. He arrives in the camp of clares his defign to his troops, 271 Livius, and joins his troops to thofe of his colleague, 272. Battle with Afdrubal in w])ich that General's army is defeated, Nero returns to Jiis camp, 276. Inand himfelf killed, 273.
.

credible

I
credible joy at

N D EX.

caafed by the news of that viftory, 277. He throws Afdrubal's head into the camp of Hannibal, 279. Triumph of the two Confuls, ibid. Refleftions on the enterHis extravaprize of Nero, and the condnft of Liviu?, 282. gafit and indecent condaft in the -Genforfbip, 397. Nero (Tib.) hufband of Livia, and father of the Emperor TibeHe flies out of Italy, x. 76. rius. See Claudius Nero (T.)

Rome

He

joins

Antony, and returns

to

Italy,

127.

He

yields his

wife Livia to Oftavius when child, 128. Nerva (CocceiUs ) ;> See Cocceius. Casfar mcrches againft them. Their Nervi, a people of Gaul. pride. They prepare to receive ;the Roman arniy, viii; 2r4,
fhe

was

fix

months gone with

'

.See.Belg^andCajfar. Nefartium, ^a'city of Iftria^! taken by the Conful CIddllis. Horri..j>]<.u*. ble defpair of the inhabitants, vJ 5102. " ^^ Nexi: a name given to thedebtors, and why, ii, 279.'''' vii.'g^" He divides Nicomedes Philopator, King of Bikhymf,Paphlagonia with Mithridates, 9. He oppofe^ competitor to the fon of Mithridates, who is made Kingtif Ca]ppadocia, 10. His death, 13.' Nicomedes, fon of the preceding, is dethroned by Mithridates vii. 13. Aquillius is lent by the Senate to reftor^ him, ibid.. He is induced by Aquillius to msk-e an inCiirffon into the dominions ofi Mithridates 14. The Reman Generals affemble He is overcome by the Gene^ three armies to defend him, 17. He is re-eftabliflied by Sylla, 58. 63, rals of Mithridates, 18. Caefar in his youth refides at the coiirt of that Prince, 228, AX his death hemakbs the Roman people his heir, 243. Nicomedia, city, vii. 262. Nicopolis founded by Pompey, vii. 398. Two cities of that name founded by Oftaviijs, x. 313, 314. his prediftion concerning Auguftus, vii. co8. Nigidius Figulus Niiibis, a city of Armenia, taken by Lucullus, vii: 302. Nobility: origin of the firft Roman nobility, i. 19 In what' it coniifted among the Romans, and its privileges, ii. 232. Nola vain attempts of Hannibal upon thut city, iii. 514. The Carthaginians are beaten by Marcellus, before that place, 5 16. The citizens punifhed for their treachery, 517. The difcord continues between the Senate and the people of Nola, 550, Marcellus defeats the army of Hannibal the fecond time, before
'

'

'

'

'

'

that city, 554. ~ Nonius (Aul.) competitor with Saturninus for the Tribunertiip,
:

is

killed

by him,

vi,

540.

Nonius, profcribed for an Opal, which he poffefTed, ix. 515. Nonius, Centurion, killed in a fedition of Ottavius's foldiers,'
X. 63.
-;

Norbanus, Tribuneof the people,

mpned
J

to take his trial, vi. 362.

..iiittcd,

Conful, he is 363. b;:ndons Italy, 97. His death, 130.

and is fumDefended by Antony and acdefeated by Sylla, vii. 85. He

raifes a fedi-ion,

Norbanu^,

INDEX.
Norbanus, Lieutenant of the Triumviri in the war againft Brutus and Cafiius, x. 19. He and Saxa are difpofTefled of a pofl which they occupied, by Brutus and Caflius, 21, 23, 24. Norbanus Flaccus (C.) Conful, x. 117. Numa Pompilius, fecond King of Rome. His charaftcr, i. 54. The people with one confent unite to make him King, ibid. He He at lad accepts it by the remonrefufes the crown, 55.
cifes,

He eftablifhes feveral religious exerllrances of his father, 56. He builds a temple to Janus, 59. His converfation 58.
nymph
Egeria, 60.

with the

He

reforms the calendar, ibid.

He

He makes regulates the days called Fafti and Nefafti, 61. regulates the miniflry ibid. He and the Fontiits, and Pfiells
He eftabli/hes the Salian priefts, fundiions of the veltals, 63. arms, 67. or heralds at The heralds for The feciales, 66. He builds a temple to Faith, the ceremonies of religion, 69.

He eftablifhes feafts in honour of the God Terminus, 70. promotes refpeft for religion, ibid. He diHributes the peo* To banifh poverty pie according to their arts and trades, 72He infpires all he recommends the cultivation of lands, ibid. His death, 75. He was not a difciwith a love of peace, 74. His funeral, ibid. His books buried ple of Pythagoras, ibid. tomb difcovered in the ground, v. 269. His with him, 76. Spain, bcfieged by Pompey, who is obliged Numantia, a city of He continues the fiege during the winter, to raife it, vi. 23. The Numantines conclude a and thereby ruins his army, 30. treaty of peac&with him, 31. Popillius is defeated byaftratagem Mancinus the Conful arrives before the before that place, 35. place, retires in the night, and is purfued by the Numantines, He makes with them an infamous treaty, which is nego36. Ti. Gracchus, 37. It is decreed that Mancinus Ihould by tiated They refufe to receive him, 42. be delivered up to them, 41. Vain efforts of the befiegScipio, 46. The city is befieged by They implore the afliitance of the Arvaci, 49. They fend ed.
ibid.

He

maflacre the deputies, 51. TerMany kill themfelves, 52. The city is entirely demolifhed, ibid. Refleflions on their courage, and on the ruin of their city, ibid. Numidia, Numidians (See Syphax, Mafinifla, Micipfa, Jugurtha.) by their courage and boldnefs, they deliver Minucius from ex-Defcription of their treme danger among the Ligurians, v. 21. 22. Their reduced horfes, country to a Roman properfons and
to

demand peace,

50.

They

rible famine.

They

furrender, ibid.

vince by Caefar, ix. 280. Numitor driven from tlve throne

blifhed by

by Amulius, Romulus and Remus, 12.

i.

8.

And

re efta-

Numitorius, uncle of Virginia, i. 405. Nyfa, After of Mithridaies and widow of NicomeJes,

vli.

270,

O.
military, how OAth rible oath which

refpeded by the Romans,

i.

234.

Terto

the Samniies caufe their foldicrs to take,

with the frightful ceremonies

made

ufe of,

iii.

21.

Oath

ob-

ferve

INDEX.
ferve the a6is of Csefar, ix. 523. Origin of the ciiftom of renew* ing every year the oath in the name of the reigning Emperor

and

his predeceflbrs, ibid.

filler

of Odtavius, marries Antony, x. 100. She goes to Athens with her hulband, 115. She reconciles Antony with Odlavius, and returns into Italy, 144. ftatue erefted to her. Portico of Oflavia, 208. She kaves Rome to follow her hufband, 218. But cannot obtain permiffion to vifit him. She returns. Her noble fentiments, 220. She is ordered by Antony to quit his hoiife at Rome, and obeys with tears, 231. Care which fhe takes of Antony's children, 293. Oftavius, or Odlavianus, afterwards named Auguftus, his birth. Pretended predid^ion of his future grandeur, vii. 508. He obtains pardon for Agrippa's brother, of Caefar his great uncle, ix. 282. He is ferviceable to feveral with Casfar, who takes care to ihew him in public, 319. He is defighed mafter of the horfe by his uncle, and in thut quality to accompany him in the war againll the Parthians, 327. He is adopted by his uncle's heir will, and appointed his for three parts of his efFels, 374, From Apollonia, where he lirft heard of his uncle's death, he comes into Italy, and takes upon him the name of Csfar. AfFeftion of the foldiers for him, 392. He tries his fkill by impofing on Cicero, who joins him, 394. His mother is not able to prevail on him to renounce his fucceflion to Csefar, 39.6. His firll interview with Antony, who receives him very ill, ibid. He wants to be made Tribune of the people, but Antony prevents it, 397. He gains the people by his liberality, and the fealls which he gives them, 398, Comet during his games, 399. He
Oflavia,

him by Caefar. DifficulTheir quarrel and reconciliation. He is accufed by Antony of an attempt to have him affaffinated, He gains his father's 400. They have rccourfe to arms, 401. veterans, 403. He adembles troops, the greatelt part of which But he recovers them by his prudence and mildforfake him. nefs, 416. Two of Antony's legions come over to him, ibid. His forces. He offers his fervice to the Senate againft Antony. They accept his offer, 417. His laft engagements with Cicero, Decree of the Senate, which authorifes his military pre419. He is invefled with the tittle and authority of parations, 420. Pro-pr2etor, 437. He receives the honour of a ftatue, ibid. Cicero becomes furety for him to the Senate, ibid. Oftavius, together with Hirtius, approaches Modena, befiegBeing left to guard the camp he is ated by Antony, ix. 447. Oppofite protacked by L. Antonius, whom he defeats, 449. The Senata jefls and interefts of Oftavius and the Senate, 456. gives Oftavius a pretext, which he makes ufe of to explain himHe invites Lepidus and PoUio to join with him, falf, 458. The Senate rejefts He afpires to the Confulfhip, 460. 459. recourfe to him againft afterwards has demands, And his 462. Antony and Lepidus, 466. Oftavius founds his troops, and findVol. X. Gg
fells all his

inheritance which was left

ibid.

ties ftarted

by Antony,

INDEX.
finding

them difpofed againft the Senate, he takes the occafxon ufurp the ConfuKhip, 467. to Oftavius enters Rome with his troop;, ix. 470. He takes poffefiion of the public treafure, and recompenfes his foldiers, 47?. He retires from Rome, and is named Conful, ibid. His age at that time, 472. He legally condemns thofe who had killed CasHe comprehends in the fanr; condemnation Sext. far, 484.
Pompeiiis and Cn. Domitius, who had no part ia the adion, He 486. He puts to death Q^Gallius Pra;tor of the ciry, 487. makes the Senate revoke their decrees againft Antony and LeOclavius, Lepidus, and Antony united together, pidus, 488. interview in the ifland of Reno, ibid. They wranTheir 490. they ought to profcribe. Exchange of gle about thofe whom Cicero's head for thofe of the uncle of Antony and the brother of Lepidus, 491. Provinces of the Triumviri, ix. Projesfl of the Triumvirate. A marriage between Odavius and the daughter of An492. Prelude to the maflacre great tertony is refoh'fd upon, 494. Entry of the death of the Conful Pedius, ibid. ror in Rome Law to eftablifh the Triumthree Generals into Rome, 495. Edid of the profcription, ibid. The profcription virate, ibid. of the Triumvirate more numerous than that ofSylla, 498. SeAiFt(!:lat!on in veral profcribed on account of their riches, 500. the choice of names to be placed at the head of the profcription, Odlavius as cruel as his colleagues, or rather more fo, ibid. Why Odtavius Detail of the profcription, 501, & fcq. ibid. was fpared by the writers on the fubjecl of the death of Cicero, Tax impofed upoa 506. Exaftions of the Triumvirate, 517. decreed to the crowns Triumviri, 522. ladies, Civic the 518. of C'sefar, and make others do Who fwear 10 obferve the aifls And appoint magiftrates for fcveral years, ibid. the fame, 523. Odavius is worlled in a naval combat with Sextus Pompeius, and in vain attempts a defcent upon Sicily, x. 20. He pafFes into Greece to join Antony, and is taken ill at Dyrrachium, 21. As foon as his health will permit he continues his march, and with Antony encamps oppofite to, and at a fmall dillance from Brutus and CalFius. Difadvantage of their fituation, 26. Firfl The death of Caflius gives the fubattle ofPhilippi, 27, 31. Oclavius, who was ill, had but periority to the Triumviri, 34. Danger which he efcapes, ibid. little fhare in the adlion. A powerful reinforcement fcnt to the 1 riumviri dellroyed by the fleet of Brutus, 39. The Triumviri gain the viftory, Second battle of Philippi. Oftavius fends the head of Brutus to Rome, 48. X. 41. His cruelty, 50. The remains of the vanquifhed army furrender to the IViumviri, 51. Fine cxpreflion of Mefiiila to Odaviuf, ibid. Oflavius .ind Antony make a new div.fion of the provinOdlavius returns into Itaces to the prejudice of Lepidus, 57. ly, and takes upon him the dillrib'.''-inn of the lands promifed to the veterans, Acvantagcs which he iound in this fundion, 58. The imnienfe number of thofe he had tp recompenfc, ibid. Oc~
:

tavius's

INDEX.
Report of his death, eg. tavlus*s indifpofition at Brundufium. AdHis danger from the mutinous difpofitions of the veterans. L. Antonius and drefs with which he calms them, 6i, & feq.
Secret moFulvia intermeddle in the diftribution of lands, 64. againft him, 65. His fraitlefs attive which animated Fulvia His arcfulnefs and conftancy, ibid. tempts to fhun a war. He fubmits his differences with Lucius to the arbitration of the veDifference between his foldiers, and thofe teran foldiers, 68. He befieges Lucius in Perufia. of the party of Lucius, 69. Lucius goes to him, in order to furrender at His aftivity, 71. Good-natured exprefTions of Odavius, who nedifcretion, 73. His cruelty at Peruverthelefs orders bloody executions, 74.
fia,
71;.

the defeat of Lucius, Oflavius becomes mafler of all Italy, He fends Lucius into Spain with the title of Pro conful, 78. He marries Scribonia, fiierofLibo, father in-law of Sextus, 94. Broils between him and Antony, 96. Negotiation of Cocceius Nerva, who reconciles them, 97. Treaty conX. y6.

By

cluded between him and Antony by Maecenas, Pollio, and Cocceius, 99. Odavia his filler marries Antony, 100. The little triumph decreed to the two Generals, ibid. Confufion and diforder introduced by the Triumviri into all the liates, x. 106. Infurreftion of the people againfl the Triumviri, on account of a famine caufed by Sext. Pompeius, who is Furious tumult, in which Odtavius runs mailer of the fea, 107. arifqueofhis life, and is delivered by Antony, 108. Fead given by Odavius, a new fubjeft for complaint, ibid. He confents to a negotiation with Sextus, 109. Conference between Conditions of the treaty, mi. the three Generals, no. Extreme joy which this peace occafion:, 113. The three chiefs enConfufion and contempt of ail the tertain one another, ibid. laws at Rome, 127. Odlavius falls in love with Livia, ibid. Divorces Scribonia the fame day fhe is delivered of Julia, and marries Livia, who is ceded to him by her hufband when fhe is Tibeiius and Drufus fix months gone with child, ibid. 12S. brought up in his palace, 129. Caufes of the rupture between Odlavius and Sextus, x. izg. Mcnas, a freedman of Sextus, goes into the fervice of Oftavius, Preparations of Odtavius for the war, 132. 130. A naval bat-* tie near Cuma, 133. Another near the rock of Scylla, where Odlavius's fleet is very much damaged. His courage, 134. tempeft compleats the ruin of his naval forces, 135. He takes time to make new preparations, 136. Continuation of the Triumvirate for five years, 137. Odavius demands the junction of Antony and Lepidus againft Sextus, 142. Antony comes into Italy as his enemy. New differences between them. They are reconciled by the treaty of Tarentum, 144. Oflavius renews the war againft Sextus. Luftration of his fleet, 146. His fleet is Ihattered by a ftorm, 147. His firinncf:, ibid. Agrippa, his admiral, gains an advantage over Sextus, J49. He himlelf is defeated at lea by Sextus, ibid. And is in very great danger,

Gg

150.

INDEX.
"ico.
Iburce,

Laft battle, in which Sextus Oftavius corrupts the 152.

is

vanquifhed without rcdif-

army of Lepidus, and

pofleiTes

him of
158.

penfes,

He punifhes and recomthe triumvirfhip, 154. He appeafes it Mutiny among his troops, 159,

He by a condudl mixed with indulgence and firmnefs, ibid. crown, He remains mailer roftral 161. of a Agrippa gives to of Africa and Numidia, provinces 162. Sicily, and the Epocha of the folid eftablilliment of the grandeur of Oftavius, and, at the fame time, of his new fyftem of conduft more gentle and moderate, x. 162. He embellifhes Rome, 166. His wars AgripPerfonal bravery of Oftavius, 201. in Illvricum, 200. pa and Maecenas his principal friends, confidents and miniilers, He creates new patricians, 209. Conful for the fecond 207. He permits Oftavia to go and vifit Antony her time, 218. Artful views of the young Triumvir, ibid. hufband. Oftavius profits by the falfe fteps of Antony, whom he enAffairs grov/ deavours to render odious to the Romans, x. 222. Reciprocal reproaches, defperate between him and Antony. He gives a general permiflion of leave to all who chufe 223. He profits by the inailion of Antony;,, 226. Antony, join to with regard to the preparations for the war, 231. Plancus quits

Oflavius, in order the party of Antony, and joins him, 23Z. reads will in the Senate, and behis odious, to render Antony He caufes decree to a be pafTed which fore the people, 233. deprives Antony of the Confulfhip, and the triumviral power, 237. His political conduft to caufe the war to be declared againft Cleopatra, ibid. All Italy engaged by oath to ferve 0Preparations of Odavius, ibid. tavius againft Antony, 238.
Jiis third Confulihip.
"

'

His forces by fea and knd, 239. He anfwers who it by another, Antony, to challenge 241, fends a He affembles his whole forces at Brundufium, ibid. He detaches Agrippa with a fquadron to Jiarrafs the enemy, 242. Odavius fets out with all his forces, and arrives at the proHe is very near furprifing the montory of Aftium, X. 242. Small flcirenemy, 243. Pofition of the two armies, 244. Perfons of note who pafs from the camp of Anliiifhes, 245. He is very near becoming tony to that of Oflavius, ibid. of A6tium, 250, Battle Vi dory of Antony, of mailer 247, land forces, Antony's after delay of feven a Odavius, 254. conqueror, ibid. He difpatches M^cenaa days, fubmit to the He is in no hurry to purfue Anin purfuit of Antony, 25;. He returns thanks to Apollo, ibid. Precautions which tony. He caufes the new he takes with regard to the troops, 256. His clemency with regard to impofitions to be taken off, ibid. the vanquifhed, 257. He pardons Metellus at the intreaties of his
his clemency, 259. He arrives at Athens, Mutiny of his foldiers in Italy. 260. Greece, and time, goes thither and quiets the mutifourth he the Conful for his efFeds to fale, 261. expofes all And neers, ibid. Odavius returns into Afia, and advances towards Egypt, x. Cleopatra endeavours to make herfelf beloved by him, 261.

fon, 2q8.

Motives of

relieves

and-

INDEX.
and he endeavours to impofe upon her, 269. Negotistions, 270. He puts to death Alexas, who bepardons Herod, 274. He pafles through Judjea, and is magnitrayed Antony, 275. Pelufium is delivered up to ficently received by Herod, ibid. He approaches tothe treachery of Cleopatra, him by 276. wards Alexandria. Antony's laft efforts, 277. And his forces by land and fea are defeated by Odtavius, 278. Odavius fheds He fends Proculcius to Cleotears at hearing of his death, 281. He enters Alexandria with the patra to take her alive, 282. He puts to death Aiuyllus and Caefaphilofopher Areus, 283. He caufes the body of Antony to be given to Cleorio, 284. He vifits her, 285. patra, who pays it the laft honours, ibid. of Canidius, and the Senator Parma, He puts to death Caffius

He

Ovinius, 294.
declares he has burnt Antony's papers, butnevertheHis conduft with regard to keeps part ofthem, x. 295. the children of the Kings and Princes of the Eaft, which he found at Alexandria, ibid. Immenfe riches carried by him out of Singular precautions which he takes with regard Egypt, 296. He vifits Alexander's to the government of that province, 297. pafTes the winter in Afia, tomb, 298. He leaves Egypt, and His conduft with regard to the troubles between Phra299. ates, and Tiridates, ibid. A confpiracy of young Lepidus rendered abortive by Msccenas, 300. Honours decreed to him Oftavius Conful for the fifth time. by the Senate, x. 302. New privileges conferred upon him, They rank him among the number of the Gods, 304. 303. The motives of his yielding to receive all thefe honours, efpelefs

Odavius

He fufiers them in the provinces to ereft ciaily the laft, ibid. temples to his father and to himfelf, 305. He fhuts the temple of Janus, 306. The Augur of Safety is renewed, 307. Triumphs of Odlavius, ibid. His triumphs are beheld with a fincere joy, temples and other public buildings, 311. Dedications of 310. Oftavius's indifpontioD, 3 13. He rejoicings, Feafts and 312. and in Egypt, Aftium ibid. erefts monuments of his viftory at The method which Odtavius took to raife himfelf to the foveOcreignty of the empire confidered in a double light, 3 '4. tavius raifed up by God, to give peace to the Roman empire, and to facilitate the progrefs of the Apollles, and the eftablilhment of the church, 317. .Odtavius, Prstor and commander of the P.oman fleet, lands at Samothracia, where Perfeus had taken fanfluary, v. 436. Perfeus Hs obtains a triumph, delivers himfelf into his hands, 438. 463Odtavius (Cn.) a Roman ambafiador maflacred in Syria, v. 496. Odtavius (M.) Colleague cf Tib. Gracchus, oppofes the Agrarian law, vi. 105. Gracchus endeavours to bring him over by gentle A law propcfed againft him methods, but ineffedtually, 106. byC. Gracchus, which he annuls at the requeft of his mother
Cornelia,

142.

Gg

Oc-

INDEX.
Pflavios (Co.) given for a colleague to Cinna in the Confulfliip by Sylla, vi. 462. He takes arms againft Cinna, and drives He puts the city in a ftate of defence, 467. His liim out, 464, circumfpedion and timidity with refpecl to the laws, 468. He dares not accept the battle offered him by Marius before the gates of Rome, 471. He is killed, 475. Praife of his conduct while Oflavius (C.) father of Augufius. Prstor, viii. 41. His conduft.in the governmenl;^ of Macedonia,

His death, 43. 42. Pftavius, lieutenant of CrafTus, defends his General with courage, viii. 366. He is killed, 368. Odlavius (M.) lieutenant of Pompey, is obliged to raife the fiege of Salons, and, after feveral unfortunate expeditions, he abandons lUyricum and retires into Africa, ix. 199. His meffage to
Cato, with his anfwer, 265. Ofella (Lucretius) befieges Prsnefle by the orders of Sylla, vii. 96. He makes himfelf mailer of it, 108. He is killed in the Forum by the order of Sylla, for demanding the Confullhip contrary to
his direftious,
1

16.
:

Ofilius Calavius, a
to the fadnefs at

his predidlion with regard Senator of Capua of the Romans, after their paffing under the yoke

Caudium,
160.

ii.

398.

Ofilius, a legionary

Tribune, fecretly killed by order of Oflavius,

X.

Ogulnius (Cn. and Q^) Tribunes of the people, propofe a law for rendering the priefthood and office of Augurs common to both the patricians and plebeians, ii. 449. Ogulnius (Q^) fent in an embafiy into Egypt, and there gives a rare example of virtue, iii. IQJ.
Olthacus, Prince of the Dardanians, intends to aflaflinate Lucullus, but being prevented he returns to Mithridates, vii. 266.

Olympus, a mountain in Galatia, v. 184, 185. Ombrians, join with the Hetrurians and are

defeated,

ii.

434.
vii.

They

threaten to befiepe
;

0ias, a Jew 429.

his

and are vanquilhed, 441. mildnefs admirable and paternal charity,

Rome

Opimius

By (L.) foppreni-s the confpiracy of Frcgelles, vi. 138. the credit of C. Gracchus he is removed from the Confullhip, He is eleflcd Conful, and hinders Caius from being 146. He endeavours to ruin cbofen Tribune for the third time, 152. Gracchus, 153. He orders the Senators to take arms, 154. He Gracchus, 156. He re^bfolutely rejects the propofals of ceives the head of Gracchus, upon which he had fet a price, 158. He ereds a temple to Concord, 159. He is accufed of the death of C. Gracchus, defended by Carbo, and acquitted, 161. He is corrupted by jugurtha, accufed and cor.demncd, ibid, 206. Wines of the Confullhip of Opimius, 166. Opiiergium, now Odorza. The foldiers of a cohort levied in a canton of that city for the fervice of Crefar, animated to kill one another, rather than furrcnder to the enemy, ix. 83.

Pppia, a

veflal convificd

and punifhed,

i.

292.

Oppia,

INDEX.
Oppia, a woman of Campania. She is recompenfed, iv, 165.

Her

zeal for the

Roman

people.

Oppianciis, a man guilty of the greateft crimes, gratifies his particular revenge, under favour of Sylla's profcription, vii. ic6. Oppius Cornicenus, one of the Decemviri, i. 391. He is left in Rome by his colleagues v/ith Appius, 399. He is confined in prifon with the fame Appius, and dies there, 421.

Oppius, one of the three

thridates, vii.
18.

Roman
retires

Generals in the war

to Laodicea,

againfi:
is

Mi-

He

19.

And
ths

taken

prifoner by Mithridates, 23. Oppius, profcribed, is faved by his fon, of the piety of ^neas, ix. 510.

who renews

example

Oppius, fon of the preceding Edile. The people furnifh the expence of his games, ix. 511. Oppius Statianus, Lieutenant of Antony, x. 174. He is beaten by the Kings of the Modes and Parthians, and killed in the battle,

175.

Orations funeral : cuftom of the Romans with regard to them, i. 179. Orchomenus, a city famous for the viftory of Sylla over the Generals of Mithridates, vii. 50. Oreum, a city of Euboea fiege of that city by Sulpicius and At:

293. Orgecorix, encourages the Helvetii to leave their country and fettle elfewhere. He afpircs at making himfelf King. He is about to be profecuted : his death, viii. 184. Originibus : an hiftorical work of Cato, v. 42. Oringis, a city of Bcstica taken by Scipio, iv. 288, Orleans. See Genabum. Orodes, King of the Parthians, his parricide, viii. 272, 344. (See Craffus.) He undertakes an invafion of Syria, x. 118. His grief for the death of his fon Pacorus, 169. He chufes Phraates for his fuccefTor, 170. Who caufes him to be put to death, ibid. Orcheftra, ix. note on page 511. Orfua. See Corbio. Ortagon. See Chiomarus. Ofca, now Huefia, a city of Spain. A fchool founded in that city by Sertorius for the education of the young Spanifti nobility,
vii.

tains, iv.

178.

Oftia, a city

and port of
iii.

Italy,

built

by Ancus,

i.

99.

Otacilius, Conful,
litary difcipline,

146.

His

fe verity

in maintaining the mihis office

147.

Otacilius, eleded Conful,

and excluded from

by the re-

prefencacions of Fabius, iv. 12. Ovation difference between it and a

:

Triumph,

v.

1^7.

Ovinius (Q^) a Senator, put to death by order of Odavias, x. 294. Oxen, of Lucania, a name given by the Ro.Tians to tiephancs,
iii.

99.
vi.

Oxyntas, fon of Jugurtha,

406.

g 4

P.

INDEX.
p.

PACORUS,

Ton of Orodes, enters

Syria,

and

is

repulfed
x.

hy

122. Caflius, viii. 461. New invafion of Pacorus in Syria, Heperiihes in a battle againft Ventidius, 123. Who orders his head to be carried through all Syria, ibid. Love of the Syrians

Grief of Orodes his father, 169. for him, ibid. Pacuvius Calavius, iirft magillrate of Capua, fubjeds the Senate of He that city to the people, and thereby to himfelf, iii. 496. See Peobtains pardon of Hannibal for his fon Perolla, 504.
rolla.

Padua,

ii. 448. Painting in frefco, tranfported from Laccdemon to Rome, viii. 58. Palace Hoftilian, burnt at the funeral of Ciodius, viii. 392. Palace of Julius, x. 311. Oflavius Palatium, on mount Palatin, origin of that name, i. 4. builds a houfe there, which he called Palatium, from whence is derived the word Palace in our language, x. 166. Palaspolis, a city fituated near Neapolis, or Naples, and, pro-

The Romans declare perly fpeaking, are the fame city, ii. 369. war againft that city, ibid. It furrenders to them, 373. Palenefs, a temple built to palenefs and fear, i. 87. Palecanus, is excluded from the Confullhip by the firmnefs of the
Conful Pifo,
Palilia:
vii.

362.

a feflival at

Rome,

i.

14.

Palladium, brought to Rome by ^neas, i. 5. Saved in the burning of the temple of Vefta, iii. 247. Incertainties and contraditiions concerning the Palladium, vii. 65. Pallantia, an important city of Spain, vi. 11. Panonians ; Oflavius makes war againft them, x. 201. Panormus, a city of Sicily taken by the Romans. The taking of that place, foliowed by the furrender of many others, iii. 191. D-'feat of Afdrubal near that city by Metellus, 196. Panfa. See Vibius. Papirius, firft King of the facred things, or Rex facrorum, i- 169. He compiled a body of all the laws made by the Kings of Rome
to his time, ibid.

Papirius (M.) killed by the Gauls at the taking of Rome, ii. 155. Papirius Cenfor, (L.) Conful, ii. 367. He is named Diftator to march againft the Samnites, 374. His indignation againft Fabius Rullianus, maftcr of the horfe, who, in his abfence, and contrary to his order, engages in a battle and gains a famous
viflory, 375.

He
for

returns to the army, cites

him befoie

his Tri-

bunal, and
to

is

putting him to death, 377.

He

follows

him

He at laft pardons him at the requcft of the people, 382. His troops dilgufted at him, fiievv their Animofity in a battle, 384. He reconciles them, 385- He defeats the Samnites, ibid. Conful for the fecond time, he effaces the
Rome, 378.
ihame of the convention of Caudium, 400,

&

feq.

Conful for
ihc

INDEX
His praife, 410. Conful for the fourth time, He is named Diftator for the fifth time, 424. Conful 422. againll the marches Samnites, 437. And He Fabius, by 436. viftory, famous them a gains over 439. Papirius Curfor, fon of the preceding, being Conful, cuts the Samthe third time.
nites to pieces before

Aquilonia,

iii.

23.

He

returns to

Rome,

and is honoured with a triumph, 31. He dedicates the temple of Quirinus, 32, Conful for the fecond time, he makes himfelf He triumphs with his collegue, 105. matter of Tarentum, 104, See Carbo, Papirius Carbo. Papius Mutilus, one of the principal chiefs of the allies in the SoParis.

wars, vi, 399. See Lutetia. Parricides, their punifhment, vi. 334. Parthians, firft occafion of their differing with the Romans, vi. Tigranes fends ambaffadors to fign a truce with the Kino370. of the Parthians. Mithridates's letter to that prince, vii. 296. Lucullus is for attacking the Parthians, but is prevented by the Pompey avoids entering into difobedience of his foldiers, 298. Origin of that people, viii. a war with the Parthians, 408. 341. Arfaces founder of that empire, which is extended under the fucdeflbrs of that prince, 342. Their manners at firft favage, afterwards foftened by luxury, ibid. Their manner of They were always on horfeback. Their armies comfighting. pofed of nothing almoft but flaves, 343. Charadler of their geParricide very common in the houfe of the Arfanius, 344. Injuftice of the war which Craffus made againft cidae, ibid. them, 345. (For that war fee Craflus.) They invade Syria, and are repulfed by Caflius, 460. They return to the charge, but do nothing remarkable, 462, 464. Csefar before he was killed made preparations for a war againft them, ix. 327. New movements of that people, x. 117. Guided by Labienus the fon, they invade Syria, 118. They eftablifli Antigonus King of Judea, and carry away Hyrcan, 119. Under the conduiSl of Labienus they enter Cilicia and penetrate as far as Caria, 120. They are twice fucceflively defeated by Ventidius, Antony's Lieutenant, ibid. And alfo the third time, 122. Their war with Antony, 196, & feq. See Antony and Phraates. Patara, a city of Lycia, fubmits to Brutus, x. 11. flave accufes his mafter to Brutus, of having concealed his treafure, ibid. Patres confcripti, i. 20, 169.
cial

Patres

minorum

& majorum

gentium,

i.

104.

Patricians,

what they were, i. 20. Their privileges, 21. New patricians created by Brutus, 168. Their unjull: conduft towards the plebeians, ii. 7. By the counfel of Quintius they arm themfelves with their clients and friends, to infpire the people with honour, who refufed to inlift, i. 371. Csfar creates new patricians, ix. 325. New ones created by Odlaviu?, x. 209. Patrons and clients ; their mutual duties, i. 22.
Paulus Emilius.

See Emilius.
Paulus

INDEX.
Paulas Emillus (L.) chofen Conful, takes He builds a holding his tongue, ix. 9. He holds his peace with regard to Ca^far, by his brother Lepidus, 491, 500. Who
Paufiftratus deceived

a bribe of Ccefar for magnificent hall, ibid.

He is profcribed 13. confents to his efcape,

fleet,

by Polyxenidas,

is

defeated with his

v.

Pay, of the Roman infantry firft eflablifhed, ii. 96. murings of the Tribunes on that fubjeft, 97.
blifhed for the horfe,

Unjuft murIt is alfo elta-

no.

Pearl diflblved in vinegar and fwallowed by Cleopatra, x, 229. Pecunia; origin of that word, i. 122.
Pedicularis, or loufy difeafe, Eunusdies of
vii.
it,

vi.

85.

And

Sylla,

147.

Fedius (Q^) triumphs,

ix. 321. Being a fon of the filler of Ca:far, he is named in his will as heir to one eighth, 374. He is named Conful with Oftavius, 472. He propofes a law to enquire into He dies with fatigue, 495. the murder of Caefar, 485.
)

Peducius (Sext

Lieutenant of Oftavius, x. 78.

Pelafgi pafs into Italy, i. 3. Pella, Capital of Macedonia, v. 374. Pelopidas, ambaffador of Mithridates to the
*5'
7-

Roman

Generals,

vii.

Pelufium, the key of Egypt, viii. 274. ix. 155, It is delivered up to Oftavius by the treachery of Cleopatra, x. 276. Mutual dependance between their power, i. 21, 329. People Appeal from the them, the Confuls and the Senate, 330. determinations of the magillrates to the people, 182. Laws The nomination of Pontiffs and Auin their favour, iii. 49. Retreat of the people to the gurs transferred to them, vi. 289. Their reconciliation with the Senate, facred mountain, i. 234. 236. Their charafler for moderation, 242. They difhonour themfelves by the judgment which they pafs between the ArThey demand to be tranfported deates and the Aricini, ii. 16. (See Tribunes of the people and Plebeians.) to Veii, 132. Pergamus befieged by Seleucus, fon of Antiochus the Great, is reThe Achaians oblige liim to lieved by the Romans, v. 120. King of Pergamus. See Attalus, Eumenes, raife the fiege, 122.
:

Ariftonicus.
Perolla, fon of Pacuvius,
is

who

fupported the

Roman

party in Caiii.

pua, 503. He informs his father of his refolution to kill Hannibal, 504, His father difluades him from his defign, 505. Origin of the Perufian war, x. 59. L. Perufia, ii. 440. iii. 21. Antonius retires into that city, and is there bclieged by 0laIt is reduced to aflies by an unforefceii accident, 75. vius, 71. His death, Pcrperna, Conful, conqueror of Ariflonicus, vi. 87.
reconciled with

Hannibal by

his father,

ibid.

Perperna, after the death of Lepidu?, to whom he was inviolably attached, pafies with his troops out of Sardinia into Spain, vii. He IS forced by his troops to rejoin Scriorius, iSo. He 167.
cabals

INDEX.
cabals againft him,
rius,
is

196.

and

kills

him, 199,

He forms a confplracy again SertoHe becomes head of the party, and

ft

defeated by Pompey, who caui'cs him to be killed without feeing him, 200. Cenfor, vii. 77. Perperna (M.) Conful, vi. 370. His death. Pretended prefages which attended it, ix. 31. Perfeus : origin of the war which he made with the Romans, v. His jealoufy and inquietudes with regard to his brother 240. Demetrius, 265. He fucceeds Philip his father, 265. He obtains by his ambaffadors a confirmation of the treaty made with his father, 349. Good beginning and virtuous qualities of that Prince, 3^0. He fends an ambaffy to Carthage, 351. The ambafladors which the Romans had fent to him, return without having obtained an audience, 352. Eumenes comes to Rome to exhort the Senate to make waragainft him, ibid. His ambaffadors
ill

received by the Senate, 354.

He

hires affafJins to

kill

Eumenes, and forms a defign of poifoning the Generals and Ambafladors of Rome, 355. The Senate, on information of thole crimes, prepare for the war, and caufe it to be declared by Ambafladors, 356. Difpofitions of the allies, both Kings and
States, with regard

war
ful,

is

to the Romans and the King, 357. The declared in form, and the levies made with extraordinary

afliduicy,

The ambaflTadors from him referred to the Confoon to go into Macedonia, 365. Interview of that Prince with the Roman Ambafl^adors, ibid. He obtains a truce to fend new Ambafliadors to Rome, 367. He follicits in360.

who was

His Ambafl'adors are ordered to quit Rome 368. and Italy, 370. He holds a council, in which war is refolved He aflembles and harangues his troops, 374. He takes 373. the field and flops in Theflaly, where he is met by the Conful Licinius, 376. A flight Ikirmilh followed by an adion of the horfe, in vvhich he has the advantage, 378. He perceives the fault he had committed in not purfuing the Romans, 382. Joy and triumph of his army, 383, He fends to demand peace of the Conful, but on receiving his anfwer, he prepares to renew the war, 384. His want of Prudence, 386. The two armies, after fome flight expeditions, retire into winter quarters, 387. Epirus declares for him, 388, He defeats the Conful Hoflilius His expeditions againft Illyricum. His bafe avarice, 300. 389. The Romans are received into Stratus inftead of that Prince He pofts bodies of troops in the pafl^es, 392. His ex391. terror treme at the approach of the enemy. He leaves open all the pafies into his kingdom, 395. Prufias and the Rhodians fend Ambafladors to Rome in h;s favour, 399. His preparations
effedlually,

againft the
dians,

Romans. His divers embaflies to Gentius, the RhoEumenes, and Antiochus, 412. He lofes the powerful aid of the Baltarnaj by his avarice, 414. His avarice and perHe encamps advantaweouflv fidy with regard to Gentius, 417. He quits Eripeus, and retires to Pydna, refolvinw there 419.
to hazard a battle, 424.

The

battle

is

at length given.

He

is

defeated and

flies,

429.

He

flies

from Pella to Amphipolis, and frcm

INDEX.
ius

from tTience into the ifle of Samothrace, 435. His letter to Pan^milius, 436. He contrives to fly, but is betrayed by Oroandes, 438. He furrenders to 0lavius, who fends him to Who receives him and fpeaks to him with fathe Conful, ibid.

He is led in triumph, 459, 164. He is confined vour, 439. Melancholy condition of the at Alba with his fon Alexander.
462. See Mother of the Gods. Petillus (Q^) two tribunes of the people, accufe Scipio Afrlcanus. See Scipio Africanus, Petreus, a Centurion, merits the crown Obfidlonalis, vi. 314. Petreus, a Senator, when Cato was in prifon. His bold anfwer to
latter,

Peffinas.

Csefar, viii. 6^. His cruelty Pctreius, Lieutenant of Pompey in Spain, ix. 62. prevents the conclufion of the treaty between the two armies of

Caefar and Afranius, 6g. Flying from Pharfalia, is received by Cato, 164. His flight at Thapfus, 256. He engages in a duel with Juba, and is killed, 279. Phalanx, Macedonian, compared to the legions, ii. 418. Phameas (Himilco) a Carthaginian officer, is afraid of the young Scipio, V. 530. He goes over to the Romans, 531. Phantome, a pretended one appears to Brutus, x. 17. Pharnaces, fon of Mithridates, gains his father's troops, vii. 420; He is declared King. Mithridates's imprecations againft him, 422. The pqiTefiion of the kingdom of the Bofphorus is con* He takes advantage of the cifirmed to him by Pompey, 437, vil war, to commence hoftilities, and gains con fid erable viftories, He beats Domitius, Csfar's Lieutenant, 192, by ix. 191. whom he is defeated. His total ruin and death, i 96. Pharos, an ifiand near Alexandria, ix. 177. Pharos, an illand fituated before Dalmatia, iii. 264. Pharfalia, made famous by the vidory of Csefar over Pompey, ix.

139.

of Cilicia, allies with the pirates, vii. 236. Taken by Servilius Ifauricus, 237. Pheneas, one of the chiefs of the Etoliann, iv. 521. v, 58, 176. Phenomenon, a fingular one happens in Italy, vii. 220. Philip, King of Macedonia, fends Ambaffadors to Hannibal, iii. AlStratagem of Xenophon, chief of the ambafly, 539. 537, (See Xenophon). liance betv/een Philip and Hannibal, ibid. His Ambaffadors and thofe of Hannibal, taken and carried to Rome, i;43. Meafures taken by the Romans againft that Prince, He fends new Ambaffadors to Hannibal, 550. He de549. the Romans, iv. 64. He is defeated near Apolagainft clares Motions of him lonia, and faves hinifelf with difficulty, 65. and the Etolians, 154. Treaty concluded againft him between He gains fome the Romans and feveral States of Greece, 289. He caufes Sulpicius to fly, advantages over the Etolians, 291. and is obliged afterwards himfelf to retreat from before Elis, ibid. He takes the field. The Romajis take it alfo, 293. He
Phafelis, a city
iis

very near furprizing .Aualus, 294.

He

returns into iVLic-'oOnid,

INDEX.
ma, 295. He makes peace with the ^tolians, ibid, and with The allies on both fides are comprehended in that the komans.
treaty, 296.

Complaints of the allies of Greece againft Philip, iv. 432. fends Ambaffadors to juftify himfelf. The Senate gives thtm Divers complaints carried to Rome againft him, audience, 463. people at firft oppofe the declaration of war .againft The 473. him, 475. The Conful reconciles the people to the advice of the Senate. The war is declared, 477. He twice befieges Athens without fuccefs, and ravages all Attica, 483. Several Kings bordering on Macedonia, join with the Romans againft him, 484. He prepares for the war, 48^. His Ambaffadors, with thofe of the Athenians and the Romans, attend an aficmbly of the ^tolians. Their difcourfe, ibid. Rencounter of two parties. Terror of Philip and his troops at the Roman manner of fighting, 488. He receives a check, and refufes battle which is oiFered him, 489. He gains fome advantage over the Roman foragers, and is afterwards defeated and obliged to fly, 490. Decrees of the Athenians agair.ft him, 492. He returns into Macedonia. Grows anxious about the event of the war. He labours to attach his allies by giving up cities to them, and to gain the affedtion of his fubjefls, by difgracing a minifter, who was univerfally hated by them, 501. Interview between him andQuintius, 508. He is attacked in the defiles, defeated, and put to flight, ibid. Interview between him and Quintius without efixift, 521. He is defeated at the famous battle of Cynofce-

He

phala, 526. He obtains an interview with Quintius, 532. Deliberation of the allies concerning the peace, 533. Interview between him and Quintius, in which peace is concluded, 534. Counfel given him by Cornelius, one of the Commillaries for the
peace, 542. In the war of the
againft Antiochus, he joins with the afts in concert with the Conful Aciiius, v. g6. He

Romans

former, and
viftories

fends Ambafladors to
in

Rome

to congratulate the

Greece, 103.

He

receives

the

Romans on their two Scipio's with

royal magnificence, 114. Complaints of Philip againft the Romans, v. 240. He prepares to renew the war, ibid. Upon the complaints of feveral States againft him, Rome fenns three commifTioners to thefe
parties, determine, 241. Return of the comoiiiTioners. The Senate fends a new commiflion thither, 245. He maflacres the principal perfbns of Maronea. Smart reproaches made him by Claudius, chief of the commifHe fends his younger fon Demetrius to Rome, 247. iion, 246.
j^laces,

who

after

having heard the

Complaints brought to Rome againft him. Demetrius is fenc Macedonia with the Ambafladors, 257. His jealoufy of his His violent and -cruel meafures with refpeft to his fon, 263. people, 264. He puts Dsmetrius to death, ibid. And dies himfelf of grief, 265. He had formed a deflgn of tranfplanting the Baftarnae into the country of the Dardanians, and to cauie
into that people to attack the

Romans
8

in Italy, '

348.
Philio

INDEX.
Philippi
Philip, eldeft fon of Perfeus, v. 438. defcription of the country about that city, x. 24. Second battle of Philippi, 41. battle of Philippi, 27.
:

Firit

Philippus

(Q^ Marcius) See Marcius,

infult the

Philocharis, a Tarentine, engages the multitude to

Ro-

man

fleet,

iii.

55.

Philopa^men, General of the Achaians, gains an advantage over Zeal of Polybius for his meNabis, V. 68. His death, 259.

mory, 557. Philofophers and Rhetoricians banifhed from

Philotas, a

Rome,

v.

507.

which he related to the grand father of Plutarch concerning the profufion of Antony, x.
phyfician.

young

Paffages

87Phoccea, metropolis of Marfeilles, obtains pardon of the Romans by the interceffion of that colony, vi. 87. Pbraates, King of the Parthians, father-in-law of young Tigranes,
.

efpoufes his quarrel, and fupports him in the war againft his faPhraates and Pompey are afraid of each other, ther, vii. 392.

Phraates, eldeft fon of Orodes, is chofen by his father for his fucHe puts to death his father, brothers, eldeft ceflbr, X. 169.
fon,

and

feveral of the grandees

the

King of

the

Medes

of the kingdom, 170. He and cut in pieces two of Antony's Legions,

little lofs,

'i

175.

He

is

defeated and put to flight, but with

176.
.

He

deceitfully promifes

Antony peace and

fafety in his

retreat,

His perfidy, 179. Divers combats where the Parthians 177. The temerity of a Roman oflicer, makes are repulfed, 180, them gain a confiderable advantage, 181. New battles where
the

Romans

regain the fuperiority,

183.

Laft

battle,

190.

League againll Phraates between Antony and the King of the Medes, 215. Dethroned by his fubjeds for his cruelty, he remounts the throne, 299. Piv.entes, Picenum, a city and country entirely fubjedled to the Romans. The number of them who fubmitted amounted to
360,000,
iii.

III.

See Afculum,

now

Afculi.

Piety (temple to) ii. 243. Pigeons, made ufe of to carry advice, ix. 447. Pinarii, a family feleded to preflde at the facrifices in honour of Hercules, i. 5. Pinarius, commander of the garrifon of Enna, difappoints the bad defigns of the inhabitants by a bloody execution, iv. 43,
pinarius, grandfon of the fiRer ot
Ca:far,

made

his

heir for

one

eighth part, ix. 374. Pindarus, a fteedman of CafHus, cuts off his head, x. 33. They are rePirates, which infelled the coalt of Italy, ii. 314. pulfed and retire, 317. The pirates ravage the coarts of Afia, vii. 68. They caufe a karcJty of provifions at Rome, 223. War againft Origin and pro^refs of their power, 234. Cihcia, a ihcm. Scrvilius Ifauncus makes war fccure retreat for them, 236. againrt th^m with fuccls, but witaoiit ueflroyinji them, 237. Extent of ihcii power. 1 iiey become abfolutc mailers of the it-a, 370.

INDEX.
370. Plan formed by Pompey for fcouring the feasof them. He executes this enterprize in three months, 280. Piraeus, port of Athens, taken by Sylla, vii. 42. Pifo Frugi (L. Calpurnius) pafles the firft law i^gainft opprelTion,
vi,

71.

He

gains feveral advantages over tne ilaves in Sicily.

His extreme precaution with regard to the public money, 84. His anfwer to Gracchus with regard to the Lex Frumentaria,

.H4Pifo (L.) Ton of the preceding, fent into Spain with the authority

of Prstor.
vi.

His fcrupulous exadtnefs with regard

to a gold ring,

191. Pifo (L. Calpurnius) Conful, vi. 208. He is killed in a battle againft the Tigurini, 295. Pifo (C. Calpurnius) his conteft with the Tribune Cornelius with refpedl to the laws againlt bribery, vii. 361. He excludes Palicanus from the Confullhip, 362. He oppofes the law which gave Pompey the command of the fea, 375. His expreflion to

Pompey,

ibid.
vii.

Pifo (Cn.) confpires with Catiline, Pifo (M. Pupius) is eledled Conful
18.

by the

449, Killed in Spain, 450. credit of Pompey, viii.

His

charaifler, ibid.

Pifo Fugi, fon-in-law of Cicero, viii. 132. Pifo (L. Calpurnius) father-in-law of Csefar, efcapes the feverity of the law by the credit of Caefar and Pompey viii. 77. He is made Conful ; his charadtr, 90, 92. He declares plainly to

Cicero that he does not pretend to defend him, 10 1. He is refrom his government of Macedonia, 246, He is made Cenfor, 478. He is charged with the execution of Cselar's will, and obtains that his funeral may be celebrated with all imaginable honours, ix. 371. He is deputed by the Senate to Antony, 436. He acquits himfelf very indifferently of his commiflion,
called

439, 440.
Placentia,

Roman

colony,
iv.

iii.

298.

Befieged by

Afdrubal.

Alarm of the Romans,

264

Plancius (Cn.) affords an Afylum to Cicero in Theflalonica, viii. III. He is accufed of Corruption in attaining the Curule edileIhip. Gratitude of Cicero on that occafion, 376. Plancus Burfa the feditious condudl of that Tribune at the funeral of Clodius, viii. 392. He is condemned notvvithltanding the protection of Pompey, 407. Plancus (L. Munatius) defigned Conful by Caefar, ix. 370. Pro conful of Gaul, 43?. equivocal conduft, ibid. His 462. He founds the town ot Lyons, 481. He endeavours to betray Decimus, and deferts to Antony v/ith his four legions, 488. He is deligned Conful, and his brother profcribed, 500. He triumphs in the midft of the profcription, 515. He euters on his office, ^23. His timidity, x. 95. Several charge him with the death of Sextus Pompeius, 198. Governor of tne provinces of Afia, he flies at the approach of the Parthian?, 120. He leaves for this Antony and joins Odtavius. change, Motives 232.
:

Piiutiui Hypfeus.

SeeHypfeus.
Players

INDEX.
iPIayers

of the flute, who had retired from Rome to Tibur, to Rome and are re-inftated in their rights, ii. 429. Their various occupations, 29. Plebeians, what, i. 20, 21.

returii

ma

diftributes

them according

to their trades, 72.

NuThey ob-

The office of military Tribune^ ii. 91. The Diftatorfhip, 309. The The Cenforlhip, 229. 117. The Prstorfhip, 363. Alfo the dignities of Confulfhip, 313.
tain the Qu3eftor(hip,

and Augurs, 449. Pleminius ( Q;_) cruelty and avarice of that Propr^tor and the Roman garrifon at Locfi, iv. 363. Combat between the Romans He treats two Tribunes cruelly, 364. He puts and them. Complaints of the them to death by unheard of cruelty, 365. He is condemned and fent to Rome, 379. His Locrians, 372.
Pontifrs

death, 381. Shut up in MefPlennius, Lieutenant of Sext. Pompeius, x. 154. fina is obliged to capitulate with Lepidus, 155.
Plotius, treats Veturius his debtor in a cruel and outrageous Difturbances on that fubjed, iii, 48. ner.

man-

Poifoning

feveral

Roman
it

ladies convifted of

it
ii.

and punifhed.
364.

The

firft

ejxample of

in the

Roman
v.

hiftory,

great

number of poifoners condemned,

273.

Polemocratia, a princefs of Thace, takes refuge in the camp of Brutus, with her fon and all her treafures, x. 3. Polemon, King of Cilicia, negotiates a league between Antony and
the

King of theMedes,

x.

214.

Polla, convifts her

own

fon of an intention to aflaffinate Cafliusj

Pollio (C. Afinius) accompanies Casfar in the paffage of the RuProconful in At the battle of Pharfalia, 144. bicon, ix. 26. Short idea of his way of thinking and Ulterior Spain, 431.

conduct after the death of Caefar, ibid. His father-in-law proHe endeavours ineffecand he defigned Conful, 500. befieged Perufia, x. 72. Antonius in Confuccour L. tually to treaty Oflavius and concludes a between Antony, He ful, 92. He and his colleague obliged to yield up their office to the 99. His great learning, and His triumph. new Confuls, 102. He remains neuter in the war between public library, 103. Oftavius and Antony, 226. Polybius, the hillorian, is deputed by the Achaians to offer the Conful Marius the fuccours againft Perfeus, v. 392. He returfls He is among the into Achaia, and is greatly perplexed, 398. Perfeus. favoured Achaians accufed of having number of the for him, The two fons of Paulus ^milius interell themfelves His zeal 485. His great friendfliip with young Scipio, 488. He eftaHis difmtereftednefs, 558. for Philopsemen, 557. blifhes order and tranquillity in Achaia, ibid. Polyxenidas, Admiral of Antiochus's fleet, is defeated by Livius He deceives Paufiftratus, and enthe Roman Admiral, v. 104.
fcribed,

the Rhodian fleet, 117. by the Praetor Emilius, 126. lyiyonnefus Pomocrium, what, i. 14.
tirely defeats

He

is

defeated neaf

Pom-'

INDEX.
Pompediiis Silo (Q^) one of the chiefs of the allies, makes proof of the conftancy of Cato while an infant, vi. 388. General, he deceives Caepio, and caufes him to periili in an ambufcade with great part of his army, 401;. He is continued General of the He enters league by the council transferred to Efernia, 419. Bovianum in triumph, is defeated and killed, 421. Pompeia, wife of Ccefar. Her intrigues with Clodius, viii. 16.

She is divorced, 17. Saying of Casfar on that fubje^t, 21. Ponipeius ( Q^) chief of the family of the Pompeii, obtains the Confulfhip by a mean artifice, vi. 22. He is fent to Spain, feveral inconfiderable expeditions, 23. He ruins his army by continuing the fiege of Numantia, during the winter, 30. He concludes a treaty of peace with the Numantines, 31. He afterwards denies having made that treaty, and has intereft to be acquitted at Rome, ibid. He is accufed of extortion, and agaia acquitted, 32. made Cenfor, 124. He is Pompeius Rufus, ( Q^) Conful with Sylla, vi. 427. He refills the Tribune Sulpicius, 444.. His fon, Sylla's fon-in-law, is killed in a fedition, 44^. After his cfcape from Rome, he rejoins Sylla, 447,

He

is

killed

by

his foldiers,

461.

Pomceius Strabo (Cn.) Father of the great Pompey, one of the

Romans in the Social war, vi. 401. Gains a viflory over the allies, 410. Conful, he prefTes the fiege of Afculum, 412. He beats the Marfi, and reduces fome neighbouring ftates, ibid. He makes himfelf mailer of the city of Afculum, 420. His triumph, in which Ventidius is led captive, 421. He carries fuccours to Rome, belieged by Cinna, 469. His death. The public's hatred of him, 471. Pompeius, (Cn.) or Pompey the Great, fon of the preceding, is accufed of embezzling cn account of his father, and acquitted with honour, vii. 75. The beauty of his perp.\i charafter. fon in his youth, 76. He appeafes the army of his father, which was going to abandon him, 77. At the age of twenty-three he has the command of an army, confilling of three legions. His
principal Generals of the
firft

vidlories,

89.

He joins

Sylla,

who pays him

Antipathy between him and CafTius, 92. 91. Metellus Pius, ibid. He is fent into Sicily by Sylla in purfuic of the vanquiihed party, he puts to death Carbo, and fome other perfons of diftinflion, i to. His condaft every way commendable in Sicily, 112. He is fent into Africa againll Domitius Ridiculous adventure retards him feveral days, 130, & feq. Battle in which Domitius is defeated and killed, 131. He carries
the war into Numidia, 133. He is recalled by Sylla. Emotion of the foldiers on that occafion, ibid. Sylla gives him the name of Great; but however refuied him a triumph, 133. Bold

great honours, His regard for

faying of Pompey on that occafion, 134. He tiiumphs when only a Roman Knight, ibid. He reproaches him of having made Lepidus Conful, 145. And does not name him tutor to
his ch'ldren, 148.

Charadler of Pom.pey's ambition,

dus, 166.

vii.

156.

He defeats

Lepifar.

He

caufes Brutus, the father of

him who ki.kd Caj-

VoL

X,

INDEX.
far,

to

be put to death, 167.

168.

He

is

fent into Spain agalnft Ser-

and receives a check before LauBattle near Sucrona, where he is in great danger, rona, 184. 186. Good underilanding between him and Metellus Pius, 189. Geneial battle between him and Metellus on one fide, and Serioriiis on the other, ibid. He fends a menacing letter to the Sena'.e for money, 195. He defeats Perperna, caufes him to be put to death without feeing him, and burns all Sertorias's paPeace in Spain. pers, 20 1. Trophies of the vanquifhers, 202. He t'iuniphs for the fecond time while a Roman Knight, 203. His vanity, when having defeated a fmall body of the flying flaves, be afcribed the glory of having terminated the war to himfelf, 217. He reilores the Tribunelhip to all its rights,
torius,

He

arrives there

222.
refervednefs.

Emulation between Pompey and Caffius, vii. 316. His great Motives for this conduft, 320. His emulation with CrafTus always free from violence, 321. They both ftand for the Confullliip, and are elefled, 322. Manual of inftruccompofed tions by Varro for him, 323. Mifunderlbnding between the Confuls, 324. He pafles in review before the Cenfors as a Roman Knight, ibid. He re-eilabli flies the Triounefhip, 325. He is reconciled with Cr;:fl'us, and both difmifs their
arniie?,

351.

law propofed by Gabinius for giving Pompey the command Extent of that commiflion, vii. 373. of the fea. Alarmsofthe Senate on that'occafion, 374. His difcourfe, wherein he affefts to defire a difpenfation from this employment, 375. Difcourfe of Gabinius to force him to accept it, 376. Two Tribunes inefl^'edlually oppofe the law, 377. Speech of Catulus to fhew the inconveniences of it, 378. The law pafl'is in the abfence of Pompey, 380. The price of provifions falls immediately at Rome, ibid. His plan for fcouring the feas of pirates. He executes it in three months, 381. He fettles 20000 pirate prifoners
in lands,

383.

He

gives a naval

crown

to the learned

Varro, one of his Lieutenants, 385. He oppofes Metellus in Crete with fuccefs, 386. Law of Manilius, for charging Pompey with the war againfl Michridates. The Senate oppofes it, efpecially Hortenfius and Catulus, vii. 3S7. The law is fupported by Cicero, 388. Praife of the mildnei^s and juflice of Pompey, 3S9. The law pafles. His diffimulation, 391. His bad behaviour with regard to LucuUus, whom he fucceeded, 312. Their interview. Their converfation begins with politenefs and ends witli reproaches, Their difcourfes of each otlier, 314. Pompey opens a 313. negotiation with Mithridates, which is without efficft, 393, He gains over him fome fmall advantages, 394. Battle during tligc night, in which tliat Prince is defeated, 395. He founds the city of Nicopolis, 398. He receives into his camp the fon of Tigranes, who had revolted againit his father, ibid. He pafles into Armenia. Tigranes comes to his camp, and furrenders ac difcretiou, 399. He gives him an audience, 400. He leaves
the

INDEX.
tlie

father in pofTeffion of Armenia, and

ibid.

Struggle in his

camp of

lays the fan in Irons, afFedion and refpefl between

Ariobarzanes and his fon, 403. He advances towards moilnt Caucafus, and defeats the Albanians and the Iberians, 405. Being arrived at the mouth of the Pharfas, he returns back thro' Albania, and gains a new vidtory over the Albanians, 406. It has been falfely faid that there were Amazonians in this battle, He avoids engaging in a war with the Parthians, 408. 407. His prudence and referve, 409. Stratonice delivers a caftie to him, of which fhe was governefs, 410, His generofity, ibid. He obtains the fecret memoirs of MitlTridates, 411. And his tolle<flion of obfervations on phyfic, ibid. His regulations with regard to the dominions of which Mithridates had been deprived, 412. He pafTes into Syria. Adual llate of that kingaom, 413. He reduces it to a Roman province, 414. He is informed in the phins of Jericho of the death of Mithridates. Joy of his army, 425. Thankfgiving to the Gods at Rome. Singular honours decreed to Pompey, 426. He fecures the tranquility of Syria, 427. Favourable to Hyrcan, and irritated againft Ariftobulus, he marches againft Jcrufalem, 430. He pofiefTcs himfelf of the city, and befieges the temple, ibid. He makes himfelf mafter of it, and enters the Sanctum Sanflorum, 432, His geneious condudl, 433. Riches and infolence of Demetrius his freedman, 435. His exceffive indulgence to thofe he loved, comes He to Amifus, where he receives the body of Mi436. thridates, ibid. He confirms Pharnaces in the pofi'viflion of the kingdom of the Bofphorus, 437. His return, 438. Particular regard which he exprefles for the philofopher Poiidcnius, ibid. He is informed of the bad condul of his wife Mucia, and divorces her. His marriages, 440. Fonipey difbands bis army on his arrival in Italy, viii. 25. Cicero endeavours to engage him to explain himfelf favourably on his Confulfliip. The equivocal conduft of Pompey on that occafion, 26. He purchafes the Confulfhip for Afranins, 30. He makes an ineffeftual attempt to gain Cato, ibid. He triumphs for the third time. Magnificence of that triumph, 33. He demands in the Senate the ratification of his afts ; Luculius oppofes it, 45. He caufes the Tribune Flavins to propofe a law to aflign land to his foidiers. The ambiguous conduifl of Cicero throughout this whole affair, 47. The Conful Metellus oppofes the law, 49. He makes an alliance with Ciodius, 50. league between him, Craffus, and Pompey, which was called the Triumviral, 54. He publickly approves of Csfar's Agrarian law, 65. Who caufes his a6ls to be ratified, 74.. He

The public difcontent againfi: marries Ccefar's daughter, 76. him appears at his fhews, 82. His conduft with regard to CiHe abandons him, loi. Recero's danger from Ciodius, 86. Fearing that turns to him, and is infulced by Cludius, 130. Ciodius might make fome attempt upon his life, he fhuts himHe declares in the Senate for Cicero, felf up in his houfe, 134. He greatly interefis himfelf for him, 143. On the aJ138. h 2 vice

INDEX.
vice of Cicero, he is charged with the fuperintendence of corn and provifions throughout the empire, 151. Ke reftores plenty

in

Rome, 153. Intrigues of Pompey for obtaining the commiflion for reHe pleads for Milo accufed by eflablilhing Auletes, viii, 231. His fingular fitualatter, by the infulted is 233. Clodius, and
tion.

235. New confederacy between His reinterview, 239. Their him, Pompey, and CraiTus. with Craflus to obHis difpofitions proaches of Cicero, 240, Three Tribunes in concert with him tain the Confulfhip, 248. hinder the eledion of the magiftrates, ibid. The Conful Marcellinus prefles him to explain himfelf. His anfwer, 250. UniInterregnum, 251. He and verfal confternation in Rome. to dewho continues violence of Domitius, the by defift Craffus Cato from They prevent them, with Confulfhip 252. mand the preferred to be Vatinius caufe and Pra;tor(hip, the obtaining Pompey prcfides at the eleftion of Ediles. before him, 253, Trebonius propofes to there, 254. bloody His robe rendered Spain and Syria. Cato give the Confuls the government of Pompey and two Tribunes inefFetlually oppofe the law, 255. gets Ca^far to be continued in the government of Gaul for five years, notwithftanding the reprefentations of Cato and Cicero,

The butt of all

parties,

2r6. He introduces a new difpofition in the choice of Judges, Bold adl of a young man, who declares his intention to 2C7. Law againil bribery. Projeft of a new accufe him, ibid. was expired, 258. He builds a theatie, -v/hich law, fumptuary dedication, at its games 259. The province of Spain and gives lieutenants, 263. By his governs his He by falls to him. He Cxfar, lends one legion was to 330. private authority he the temple at Jerufaalways unfortunate after he had profaned Death of his wife Julia, who is interred in the field lem, 348. His ambition occafions a long interregnum, of Mars, 375. Confuls are at length elected, 386. He afiidance his By 385. oppofes Milo, 395. Pompey is created fole Conful, viii. 396. His fatisfaftlon. He thanks Cato, who anfv>ers him harihly, 398. He marries He paffes new Cornelia, daughter of Metellus Scipio, ibid. reforms and and Pie corruption, force laws againft 399. he took in proceedings, The which judicial part 400. abridges and fentences in other prothe condemnation of Milo, (See Milo)

nounced

tullus Scipio,

confequenceof the fame affair, 407. He faves Mewho was accufed of bribery, and refufes his afliftance to Hypfeus and Scaurus, 408. He names Scipio for his colleague. Laudable inflances of his conduct in his third ConHe commits a great fault in difpenfing with Ca:fullhip, 409. Motives for this far's demanding the Confulfhip in perfon.
in

condefcenfion, ibid.

Their ambition the Civil war between Pompey and Ca;far. it, ix. his third Confulfliip of From he enjoyed true caufe 5. authority abfolute in Rome, 6. The part which he almoll: an

had in

all the

meafures taken againft Cscfar.

(See Cafar, at the begin-

INDEX.
war.) Curio propofe? to diveft him of fame time with Caefar. His affedlcd modeHe is pufhed home by the Tribune, 13. He endearation. vours to be revenged on him by means of the Cenfor Appius, His ficknefs. Rejoicings all over Jialy on his recovery, 15. Two legions taken from Czefar and delivered to him. ibid. His prefumption, 16. He is ordered to defend the republic againft Caefar, 19, No agreement could poffibly take place They both wanted a war, 22. At Ca2far's apbetween them. proach, who was marching againft Rome, he is univerfally reproached, and quite difconcerted, 27. He leaves Rome, and is followed by the magiftrates and the whole Scfiate, 29. His partizans and thofe of L-asfar compared, 30. He raifes troops throughout all Italy. Different chiefs affigned by his orders, 32. Iniincerc and fruitlefs negotiations between him and Ca:far, ibid. Purfued by Csefar, he Ihuts himfelf up in Brundufium, which

beginning of the
his

civil

command

at the

Caifar
tions

on

beficges, 40. his flight, ibid.

He

efcapes

into Epirus,
in Spain, 62.

42.

Reflecfuccefs

His forces

Bad

of Afranius, one of his lieutenants in that province. (See Afranias.) Advantages which his party gains in Africa over Curio,
84,
fea,

&

feq.

(See Curio.)

His forces by land and encourages military exercife by his own ex105. General zeal and afi^ection for his caufe, ibid. ample, 106. He is declared fole chief, in an aflembly of the Senate at ThefHis fecurfty as to Csfar's pafl^age into Greece, falonica, 107. His anfwer to Vibulus, who was fent by Csfar withpro108. New advances of Ca;far alpofals Oi" an accommodation, 1 12. Metellus Scipio brings him the Syrian leways rejefted, 1 13. gions, 1)8. He avoids a battle, 120. Cscfar endeavours to Different combats on that occafion, 121. inclofe him in linos.
ix.

Pompey's preparations in Greece.

He

Two Gaulifli officers defert His army fuffers greatly, 124. acquaint Pompey with the weak part of his from Csfar, and
enemies lines. He profits by that advice, and forces the lines, His confiderable advantage in this aftion, 126. 125. He is advifed to pafs into Italy, but chufes to remain in Greece, 127. He forms a defign of furprizing Calvinus, one of Ca;far's lieutenants, but milfes him by four hours, 128.

Pompey

follows Csefar to Pharlalia, ix.

130.

Foolifh pre-

fumption and cruelty of his partizans, 132. Their murmur at His fecret views in fuch the prudent delay of their General. leaves Cato He at Dyrrachium. Reafons for that delays, 133. He alfo leaves Cicero there, 135. He cannot conduft, 134. withlland the complaints and follicitations of his partizans to delay any longer the battle, 136. He advances to battle, Battle of Pharfalia, and its confequences, 139, 137. SurHis flight. prizing condua of Pompey. His camp is taken, Such as after the battle had faved themfelves in the 143. mountains, are obliged by Csefar to furrender, 144. Fiiaht of He goes to Mitylene to fetch Cornelia their General, 449.^ Her grief, 151.^ His difcourfe with Cratippus on his vAfe. He continues his journey, and determine^ to providtnce, 153. h 3 feek

INDEX.
feek protclion in Egypt, ibid. He is there received and affaflinated, 156. Reflexions on his death and character, 158. The murderers cut ofF his head. His body is meanly buried by one of his frcedmen, 159. The conquered party follows various Ca:far makes fale of the efFecls of Pompey, interefts, 161. which are bought by Antony, 217. Pompeius (Cn.) eldell fon of the foregoing, is fent by his father He into the Eafl, ix. 41. His intrigues with Cleopatra, 172. endeavours to kill Cicero, but is prevented by Cato, 163. He pafTes from Afric into Spain, 307. becomes powerHe there ful, ibid He is obliged by Caefar to raife the fiege of 310. Ulia, 311. He is entirely defeated near Munda, 314. His death. His head is brought to Caefar, 317. pompeius (Sextus) brother of the preceding, accompanies Cornelia in her flight, ix. 164. He joins his brother in Spain, 310. After the battle of Munda, he faves himfelf in the mountains of Celtiberia, 318. He is re-eflabhfhcd in his rights by the Senate, in conjunflion with Antony, 380. He is comprehended in the number of the murderers of Casfar, by Oftavius, tho' he had nopart in the aftion, 486. He opens the principal Afylum for the profcribed, 516. He obftrudls the Triumvir's pafT^ige into Macedonia, and gains fome advantage, x. 20, & feq. His .po.w;er augmented by the junftion of Marcus, After the 52. battle of Fhilippi, he continues the fole enemy of Caifar's party, He makes p/opofals to Antony for a treaty of alliance, 92. 56.

His power and charafter,

viccs, oS.

ibid.

Antony acknowledges

his fer-

famiihes Rome and Italy, 107. He is forced to enter into a negotiation with Oftavius, 109. Conference between the three Generals, Conditions of the treaty ad10. vantageous to Sextus, III. Extreme joy which this peace occafioned, 113. The three chiefs entertain each other by turns.
j

He

An

to Antony, ibid. remarkable inftance of his generoCty, ibid. Caufcs of the rupture between Sextus and Oftavius, x. 129. Menas quits Sextus, and goes into the fervice of Oftavius, 130. Sextus takes proper meafures to receive Oclavius, who was pre-

expreiTion of Sextus

paring to attack him, 133. A fea-fight between them near Cuibid. Another near the rock ofScylla, where the fleet of Oiftavius. is much damaged, 134. The reft of Odtavius's fleet is ruined by a tenipciL Sextus ncglefls to take advantage of this opportunity, 135. Heagain neglefts to take the advantage of a new difafier of 0(S:"tavius's fleet, 148. Agrippa gains an advantage over the fleet of Sextus, 149. Who himfelf gains a vidory over the fleet of Odavius, ibid. Lall battle, where he is vanquifhcd without rcfource, 152. He abandons Sicily, and flies into Afia, IJis lalt adventures and unhappy death, 153.

ma,

193, & feq. Pcniponius, as ignorant a General as he was a knavifli Tax-farmer, is beaten by Hanno, iv. 75. Pontus, a kingdom of Aha, entirely fubdued by Lucullus, vii, See Mithridates. 284.
Pontife.\

Maximus,

his

power,

i.

62.

viii.

4.

Prefides in the af-

fembly

INDEX.
fembly for the elcftion of Tribunes of the people, i. 415, 415. The firll Pontifex Maxinius who was charged with a command out of Jtaly, vi. 86. Pontifices (college of) charged with repairing the bridges, i. 99. Number of Pontiffs. Their dignity, and that of the Augurs made common to the people, and their number augmented, ii. .An449. Their eledion transferred to the people, vi, 289. They kept to themfelves fuch nals of the Pontiffs, ii. 179. things as related to the facred things and the worfhip of the Gods, 180. Bafe and indecent decifion of their college, wicli regard to the marriage ofOdavius with Livia, x. 128. Pontinius (C.) Prsetor, vii. 535. He flops the motions of the Allobroges, viii. 184. He triumphs, notwithftanding the oppofition ofCato, 384. Lieutenant of Cicero, Proconful of CMicia, 463. Pontius Cominius, gets into the capital befieged by the Gauls, without being perceived, ii. 162. Poniius Plerennius, (C.) General of the Samnites, confoles and makes them take arms, ii. 389.- He lays an anibufcade for the Romans near Caudium, they fall into it precipitately, ^90. He rejefls the wife advice of his father, with regard to his condjft with the Romans, 393. Who are obliged tofubmit to the hard conditions impofed on them, ibid. He caufes them to pafs under the yoke, and takes 600 knights hoftages, for the performance of the treaty concluded with the Conluls, 395, (See Caudium.) The two Confuls and the other officers who figned the treaty are delivered up to him. He refufes to receive tliem,_ himfelf made prifoner, iii. 39.. 402. His army is defeated, and He is led in triumph. His fine expiefli)n with regard to the

Romans, 45. Pontius Aquila, tribune of the people, offends Caefar in not nfn]<r from his feat, ix. 335. He engages in the confpiracy again it
Ca;far,
:

350.

Poppies Tarquin the Proud amufes himfelf in cutting off the heads of poppies, i. 148. Popillius Lenas (M.) Conful, defeats the Ligurians, v. 304. His conduft is condemned by the Senate, 305. Sequel of the conThe Pr^tor Licinius is appoinc.-d tell on that fubjefl, 306. commifficiner to enquire into the complaint againft him, 307. He returns to Rome, and efcapes fentence by the lenity of the Prjetor, 308. Refledion on the conduct of the Praetor, ibid. Popillius Lenas Conful, v. 306. He is fent on an euibaffy to Antiochus to put an end to the war againft Hgypt, 465. Haughtinefs of that Roman, 467. Popillius (C.) cannot fave the remains of the Roman ai my defeated by the Tigurini, without fuiFcring them to pals under the yoke, vi. 29^. Popillius murdrrer of Cicero, ix. 1503. Porcia, wife of Brutus. Her extraoniinary courage. She is admitted by her huiband into the lecret of the confpiracy againll Cxfar, ix. 351. Her fepar.iLioa fiom Bruius, 407.

Her

death, x.

4b*.

h 4

Pc.ciu;-.

INDEX.
Forcius.

See Cato, Porcius Laca (M.) Prastor, Catiline's partizans afiemble at his houfe, vii. 518. Porfena, King of Ketruria undertakes to re-eflablifh theTarquins, He takes the Janiculum, and advances againfl Ronie, i. 186. 187, which he befieges, 189. Scffivola undertakes to kill him, but mifTes his blow, ibid. He makes peace, 192. Efleem of that prince for the Romans, 193. Obliging behaviour of the Romans to his His praife, ibid. He fends ambafiadors to Rome to follicit the fubjedls, 195. re-eftablin-iment of the Tarquins, ibid. Porta, origin of that word, i. 14. Port of Julius formed by the junftion of the lakes Lucrinus and Avernus, x. 138. Portico of Oftavia, x. 208. Pofidonius the philofopher, entertains Pompey with a lelure, notwithilanding the pains of the gout. vii. 438. Poflhumius, a veilal, called to her trial, i. 66. Pofthumius(A.) Diftator, gains abattlenearthelakeRegilla:,i.'2i i. Poflhumius Tubertus (A.) Dictator, gains a famous viftory over It is probable that he the Veientes and Fidenates, ii. 57. caufed his fon to be put to death, 59. Poflhumius Regillcnfis (M.) one of the military Tribunes is floned Punilhment of that crime, ii. 87. by the army. Poflhumius Albinus (Sp.) Conful, ii. 364. Conful for the fecond time, he falls in'to an ambufcade, laid for him by the Samnites He engages the Senate to annul the connear Caudium, 390. vention made at Caudium, and demands to be delivered up to the PonSamnites with the reft who figned that convention, 400. Puerile trick of Poflhumius, tius refufes to receive them, 402.
(See Caudium.) ibid. Poflhumius Megellus (L.) Conful, ii. 443. Conful for the fecond He triumphs by his own private authority, 21. time, iii. 19. himfelf for the third time, 41. nominates Difpute he Interrex, is obliged to Gurges, wlio retire and Fabius to between him

Samnium,

At

He takes feveral places in that country, 44. 43. the expiration of his confullhip he is fummoncd before the

people and fined, 45. Poflhumius (L.) Coniul, iii. 257. Conful for the fecond time, he reduces Teuta Qneen of the lllyrians to demand peace, 263. Defigned Conful for the third time, he is killed in Gaul with all his Sorrow at Rome, 526. troops, by the fall of a forefl, 525. Poflhumius Pyrgenfis (M.) Publican, is fevcrely punifhed for his
frauds, iv. 79.

Poflhumius Albinus (Sp.) Conful, difcovers and feverely punilhes the abominable praiRices of the Bacchanalians, v. 229. Jugurtha eludes his Poflhumius Albinus (Sp.) Conful, vi. 224. the yoke, 227. His brother paffes under attacks, 226. Sp. Poflhumius is condemned by the judges, 229. Pothinus, prime minifter to young Ptolemy K.ing of Egypt, i.v. His difcontcut againfl Csfar, 173, who cauies him to be 155.
aflaflinated,

178PotiiJi

INDEX.
and Plnarli, two families charged with the facrifices in honour of Hercules, i. 5. The extinftion of the family of the Potitii afcribed to the vengeance of the Gods, ii. 428. Poverty, honoured and refpecled by the Romans, i, 370. Example of Publicola, 198. Of Menenius Agrippa, 250. Of Cincinnatus, 355, and 364. Of Curius Dentatus, iii. 46, Of Fabricius, 75, OfRegulus, 178. Of Tubero, v. 500. How honoured in the time of the fecond Punic war, iv. 124 Poulets or Chickens for the aufpices, iii. 24. Paflage of a Conful on that fubjeft, ibid. & feq. Clodius caufcs them to be thrown,
Potitii

into the fea, 214. Praapfa, capital of the

X. 174. Praefcft.
ii.

King of

the Medes, beficged

by Antonj,

Bad

fuccefs of that fiege,

177.

Pra^fefl of Rome, i. 19. Of provifions, Prsfeft fent to Capua, They are alfo granted to 43. 421. other cities in Italy, 422. Prsenelle, befiegcd by the orders of Sylla, vii. 96. It furrenders, 108. Maflacre occafioned there by Sylla, 109. Praetexta. See Habits of the Romans. Prator, Prsetorfhip. Eftablifhment of that office, ii. 233. Brief defcription of the funftion of the Praetors, and the manner of adminiftering jufticein Rome, 236. Firft plebeian Praetor, 363. Creation of a fecond Praetor, iii. 225. Changes in the government with regard to thefe magiftrates, vi, 6g. law to oblige them to judge according to their edidts, vii. 364. Prstors to whom Csefar grants the confular ornaments, ix. 326. Prieft called Flamen Dialis, i. 61. Two others appointed, one for Mars, and the other for Quirinus, or Romulus, ibid. The priefts not permitted to go from Rome, iii. 225. Number of the priefts prodigioufly augmented, x. 303. Principes, Officers of war, v. 361. Prince of the Senate, ii. 33. Conteft between the Cenfors on the choice of a prince of the Senate, iv. 22 1 Prifon, built at Rome by Ancus, i. 100. Prifoners, taken at Cannae by Hannibal. The Senate refufes to ranfom them. See Cannae. Privateers, fitted out by the Romans, iii. 220. Privernum, taken by the Romans. They obtain the freedom of Rome by the fpeeches of their ambafTadors, ii. 367. Proka, King of Alba, i. 8.

Pra^fefture.

Proceffions,

ii.

258.

Tribune of the people, is accufed with two of his colleagues, and condemned, viii. 379. Proconful, the firft to whom the exercife of the military authority was granted was Publilius Philo, ii. 370, 373. The Froconfuls lofe their power the moment they enter the city, iv. 102. Proculeius, a Roman knight, fent by Oilavius to take Cleopatra alive, X. 282. Proculus Julius. See Julius. Prodigies, happen in the reign of Tullus Hoftilius, i. 94. Others pi'ore dreadful, 344. Livy's opinion of them, 95, and v. 390.
Profcription

Procilius, an ancient

INDEX.
Profcription, of Sylla, vii. loz.
ix.

Profcription of the Triumviri,

495.

RepaProferpina, the treafure taken out of her temple at Locri. ration of that facrilege, iv. 363. Provinces : what they were among the Romans, iii. 233. Antiochus endeavours to engage him Prufias, King of Bithynia.
in his intereft, v. 125. Scipio's letters determine him to adhere He betrays Hannibal to the Romans to the Romans, ibid. poifons General himfelf, 259. His abjeft behaviour that great to the Romans, 489. Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt, fends ambafTadors to Rome, Reception which he gives to the Roman Ambafladors, iii. 103. He refufes fuccours to the Carthaginians, iii. 194. 105. Ptolemy Philopator, receives an embafly from Rome, iv. 211. Ptolemy Epiphanes, at five years of age fucceeds his father, iv. 473. Ptolemy Evergetes, King of Egypt, is threatened by Antiochus, to whom the Senate fends ambafladors to put an end to the war, He fends ambafTadors to Rome, 468. V. 465. of) from Lathyrus fou of Phyfco, vii. 45.3. (Succeffion Ptolemies

Ptolemy Auletes, King of Egypt,

acknowledged a friend and He is driven out of his kingdom. ally of the republic, viii. 75. Theophanes, a friend of Pomvpey, is fufpefted of having engaged him to retire out of Egypt, 227. Salutary advice incffeftually given him by Cato on his journey to Rome. He arrives there, 228. Berenice, his daughter, is placed on the throne by the Alexandrians, '229. He affafllnates fome others, gains over, and intimidates the reft of the Alexandrian ambaffadors at
is

Rome,

ibid.

Spinther,

The commiffion to re-ellablifli him is given to 230. The pretended oracle of the Sibyl, which forinto

bad the entering

Egypt with an army,

ibid.

Intrigues of
fuf-

Pompey

to procure that commiffion.

The

aff^iir

remains in

The good figure which Cicero makes in the whole pence, 23 1. The King, by the help of money, engages ofthataftair, 232. Gabinius to re-eftablilh him, 272. Archelaus is killed, and the King re-eRabliflied, 274. His will, ix. 108, 171. See Cyprus. Ptolemy, King of Cyprus. Auletes: between him and Cleopatra difference of fon Ptolemy, And deintoconfideration, ix. 171. takes it Casfar his fitter. He is fent Egypt, his of and filler Queen King 175. clares him the demanded him in AlexAlexandrians, who by Csfar to the defeated, which he is and andrian war, 182. Laft battle, in
Ptolemy, fecond fon of Auletes,
afterwards drowned in the Nile, 186. is declared King conjointly with He is poifoned by her, 428. his fitter Cleopatra, ix. 187.
to the

Ptolemy Apion, bequeaths the kingdom of Cyrene

vi.

Romans,

538.

Antony declares him Ptolemy, fon of Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra for his acknowledges time fame as he the at Kinplawful fpoufe, x. 221. Their fiauds feverely Digrelfion on them, iii. 398. Publicans. of regard to them, vi. Scevola with Severity punifhed, iv. 79.

35S-

INDEX.
Horrible oppreffions exercifed by them in Afia, vii. 3176. LucuUus reprefils them. Their complaints, 277. The affair of the publicans, upon which Cato and Cicero were divided, is
3-5.

terminated by Ca^far, viii. 45, 60, 73. Sec Valerius. Diftator, he pafTcs three Publilius Philo (Q^) Conful, ii. 358. The firll plebeian laws very much againft the Senate, ibid. Conful for the fecond time, 369. His command Praetor, 363. of the army is continued after the expiration of his Confullhip, 370. He triumphs after the termination of his office, 373. Conful for the third time, he avenges the Romans of the diforace they received near Caudium, 400, & feq. Conful for the fourth time, 422. See Volerio. Publilius Volerio. Pulfio, a Centurion in the army. A fingular example of emulation between him and Varenus, another Centurion, viii. 325. He betrays Caifar, ix. 82. Pullets. See Poulets. Punic war. See Carthaginians.. PuniQiraents made ufe of by the Cenfors on the citizens who had Examples, 35. Moderation given caufe for complaint, ii. 34. of the Romans in their punilhments, 115. See Pifo. Pupius Pifo. Pylemenes, a common name of the Kings of Paphlagonia, vii. 8. Pyrrhus, Kingof Epirus, called to the fuccour of the Tarentines, He fends them f<&me troops, 61. He goes to Tareniii. 57. having fuffered a vi'lent ftorm, 63 after turn, He puts an end to the idle and voluptuous life of the Tarentines. Their comPleafant raillery of fome of their young men, ibid. plaints. He gains the vi<5lory by Battle between him and Levinus, 65. means of his elephants, 6g. His thoughts on the vid;ory over He approaches Rome, and is obliged to rethe Romans, 70. His charafler, 72. The Senate fends tire immediately, 71. ambaifadors to him concerning the exchange of prifoners, 73. Advice of Cineas to the King on that fubjefl, 74. Inftead of a fimple exchange he propofes a peace, 75, Private interview of Pyrrhus with Fabricius. He offers him riches, which the He then iaeffedlually. endeavours to frighten him latter refufes. with one of his elephants, ibid. He gives an entertainment to He fends Cineas to Rome to treat of the AmbafTadors, 80. peace, 8i. Ap. Claudius being blind is carried to the Senate, and prevents the peace from being concluded. 83. Praife which Cineas gives the Romans at his retarn, 85. Second battle near Afculum. The lofs is nearly equal, 87. He is informed by Fabricius that his phyfician intends to poifon Kim, 83. He paffes into Sicily to fuccoux the Syraculians againft the CarthaHe returns into Italy, 94. He is defeated by ginians, 90. Curius ill the third and lall battle, 96. He quits Italy after having deceived the Tarentines witli vain expeclatii^us, lOO. His death, 104. Pythium, a city ntuated on the topof mount Olympus, is taken by Nufcia, by the orders of i*. Emilius, v. 422. Quarters,
Publicola.
_

INDEX.
CL
OUarters,
and tribes of the city of Rome, i. 122. Queftors, and Queftorfhip, origin and firft inlHtution of that Two others named for the army, the funcmasyiftracy, ii. 78.
tions of the former being confined to the city, 76.

The num-

ber of Queftors doubled and augmented to eiglit, iii. 115. To twenty by Sylla, vii. 119^ Casfar creates forty, ix. 325. furamary defcription of their funftiovis, ii. 78. That charge was the firft ftep to the great offices of ftate, 80. The Plebeians Queftorfliip given to a child, x. 127. arrive at that office, 76.

Queftions perpetual : their eftablifhment, vi. 69. Quinarii, pieces of money, iii. 450. Quintilis, an ancient name for the month of July, ix. 323. Quintii, (family of ) tranfported from Alba to Rome, i. 92. Quintius Capitolinus (T.) Conful, moderates the animofity of Appius his colleague, i. 314. His army ferves him with zeal againft the JEq^ui, while that of Appius is defeated, 320. ConFor the third time, 324. Conful ful for the fecond time, 323. on the domeftic troubles, harangue for the fourth time. His fine univerfally applauded, ii. 9. He marches againft the ^qui and Conful for the fifth time. His Volfci, and defeats them, 13. Conful for the fixth time, he names Cincinnaius praife, 40. Dictator to reftrain Sp. Mslius, 44. Quintius Cincinnatus (L.) not able to fave Caefo his fon from beHe is taken ing condemned, retires into the country, i. 348. Conful. His firmnefs againil the made be to plow from the fedition, Herefufes to be conappeafes a Tribunes- He 355. to He returns his farm, is created and 361. tinued in his office, befieged Minucius in his camp by Dictator, delivers the Conful the ^qui, defeats the enemy, triumphs, and abdicates the He refufes the Diiator(hip at the end of fixteen days, 364. He engages the Confuls rewards which are offered him, 370. and Patricians, with their friends and clients, to take up arms He is created in order to excite the ardor of the people, 371. endeavours to who Ma^lius, the defigns of fruftrate to Diftator Ahala, who ii. defends Servilius King, He himfelf 46. make

had

killed M^slius, ibid.

Qiiintius (Ciefo) fon of Cincinnatus oppofes the law Terentilla, He is recalled, ^70. is condemned to banifhment, i. 345.

^d

Quintius Cincinnatiis (L.) another fon of Cincinnatus, military Tribune, ii. 49. Matter of the horfe to the Didtator Mamercus
yEmilius, 51.

Quintius Cincinnatus (T.) another fon of Cincinnatus, Conful, Valiant combat, agrees but badly with his colleague, ii. 56. Military Tritime, 60. for fecond the Conful feq. & 57, He is difVeicntes, ibid. defeated the by is He 61. bune, Didator, iEmilius the battle by Mam. in the 63. tinguifhed
accufed and acquitted, 74. Quintius (T) Obliged to put himfelf at the head of the
lie
is

Roman
foldiers

INDEX.
foldiers revolted at

Capua, he conducts them with admirable

340. Quintius Crifpinus Conful, iv. 249. He is dangeroudy wounded, 252. Forefight of the Conful in apprizing the allies of Hannibal's having taken the king Marcellus, by which means Hannibal is caught in his own fnares, 2154. He writes to the Different orders Senate to inform it of the death of Marcellus, which he receives, 256. He dies of his wouncls, 257. Quintius Crifpinus, his fiiigle combat with Badius a Campanian,
ii.

wifdom,

^^-

93-

Quintius Flamininus (T) Demands and obtains the Confullhip, Charadter notwithftanding the difficulties which oppofe him. of that Roman, iv. 503. Judicious reflexion of Plutarch on this fubjeft, 506. He fets out from Rome, and arrives at the army near Epirus, 507. He advances towards Philip in the defiles where he was intrenched, ibid. Interview between him and Philip, 508. He attacks Philip in the defiles, defeats him, and obliges him to fly, ibid. & feq. He makes himfelf mailer of feveral cities, and countries, partly by confenc, and partly by force, 510. He is continued in the command after the expiration of his Confullhip, 520. InefFeSual intervievvf between him and Philip, 521. He makes an alliance with feveral Hates of Greece, (;2 3. He gains a famous vilory over Philip near Cynofcephala, 526. He grants him an interview, 1532. Deliberation of the allies concerning the peace granted to Philip, The peace is concluded, 534. The treaty is fent to 533. Rome and approved. Ten commiflioners fent to regulate the affairs of Greece. Conditions of the treaty, 535. The articles of peace are publiflied at the Ifthmian games. The tranfports and joy of the Greeks, on hearing that their liberty is re-eftaQaintius bliflied, 538. Reflexions on this great event, 540.

Upon the report of vifus feveral of the cities of Greece, 541. the ten commiffioners returned from Greece concerning Nabis, the Senate leaves Quintius at liberty to make war, or not,
againft that tyrant, v. 3. In confequence of which, in an affembly of the allies convened at Corinth, the war is declared againil Nabis, ibid. Quintius approaches Sparta, with a de-

iign to befiege

He has an interview with Nabis, 7. He it, 5. Conditions determines the allies to grant Nabis peace, ibid. of peace propofed to Nabis, g, which are not accepted, and Quintius renews the fiege wich vigour, ibid. Argos fubmits, and obtains a peace, 1 1. Argos recovers its liberty. Quintius there prefides at the Nemsan games, ibid. Difcontent of the allies with refpeft to the treaty concluded v/ith Nabis, 12. Fine fpeech of that Roman in the aflembly of the allies at Corinth,
13.

The Roman
15.

flaves difperfed thro'

Greece are rellored

to

garrifons evacuate the citadel of Corinth, Chalcis, and Demetrias, ibid. He regulates the affairs of Theflaly, ibid. He returns to Rome, and there receives the honour of a triumph, 16. He demands the Confulfliip, and

him,

He makes

the

Roman

carries

it

in fpite

of Sciplo,

who demands

it

for Nafica,

59.

Methods.

INDEX.
ufe of to engage the -^tolians, 6g. His fpeech in the aflembly of the ^tolians, 78. He faves the city of Naupaftus befieged by the Conful Acilius, loi. Quintius (L.) Brother of T. Flamininus, forms the fiege of Corinth, and is obliged to raife it^ iv. 515. He is elefted Conful by the credit of his brother, v. 59. He is degraded, and expelled the Senate by the Cenfor Cato, 253. Quintius (L.) Father-in-law of Pollio, profcribed, and PoUio defigned Conful, ix. 500. Death of Qyintias, 509. Quirinalis (Mount) taken into Rome, i. 41. Quifinus, a name given to Romulus, i. 51. Dedication of his temple by Papirius Curfor, iii. 32. Quirites, why that name was given to the Romans, i. 40.

Methods which he made

R.

RAbirius,
vii.

acCufed of killing Saturninus,

fingle

is

defended by Cicero,
againft

496.

Raven, fuccours Valerius in a

ii.

combat

Gaul,

316. Regillse (Lake) famous for the victory gained by the

the Latines,
Regifters,
i.

Romans over
them

i.

zi

i.

31.

Cato,

when

Qujcftor, reforms and reduces

to their duty, vii. 470. Regulus (C. Atilius) is taken

iii.

from the plow

iii.

to

be made Conful,

169.
Atilius)

Regulus (M.
time.

Conful,

112.

Conful for the fecond

Carthaginians the

He with

his colleague gains over the

famous

battle of

Ecnoma, 170.

He

pafles into Africa together

with his colleague, and there gains confiderable advantages, 176. The Senate continues to him the command in Africa, with the He demands a fucceflbr, in order to title of Proconful, 177. him cultivate his field, 178. enable to Battle with the ferpent He beats the Carthaginians, and takes of Bagrada, 179. Tunis, 180. He offers the Carthaginians condititions of peace, which are fo hard that they are rejefted, ibid. He is defeated and taken prifoner by Xantippus, 183. He accompanies the Carthaginian Ambafladors to Rome, 200. He declares againft the exchange of prifoners, 201. He returns to Carthage, where he expires in the moll; cruel torments, 203. Refleftions on his firmnefs and patience, 204. Carthaginians delivered up to the refentment of his wife Marcia, 205. How Religion; principles of the Romans on that fubjcfl, i. 25confidered by Numa, 58. Reverence with which it infpircd the Romans, 70. Heralds for the ceremonies of religion, 69. Neglected by Tullus HolHlius, is re-cllabliflicd by Ancus, 95. Scruples of Religion, with regard to the eledion of Magiftrates, ii. 1 ig. Novelties in religion reformed by the authority of the
magiltratcs, iv. 76. New fuperAitions forbid, vi.71. Human vidtims, 188. They arc prohibited, 357. Two.Confuls ab-

dicated, on account of the defedl of a religious

form

in their

elcdion.

INDEX.
eleftjon, v. 508.

Tribune of the people punifhed

for

having

been wanting in refpeft to the Pontifex Maximus, 509. Religion (Chriftian ;) how far the conquefts of the Romans tended Jefus Chrift and his church the to its ellablifhment, v. 15J.

end of

all

event:, x. 317.

Remus. See Romulus. Reno, a fmall river near Bologna.

Conference between Antony,

Oftavius, and Lepidus in the ifland of Reno, ix. 490. Retreat of the people to the facred mountain, i. 234. Of the people to mount Aventine, and afterwards to the facred mountain, 410. Of the people to the Janiculum, iii. 49. Revenues of the Romans, iii. 400. See Impofts. Rhamnus, a gladiator, whom Antony engages to kill him, when

he

fliould defire

it,

x. 189.

Rhafcus.

Soe Rhefcuporis. Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor, placed among the veftals, and delivered of Romulus and Remus, i. 9. She is Ihut up in
prifon, ibid.

Rhegium, horrid maflacre of all the inhabitants of that city by a Severe vengeance for garrifon fent thither from Rome, iii. 65*
that crime, 108. Rherai, chief of one of the two faftions which divided Gaul,
viii. 165. Rhefcuporis, King of one of the Cantons of Thrace, x. 3. He fervesin the army of Brutus and Caffius, and his brother in that of the Triumviri, 22. Rhafcus delivers Norbanus and Saxa from being furprifed by his brother, 24. Rhefcuporis direfts the route of Brutus and Caffius thro' impracticable ways, ibid. Rhetoricians (Latin :) Decree of the Cenfors againft them, vi. 370. Rhetogenes> a Numantine, finds means to get out of the city of Numantia, to implore the aid of the Arvaci, vi. 49. His

Rhine

death, 52. defcription of a bridge built over that river by Casfar, : viii. 298. Caefar paffes it a fecond time, 334. Agrippa lieutenant of Odavius, is the fecond Roman after C^far who pafTed that river, X..137. Rhodians : they lend an embafly to Antiochus, to prevent his joining Philip, v. 49. Their fleet which they fent to join the Romans, is defeated by Polyxenidas, 117. Another fleet deftined to fecure the Romans in the war againll Perfeus, 368. That Prince lends an embafl!y to exhort them to remain neuter, ibid. They fend embafTadors to Rome in favour of that prince, 399. The Senate's anfvver to their infolent fpeech, 400. The Ro-

man

Ambafladors pafs thro' Rhodes. Upon their information, the Rhodians condemn to death all thofe who had declared for Perfeus, 466. Their Ambafladors ill received at Rome. Their fpeech, 476. Cato declares in their favour, 478. The Senate's
anfvver, 480. ibid.

Rome is at length granted them, time of the war of Mithridates, vii. Who ineffedlually befieges Rhodes, 27. Fleet fent by the 26. Rhodians to tlie afiilUnce of Fompey, ix. 14;. Predidion of a rower
The
alliance of

Their

fidelity at the

INDEX.
a rower in that
his flight,
fleet, ibid.

They

refufe to receive

Pompey

in

Their blind confidence. They are fubjeded by Caffius, x. 6. Who treats them roughly, and plunders their treafures without fparing their temples, 7. They were recompenfed by Antony, 81. Rhone: celebrated palTage of Hannibal over that river, iii. 343. Marius cuts a new canal to that rive-, vi. 303. Rings (Gold) of the Roman knights killed at Cannae carried to
153.

Carthage,

iii.

510.
i.

Rock, Tarpeian,

38.

Rollin (Charles) Author of this work.

His

praife, v. 335,
i.

& feq.

Romans: Their

increafe under

Romulus,

25.

Predidlions of

their grandeur, 47. (See Principles of their government, 77. Religion ) Jealoufy of the neighbouring nations againft them, Their character, rii, 162, 197. Their Increafe under 104. Servius, 130. They feem to think themfelves dellined to become the matters of the world, 151. Their number and increafe of their liberties, under the Confulfhip of Publicola, 183. At the beginning of the firft Punic war, iii. 145. How greatly they regarded an oath, i. 234. Their feverity v/ith regard to manners. How this contributed to the grandeur of the empire, ii. 36. Their moderation with regard to puniftiments, 115. Punifhments in ufe among them, 241. Efteem of Porfena for them, i. 195, and Pyrrhus, iii. 70. Their noble firmnefs with regard to Cineas, 85. Their obliging behaviour to the fubjedts of Porfena, i. 195. Their moderation with regard to the Veientes, ii. 95. League of the neighbouring nations againft them after the taking of Rome by the Gauls, 180. They fuccour the Campanians againft the Samnites, their allies, 320. Comparlfon between them and Alexander the Great, 412. Their opinion of ufury, 307. Their dihntereftednefs, iii. 105. (See Poverty.) They ftrike off towards the fea. (See Marine.) Zeal of the Romans for the glory of the Republic, iii. 224. Their firmnefs in the firft Punic war, 230. Refleftions on their continual wars, 255. Methods to excite emulation among the foldiers for war, v. 361. Number of the troops they could fet on foot at the time of the war with the Gauls, and before the arrival of Hannibal in Italy, iii, 275. They become entire matters of Italy, 293. Admirable fidelity of their allies, 426. Refie6lion upon their conduct with regard to their Generals who had bad fuccefs, 493. Their love for their country in a want of money, 561. Admirable proofs of the love of the public good in feveral particulars, iv. 26. Their gentle ufage of the conquered people, in order to attach them to them, 238. Their fidelity in re-imburfing private perfons of the fums they had

Comparifon between the government 371. of this republic and that of Carthage at the time of the fecond Punic war, 468. They were the refuge of diftrefiied Kings and people, 474. Their greatnefs of fpirit and generofity, admired by the vanquittied people, 440. Stratagem condemned by the ancient Senators, v. 369. Refledions upon their conduft in
lent the republic,

refpedi

INDEX.
commonwealths, and the Kings, as well of Europe as of Afia, and at the fame time upon the relation which all thefe events have to the eftablilhment of the Chriftian church, 151. Beginning of the luxury of the Romans, W. 147. How the conqueft of Afia contributed to it, v. 150. Height to which it was carried, viii. 258. (See Luxury ) Their magiilrates beDivers examples of this', 321. gin to vex the allies, v. 320. Refledions upon the change which happened in their manners and government, 326. Their unjufl policy, 473, 481, 482. Refleftionson their condu6l in the deftruftion of Carthage, ^25. Salluft's refleiSlion on them at the time of the war with Jugurtha, vi. 230. Extortions of their magiflrates in the provinces, 354, Admirable conduft offeveral of them, 355. Refledlions on the ftate of the republic at the time of the v/ar of Marius, vi. 484. Corruption in their judgments, Univerfal bankruptcy, vii. 73. 325. Violent ftate of the republic in the latter times, 44^. Corruption in the manners of the Romans at the time of CatiFirft occafion of the Roman troops taking arms line, ibid. againft their country, ii. 336. Rome: what we oueht to think of thofe events which are faid to have happened before and after its foundation for a certain fpace of time, i. i. Year of its foundation, 13. Its extent enlarged by Romulus, 41. Its walls rebuilt by Tarquin the elder, 1 12, It is augmented by Servius, and divided into four quarters, Taken and burnt by 122. It is befieged by Coriolanus, 278. Refleflion on that event, 168. the Gauls, ii. 152, 156. It is fettled Its citizens at Veil rebuilt with great expedition, 177. Great fire, iv. 71. Hannibal marches againft recalled, 182. Rome, 100. (See Hannibal.) The ftreets paved by ihe CenIt is enlarged and aggrandifed by Sylla, vii. fors, v. 313. Works of Agrippa for Beautified by Oclavius, x. 166. 120 A temthe conveniency and ornament of Rome, 205, & feq. ple erefled to that city as a Goddefs, 305. Romulus and Remus their birth, i. 9. They are expofed by Their order of Numitor, and taken up by Fauiculus, ibid. They are youth, 10. They are taken by the robbers, 11. known, kill Amulius, and re-eftabliih their grandfather on the Romulus Tliey undertake to build a city, 12. throne, ibid. kills Remus, 13. He founds the city of Rome, ibid. He convokes an afiembly to deliberate on the form of government to be eftablillied, 15. He is made King, ibid. Their choice is confirmed by a prodigy, )6. He appoints twelve Li(5lors, 18. He divides the people into tribes and Curia:, 19. Eftablifhes He is attended by a guard, to whom he gives the Senate, ibid. Origin of the Roman knights, 20. Orthe name of Celeres. He permits der of the government v/hich he eftablidied, 21. He opens an Afylum, 24. fathers to c^-pofe their children, 23. He grants the right of freedom to vanquilhed nations, ibid. Law with regard to marriage-, 26. Power which he gave fatefpeft to the Grecian
:

thers over their children, 27.

Vol.

'

}^.

Romulus

N D E

X.

to demand of the neighbouring natio-ns .their daughters in marriage, and is refufed, i. 33. He is obliged to feize a number at his games, 34. He encourages the captive virgins, ibid. He defeats the Csninenfes, kills their King, and obtains the fpoils called Opirna;, 35. He marks out on the Capitol a place for a temple to Jupiter Feretrius, 36. He defeats the Antemnates and the Cruftuminians, 37. He flops the flight of his foldiers in the war agalnil th Sabines, and vows to build a temple to Jupiter Stator, 38. He reigns in common with Tatius King of the Sabines, 4.0. He augments the number of citizens, 41. And enlarges Rome, ibid. He reigns alone after the death of Tatius, 42. He befieges and takes Fidenas, 44. He defeats the Camerini, ibid. He marches againil; the Veientes, and defeats them, ibid. His death, 45.

Romulas fends

Caufeofhis death, 46. His praife, 45,51. He is deified, A temple is erefted to him, under the name of Quiri46. nus, 51. Rofcillus and ^gus, two GauUni officers attached to Csefar, deand go over to Pompey, I'x. 124. is defended by Cicero, vii. 122, 126. the Rofcius comedian, inllrufls Cicero in aftion, vii. 129. Rofcius Otho (L.) Tribune of the people, paffes a law with regard to the Roman knights, vii. 360. He oppofes the law of
fert,

P-ofcius (Sext.)

Gabinius, for giving Pompey the command of the fea, 37^. Pra:tor he is hilled by ihe people. Cicero, who was then Conful, appeafes the clamour, 495. Rollra, Tribunal of Harangues, why fo called, ii. 362. Roxana, filler of Mithfidatcs, obliged by him to kill herfelf, after loading with imprecations her barbarous, brother, vii. 271. Rubicon, a fmall river ofltaly, famous paffage of it by Ca;far, ix. 26. Oiilavius alfo pafTes it in his march towards Rome, 469. Rullus (P. Servilius) propofes a new Agrarian law, which Cicero prevents from being pafTed, vii. 488. Pvupillius (P.) Coaful, terminates the war of the -flaves in Sicily, vi. 85. He was there in his youth as an officer of the revenue, ibid. Rutilia, filler of Rutiliu?, mother of Cotta, accompanies her fon in his banilhment, vi. 396. Rutilius (P.) accufes Scaurus of bribery, and is accufed in h\s

V/hen

turn, vi. 181. He is made choice ot for lieutenant-general by Metellus NumiJicus, 232. Conful, 297. He exerciies and difciplines his troops perfaflly, 301. He is lieutenant-general under Screvola, Proconful of Alia, 355, He is condemned unjuftly and goes into voluntary baiiifhaicnt, 373. He is invited

by Sylla
vated
the
all

to return to

the fcicnces, ibid.

Rome and refufes, He efcapes

vii.

He had culti376. from the (laughter of

calumny of Theo-

Romans by Mithridatesj phanes againU him, 26.

Lupus
(P.) Conful.
vi.

25.

i-iorrid

Rutilius

His

linjufi fufplcions agalnft fevera!

of the nobility,

403.

He

rejcdls

the counfel

of'^

Marius,
fights,

INDEX.
fights, is

nation at

on Rome ^ome on

vanqui{hed, vanqui{h and killed by the feeing his body, ibid.

allies,

404.

Couiler-

Rutuli,

i.

6.

s.

the rape of, i. 32. They feparate the two armies, 39. Sa.bines, declare war againft the Romans to revenge the rape of
their daughters,
i.

SAblne. Women;

citadel of

Rome by

They make themfelves mafters of the 37. fraud, 38. They conclude a treaty with

the Romans, 40. Vidory gained over them by Tullus, gz. Their .wars with the Romans under Tarquin the elder, ic6. And in the Confulfhip of Publicola, 196. They take advantage of the troubles excited by the Decemviri to attack the Romans," 395. Vanquifhed by Curius Dentatus, they fubmit, and are admitted free citizens of Rome, iii. 46. S'at)inus (Titurius) lieutenant of Csfar, defeats three nations He perifhes with a legion and allied to the. Veneti, viii. 288. nine cohorts,, by the treachery of Ambiorix, 318.

Sabinus. See Calvifius, See Mountain. Sacred mountain.

Sacrifices,

impious and cruel, which the Romans made ufe of to appeafe the" Gods, iii. 272, 483. See Human Vi<5lims. Sacriportus: a place near which young Marius is defeated by
Sylla, vii. 95.
,

Saculio, a buiFoon, prifoner of Brutus, decent jok^s, X. 37. Sadales,

is

put to death for his in-

King of one of

Saguntum, Saguntines:
iri'

the Cantons of Thrace, x, 3. allies of the Romans, and comprehended

between the Romans and Afdrubal, iii, 272. determined to befiege that city, 314. He forms The Romans fend ambaffadors to him to raife ,the iiege,,ibid. Alorcus endeavours in vain to bring the Sathe fiege, 317. guntines to an accommodation, 323. The city is taken and Trouble and grief which that news caufes at deltroyed, 325. Rome, 326. Saguntum re-ellablifhed by the Scipio's, iv. 67. Deputies of the Saguntines at Rome. They are received graAnother deputation, 427. ciously, 332. Salapia, is taken from the Carthaginians ,by the Romans, and the Hannibal endeavours to garrifon put to the fword, iv. 170. take the city by fraud, and is caught in his own fnare, 254. Salafci, vanquifhed by the Conful Ap. Claudius, who triumphs by the help of his daughter a veftal, vi 76. They are fubducd
the treaty
is

Hannibal

by Valerius Melfala,
Salii, prielis inftituted

x. 2-^3.

Volumnius, ii. 442. by Numa, i. 66. Salluft, the hiliorian. Tribune of the people, and perfonal enemy He is degraded from his rank of Senator of Milo^ viii. 394. He is made Prjetor by Casfar, ix. for his debaucheries, 479.
Salentines, defeated by the Conful

112

220.

INDEX.
220. 280.
Salluvii.

Afterwards governor of Numidia. His tyranny Judgment upon that author, vi, 195. See Gaul Tranfalpine.
fiege,
ix.

thcrt,

Salons, a city of Illyricum, fuftains a

Pollio,
Salt-pits,
X.

igg.

Taken by

103.

digged by Ancus Martius, i. gg. Salutation: abufe of the public fchools of falutation, vi. 73. SalviJienus, lieutenant of Oftavius, covers the fiege of Perufia,

which he himfelf was carrying on, x. 71. he is condemned and put to death, 101.
Salvius,

Traitor to Odlavius,
vi.

King of

the

revolted

flaves

in

Sicily,

329.

(See

Slaves.)

Sambucas, machines made ufe of by Marcellus

cufe, iv.

at the fiege of Syra-

37.
kill

Samnite?, are eftablifhed at Capua, and Character of that people, 320. 69.
ibid.

the inhabitants,

ii;

They ravage Campania,

Campania, the Romans declare war againft them, 324. They lofe a famous battle againlt the Conful Valerius Corvus, ibid. Another victory gained over them by the valour ofDecius, a legionary Tritheir refufing to quit the territories of

On

333. They demand renewed, 373. Papirius is named DitStator, his abfence they are vanquiflied by the mafter of the horfe, 375, afterwards by the Didtator, and obtain a truce for a year. 385. Pontius General of the Saranites, encourages, and makes them They lay an ambufcade for the Romans take firms, ii. 388. bune, 328. peace, 343.
Vanquifiied a third time,
is

The war And in 374.

who fall into it precipitately, 390. (See Ponand Caudium.) They flnit them up between two defiles. They caufe them to pafs under the yoke. Luceria is taken, and fix hundred hofiages given by the Romans, ibid. & feq. Their different wars Vv'ith the Romans, 420. They are defeated by the Didator Fabius, 422. By the Conful Junius, 430. Bloody battle between them and the Romans, which obliges the latter to name a Didlator, 435. Extraordinary drefs of their folThey are vanquifhed, 438. They renew the war, 453. diers. The Confuls march againft them, obtain great advantages over them, and ravage their whole country, 457. Defeated by Decius, they are obliged to quit their country, and join the HeDetius takes feveral places from them, 461. trurians, 460. They are defeated by Volumnius, who takes from them the plunder they had got in Campania, 465. Two colonies fent into their country, 467. I'hey are defeated with the Gauls, who had joined them in Hetruria, iii. 11. Their tenacioufnefs for continuing the war, i8. Singular combat in which both fides are terrified, and gain fmall advantages over each other,
rear Caudinm,
tius,

Terrible preparations on their part. The oath demanded 19. of the foldiers, attended with frightful ceremonies, 21. They arc cut to pieces near Aquilonia, by Papirius Curfor, 23. The Samnites arm again, and obtain a great viclory over Fabius Gurges, ijii. 34. They are vanquiflied by the lame Conful,
39-

INDEX.
39^

Reduced
refufes

to afk peace, they ofFera

grand prefent to Curius,

54.

who

it,

46.

They

are entirely 'defeated,

The

Confuls receive a check on their part, 92. The war againft them entirely terminated, 105. After the battle of Cannae, they join Hannibal's party, 49?,. Their complaints to Hannibal,

553.
the Marfi, the head of the league of the Allies
vi.

They and
againft the

They join the party of Marius 399. and Cinna, 423. In conjundion with the Lucanians, and feveral of the chiefs of Marius's party, they march againft Rome, Battle between them and Sylla at the gates of Rome, vii. 97. Laft blow to that party, and the league of the Allies, 100. Samofatis, a city of Comagena. The fuccefs of the fiege of that city does no honour to Antony, x. 123. Samos, Sumptuous and gay entertainments given in that ifland by Antony and Cleopatra, x. 228. Sardinia and Corfica. Expeditions of the Romans in thefe iflands. Their defcription, iii. 162. The former is taken from the Carthaginians by the Romans, 251. And entirely fubdued, 255. That and Corfica reduced to a province of the Roman people,
Romans,
260.
the

The

Carthaginians fend troops into Sardinia, 545, and.

Romans fend fuccours, ibid. It revolts, and is entirely fubje<fled by T. Manlius, alter a famous vidory, 550. Troubles
in thefe iflands, v. 309. Sarmentus, a buftbon of Odlavius, x Saturnalia: a renewal of that feaft,

iii.

235. 381.

Digreflion on that

392. Satyr, found afleep and brought to Sylla, vii. 70. Saturninus (L. Apuleius) origin of his hatred for the Senate. He is made Tribune of the people, and contrafts a conjunftion with Marius, vi. 336, whom he caufcs to be elefted Conful for the His violent contefts with Metellus Numidifourth time, 305. He infuhs the ambafiadors of Mi thri dates, is tried cus, 337.

fubjeft,

and acquitted, 338.

He
340.

kills

Nonius, and
339.

is

elefled

Tribune
excelles

in his ilead for the fecond time,

He

propofes and paffes a

new Agrarian

law,

His infolence, 343.

New
:

which unite againft him all the orders of the republic to death, 341;. His memory is detefted, 347.

he

is

put

Saufeius, an accomplice of Saturninus, vi. 346. Saxa. See Decidius, Scaptius, advifes the people to adjudge a difputed territory to them.
fiilves,
ii.

16.

Scapula, who caufed an infurredion in Bcetica againft Casfar, caufes himfelf to be killed after the b;ittle of Mundj, ix. 318. Scaurus (M. ^milius.) His rife, vi. 180. His probity fufpi-

He wrote his own lite, 182. eleded prince of the Senate, 183. He is deputed to Jugurtha, who gains him by money, 212. He goes with Calpurnius into Numidia. He enters with him into His Cenforfhip, 286. an infamous treaty with Jugurtna, 214. He is accufed before the people and acquitted with great cifticious
in

matters cf gain,
ibid.

181.

His Confulfhip,

He

is

113

culty.

N D E

X.

culty, 288. "I^e appfears in publick, though tormented with the gout, to oppofe Saturninus, 34.5. He is accufed anew, and extricates himlelf out of danger by his conftancy and haughtinefs,

397-.:. . Bcanrus (Aurehus) Conful, vi, 243. He is defeated ard taken by the Cimbri, 298. He is put to death for his freedom in fpeak.

ing, 300. Scaurus (M.) Son of the Prince of the Sena'te, fent by Pompey inHe marries to Syria, is corrupted by Ariftobulus, vli. 429^ His expedition Mucia who was divorced by Pompey, 440. againft Aretas, viii. 41. His edilefliip. Incredible luxury of Accufed of extortion, the games ne gives to the people, 125. He is accufed he is defended by Cicero, and acquitted, 379* of bribery, and condemnfed ; Pompey refufes his affiftance, 408. Sceleratus : a name given to one of the ftreets of Rome, i. 140. Sceva, or vScevius, a foldier of Caefar,; an admirable aftion of hira

^"'53.

...

Sceva, captain of one of Caefar's cohorts.

"

His prodigious valour,

ix. 122.

'

See Mucius (C.) Scevola (P. Mucius.) Conful,

Scevola.
cates to

vi.

him

his projefl, 103.

Tib. Gracchus communi102. Moderation and prudence of that

,

"' Conful, 116. {\ Scevola (Q^ Mucius) the PontifF. His admirable: cbndudl in Alia, in the quality of Proconful, vi. 355. He is made Conful. His praife, 359. He renounces the government of a province which fell to him by lot, 361. He is wounded with a dagger at the funeral of Marius, vi. 482. He is killed by the order of young
* Marius, vii, 94. .,. Scevola (Mucius) the Augiir, Confvl, vi. 205. A llight fcene between him and .\bucius, 287. His firmnefs againft Sylla, 450. Schools, public, for dancing, abufe of their regulation, vi. y^. Schools of the Latin Rhetoricians. See Rhetoricians. Scipio (P. Corneliuf) mafter of the horfe under Camillus the Dic,
.
'

tator, ii. 124. Scipio (L. Cornelius) is named Conful, ii, 453. He marches againft the Hetrurians, 454. Scipio Afina (Cn. Cornelius) Conful, is taken with feventeen fhips
a!;d carried into

Carthage,

iii.

158.

He

is

made Conful

for

190. Scipio (L. Cornelius) Conful,

jilands of Sardinia

the lecond time,

iii.

162.
ibid.

and Corftca,

His expedition againft the His probity and virtue,

164. Scipio (P. Cornelius) Conful,

feilles,

iii. 314. He arrives by fea at Marand is informed thai Hannibal is upon the point of paffirtg the Rhone, 342. He endeavours in vain to overtake him, He is di-fcatcd near Ticinus in a battle of the cavalry, is 348. wounded, and faved by his fon, 358. He retires over the Trebia and intrenches himfeif, 363. He is joined by his brother in

Spain, 435.

(For thtir expeditions fee the following article.)

ScU

INDEX.
Sclpio (Cn. Cornelius) Conful, iii. 157. His fuccefsfiil expeditions in Spain, 375 433. He joins his brother Publjus, 43;. Abelox delivers to them by ftrata^em the SpaniOi hoftages lek by Hannibal at Saguntum, in confecpjence of which they renew the engagements with the people of Spain, .436. The two Generals give Afdrubal battle, in* order to prevent his marching into Italy, and defeat him, 529. They twice running defeat the Carthaginians, 561. They re,-ellablifli Saguntum, iv. 67. They make an alliance with.Syphax, 71, They_endeavo;ir to terminate the war in Spain, and in order to that feparate their armies, 1 17. Cneus marches againft Afdrubal. He is abandoned by the Celtiberians, and defeated, 118. Pubjius, who had marched agaiiill two other Generals, is conquered and killed in battle, 1 20. Cneus attacked by the three Generals uniced, is defeated and killed, 122. His noble difintereftednefs, Reflexions on the conduifl o.r the two Scipio's, 125. (For 124. the confequences of their defeat, fee L. Marcius,) Scipio, th.&firft Africanus, faves the life of his father in a battle, iii. 362. When very young he fuppreffes a dangerous confpiracy, 477. He is made Edile before he is of age, together with hi brother. Joy of their mother on that occafion, iv. 76. When only twenty-four years of age, he is named to command in Spain with the title' of Proconful, 139. His wonderful addrefs in difplaying his talents, in order to attrafl refpeft, 141. He goes to Spain^ 142, 174. He forms a defign of befregin^ Carthagena, and prepares every thing for the execution of it during the winter quarters, 175. The army and fleet fet out together, He^ befieges it by land and and arrive before that place, 176. fea, 179. He makes an aflfault, and takes the city by llorm, 180. The plunder of it confiderable, 183. Manner of his dividing the fpoils, 184. He harangues the viftoricus army and A very warm difpute for praifes their valour and zeal, 185. the mural crown. Scipio terminates it in a pacific manner, 186.
.

His generofity

.,

to the hoftages and prifoners, 187. His wife conduct with refpel to fome ladies among the hoftages, 188, He delivers without ranfom a young Princefs of exquifite beauty to Ailucius, to whom Ihe was promifed in marriage, 190. Praife of that Roinan General, .191. He fends La:li us to Rome to carry the news of his viftory, 193, He exercifes his land and fea forces, ibid. He returns to Tarraco, 194. Scipio brings back the ftates of Spain to the party of the Romans, iv. 236. Ke determines to fight Afdrubal, ibid. Indibilis and Mar.donius quit the Carthaginians in ordtr to join him, 257. Battle, where Afdrubal is defeated and put to ilight, 240. He refufcs the name of King offered him by the Spaniards, 242. He fets at liberty without ranfom and with prefents, Mafliva a He judges it not proper to young Numidian Prince, ibid. His praife, He gains a ;reat purfue his tnemies, 243. 298. victory over Afdrub?.!, fon of Gifgo, and over Mago, 299. He courts the friendihip of Syphax, gees into Africa, and there He bell^-gcs, and tikes thr tiiy o: meets wilh Aid;abai, 504,
I
i

l.ii-

INDEX.
Illiturgis,

309.

He

gives

and dcftroys it entirely, 307. He takes Caftulon, and combats of gladiators, in honour of games
iv. 313. He appeafing and punifhing the fedition,

hi? father ar.d uncle, ibid. Sicknefs ofScipio, which occafions a fedition,
ufes
infinite
Jicldrers

in

Admirable wifdom in his condufton His fpeech, 318. 315. He marches againfl: Mandonius and Indibithat occafion, 321. He parlis, who had revolted, and defeats them entirely, 324.

HeredoRS them, 326. His interviewwith Mafiniffa, 327. He turns to Rome, and gives an account of his exploits, 331. created to Conful. He offers an hundred oxen Jupiter, 352. IS Stipio forms a defign of carrying the war into Africa. Difpute on that fubjed, iv. 334. Speech of Fabius againft him, ibid. Scipio's anfwer, 342. After fome hefitation, he refers the queftion to the Senate, which permits him to go into Africa, 348. He is traverfed by Fabiu?, 350. Wonderful zeal of the allies for him, ibid. He fets out ior Sicily, ibid. He arms three hundred Roman horfe, at the expence of a like number of Sici-

He takes all the neceffary meafures for his great 353. defign, 354. He regulates fome affairs of Sicily, 355. He takes Loci i from the Carthaginians, 361. He gives the caufe in favour of Pieminius, whom he continues in the government
lians,

of Locri, 365. Fabius's v/arm fpeech againft him on that fubjed, 376. Ten commifliosers go to Syracufe to examine into his condufl on that occafion. He is fuily vindicated, 377. The Senate highly applauds him, 382. He conceals the infidelity of Syphax from his foldiers, 386. He repairs to Lilyba;um, and prepares every thing for the departure of the fleet, 387. He
arrives in Africa,

391. Scipio ravages the country, and defeats a detachment of Carthaginian cavalry, iv. 392. He deMafiniffa joins him, 393.
feats

and

kills

Hanno,

in an

adion of the cavalry,

ibid.

He

undertakes the fiege of He receives convoys, 395. ibid. He is continued in the command. Earnellnefs of the Ro, mans to fecosid his enterprize, 400. He forms a grand defign. In the mean time he amufes Syphax with the hopes of an acruins the country of Africa, 394. Uiica, and is obliged to fufpend it,

He

commodation, 401. He difcovers his defign, which was to burn the two c^mps of the enemy, and executes it with fuccefs, He fubjeds all Battle in which he is vidoriou?, 407. 403. His fleet is atthe cities in the dependance of Carthage, 408. ;ack'd by that of Carthage, which gains a fmall advantage, 410. He mixes reproaches with praifes to Mafiniffa, for marrying Sophoniiba, 417,
phonilb.i,

The
tions

confoles Mafiniffa, after the death of Soand gives him great praifes and prefcnts, 420. CondiCarthaginians f<;nd to demand peace of Scipio.
cflcrs

He

Anxiety of the Romans 420. His ambafladors Hannibal, 427. are infultfd at Carthage, 43 t. He fends back Hannibal's fpies, His interview with Hannibal. Their fj>eeches from Po436. ly bius and Tit. Livius, 437. He prepares for a decifive battle,

which he

them.

iv.

for him, at the departure of

447-

N D E

X.

447.

The

battle

tory, 453.

He

dors fent to him

He gains the vicIs fought near Zama, 449. prepares to befiege Carthage, 454. AnibaflaHe defeats a party of to aik a peace, 455.
ibid.

Condiby him, 456. Joy caufed by the news of He concludes a peace, burns 500 his viftory at Rome, 459. fhips of the Carthaginians, and punifhes deferters, 465. He He returns to gives to MafinifTa the kingdom of Syphax, 467. Rome, receives the honour of a triumph, and the furname of African us, 469. He celebrates games, and rewards his foltions of peace propofed
diers,

Numidians, commanded by the fon of Syphax,

498.

Conful for the fecond is created Cenfor, iv. 503. time, V. 20. He oppoffcs the violent refolutions of the Senate againft Hannibal, 53. He demands the Confulfhip for Scipio The credic of Flaminius deprives him of it, 60. His Nafica.
Scipio
converfation with Hannibal, at the court of Antiochus, 64. He ferves in quality of Lieutenant under his brother, to whom he

be given the province of Greece, no. Heraclides, Arabaflador from Antiochus, endeavours to gain him by conliderable offers. Fine anfwer which he makes him, 134. Antiochus fends him his fon, 135. Scipio Africanus is cited before the people, v. 206. GrieInltead of anfwering vances of the Tribunes againft him, 208. them, he carries the whole afiembly with him to the Capitol, to thank the Gods for his vidory, 209. He retires to Linternum : Animoiity of the Tribunes, 210. Sempronius Gracchus, his particular enemy, declares for him againft his colleagues, 211. Livy's refletSlion on the two parts of his life, 213. Difference between hillorians, concerning the fate of that great man, 215. His death, 259. Charadler of, and comparifon between that Roman General, and Hannibal, 278. Scipio (L. Corn.) Afiaticus, brother of Africanus, Is made ^dile with him, iv. 76, He takes Oringis, a city of Bcetica, 288. He carries to Rome the news of the entire fubmilTion of Spain, He is named Conful, v. io8. He obtains the province 304. of Greece, by the intereft of his brother, no. He is left at liberty to go into Afia, if he judges it proper, ibid. He arrives in Greece, and after many refufals, he grants the .^tolians a truce for fix months, to fend Ambafladors to Rome, 1 1 1. After founding the difpoiitions of Philip, he fets out for Afi", by way of Macedonia, 113. He is received with his army by Philip, with royal magnificence, n4. He gains Prufias, 125. He pafles the Hellefponr, and enters Afia, 131. He follows Antiochus to give him battle, 136. The armies are drawn i;p in battle, ibid. Battle is given. The King's army is defeated and cut to pieces, 140. The cities of Afia Minor iurrender to him, 143. His anfwer to the AmbafTadors fent by Antiochus to derarnd peace. Conditions which he impofes, 144. He returns to Kome, has the furname of Afiaticas, and tiiii:ppbs, 149. Scipo Afiaticus is accufed of embczy.ling the public money, and condemned, v. 217. He is oideied to be irnprifoned. Fine

had caufed

to

Ipcech

N D E

X.^

ipeech of Nafica in his favour, 218. Semp, Gracchus, Tybune, The fale of his eftate juftifies oppofes his imprifonment, 221. him, 222. He is degraded by Cato the Cenfor, 254. Scipio Nafica (P. Corn.) is declared the worthieft man in the wliole He demands the Confujfliip, and is commonwealth, iv. 368. The year after he is made Conful, 82. refufed, v. 59. He gains a victory over the Boii, and triumphs, notwithftaiiding the oppofirion of a Tribune, 23. Scipio Nafica (P. Cornelius) fon of the preceding, and fon-in-iaw of Scipio Africanus, drives the Macedonians from the poll of He prefies Paulus ^milius to give battle, Pythium, v. 422. Conful, he abdicates it out of refped to religion, and an 425. Cenfor, he fets up a Clepfydra, or order of the Senate, 508. Conful for the water-clock, for the ufe of the publick, iii. 149. fecond time, he terminates the war againfl: the Dalmatians. His He obtains of the Senate the demolition of a modeily, v. 509 He is fent into Macedonia againll Andrifcus, theatre, 506. His dii'pute with Cato, on the fubjeft of the war againll 512 the Carthaginians, 519. Scipio Nafica (P. Cornelius) Conful, is imprifoned by the TriHis conftancy, in refpeft to the people, ibid. bunes, vi. 33. He is at the bead of the moit violent party againft Tib. GracThe Senate chuSj and cauies him to be put to death, 116. fends him into Afia to remove him from the revenge of the peoHis death, ibid. ple, 121. Scipio Nafica (P. Cornelius.) Conful, vi. 213. ^^i^ death and praife, 216. Scipio (L. Corn.) fon of the firft Africanus, is named Praetor. How he obtained that office, v. 311. Scipio, another fon of the firft Africanus, adoptive father of the fecond, v. 312. Scipio iEmilius, the fecond Africanus, and the Numantine, adopHis courage in the battle of tive fon of the foregoing, v. 312. fati^er, againft Perfeus, ^milius, his Paulus 434. He occupies exercifes himfelf hunting, in Macedonia, and His great 450. Generous and noble ufe which friendfhip with Polybius, 488. Comparifon he makes of his riches on feveral occafions, 501. He offers to ferve in Spain, between him and Tubero, 505. Single combat, and brings overall the youth with him, vi. 8. He is fpeftator of a battle, bein which he is vidlorious, 10. tween Mafinifla and the Carthaginians, v. 5.17. He diftinguiilies His mohimfelf above all the officers at the fiege of Carthage. the ^dilelhip, and is demands eledled Conful He defty, 530, with the war charged in Africa, 531. He againll the laws, and arrives in Africa, and deliverai Mancinus from great danger,
,

532.

He

rc-eltabli(hes difcipline in the troops,

3c feq.

and

carries

on

the fiege with vigour, ibid.

city of Carthage,

His works

for enclofiog the

Nepheris, a tpwn in the continues the fiege, and makes himfelf mailer of that City, 539. Afdrubal furrenders to bim, 540. His compaffion for the ruio of tut city, ibid. Noble

536.

He. takes

neighbourhood of Carthage, 538.

He

INDEX.
He returns to Rome, which he makes of the fpoils, 541. honour of a triumph, receives the and 543. Scipio ^milius, by one fingle expreflion, excludes the two Confuls from the command of the armies in Spain, vi, 17. He is
ufe

named Confui

for the fecond time, 44.

Spain

is

allotted

him

labours and fucceeds in reformiroHe perfifts in refufing the Numantines battle, his army, 45. He prefles the fiege with vigour, 47. Wonderful order 46. that he eftablilhed, for being informed of all that paff.-d, 48. He feverely punishes the city of Latia, for warmly in terelling themfelves in the caufe of the Numantines, 50. His generofity. and difmterellednefs on occafion of the prefents which they oiter him, ibid. The Numantines cannot obtain peace, 51. They
for his province, ibid.

He

The city isentirely demoliflied, 52. triumphs, and obtains the name of Numantinus, ibid. Private life of Scipio ^milius, vi. 54. Celebrated embafiy with which he was charged, 59. He is appointed to regulate the fuccefllon of Mafiniffa, 199. - Excellent advice which he He is accufeti, 66. He himfelfacgives to Jugurtha, 201. Several paflages of his Ce^nforfnip, tx^. cufes Cotta, 6-j. He inveighs againil the abufe of the public dancing fchools, 73. His anfvver, concerning the deatn of Tib. Gracchus, 123. He declares in favour of thofe who are in pofleifion of lands, 127. He is found dead in his bed, 128. v- His obieqaies, 130. His
at length furrender, ibid.

He

averfion to

pomp,

his praife,

131.

Scipio (L.) Afiaticu$, Confui,

Sylla debauches KiS army, 83. He raifes a new army, and is again abandoned,; 91. He 87. ~ is profcribed by Sylla, 102.
vii.
_

Scipio (Metellus.) See Metellus. Scipio, a man without talents, and without merit, employed by Csefar in the African war, ix. 236. Scodra, capital of the kingdom of Gentius, v. 418. Common boundary between the two great provinces of Oftavius and An-

tony, X. 99.
Scordifci, a people

on the banks of the Danube

War

againfc them,

fifter of Libo, married to 0lavius, x. 94. iitiZ is divorced the fame day fhe was delivered of Julia, 127. Scribonius Curio. See Curio. Scribonius Libo, commander for Pompey, of a fleet of fifty vefiels, makes an ineffedlual attempt to block up Brundufium, ix. 114. He is fent to Antony by Sextus Pompeius his fon-in-law, x. 92. Oflavius marries his filler, 94. He prepares the way for a negotiation between Sextus and the Triumviri, 109. Scilla, a famous-rock; where Oftavius's fleet is very much damao-

177. Scribonia,

vi.

ed, X. 134. Scrutiny, introduced at Rome into the eledlion of Magillrates, vi. Into trials, making of laws, and into trials for treaion, 75. 74. Sedition firft among the Roman troops, for turning their arms againit their country, ii. 336. Sedition of Sucro, iv. 313. Of
;

the foldiers againft the Decemviri,

i.

A09.

'

Of

the garnfon

of

Cd-

INDEX.
Capua,
Csfar,
ii.

ix.

336. 222.

OfNorbanus, vi. 362, At Rome, vi. '44-4, 464.

Of the Of the

foldiers

of

foldiers in

Of the Soldiers of Odavius, x. 6^. No cedonia, iv. 500. Hannibal, v. 282. of army fedition in the kingdom of Syria, vii. 414. the Their Seleucid, defpoiled or race continued by Antiochus Afiaticus, made King of Comageoa,
ibid.

Seleucus, fon of Antiochus, befieges Pergamup, v. 120. Seleucus Cybiofadles, marries Berenice, fifter of Ptolemy Auletes, She caufes him to be flrangled, ibid. viii. Z2g.

of the Gracchi, marries Scipio, the fecond AfriShe is fufpefted to have had a principal hand canus, vi. 97. She firmly refufes to in the death of her hufband, 129. acknowledge the falfe Gracchus, 338. Sempronia, enters into the confpiracy of Catiline, vii. 510. Sempronius Atratinus (C.) Conful, makes an unfortunate campaign AfFeftion of his foldiers for him, a^ainft the Volfci, ii. 69.

Sempronia,

fifter

ibid.

He is

fined, 78.

Sempronius Sophus, is made Conful, ii. 443. Sempronius (T.) Conful, paffes into Sicily, and defeats the CarHe is recalled into Italy to fuccour thaginians at fea, iii. 365. Notwithftanding the remonftrance of Scipio, his colleague, 367. he gives Hannibal battle near Trebia, and is defeated, 368. He The night feparates the armie?, engages in a fecond battle.
377.

Sempronius Gracchus (Tib.) General of the horfe, iii. 484. Conful, he appeafes the alarm caufed at Rome, by the defeat of He enters on his office, Pofthumius in Cifalpine Gaul, 526.
.

He fruftrates the enterDiftribution of the armies, ibid. Defends that prize of the Campanians againft Cumae, 545. His vigilance and prudence, ibid. place againft Hannibal, 547.
533.
Skirmifties between him and Hannibal during the winter, 563, He gains a vidlory over Hanno, near Beneventum, and gives the Joy ftaves, who had ferved in his army, their liberty, iv. 19.

Feaft of the viftorious troops, on their return to Beneventum. Conful for the fecond time, given them by the inhabitants, 23. He is betrayed by Flavius, Prshe fets out for Lucania, 67. He is killed in the tor of Lucania, his friend and gucft, 91. combat, 93. He is defeated by Sempronius Tuditanus, (P.) Conful, iv. 369. in his turn beats with great adhim after and foon Hannibal, vantage, 396. Sempronius Gracchus, (T.) See Gracchus. Sempronius Afellio, Praetor of Sicily. His admirable condi;>, vi.

356.

Sempronius Afellio, Praetor of the city, aftafiinated in the Forum, by the fadlion of the rich ufurcrs, vi. 424. Their number Senate : ellabliftiment of that afienibly, i. 19. augmented by Romulus, 41. By Tarquin the elder, 103. It
up, having been greatly diniinifhcJ by I'arquin the Didator created to chufe Senators in the room Proud, 1C8.
is
fill'd

of

INDEX.
Sylla fills it up of thofe killed at the battle of Cannae, iii. 522. with three hundred Knights, vii. 1 19. Prince of the Senate, ii. 33. Power of the Senate, i. 329. Mutual dcpendance of the Confuls, Senate, and People, 330. Laws againft the authority of the Senate, pafled without oppoiition, ii. 358. Praife given that aflenibly by Cineas, iii. 85. The Senate weakened under the Confulfhip of Afranlus, viii. It is difhonoured by the members introduced into it by 44. Caefar, ix. 295. And the Triumviri, x. 106. The decrees full of flattery in favour of Caefar, ix. 283. He is fpoilt by the Senate's flattery, 321. It favours the confpirators after his death, Syftem of its condudl againll Antony, 435. To whom 365. to it fends a deputation, 436. Lepidus, 438. It decrees a ftatue Prepares to make war againft Antony, 440. New deputatioa decreed to Antony ; which is rendered abortive, 441. The Senate extols prodigioufly the advantages gained over Antony, The op449. It endeavours to pull down Oftavius, 455. posite projeds and interells of Oflavius and the Senate, 456. It furnifhes him with a pretext, which he makes ufe of to declare himfelf, 458. The Senate refufes him the Confulfhip, It has recourfe to him againft Antony and Lepidus, 466. 462, Inconftar.cy of the Senate, with regard to Oftavius, 468, & feq. Who makes it revoke the decrees againft Antony and Lepidus, Honours decreed to Oftavius by the Senate, x. 162, 165, 487. feq. & Palace of Julius defigned for the aflTemblies of the 302, Senate, 311. No body was permitted to interrupt a Senator while he Senators. was fpeaking in his place, viii. 54. The Senators govern alternately, during the interregnum, 1. 52. Refledlion on their conduft, with regard to the troubles about the debts, 240. Reafons for their oppofing the Agrarian law, 378. They make ufe of little arts below fuch an auguft body, ii. 67. They have recourfe to the Tribunes of the people, againft the military Tribunes, in nomination of a Didator. Thefe refufe to

example of paying a new contribution, Their acknowledgment of the generofity of the Knights 97. and people, at the time of the fiege of Veii, no. In a very prefTing conjunfture, they carry their gold and filver to the treasury. The other citizens imitate them, iv. 169. Senators maffacred by the Gauls, ii. 155. Senators have diftinguiilied places allotted them at the games, They begin to adhere with little flncerity to the rules of V. 47.
ii.
ftrici:

ufe their authority, 93. The Senators fet the

'ufiice,

ufe ot by the

The old ones condemn the ftratagem made 59. Roman Ambaifadors towards Perfeus, 369. Thirtythe Cenfors, vi.
vii.

two of them degraded by

Senators ftruck off the
as a gladiator, x. 127.
feafts
lift,

179.

Sixty-four

A Senator wants to fight 349. Part -which the Senators took in the
^

given by Oftavius, 313. Cains transfers the adminiftrarion of jullice from the Senators to the Knights, vi. 146. The Senators, in order to ruin the

creuit

I
iG-edit

N D E

X.
colleagues,

oFthar Tribune, make Drufus, one of his oppofe him, and become popular themfelves, 148.

They

are

again reUored to Ihare in the adminiftration of juftice, 4.26. It is entirely rellored to them by Sylla, vii. 1 19. And afterwards divided between them, the Knights, and the Tribunes of the treafury, 328. Senatus-Confultum, i. 124. Form of a Senatus-Confultum, ufed
.

in the lall extremity, 340.- ix. 24. Senogallia, city of, iii. 54.

Senones.

See Gauls. Important war with that people, iii, 52. Murder of the Roman Ambaffadors, revenged by the entire ruin
their nation, ibid.

of

Caccilius,

53.

They defeat the army of the Prajtor They march to befiege Rome, and are entirely
viii.

defeated, ibid. Sens, a city of Gaul,

420.

Septimius

156, 15^7. Septimuleius, carries the head of C. Gracchus to the Conful, vi. Saying of Screvola on that fubjeft, ibid. 158. Sequani, a people of Gaul, viii. 165. Serapion, governor of the ifland of Cyprus, fends fuccours to CalHus, ix. 429. X. 82. He is taken out of the temple of Hercules at Tyre, and delivered to Cleopatra, who caufes him to be killed, 86. Sergia, of the Patrician race, perilhes by the poifon which fhe herfelf had prepared, ii. 365. Sergius Silus (M.) great grandfather of Catiline. Praife of his heroic valour, vii. 443. Sergius Catiline, See Catiline. Serpent brought to Rome for the God ^fculapius, iii, 41.Serpent of Bagrada, killed by the Roman army, iii. 79.' Sertorius efcapes, when the two armies are cut to pieces by the Cimbri, vi. 299. Military Tribune, he fignalizes himfelf in And in the war of the Allies, where he lofes an SpainV 358, eye. His fentiments on that occafion, 409. He comes to Rome with Ciiina, 464. he difluades from receiving Marius into his camp, 468. His lenity in the carnage of Marius in Rome, 480. He goes into Spain, vii. 89, 169. He there llrengthens himfelf, and gains the afFeflions of the people, 170. Annius drives him out, and obliges him to keep the fea, ibid. He conceives thoughts of retiring to the Fortunate Iflands, 171. He goes into Africa, where he receives the deputies of the Lufitanians, who invite him to put himfelf at their head, 173, His great qualities, ibid. His military exploits, 174. He extremely fatigues Metellus Pius, 175. And obliges him to raife the fiege he had undertaken, 176. His afFahility in governing the Barbarians, ibid. His hind, 177. He diiciplines and gives law:i to the Spaniards, 17S. He takes care of the education of the childivn of the princip.'il famiiies in Spain, ibid. Incredible attachment of that people to him, ibid. He referves to the Romans all the rights and fovereign power over the Spaniards, iliii love for his country, and for lus mother, iSo. P^'r'179.

kills

Pompey,

ix.

Whom

perna

I^

N D E
,

Xj

By a droll, perna is forced by his ti;pops to join him, ibid. but inftfuftive (hew, h^ corrects the blind impetuofuy of the He fubdues {heCharacicani by an jngenious Barbarians, i8i. He takes Laurong, in the ii^ht of Pompey, ftratagem, 182. A61 of juftice which he performs on that OGcaiion, (85. 184. Hirtuleius, one of his commanders, is beaten by Metellus, ibid. Battle of Sucrona, where Pompey runs a great rifque, 186. His faying on Metellus and Pompey, 188. His hind is loft, and recovered, ibid. General battle between him on the one part, and Metellus and Pompey on the other, iSg. He difmiffes his troops, who re-affemble in a fmall time after, 190.

price

is fet

upon

his

head by Metellus, 192.

He

harraftes

Metellus and Pompey, and obliges them to retire into very remote quarters, ibid. Ambafladors from Mithridates to afk his His haughty anfwer, 194. Surprize of the alliance, 193. The alliance is concluded, 195. Perperna cabals King. Defertions and treafons punilhed with rigour, againft him. His cruelty, with regard to the children he had caufed to 196. be educated at Ofca, 197. Perperna confpires againft him and kills him, 199. Servilia, wife of young Lepidus, follows him to his tomb, x. 301. Servitii, an Alban family, tranfported to Rome, i. 92. Servilius (P.) Conful, engages the citizens to enlift, and gains a He triumphs, notwithfignal viftory over the Volfci, i. 221. ftanding the oppofition of the Senate, 225. Complaints of Appius, his colleague, againft him, 226._ Servilius i? aeitjier agreeable to the Senate, nor to the people., ibid. As foon as he qijits.his office he Servilius (Sp.) Conful, i. 306.
_.
.

is cited by the Tribunes before the people, 'a.nd is fayd by the vigour and boldnefs of hj3.,defence, .307. ..,'; ^ Servilius Ahala, (C.), ma^r pf |Jie^ %r/e,;J^ij,ls.M?liu9, wk>:afpired to be made King,'ji..4J5_.-p -.(i-^im-V' .^=nv ,,v aidtur.Servilius Prifcus, Dii^ator, retr^ey^s tJie defeat of the Romans, occaficned by a mifunderfl,aaj,dia|g ,o| the^Gen;fals, in- the war

againft the

^qui,

.ir,

82.',.','-^:.,

^,

-;.;.

;,ji

>.i

Servilius (Cn.)' Conful,

oppofe Hannibal, iii.'"38i." ]tie is. Appointed to guard the coaft. of Italy with a fleet, 423. Aftet; alRort-e^padition in Africa, he returns into Italy, 452.J.',Jiq.j^ijtfues the plaa of F^bius> 453.
fcts.."o'ut.fi5r

Ariminum,

in.or.der to

He

is

killed at the battle,6.frwajnTae, 4-73

_-.

Servilius

Cepio

(Cn.).,,CooCyil,.:iAV 3.98.

He
. ,

puriiies

Hannibal

upon

his departure ouJt.pfitaly.

He
;

is

recalled, 430.
..

Servilius

Cepio (Q^)

Se'eyCepio."

Servilius Ifauricus XP.-). Conful, maiies vvar againft jhe pirates with fuccefs, but wuhtout deltroying thera, vii, 237. His triumph,
ibid. His death. remarkable inftance ofhis gravity, ix. 433, Servilius Ifauricus, fon of the preceding, flatters-Cjefar, and is recompenfed with the Confullhip, ix. loo. refifts the reftlefi

He

inclination of the orator Ccelius,

X. 61.

103.

Hisfecond Confullhip,
H'.s birth,

Servilius TuUius, fixth

King of Ro.ne.

education and
dii-

N D E

X.

He is declared King by the peodiftinguimed merit, i. 115. He fuftains feveple, without the confent of the Senate, izo. He ereds a temple to ral wars, which end fuccefsfally, 121. He takes in mount Viminalis and mount EfquiFortune, 122. linus, ibid. He divides Rome into four quarters, ibid. A,ugments the number of the tribes, 123. He eftablilhes the cenfus, or numbering of the people, ibid. He takes the people in prothe aflemblies by CenHe intends to turies, inftead of the aflemblies by Curiae, 129. He introduces the cuftom of afFranrefign the crown, 130. chifing flaves, 131. He makes a particular alliance between the Romans and the Latines, 135. His tragical death, J36.

portion to their riches,

and

eftabliflies

pieces of money, iii. 450. Defcription of thefe works, Sewers, made by Tarquin, i. 112. They are repaired by Agrippa, x. 206. ii. 276. Sextius (L.) is made Tribune of the people with Licinius, and endeavours to render the Confulfliip attainable by the plebeians, The conteils continued for fix years, 218, &feq. Firli ii. 217. plebeian Conful, 229. Sextius (C.) Conful, vi. 138. He fubdues the Salluvii, and builds the city of Aix, 172. Sextius (P.) Quasllor to C. Antonius, animates him in the battle againft CatiJine, vii. 561. Tribune elefl, he makes a journey into Gaul, to obtain Casfar's confent for recalling Cicero, viii. He receives above twenty wounds in a fedition excited by 136. the enemies of Cicero, 139. He is accufed, and defended by Cicero, 238. Shews: in what manner the people beheld them formerly, i. 113. Different fpeeches Diltinguifhed places for the Senators, v. 47. on making that diftindion, ibid. Diltinguifhed places for the Knights, vii. 360. They are Sibyl's books, prefented to Tarquin the Proud, 1. 152. confulted on account of a plague, iii. 33. Th^^ are burnt with new colledion of the Sibyl's verfes made the Capitol, vii. 86. in all parts, 220. A pretended oracle which forbids them to enter Egypt with an army, viii. 230. Sicambri, a people of Germany, attack Q^ Cicero at the head of Extreme danger of that Roman, viii. 337. a legion. Siccius Dentatus (L.) fpeaks in favour of the Agrarian law, and gives a detail of the fervices he had done, and the recompences he had received, i. 374. He is killed by order of the Decemviri, 4C0. Siciiius Coronas, a Senator, abfolves Brutus in prefence ofOi5laSellertii,

vius, ix. 485.

Sicily, Sicilians.
.

'!

inhabitants,

20S. Its ancient Expedition of Pyrrhiis Sicily, iii. 90'. intb 4. Saying of that Prince on leaving the ifland, 95. The Romans go thither for the firft time, 142. Two Confuls go thither. Several cities fubniit to the Roman?, 146. That part of Sicily whicii \v2s under the Carthaginians becomes a Roman province, Actions in that ifland at the beginning of the fecond 231. " '^'Punic 6
iii.
i.
'

Defcription of that ifland,

INDEX.
Punic war.
feated,

Naval battle in which the Carthaginians are deDanger to which it is expofed from the Cartha365.

ginians, 482. Stare of aftjirs in Sicily after tlie battle of" Cannsc, The ConCul Marcellu.s is charged to carry on the war in 521. that ifland, iv. 30. Epicydes and Hippocrates are decreed Prte-

DifSyracufe and Marcellus.) the blockade of Syracufe, 41. The ifland is entirely reduced to a Roman province, 60. Alarm of the Sicilians on hearing that their ifland is the province of Marcellus. Their complaints. Sequel of that affair, which is Arrival of terminated to the fatisfntition of both parties, 159. He makes himfclf mailer of Acrrigentum, the Conful Levinus.
tors

of Syracule, ibid.

(See

ferent expeditions there during

and drives the Carthaginians entirely out of the

ifland,

172.

War

of the flaves.

(See Slaves.)

Sicinins Bellutus (C.) author of the retreat of the people to the facred mountain, i. 234. He is one of the finl Tribunes of the

people, 239. Tribune for the fecond time, endeavours to have He cites him Coriolanus thrown from the Tarpeian reck, 260. before the people, ibid. Sicinius (C.) fon, or grandfon, of the preceding, is named Tri-

bune
fol

for the abolilhing of the

Decemvirate,

i.

416.

Sicinius,

Tribune of the people, has warm difpures with the ConCurio, vii. 221. His jokes on that Conful, ibid. He is

afl!aflinated, 222. Sicyon, aflembly of Achaians in that city, Iv. 511. See Achaians, Sidicini, attacked by the Samnites, have recourfe to t ic Romans, and being denied by them, return to the Latines, ii. 3 13. Sieges, famous. Altxiindria, ix. Siege of Agrigentum, iii. 150 175. Alefia, viii. 439. Athens, vii. 35. Avaricura, or Bourges, viii. 421. Capua, iv. 93. Carthage, v. 530. Carthagena, iv. 170. Genabum, or Orleans, viii. 420. Corinth, v. 551. Lilybaeum, iii. 207. Modena, ix. 447, rviarfeilles, ix. 78.

451.
152.
vii.

Numantia, Saguntum,
294.
Veii,

vi.
iii.
ii.

Perulia, x. 71. 46. Syracufe, iv. 314.

Rome,
35.

i.

169.

ii.

Tigranocerta,

98.

Uxellodunum,

viii.

453.

Sigovefus, a

young

Gaulifli Prince, eflabliflies a colony in

fent into

Ger-

Spain with Scipio Africanus, iv. 142. twice defeats two bodies of the enemy fucceflively, and takes Hanno one of their Generals prifoner, 286. Silanus (M.) Conful is vanquifhed in Gaul by the Cimbri, vi. 294. He is for putting Silanus (D.Junius) defigned Conful, vii. 511. to death, without any further form, the accomplices of Catiline, He is ftaggered by the Speech of Cajfar, 546. 542. Silanus, lieutenant of Lepidus, joins Antony with the body of troops under his conimanu, ix. 443. Simplicity, encouraged, viii. 388. Sinope, native city of Mit-hridates, taken by Lucullus, vii. 283. Sifenna, the hiftorian, vii. 246. He throws himfelf at the Sifenna, fon of Gabinius, viii. 275. feet of the Tribune, who accufed his father, 278.

many, ii. 146. Silanus (M. Julius)

He

Vol. X.

Siuius,

I
Sittius, joins

N D

X.

vvlth Catiline, vii. 479. He invades the kingdom againft who was marching Ca;far, and obliges him to aba, J Ca;far recompenfes him, 280. return to defend it, ix. 241.

of

Colony
Slave's,

of Sittians, ibid.

admitted into the number of citizens, after being afFranMan er of aiFranchlfing, ibid. Confpiracy of chifed, i. 13:. Goodnefs of the Romans tothe flaves, 201 ii. 81. iii. 454. They iii. are after the battle of Canthem, inlifted wards 395. their They obtain liberty for their courage at the rs, 484. Tne timorous are condemned battle near Beneventum, iv. 19. Sylla afFranchifes io,ooo, vii. 142. toaflight paniihment, 22. War of the flaves in Sicily, ^'i. "Ji. (See Cleon and Eunus.) They revolt in Italy, 327. They revolt a fecond time in SiSix thoufand of them chufe cily, and on what occafion, 328. Salvius for their king, and form an army of 20,000 foot and
horfe, 329. Another revolt, in which Athenion is their who had taken the name of Tryphon, balvius, chief, 330.

iooo

the forces of the rebels, 331. neglefting to ibid. take advantage of it, they again take courage, 332. Tryphon's death : Athenion is elefted King in his ftead, ibid. They are
unites

under his

command

all

They

are vanquiflied

by Lucullus,

Who

entirely defeated by

M,

Aquillius, 333.

Two
vi.

flaves fave their millrefs at the

facking o^

Grumentum,

409.

Thofe of Cornutus fave

:

his Ufe, 480.

See Allies. Social war. what they were, Socii navales

Sophoniflja,

iii.

164.

daughter of Afdrubal, formerly promifed to Sypjfiax, marries Mafiniifa, iv. 385. Her difcourfe to Mafiniflia, 414, who She drinks with great refolution the poifon marries her, 415. fent her by Mafiniffa, 419. Sora the inhabitants of that city murder the Roman colony there. Their punilhment, ii. 423. Sortes, ofPraenefte, and others: in what manner they were confulted, iii. 225. Sofius, Antony's lieutenant, joins with Herod in befieging and taking of Jerufalem, x. 125. His triumph, 208. Conful, 222. He declares for Antony againft Oflavius, 225. He leaves Rome to go and join him, 226. Admiral of Antony, he is defeated, 247. He commands Antony's left wing at the battle of Aftium, 250." He obtains pardon of Oflavius, 257. Spain: its mines, iii. 124. The power of the Carthaginians there continually increafing, 270. The Roman Ambaffadors after war is- declared againft the Carthaginians go thither to engage them in their intercft. Why they did not fucceed, 331. Suc:

Cn. Scipio in that kingdom, ^375, 433 Spanifh hoftages His brother Publius joins him there, 435. confined at Saguntum, and delivered to the Romans, who fend them to their parents, and by that means gain the affedion of
ceisful expeditions of

that people, 436. Affairs of that country little in favour of the Hlmilco arrives thereto fupply AfdruCartnaginians, 527. bal's place, 529. (See Cn. and P. Scipio.) Scipio African'us
arrives

INDEX.
amves
there.

(See Scipio Africanus.)

It is

the

fubje(fted

by the Romans, and why, iv. 299. driven out of it, 304. nians are New wars.

province CarthapiSee Cato, Fullall

The

vius, Gracchus.)

War

in Spain preceding the ruin

of Numantia,

vi. 3*

The

Romans have
to Rome The Senate

feveral lofTes in Celtiberia, 5. Several dates fend to demand peace, 6. Speech of their deputies, 7.
refers

them

to Marcellus

but fecretly gives orders

refufe to ferve in that Scipio offers his fervices, and brings over all the youth with him, ibid. Lucullus goes thither. His cruel avarice, 9. Galba is defeated in Lufitania, 11. His deteflable perfidy, 12. Viriathus efcapes the maflacre, 13, See Viriathus, Numantia, &c.) Scipio is charged with the war againft Numantia, 4.6. See Scipio ^Emiiianus.

for the war, ibid.

The Roman youth

country, 8.

Young

Caefar's war in Spain againft Pompey's lieutenants, ix. 61. Againft the fons of Pompey, 310. See Csfar, Pompey, &c. Spartacus. Origin of the Roman war againft that chief of the ilaves, his charafler, and firft condition, vii. 206. His firft fuccefles, 207. Increafe of his forces, arms grofsly forged, exceffes into which the flaves run againft him, 208. He gains a victory over the Prator Vatinius, ibid. His moderation and wifdom in profjjerity, 209. Two Confuls and a Pr^tor fent againft him, ibid. Divifion between the rebel ilaves. Crixis defeated and killed, 210. us He gains a vidory over the three P.oman Generals, ibid. He obliges three hundred prifoners to fight as Gladiators, to honour the funeral of Crixus,

211.
retire

He

marches againft Rome, ibid.

Craflus forces

him

to

towards the ftreights of Sicily, he makes an ineffedlual attempt to pafs fome part of his troops into that ifland, 213,Being ftiut up in Bruttium in lines by Craflus, he forces them, He lofes a confiderable battle againft CraiTus, 215. He ibid. defeats a lieutenant and Quasftor of CrafTus, ibid. Laft battle His courage. in which he is vanquiftied. He is killed, 216. Sparta, befieged by Quintius, and defended by Nabis, v. 5. (See Quintius and Nabis.) Spoils ; one tenth of them confecrated to Apollo, ii. 132. Manner of dividing them amongft the Romans, iv. 184. SpoHa Opima, obtained by Romulus, i. 36. By CoITus, who kills Tolumnius, King of the Veientes, ii. 51. By Marcellus, who kills Viridomarus, King of the Gauls, iii. 291. The honour of the Spolia Opima merited by M. Cnnflus, x. 203. Squadron of Alexander the Great: ftatues, v. 559. See Opplus. Statianus. See^ Taurus. Statilius. Statjlius, declares that he will follow Cato through life and death, Reafon why Brutus did not propofe his joining in the ix. 266. confpiracy againft Csefar, 349. Being fent by Brutus, after the fecond battle of Philippi to make a difcovery, is killed, x.
45-

StatiM,

,Binob3jnM
Stiatira,
fiftcr

ojf!

INDEX.

of Mithridates, receives with pleafizre the order for 271. Statius Murcus, gives three legions which he commanded to He blocks up the port of Bnindufium, to CalTias, ix. 427. Domitius Ahinder Antony from going into Greece, x. 19, difperfes He and 26. dellroys a henobarbus joins him, 21, After the convoy going to the army of the Triumviri, 39. battle of Philippi he attaches himfelf to Sext. Pompeius, 53. Who caufes him to be affafGnated, 94, no. Statorius, a Roman officer, forms the infantry of Syphax, iv. 73. To Cloelia, 194. EStatue, erefted to Horatius Codes, i. 188. Statues and quellrian ftatues erefted in the Forum, iii. 360. Repaintings carried in the triumph of Marcellus, iv. 144.
her death,
vii.

Firft gilt ftutue at Rome, f. flexions on that fubjedl, 145. ftatue decreed to Oc^lavius, ix. 437. Statue erefled to 269. ftatue ereded to Sulpicius, Lepidus by the Senate, 438.

44"-

His generofity in Sthenius, a diftinguilhed citizen of Himera. delivering all the citizens, by taking the whole blame on himHe is perfecuted by Verres, 332. felf, vii. 112. An the elder in the Sabine war, i. 106, Tarquin Stratap-em, of Hannibal, extricating from a for himfelf extraordinary one of Of Sertorius, vii. 182. dangerous poit, iii. 430. Stratius, a phyfician ; wife remonftranccs which he makes to Atf>

talus, brother

of Eumenes,

v.

472.

Strato, aids Brutus in killing himfelf, x. 47. Stratonice, mother of Xiphares, and one of the concubines of
thridates, furrenders a caftle to Pompey, of Adventure of her father, vii. 409. vernefs.

Mi-

which fhe was go-

Succeffipns, or inheritances,

women

Sucro, fedition of, iv, 313. (Sec Arioviftus.) Their Suevi, a people of Germany, viii. 32. C^far, after his paflage of the Rhine, does not valour, 295. think it proper to go and attack them, 300. Suez (Ifthmus of) Cleopatra forms a defign of tranfporting her fieet over tlmt iflhmu?, x. 267. SufFetcs, magiftrates of Carthage, iii. 120. See Metius. Sufi-Vtius (Melius.) By centuries, 127. By tribes, Suffrages given by Curia-, i. 123.
313.^

excluded from them, v. 313. See Scipio Africanus.

By

fcrutiny,

vi.

74.

Sulpicia, an illuftricus lady, v. 232. Sulpicia, judged the moil virtuous woman in

Rome, vi. 188. He is named one of the AmSulpicius (Serv.) Conful, i. 344. baffadors to go into Greece, in order to coUcdl the laws, 382. And one of the firft Decemviri, 385. Conful for the fecond Sulpicius Pffiticus (C.) Conful, ii. 234. Diftator, he fignal viftory over the Gauls, gains a tijne, 297. the third time, 309. For the fourth time, 360. Conful for
For the fifth time, 313. 311. Sulpicius Paterculus (C.) Conful,
'

iii.

166.

He

beats the Cartha-

ginian

fleet,

169.

<

Sulpicius

INDEX.
Sulplcius
155.
Is fent into Mncc^onia, 135. before Philip, 291. In conjunftion with Attains, he befieges Oreum, 293. He is obliged to raife the iicge of Chalcis, 294.. He is decreed Dictator, 430. Conful for the fecond time, 473. He propofes to the people the Senate's advice, which was to declare war againft Philip, 475. He arrives in Greece, and fends Centho to the aid of Aihens, 482. He enters Macedonia. Rencounter of the two parties. Terror

Galba (P) Conful,

flies

iv.

He

of Philip and his troops, 488. He gains an advantage over Philip, 490. See Galba. Sulpicius Gallus, foietels an eclipfe of the moon to the Roman ar-

my,

V,

427.

He

is

made Conful, 493.

He

is

lent

AmbafTador

into Afia. His imprudent condud, 494. Sulpicius (P.) a young oratT. His characfcer. V/ife advice given him by Antony. He accufes Norbanus, vi. 362. Tribune of

from being eleded Conful, changes both his principles to gee the command of the from Sylla to Marius, 443. Sedition on that occafion. He prevails, 444. He is declared an enemy to the public, 450. He is taken and killed, 4.51. Sulpicius Rufus (Ser.) The great lawyer, demands the Confulfhip at the fame time with Catiline and Murena, vii. 511. He accufes Murena, 526. He is m-ide Conful, viii. 413. He oppofes the enterprifes of Marcellus his colleague againfl: Ca;far, ix. 8. He meets the Senate with Casfar, 51, 52. He was one of the lafc who joined Pompey, 205. After the battle of Pharfalia he makes choice of a voluntary banilliment, ibid. He receives a government from Caefar, 221. He is fent by the Senate to Antony, 4^56. He dies on his arrival, 439. A ftatue decreed him, 441. Sun: its palenefs during the whole year of Ca^far's death, ix.
the

he hinders C. Caefar He goes over to Marius and 426. and condudV, 442. He endeavours war again It IVlithridates transferred
people,

rjiv432.

rvii:-jr,

Sun-dials, brought to fubjed, iii. 147.

Suovetaurilia,
i.

Rome

for the

firft

time.

Diilertation on that

130.

Superllitions, popular, often repreiTed.

contempt of them prejudicial

:

See Religion. Craffus's to him, viii. 345. Caution of

Csefar to obviate one, ix. 235. Supplications an honour generally decreed to viftorious GeneOrdained for ten days rals, vii. 537. See Gabinius, Cicero.

on account of the viftory gained over Mithridates by Pompey, which before had never extended beyond fix, 426. For firteen days in favour of Csfar, viii. 222. For forty days, ix. 283. For fifty days, after the advantage gained over Antony before Modena, ix. 449, For fixty days after the raifing of the fiege of Modena, 454,
Sura. See Lentulus.. Surena, a name of dignity

riches and charadler of him,

among the Parthians, viii. who was fent againft

3(;i.

Birth,

Craffus, 352.

(See Craflus) His infolence after the viftory, 370.

Kk

Sjrn?iue

IN
.Sw'name"i>r Sirname, Scipio
.;

D E

X.

fe the firft who afTumedthenamcof the -people he had conquered, nv. 470. See Name. S4itrium, a city taken by the Tufcans, and retaken the fame day by Camillus, ii. 181. Sylla (L. Corn.) arrives in the "camp of Marius, to whom he was Quxltor. His birth and charafter, vi. 274. Marius fends him to Bocchus, 281. Delivers fugurtha up to him, 282. He afcribes to himfelf, with too much pride, all the glory of that event, 284. Lieutenant of Marius, beats the Teftofages, 303. He engages the Marfi, a Gerriian nation, to enter into an alliance with the Romans, 304. He quits Marius, and attaches himfeif to Catulus, 305, He introduces with him plenty into the army of Catulus, 316. He has a great fhare in the viftory He exhibits a over the Cimbri, 319. His Prsetorlliip, 368. ihew of an hundred unchained lions, 369. He eflablifhes Ario-^ barzancs on the throne of Cappadocia, 370. vii, 12. He compleats the viflory over the allies, begun by Marius, vi. 407. He deftroys Stabis, and befieges Pompeii, 413. He takes upon him the command of PoAbum.ius's army and does not revenge the death of that General killed by his foldiers, 414. He deftroys an army of the Samnites commanded by Cluentius, ibid. He is honoured with a Corona Obfidionalis, 415. He reduces the Hirpini, enters Samnium, and has various advantages, 416. He returns to Rome in order to demand the Confulfhip. His fantaftical charader, 417. He is elefled Conful, and overcomes

C.

Ca;far, 426.

of the command in the war againft Miby the violent proceedings of the Tribure Sulpicius, inarches with his army againft Rome, vi. 445. The Senate
Sylla, being deprived

thridates,

fends deputies to him to forbid his advancing. He prevents it from being plundered, 447.

He

feizes

Rome,

reforms the government, raifes the authority of the Senate, and reduces that of the people, 449. He caufes Marius, Sulpicius, and ten other Senators to he declared enemies of the public, 450. His moderation. He fuffers Cinna to be elefted Conful, 461. He himfelf is obliged to cjuit Italy, and is accufed by a Tribune, ' 462. Syila goes into Greece, vii. 34. Forms the fiege of Athens, Plunders the temples of dlympia, Epidai;rus, and Delphi. 35.

His

expreffions on that occafion,

that of the ancient

36.

Comparifon between
Generalf, 37*

his

condud and

Invectives of the Athenians againft him and his wife, 38. He takes the city by ftorm, 41. He is rcfolved at firft to demolifh it, but He takes tlie Pir:Eus and fuffers himfelf to be difTuaded, 42. burns it, ^3. He marches againft the Generals of Miihridates, ibid. Gajns a famous vidory near Chajronea, 46. And a fecond before Orchomenus, 50. His interview with Archelaus for a negotiation, 56. He advances towards the Hellefpont. His haughty aqfwer to the Generals of Mithridates, 61. His interview with that Prince in which a peace is concluded, 63. He juftijies himfelf on that fubjedt to his foldiers, 64. He purfues

Roman

IN
fues Fimbria,
fitions after the viftory, 66.

D E
He

X.

kill himfelf, ibid. His dlfpogives his foldiers great licence, He fines Afia in 20,000 talents, 68. The adlion moft 67. worthy of praife in his whole life was his preferring the termination of the war againft Mithridates to his own private interefts,

and reduces him to

69.

He
The

prepares

to return

into Italy,

70.

fatyr

found

afleep,

and brought to him,

ibid.

vii. 78, who fends him a deputaConfuls affemble great forces to oppofe him, anfwer to the deputies of the Senate, 81. Prodigious preparations of the new Confuls againft hiai, 84. AiFedlion of his foldiers for him, ibid. He lands in Italy, and advances as far as Campania without any obftacle, ibid. He defeats Norbanus, 85. Corrupts Scipio's army, 87. Saying of Carbo on

Sylla's letters to the Senate,

tion, 79. ibid. His

that occalion.

Saying of Sylla

to Craffus,

89.

Pompey
Sylla, 91

joins

His confidence of conquering, 93. He defeats young Marius near Sacriportus, 95. Gives the command of the fiege of Prsnelte to
treaty with the

him with makes a

three legions.

Honours paid him by

people of Italy.

He

Lucretius Ofella. He begins to negledl the nobility, 96. He is received into Rome, ibid. bloody battle fought at the gates of the city between him and the Samnites, 97. Change in his manners, 100. He fills Rome with murders, loi. Profcription, 102. He pardons Csfar at the intercelTion of powerful friends. His expreflion on that fubjeft, 107. He aiTumes the furname of Happy, 108. Maflacre which he caufed to be executed in Przenefte, after taking that city, 109. Cities profcribed, fold, and demolilhed by his order, 110, He fends Pompey into Sicily, to purfue the remains of the vanquifned party, ibid. Sylla caufes himfelf to be made Dictator, and receives unlimited powers, vii. 114. He appears in public, arrayed in the moll terrible manner, Ji6. He caufes Lucretius Ofella to be murdered in the Forum, for demanding the Confulfhip, contrary to his order, ibid. He triumphs over Mithridates, 117. He pafles feveral laws, ii8. He weakens ajid depreiTes the Tribunefhip, 1 19. He fells the eftates of the profcribed in a tyrannical manner, 120. He recompenfes the good will of a bad poet, ibid. He was a man of pleafure, 121. He fends the produ<Et arifing from the fale of thefe eftates, to the public treafury, He fends Pompey into Africa again It Domitius, 130. He 122.

recalls him, 132. He is both Didaror and Conful at tne fame time, 135. He makes free ten thoufand fiaves, and diftributes lands to the officers and foldiers of twenty-three legions,. 142. He abdicates the Didtatorlhip. Refledions on that event, 14.3.

He

is infulted by a Sylla reproaches

young man.

Pompey

for

His tranquillity, 145. having made Lepidus Conful,

He buries 145. He gives a great feaft to the people, 146. Metella, his wife, and marries Valleria, ibid. He is feized with the loufy difeafe, 147. He gives laws to the inhabitants of Puzzuoli, ibid. employed in compofing the memoirs of is He
vii.

K.

k 4

his

INDEX.
two <lays of his death, 148. His will, ibid. His death, 149. Reflec"Kl^aft violence which he excrcifes. tion upon the furname of Fxlix, happy or fortunate, which he His example His magnilicent oblequies, 150. alTumed, ibid.
his life, till within
fatal to the

Republic,

155.
elcdl, is

Sylla, (P. Cornelius) Conful

449. of Catiline, ibid.

Cffifar's

demned,

vii.

He was
At
ix.
i

accufed of bribery, and connot an accomplice in the confpiracy

the battle of Pharfalia, he

commands

the

right of 39. the eflates of unfortunate citizens, 219. Sylla Fauftus and Faulla his filler, twins of the Diftator Sylla and Fauilos, when a child, bragging of his wife Metella, vii. 109. his father's Diilatorfhip, received a blow in th? f^ce from CafHe gives a combat of Gladiators, fms, alfo a child, ix. 345.
^viii.

army,

His greedinefs

in purchasing

He intereils himfelf for Scauru?, his brother by the 57. He joins Cato after the battle of Pharfalia, ix. mother, 3?io. batde of Thapius, he is put to death by Ca:far, the After 164. Her unFaulla,,his fifter, marries Milo, viii. J40. 281,
cbaiUty, 394-

Syphax, King of Numidia, makes an alliance with the two Scipio's, He retains by means of the deputies they had fent to him. That i^ne of them to inllrucl his army in making war, iv. 71. He is twice defeated by Mafinifofficer forms an infantry. 73. {a, 74. He fends an embafiy to Rome, and receives another Scipio feeks his friendfrom thence with prefents, 210,211. there meets Afdrubal, 304. and him in Africa, Ihip, goes to Afdrubal, 385. of He Syphax marries Sophonilha, daughter renounces his friendfhip with Scipio, and his alliance with the Romans, which he caufes to be declared to Scipio, by his AmAfter the burning of the two camps by Scipio, bafladors, 386. He is defeated he raifes a new army to continue the war, 406. He fets new troops on foot, 4 12. He and put to flight, 407. is vanquiflied by Lzelius and MafiniiTa, and made prilbner, ibid. He is cariied to the Roman camp, 415. He endeavours to vinHe is dicate himfelf to Scipio, by accuflng Soplionifta, 416.
.

fent to

Rome, 420.

And

led in triumph, 470.

Syracufe,

Epicydes and Hippodefcription of that city, iv. 33. They animate the people crates are m.'ide Pra;tors there, 30. Wile fpcech of a Syracufian in the againfl: the Romans, ibid. They conclude a peace with the Romans, 32. afTembly, 31.
Terrible efled of befieges it by land and fea, 35. Sambuc.x of Marcelhis, 36. the machines of Archiiijedes, ibid. The fiege is turned into a blockade, 39. Uifi^^rent expeditions in Sicily during the blockade, 41..- Marcellus deliberates, wheHe holds iatcliigence ther he fnail continue or raife tne fiege. Pan of the city uiken, in the city, which is difcovered, 49. Havock -..iduby ihe-pia^oe in 5. Tears of MarccUus, 5 1. .lowed with tii; tiking Various eyents, the two armies, 53.

MarccUus

up to be pl-undertd. 59. of the city, 54. It is di-Iivered Complaints of the Syracufaos .againft Maicellus. Sec Maicellus, and Sicily. nifljiil'
Syria.

I
Syria.

N D

X.

True ftate of that kingdom, vn. goes thither. Invafion of It is reduced to a Rom,an province, 414. 415. ^""''^ ''fiT " that kingdom by the Parthians, x. 118.

Pompey

T.
See Laws. novas, what, ii. 286. Talafiius : Why that name was ufed at marriages, i. 54. Her prudence after Tanaquil, wife of Tarquin the elder, i. 100. the aflalTination cf her hufband, 118. The war Tarentum, Tarentines, character of that people. againft them occafioned by an infult offered by them to the Ro(ten of laws.)

TABLES Tabulje

mans,

infult a-new the Roman AmbafTadors, They call Pyrdeclared againft them, 57. 56. troops, 61. He He fends them fome rhus to their aid, ^8. And puts an end to their idle and goes thither himfelf, 63. Witty expreffion of Their complaints. voluptuous life, ibid. one of their young men, 64. (See Pyrrhus ) The city receives Tarenthe Romans in preference to the Carthaginians, 104. tine hoftages who had efcaped from Rome, brought back thither and puniflied with death, iv. 83. The city is delivered by
iii.

55.

They

The war

is

treachery to Hannibal,

who

attacks,

inefFedually, the citadel,

It is fupplied with provifions, and leaves it blacked up, 84. Defeat of a Roman fleet, which was carrying fuccours to 90. The garrifon of the citadel gains an advanthe citadel, 171. The citadel is re-viftualled, tage over that of the city, ibid. Fabius befieges and takes the city by intelligence, and 210. Rich fpoils which he finds delivers it up to be plundered. leaves them their ftatues, 231. Regulations He there, 229. with regard to the Tarentines, 249. Tarpeius delivers the citadel of Rome, and is killed, i. 37. He gives his name to a part of Rome, 38. Tarquin the elder, fifth King of Rome, before called Lucumo, He takes the fettles at Rome with Tanaquil his wife, i. loo. name of Tarquin, 101. His praife, ibid. He is declared King, in prejudice of the childi-en of Ancus, 102. He creates new Senators, 103. Augments the number of the Veftals, 104. He makes war with the Latines, 105. Great advantages which he obtains. His moderation, ibid. His war with the Sabines, War with the Stratagem which he makes ufe of, ibid. 106. Second with the Sabines, no. His reguHctrurians, 107. He prepares the foundations of lations during the peace, 1 2. afTaffiivated is by' order of the Tons of Capitol, He the 113.
,

Ancus, 117. T^rqiin the Proud,

'

Tuland ufurps ;jthe^ throne, i. J36. He governs tyrannically, and by his cruHe makes the Lajclties procures the furname of Proud, 141. - tines his friends, 143.. He deftroys Turnus Herdonius, under He makes pretence that he intended to afTafSnatc him, ibid.
laft

.elia

his wife, caufes Servius

King of Rome, at TuUius to be

the inftigation of

aflaffinated,

a treaty

INDEX.
a treaty with tHe Latines, and erefts a temple to Jupiter Latlalis, J4J. He makes war with the Sabines and Volfci, 146. Takes His important works at the city of Gabii by ftratagem, 147. Rome, 149. He fets about the Capitol, ibid. He finds the The Sihead of a man in digging to lay the foundation, 150. He fends his two fons to Delbyl's books offered to him, 152. phos with Brutus, 154. He bufieges Ardea, 156. His expulComparifon befion occafioned by the death of Lucretia, ibid. He and Numa, j6i. demands his efFefts, tween that prince Confpiracy in his favour difcowhich is granted him, 169. The confpirators put 10 death, 170. And his eiFedts vered. given up to pillage, 174. The hatred of the Romans againft Collatinus is obliged to abthe Tarquins pafTes to their name. Two of that family driven from Rome, dicate the Confullhip. Tarquin's battle againft the Romans, who had the Conibid. Brutus is killed by Aruns, 178. He enfuls at their head. againft the Romans, 186. (See make war gages Porfena to at Rome, His two ?oo. He raifes a confpiracy Porfena.) ions are killed at the battle near the lake of Regillas, 212. He retires to Cum?s, and dies there, 218. Tarquin (Sextus) eldeft fon of Tarquin the Proud, delivers up the He violates city of Gabii to his father by ftratagem, i. 147.

He is killed with his brother the chaftity of Lucretia, 156. of Regillae, ziz, near lake the battle the Aruns, at Collatinus, See Tarquin Collatinus. Tarquinenfes : cruel revenge taken of the inhabitants of that city,
ii. 310. Tarquitius

(L)

mafter of the

Roman

horfe,

under CIncinnatus,

CafTarfus, a city of Cilicia, holds out for Dolabella, ix. 429. contributions, It recomenormous x. is it of 4. demands iius The magnificent and gallant entry of penfed by Antony, 81. city, 83. Cleopatra into that Tafgetius, King of the Carnutes, a friend of the Romans, is af..

faffinated, viii. 317-

Tatius,

the Sabines, makes war with the Romans, and takes the citadel by ftratagem, i. 37. In confequence of a treaHis death, 42. ty, he reigns at Rome with Romulus, 40.

King of

Taurea.
v. 144.
-

See Jubellius.
territories

Taurus (Mount) made the boundary of the

.Taurus (Statilius)

of Antiochus,

part of O^Tiavius's fleet, x, 147. He takes poiTeffion of Africa Proper, and Numidia, in the name He commands the His triumph, 208. of Oftavius, 162. land army of Oftaviuf, at the battle of Aftium, 261. Teftofages. See Gallo-grecians. Telamon : the Romans gain a famous viftory over the Gauls,

commands one

near that place,

iii.

278.

Tcmpanius

(Sex.) Decurio.

Great aftlon of that

officer,

which

faves the a.'-my of the Conful Sempronius, ii. 70. bunes of die people prefs him to accufe the Conful.

The

TriHis wife
anfwer.

INDEX.
ta\fwr, 72.

Ke
of)

is

made Tribune of the

396.

people, 75.

His ge-

nerofity with regard to Senipronius, ibid.

Tempe

(vallies

v.

Tempeft, dreadful, meets the Roman fleet on the codls of Sicily, iii, 189. A furious one twice hinders Hannibal and the Romans from engaging, iv. 104. Another which greatly incommodes Caefar's army, ix. 246. Other tempefts, iii. 193, 217.
iv.

459.

Temple

262. X. 135, 147. at Jerufalem taken by Pompey,

vii.

vii.

432.

Plundered by
x. 125.

CrafTus, viii. 347.

Taken by

Sofius and

Herod,

Tem-

ples confecrated to
divinity,]

Pagan divinitie?. [See the name of each Temples ereded to Oftavius, and to Caefar, 305.
i.
16'.

Templum:

origin of that word,

Tenfteri, a German nation, pafTes the Rhine, viii. 292. Tenfae, ii. 440. Tenth of the fpoils confecrated to Apollo, ii. 132. Terencia, wife of Cicero, encourages her hufband to proceed vigoroufly againft Catiline's accomplices, vii. 541. viii. 7. She follicirs for her hufband in exile, 132.
Terentillus, Tribune of the people, propofes a Livv for eftablifhing The affair is deferred, i. a fixed form for adminiftring julHce.

See Law. 341. Terentius (Ser.) hir. admirable generofity to D. Brutu?, when the afTaflins were fent to difpatch him, ix. 489. Terentius Varro. See Varro. Terminus, a God: feafts eftabliftied to his honour, i. 70. That God, and the Goddcfs of youth, refufe to give a place, for building the temple, 150. See Anxur. Terracinus. Teuta, Queen of Illyricum, caufes the Roman Ambafladors to be killed, iii. 262. War on that account, 263. She quits the government of the kingdom, 265. Teutobodus, King of the Teutones, led in triumph by Marius. His prodigious ftature, vi. 322. Teutones join with the Cimbri. (See Cimbri.) After their feparation from them, they continue their march towards the Alps, and are entirely defeated by Marius, vi. 307. Thames, a river of Great-Britain, which Csefar fords, notwithflanding the difficulties he met with, viii. 314. Thapfus ; battle near that place between Caslar and Metellus Sclpio, ix. 253.

0 263. viii. 125. Pompey, ii. 268. viii. 259. The Cenfors order the building of a fixed theatre, which the Senate oppofes. Their reafons, ii. 267. Moveable theatres of Curio, viii. 128. Theodorus, pracceptor of Antyllus, traitor to his pupil, is put t death, x. 283.
that ofScaurus,
ii.

Theatre: defcription of

Theodotus, rhetorician at the court of Egypt, counfels to kill Pompey, ix. 15^. Whofe head he prefents to Casfar. He ij killed by Brutu?, 169. x. 12. Theo|5han)es advances a horrible calumny againft Rutilius, vii.
26.

N D E
Pompey diicds

X.
his flight

26.
It
ix;
is

He
by
154.

is t>ie hiilorian,

friend, and confidejit of

his advice that

Pompey, 438. towards Egyp.C,r

Theopompus,

the Cnidian, favoured by Cjefar for his learning, obtains for his native place confiderable privileges, ix. i68. Viftory gained 'I'hcrmopyla;, defcription of that defile, v. 89. there by the Romans over Anciochus, 90. Thoas, chief of the embaiTy from the .^Etolians to Antiochus, v.

Makes that Prince jealous of Har,nibal, 73. 6R. Thracians: Vidtories gained over that people by the Romans, Advantages o;ained by Brutus in their kingdom, x. 3. vii. 206. freedman of Odavius, fent to Cleopatra, is ill treated Thyrfus, a << by Antony, x. 271. Claudius Nero.) Brought (See Tiberius, afterwards emperor. up in the palace of Oftavius, x. 1 29. He commands a fquadron
'

in the

Tiber.
iii.

Trojan game, 312. Ojigin oi that narae,,iv8.

_

jj':;

v.-

Overflowirg Of that river,

-ifr-;.'^ 247. gains a vidory over the Hannibal near which river Ticinus ; a Romans, iii. 358. Tigiliura Sororium, i. 86. Tigranes, King of Armenia, dethrones Ariobarzanes, King of Cappadocia, vii. 12. And invades. that kingdom in concert with Mithridates, 243. His great Power. His pomp, 278. He ^ives audience to Appius fent by Lutullus to demand MiInterview and reconciliation of the two Kings, thridates, 279. One of his Generals is pride of Tigranes. Incredible 280.

defeated and killed, 2S6.

At

firll

little

humbled, he refuines

courage and advances towards Lucullus, 288. Merry expreffions of the Armenians on the fmail number of the Romans, Incredible flaughter 290. He is defeated and obliged to fly. of his army, 292. He is re-joined by Mithridates, 294. He Jn confends AmbafTadors to the King of the Parthians, 296.

They are he raifcs a new army, 299. fon of The their lofs, retrieve 306. defeated, 301. into the hands himfelf throws liim, ?nd againft Tigranes revolts and camp, Pompey's himfelf to of Pompey, 3g8. Pie goes Pompey, given by him Audience Surrenders at difcretion, 399. The father is put in pofl^efFoolifh conduct ot his fon. 400. fion of his kingdom, and the fon in chains by Pompey, ibid. Tigranes, fon of the preceding, revolts againfl; his father, vii. 392, See alfo 400, 402. He is led in triumph, viii. 36. 398, Clodius, the Tribune, undertakes to procure him his libercert with Mithridates

They

ty, 131. It is taken and Tif^ranocerta: defcription of that city, vii. 288. deftroyed by Lucullus, 294. Tigurini, a people of Helvetia, gain a great viftory over the ConSee Helveii. ful Caflius, vi. 29^. Tillius Cimber, enters into the confpirscy againfl Caefar, and tho* given to drinking wine, keeps the fecret inviolable, ix. 350.

He commands

the fleet of Brutus and Caflius, x. 23.

Tima-

INDEX.
Timafithcus, chief of the pirates : his generous conduft to the Roman deputies, who were carrying to Delphos a gold vafe,
ii.

139,

The Romans recompenle

that

good

ofiice to his poilc-

rity, iii, 194. Tiridate?, placed on the Parthian throne in the room of Phraates, and afterwards driven from it by Phraates, x. 299.

Titienfis,

Titinius,

an ancient tribe ellablilhed Jby Romulus, lii. 300. an officer fent from Brutus to Caffius, he caufes by

hh

He kills himfelf thro' flownefs the death of the latter, x. 33. defpair, ibid. Titius (P.) Tribune of the people, deprives Cafca his colleague of
He propofes a law for eftablifliing the Tribunclhip, ix. 486. the Triuravirfhip, 495. Titius (M.) returns to Rome by virtue of the treaty of Mifenum, X. 113. Lieutenant of Antony. Part which he had in the death of Sext. Pompeius, 197, & feq. Indignation of the people
Rome, 199. Sabinus. See Tolumnius, King of the Veientes, engages the Fidenates to kill He is killed in a battle by the Roman Ambaffadors, ii. 50. Coffus, who thereby gains the Spolia Opima, 53.
againft

him

at his return to

Titurius Sabinus.

Toranius (C.) Tutor to Odavius,

death, 510.

is

profcribed, ix. 500.

His

Torquatus.

SceManlius (T.)
vi.

Tortoife, military, x. 1 84. Touloufe, a city of Gaul, taken and plundered by Csepio,

295.

Gold of Touloufe,
Trade,
Traffic,
iii.
I

ibid.
at

iA
i.

.<

firft

regarded
'I'ir.'-Tif T

Rome,
!^
>

31.
it,

when
55.

-the ilomans

began to apply themfelves to

for Hannibnl's
affliction

Thrafimenus,a lake famous

mans,
iii.

vidory over the Roat

387.

General

v.'hich that defeat caufes

Rome, 393.

Another defeat of 40C0

horfe,

Treafury, public, i. 182. It is By whom it forced by Csifar, ix. .57. Trebia, a river famous tor the victory Hinnibal gained over the Romans, iii. 368. Fright of the Romans. Prepuiations for the next campaign, 374. Trebonia. See Law. Trgbonius, a Tribune of the people, propofes a law for giving the Confuls Pompey and CrafTus the governments of Spain and Syria, viii. 255. He is charged with the fiege of Marfeilles by Ccefar, ix, 62. Pisecor of the city, he is attacked by Coolius, 102. He is fent by Casfar into Spain, 309. He is fubliituted in the Confulfhip for the three remaining months by Casfar, He is one of the confpirators, 549. Governor of Afia 324. Minor, he is maffacred by DoUbella. indignities committed on him, 425. Tremellius (Cn.) a Tribune of the people, is condemned to a fine, for being wanting in refped to the Fontifex Maximus, v. ijog.
.

391. was kept, ii. 79.

Trc-

N D E

5^.

TremelHus, vanquilher of an impollor in P^Tacedonia, acqoirejf there the furname of Scrofa, v. 514. Treves (people of) meditate a rebellion and are fupprefTed by
CsEiar, viii. 311.

(See Indutiomarus.J They are vanquifhed and fubjefted, by Labienus, Caefar's lientenanty 333.

Triarii, third line of a legion, i. joo. Triarius, Prcctor of Sardinia, harrafTes Lepidus, vii. 167. commands the fleet of Lucullus, 262. He has a great part in He gains a ftnall advantage over the taking of Heraclea, 281. defeat Bloody of Triarius, ibid. Lucullus Mithvidates, 307.

He

with great diiiicuky faves him from the fury of his foldiers, 309. Tribunelhip, Tribunes of the people. Firft creation of thefe Their laws and privileges, i. 239, 242. Law in magiflrates. It is ordained that they fhall be elefted in their favour, 2^4. Their number augmented to the affembly of the tribes, 313. They retain the power of convoking the Senate, ten, 372. of that magiftracy Interruption by the creation of De374. The tribunes re-eftabli(hed, 413. New law cemvirs, 385. with regard to their eleftion, ii. 7. Their authority is depreffed by Sylla, vii. 1 19. Debates on re-eltabli(hing them in their Their power is re-eftabliftied by Pompey, iirft authority, 220. 223. The Tribunitial power given to Odavius, X. 303. The Tribunes fet the people againll the Senate, on occafion of a famine, i. 252. They fummon Coriolanus before the peoThe Sehate, by the advice of Appius, makes a ple, 260. New troubles excited by one of divifion between them, 293. them, on the fubjelof the Agrarian law, 309. They fummon Appius before the people, in order to give an account of his They fpread a falfe report of a confpiracy conduft, 321. formed by the Patricians, 349. They renew their meafures^ and are appeafed by Cincinnatus, 355. They again propofe They follicit the execution of the the Agrarian laws, 374. Duillius prevents his colleagues from belex Terentilla, 382. ing re-elefted for the following year, ii. 6. They lummon the Decemviri before the people, i. 417. They force the Confuls They complain to' the people to nominate a Diftator, ii. 56. on account of the plebeians being excl'. ded from offices, 65. They in vain endeavour to have the Cjuocftors chofen out of the The Senate divides them, ibid. They enplebeians, 76. ineffedlually to have the military Tribunes elefted out deavour of the plebeians, 92. The Senate has recourfe to them againft

They refufe to the military Tribunes for creating a Diftator. Their unjufc murmurs againll the eftablifhment aflift them, 93.
of the pay, 97. Their complaints of the fiege of Veii being continued during the winter, 102, and on the fubjedl of imTwo Tribunes fined at the expiration of their pofitions, 113. renew the propofal of removing the people They office, 139. ruin of Rome. the Camillus vigoroufly oppofes to Veij, after They propofe three Their propofal is rejefled, 176 it, 173. laws, with regard to debts, lands, and the Conlullhip, 217. Camillus ii decreed Didator, notvvithllanding their oppofition, 221.

IN
ft2i.

EX.

They

agree to pafs conjointly their three chief laws, 223.

Appius ftrongly oppcfes it, 224. The difputes are fufpended by the arrival of the Gauls, 227. Termination of the difputes, Their generous 229. They put two Confuls in prifon, vi. 33. firmnefs againft one of their' colleagues, who had abufed his povver, 62. Firft Tribune depofed, 107. They excite new troubles, by new laws, vii. 360. Three old Tribunes are accufed and one of them condemned, viii. 378. They contribute Their reafon for this conduft, 386, to caufe an interregnum. Two Tribunes depofed by Ciefar's order, ix. 337. Another
parallel example, 485. Tribunes Military, created by the foldiers retired to mount Aventine, i. 411. Tribunes Military, created in the room, and with the povver of Confuls, ii. 26. They abdicate their office in about three months, 28. New ones created, 49. Others created after feveral interruptions, 55, 61, 76, 92. Diviiion between them

at the fiege of Veil, occafions a defeat,

to abdicate,

1 1

1.

They

are obljo^ed

After their abdication they are condemned 112. to a fine, 114. Firft occafion of elefting a plebeian, 1 17. That magiftracy abolifhed, 218. And endeavoured to be renew'd ia the time of Pompey, viii. 386. Tribunes Legionary, named by the people, ii. 295, 428. They
are the principal officers of the legion, and
nately, V. 408.

command

it

alter-

Tribunes of the
juftice,
vii.

treafure,

have a part in the adminiltration of

328.

Tribes: their creation, i. 19. Their number augmented by SerFour new ones, ii. 183. vius TuUius, 123. Two new ones, Two more, 364. Two mere, 421. Two more, 452. 306. Two more, which fixes their number at thirty-five, iii. 248. Eight new ones formed after the war of the Allies, for the new citizens, vi. 423. Tribes called Urbanae and Rufticse their difference, v. 471. DilTertation on the tribes, and on the different forms of their affemblies, iii. 300. Law which ordains the affembly of the tribes, for the eledion of Tribunes, i. 313. The meaneft of the people are placed in four only, i. 133. u. 446. iii, 295. V. 471. Tribute paid at every birth, death, and at putting on the Toga virilis, i, 130. New tribute impofed for the pay of the foldiers. The Senators fet the example, ii. 97. In what the tributes among the Romans confided, iii. 400. Double tribute impofed in Rome, 533. In confequence of the fums carried to the treafury by Paulus ^miliusin his triumph, the citizens are exempted from taxes, v. 459. Tribute of forty millions of Sefterces, impofed on Gaul by Csefar, viii. 458. New tribute levied for paying the reward to the vi6lorious;legions, ix 456. Exaflions of the Triumviri, Antony, Oclavias, and^.epidus, 517. Tax impofed on the ladfes, 518. ..,1
: ^,

-.-j^.

Triumph:

its

origin,

i.

36.

Firft

inftances ofit^ being.decrceJ

by the people, without the

2

confent_C|^.]th^ S?nater.:ii..4,.,

C^iebia;<rd

INDEX.
brated

triumph of Curius,

Triumph Triumph

iii. 99. Naval triumph, 161. of Paulus yEmilius, v. 162. Of Odavius, x. 307. decreed without having made war, v. 270. Differ-

tation on that fubjeft, 157 Triumvirate between Caefar, Pompey, and CrafTus, viii. 54. See Second Triumvirate, ix.. 490, the names of the Triumvirs. Oftavius, Lepidus. See Antony, 492,495. judges ; their power, and eilablifliment, Triumviri capiiales,
iii.

48.

Triumviri, named for the diviiion of lands, vi. 109. See Games. Trojans, Troy, i. 5, & feq. Trojan game. Troops : number which the Romans could fet on foot at the time The levies made of the fecond war with the Gauls, iii. 275. in a new manner, iv. 82. (See Cavalry and Infantry.)
firft example among the Romans, vi. 177. Trophies Trophonius, and his cave, v. 446. Troubles ; See Tribunes, Debts, Confullhlp, Marriages, Famine,
:

Law

Agrarian, &c.
called Salvius, chief of the revolted flaves in Si-

Tryphon, before
cily, vi.

See Slaves. 331. Tubero (Q^JElius) love and efteem of poverty of that Roman, and Comof his wife, the daughter of P. ^milius, v. 453, 500.
parifon between

him and
)

Scipio, 505.

Tubero (Q^./Elius
at the funeral

fon of the foregoing; his ill-timed parfimony

of Scipio, vi. 131. Tubero repulfed by Varus, and not fufFered to land in Africa, ix. He accufes Ligarius, 298. 83. Tubulus. See Holtilius. TuUia, daughter of Ser. Tullius, and wife of Tarquin the Proud. Her ambition and crimes, i. 137, She caufes her chariot to be driven over the body of her father, 140. Tullia, daughter of Cicero, married for the third time to Dola-

Her death, ix. 305. bella, viii. 477. Tullius (Man.) Conful, i. 200. Tullius (Sex ) firft captain of a legion, goes at the head of his
diers,
to Sulpicius the
ii.

fol-

Didator, and demands leave to attack the

Gauls,

301.

TuUus

Hoililius, third

King of

the

Romans,

i.

78.

He

gives

Heinclofes mount Ccelius within makes war with the Albans, ibid. He hinHe the city, 79. difcovering the treachery of Melius, 87. ders his ibidiers from He deftroys Alba, and Which he punifhes rigoroufly, 89. He makes war with the joins its citizens to thofe of Rome, 90. Prodigies which Fidenates, the Sabines, and the Latines, 92. promote fuperftition, 94. He dies of the plague, ibid.
lands to

poor citizens, ibid.

TuUus,

(Attius) a dillinguifhed perfon

i.

among

the Volfci, affords

Stratagem which he makes ufe to the Volfci make war with the Romans, 276. engage to of commander the of troops with Coriolanus, 277. He is made Tumult, a word Cublliiuted inllead of that of War, ix.441. Tunica, iii. 393.
a retreat to Coriolanus,
274.
k

Tunii

INDEX.
,Tunjs; a city, fix leagues from Carthage, iii, ii8. iv. 4^5. Turdctar.i, neighbours and eiiemics of the Saguntincs, in. ti:. Turfn, a city of Italy, taken by Hannibal, iii. 357, "Turnus and Mezcntius, oppoie the efiablilliment of vneas in Italy, and are defeated, i. 6.

Turnus

J-ferdonius, put to death

i.

by the treafon of Tarquin the

143. Turpilius, governor of Vacca in Numidia, is the oftly perfon fpared by the revolted inhabitants, vi. 2'43. j3eing furpe(5led of holding intelligence with them, he is cqndemncd, notvyithllanding the inftances of JVIetellus, 244^ ...Tufcan^, defeated by Cedicius ihe Ctniurion, ii. 160. See Etruf^_

Proud,

cans.

Tufculum, taken by the Equi, and delivered by the Romans, i. The inhabitants appeafe Camillus and the Romans, by 363. the tranquillity with which they receive the Roman army into
their country,
ii.

212.

Tycha,

a part of the city ofSyracufe, iv. 33.

Tyre, metropolis of Carthage, iii. 118. Its fidelity to the Romans, X. 1 19. Tyrant, confequences of that name to Casfar, ix. 368, & feq. Tyrannion, the Grammarian, is made prifoner at the taking of Amifus, and receives his freedom from Murena, vii. 274.

.^^-^*ih

-J/r of Numidja maiTacre qf the Roman garnfon placed there by Metellus, vL 243. Who takes anipie revenge for it, ibid. V'alentia in Spain, founded by D. Brutus, vi. 34.

XTAcca,

fit

bnvl C'
a city

'''\t-*'

run

Valerius Publicola (P.) is prefent at th death of Lucretii, 5. 157. He is difa^^inted of the Confulfhip, 166. He is fubllituted
in the

room of

Collatinus,

176.

Ke

is

fufpeifled

of afp'ring to

'

180. He pafTes feveral popular J^s, and acquires the name of Pablicola, j8i. He takes the number of the people, and defires the people to appoint him a colleague after the death of Brutus, 1S2. He is made Conful for the fecond time, 186. For the third and fourch time, 195. His death and praife, 198. Valerius, (M.) brother of Publicola, declares in favour of tlie debtors, i. 203. He is killed at the battle of the lake of Regillae,
the crown, which caufes his houfe to be rafed,

r.

213/. ;:;. .Valerius, (Manius) another brother of Pubhcola, is declared DicHe defeats the Sabines and triumphs, 232. He tator, 1,231.
His fpeech full of moderation, abdicates the Diftatorfhip, 233. troubles ^xcited the on account of Coriolanus, for appealing
265. Valerius (P".) Conful, makes the citizens refume their arms, notwithftandiug the oppofition of the Tribunes, marches againit "H^rdonius, who had feized the Capitol, and is killed, i. 351-

Vol. X.

LI

Vale-

INDEX.
Valerius Potitus, fpeaks firft againft the Decemviri, i. 397. Goes with Horatius to meet them at the head of the people, 407. He is fent by them to bring back the people, who were retired to He is made Conful, and pafTes fethe Sacred Mountain, 413. He marches veral laws very favourabie to the people, 416. againil the Equi and Volfci, defeats them, and triumphs, notwithftanding the oppofition of the Senate, ii. 2. Valerius Corvus, (M.) kills a Gaul in fingle combat, and acquires He is chofen Conful, tho' abfent, the name of Corvus, ii. 315. Conful for the fecond time, at twenty-three years of age, 317. For the third time, 319. He gains a confiderable vic318.

New victory, 333. He is detory over the Samnites, 324. appeafes the and fedition of the garrifon of Cacreed Didlator, His fine pua, who had revoltea againft the Republic, 336. Conful for the fourth time, 364. fpeech to the foldiers, 339,
.

Dictator for the fecond time, he defeats the Marfi, and the HeConful for the fifth time, ibid. He renews the trurians, 449. law for appealing to the people, 45 i. Conful for the fixth time,

iii. 48. It is long Valerius Sevinus (P.) Conful, gives Pyrrhus battle. difputed, iii. 65. His army is defeated by means of the elephants, New troops fent to him, 71. Saying of Fabricius on that 6g. Conful, ibid. Valerius Maximus (M ) Conful, goes into Syria, and there makes war fuccefsfully, Hi. 146. He acquires the furname of Meflala,

He carries a fun-dial to Rome, ibid. 148. Valerius Falto ( Q_) Prstor, has a great part in gaining the battle near the iflands Agates. His conteits with Lutatius for the triumphs, iii. 226, 232. Valerius Levinus (M.) goes into Greece and beats Philip near Apollonia, iv. 65. He concludes a treaty between the Romans and the ^tolians, 152. He befieges and takes Anticyra, and His prudent advice to the is afterwards named Conful, 155. Senators for appeafmg the murmurs of the people, on occafion He arrives in Sicily, makes himfelf of a new impofuiun, 168. mailer of Agrigentum, and drives the Carthaginians intirely out of that ifland, 172. He is recalled to Rome in order to prefide in the aficniblits, 210. He arrives, and gives an account of the good liate of Sicily, 211. Valerius McfTila (M.) ravages Africa v^ith his fleet, iv. 212. He beats a Cartiiaginian ilcet near Clupea, 257. He beats them a fecond time, after having ravaged Africa, 289. Valerius Flaccus, chofen priell: of Jupiter, reforms his life, and reUorcs a privilege belonging to his ofiice, iv. 211;. Valerius Fiaccus (L.) engages Cato, when young, to fettle at
iv. 234. He is made Conful vvit!i hirn, v. 25. He is and with nim, Cenfor is named Prince of the Senate, 253. Valerius (L.) Tribune of the people, liis fpeech againil the Lex

Rome,

Oppia, v. 42. Videnus Fiaccus (L.) colleague

to Marius, Conful,

vi.

340.

Vale-

INDEX.
Valerius Flaccns (L.) is made Prince of the Senate, vii. 78. He He is chofen inexhorts them to make peace with Sylla, 79. He prcfides at the nomination of Sylla for the terrex, 114. Di<^atorfhip, and is chofen by him matter of the horfe, 115,
1

16.

Valerius Flaccus

fubdituted in the room of Marius, Lands in Greece, to take upon him the command of vii. 41. His charafler, and that the army, in the room of Sylla, 58. of Fimbria his Lieutenant, 59. Alifunderllanding between them, Unjuft law which he caufed to be Flaccus is killed, ibid.

(L) Conful,

pafTed, 73. Valerius Soranus ( Q.. ) a learned man, put to death by Pompey, vii. III. Valerius Flaccus (L.) arrefts by order of Cicero, the deputies from the Allobrogcs, vii. 535. Valerius MefTala, (M.) See MefTala. Valerius (Triarius.) See Triarius. Valerius Procillus, a powerful Gaul, lent by Casfar to Arioviftus, His danger while in the hands of that Prince, 209. viii. 206. Varenus. See Pulfio. Varinius (P.) Prsetor, is vanqulfhed by Spartacus, vii. 208. Varius Hybrida ( Q^) Tribune of the people, paiTes a law to inform againft thofe who had favoured the allies, vi. 39 q. Cotta, Scaurus, and Antony are accufed in confequence of that law, Himfelf condemned by his own law, perilhca 396, & feq.

miferably, 397.

Varius (L.) furnamed Cotyla,

legions, ix. 490.

left

by Antony

in Gaul, with fix

Varro (C. Terentius)

his birth

ports the propofal for

He fupand charafler, iii. 455. making Minucius equal to Fabius, ibid,

He is elefted ConDifcourfeof a Tribune in his favour, 456. And has Paulus .^milius given him for his colful, 457. (See Canns;.) His vain-glorious fpeech, 459. league, ibid. He is determined to give battle, 468. He retires to Canufium, He fends letters to the Senate after the defeat of Cann^, 479. He returns prefent Itate of affairs, 481. to inform them of the receives AmbafHe to Rome, and is very well received, 493. fadors from the Campanians, and discovers too much to them of the defeat at Canna;, 500. He is continued in the command
another year, 527.

Varro (M. Terentius) the moft learned of the Romans, Lieutenant of Pompey, in the war againft the Pirates, receives a naval crown, vii. 385. Curule iEdile, he tranfports from LacedemoLieuteRome, a piece of painting in Frcfco, viii. 58. himfelf, furrenders his He nant of Pompey in Spain, ix. 62. and finds He is profcribed, troops, and money to Csefar, 78. His Hacue placed in Pollio's an Afylum with Calenus, 511.
nia to
library, x. 103.

Varro LucuUus. See Lucullus. Varus Attius. See Attius.

Vatia.

See Servilius.

Vati-

INDEX,
Vatir.jos,

Tribune of the people, makes ufe of violence in order

His cbiiraclcr, viii. 67. Accufed, he makes He is chofen Pr?etor in preuff of force to efcape juHice, 1 17. juiflce of Cato, by the credit of Pompey, 253. He is defendto fcrve Caefar.

By order of Caefar, he makes ed by Cicero and acquitted, 280, to Pompey's partjzans, of peace ix. 113. He gains profiofuions viL^ory Oftavius, Conful for a over M. 201. He is made a naval few days. Saying of Cicero on that occafion, 220. He is forced by his troops to give up the command to Brutus, 423. Veftios MefTius, an ofHcer of the Volfci, his bravery, li. 58. They are defeated by Romulus, i. 44.. They Veil, Veientes. They gain a confidcrable advantage over the P.omans, ii. 61. Moderation of the Roare defeated with the Fidenates, 63. Beginning of the Hege of that mans with regard to them, 95. into changed a blockade, It is Complaints of city, 98. loi. Fine harangue of Appius the Tribunes on that fubjefl, 102. A check, which redoubles the courage to refute them, 103. New defeat occafioned by the divifions of the foldiers, 108. between the military Tribunes, iii. They attack the enemy Camillus declared Diftator, recovers and are rt'pulfed, 119. The city is taken by the help of a the Roman affairs, 123.
caufes at Rome, 130. The tenth of Apollo, The people demand to the fpoils conlecrated to 132. Camillus complains that the be tranfported to that city, ibid. vow concerning the tenths of the fpoils was not executed, 133. He ftrongly oppofes the defign of removing the people to Veii, The liiw propofed on that fubjeft is rejedted, 141. 140. The Tribunes propofe anew the colony is fent thither, ibid. removing to Veii, after the ruin of Rome by the Gauls, 173. The propoliCamillus again vigoroufly oppofes them, ibid.

mine, 125.

Joy which

it

tion rejefted, 176. recalled to

The
182..

citizens

who were

eltablilhed there are

Rome,

Velia, a quarter of Rome,

i.

180.

Venality in officers unknown to the ancients, iii. 122. Veneti, a people of Gaul, form a powerful league againft the Casfar marches in perfon againll them^ Romans,, viii. 284. they are vanquiihed, 286. which They fea-fight in A 285. Safurrender at difcretion, and are treated with rigour, 287. Lieutenants, Caefar's of who binus, one defeats three nations, were in alliance with them, 288. Ventidius, General of the allies in the Social war, vi. 410. Ventidius, probably the fon of the foregoing, is led in triumph
Praetor, he is attached to by Cn. Pompeius Strabo, vi. 421. He is made Conful the fame year Antony, ix. 441, 448, 458. he was Pr^tor, 492, 521. His furpriiing fortune, 521. In the Perufian war he commands an army in Italy, x. 66, 71, 72. He is fent by Antony againll the Parthians, and gains two vidories Antony is jealous of his glory, over them fucceffively, 120. Third viftory of Ventidius, t-Je dares not pulh lus 121. 122. advantages, for fear of provoking the jealoufy of Antony, 123. His triumph 124. 7

Venus

INDEX.
Venus Venus
187. Czefur dedicates a teniple to her, ix.. 292. Venufia: a colony of 20,000 men eltablilhed in that city, iii. 4:^.. Varro, and four thoufand men letiie thither alter the baitle ^f
;

Verticordl'a

temple eredled

to her,

vi*.

the Mother.

Cannae, 473.
Viir facrum,
iii.

. 421. Vcrcingetcrix, a Prince of the Gauls, heads the Arverni, viii. 417. In order to itarve Czefar's army, he lays wafte the country ot the Bituriges, and burns their towns, but ("pares Avaricum, which Being fufpeded by the Cacfar befieges before his face, 422. His addrefs in encouraging Gauls, he juflines himfelf, 424. his people. He perfuades the Gauls to fortify their camp, He follows Caifar into which they had never yet done, 427. the territories of the Arverni, and eacamps on the neighbouring heights, 423. He declines a battle which is offered him, 432. He is confirmed Generaliffimo of the league. His plan of the war. He attacks the Roman province, 435, He eng.iges in a battle of cavalry, is vanquifhed, and retires to Alefia, 437. (See Alefia). He is made priioner, 446. Led in triumph, and a.fterwards put to death, ix. 286. Vermina, fon of Syphax, going with fuccours to Carthag-c, iv. He fends Ambafladors to Rome to demand the alliance 455. ot the Romans. He fubmits to the Conditions which they im.pofe on him, 480. Verres, Qusdor to Carbo, leaves him, and takes with him the miLieutenant of Dolabella in Cilicia, he is litary cheil^, vii. 86. for taking away the daughter of Philodamus, and caufes him and his fon to be condemned to die, 140. He is accufed. His crimes, 329. He places his confidence in his money, and in He goes into banifhment withthe promife of Hortenfius, 342. out waiting the fentence, 348. He is profcribed by the triumviri, ix. 510, Vefia The fire is extinguilhed in her temple is burnt, iii. 247.
'

that temple, i^. 297. Veitals eftablifhed by Numa.

Their fundlions, privileges, i. 63. Their number augmented by Tarquin the elder, 104. They are charged with the facred things, to prcfcrve them from the fury of the Piety of Albanius on that occailon. Gauls, ii. 152. They reA veftal procures a triumph for her father, tire to Ca;re, i^^. Their cnmes how puniihed, i. 64. Oppia, a veftaJ, vi. 76. punilhed, 292. Pollhumia accufed and acquitted, ii. 81. A vellal Condemned, iii. 257. Two convifted of crimes, 483. Three of them proved guilty, and condemned, vi. 185. Tne triumviri take from them the treafures entrufted to their care, ix. 518. They are vanquilhed, Iii. 374.. Vellini ; war agair.ft that people. Veterans (foliicrs) le^ompenfed by Antony and Odavius. Their prodigious number, x. 58. The cppofite interells of the pofTheir greedinefs ^and infolellbrs of lands, and the foldiers.

The

palladium committed to their cuftody, ibid.

lence.

INDEX.
Their infolence to Antony, loi. OiHavius fubmlts lence, 6i. his difputes with Lucius to their arbitration, 68.
Vettius, a Roman Knight, excites the flaves in Italy to a revolt. He is defeated and killed, vi. 327. Vettius, chief of the Peligni, is taken prifoner by the Romans, and
killed

by one of

his flaves,

who

afterwards kills himfelf, vi,

412. Vettius (L.) a Roman Knight, accufes Cjefar of having a hand in Caefar caufes him to be condemned the confpiracy of Catiline. to a fine, and afterwards thrown into prifon, viii, 6. After having caufed feveral of the confpirators to be condemned, he renders himfelf fafpedled, 7. Suborned by Casfar, Conful, he accufes feveral of the principal Senators of having a defign to affafTmate Pompey, 84. He is fent to prifon, 85. Veturia, mother of Coriolanus, i. 245. Tendernefs and refpeft of her fon for her, 279. She accompanies a great number of ladies to requeft her fon to raife the fiege of Rome, ibid. Veturius (T.) Conful, ii. 364. Conful for the fecond time, he falls into the ambufcade of Caudium, 388. See Pofthumius

(SP;) Veturius, fon of the foregoing, extremely

creditor, he efcapes
.48-

from him.

ill treated by Plotius his Troubles on that occalion, iii.

yibius Virius,

is

and caufes

his

fent by the Campanians in an embafly to Varro, countrymen to join Hannibal's party, iii. 501,

oppofes the adVice of thofe who are for furrendering to the His fpeech, iv. 106. He dies by poifon, no. Vibius Panfa, oppofes the decrees of the Senate againft Caifar, ix. 10. A friend of Cicero, 303. He endeavours ineffectually to make Caefar accept of a guard, 333. He is defigned Conful by Cffifar, tho' the fon of one who was banifhed, 410, 435. His difpcfitions^with regard to the public affairs, 435, & feq. His condu(5i:, and that of his colleague Hirtius, 436 Panfa 446. joins his colleague before Modena, 448. Battle in which he is wounded, ibid. His death, 452. Grief caufed at Rome by his death, and that of Hirtius. Their obfequies, 454. vibius Maximus, a Have, named Qua;ftor, x. 106. Vidims (human) See Gaul, and Gauls, iii. 130, vi. 188. They are prohibited, 357. They were in ufe among the Gauls, viii. Chriflianity alone has totally abolifhed them, 173. 172. Viftory, (flatue of) fent to the Romans by Hiero, iii. 458. Ofta-

He

Romans.

vius confccrates a flatue to vidlory, x. 311. Villius Pappulus (P.) Conful, goes into Macedonia, a fedition among the legionary foldiers, iv. 500.
Villius, (L.)

and appeafes

Tribune, palles the firft law for determining the age ncccflary for obtaining a magiftracy. He is furnamed Annales, v. 374. Viminalis (mount) inclofcd in Rome, i. 122.
Vindicius,

Tarquius, 6

a flave, difcovers the confpiracy for re-eftabli(hing the i. 172, He obtains his liberty, 174.

Vine,

N D E

X.
to

Vine of gold
433Virgil,

carried

by Pompey from Jerufalem

Rome,

vii.

the poet, his birth, vii, 352. His great danger from the centurion Arius, x. 62. Proteded by Pollio, 103. Virgilius, (C.) Prstor of Sicily, refufes an afylum to Cicero, viii.

no.
Virginia
her.
:

Appius the Decemvir endeavours

father
is
i.

Her

infamy,
chaftity,

401.
4.

to poflefs himfelf of obliged to kill her, to preferve her from (See Virginius.)

Virginia, wife of the Conful Volumnius, erels an altar to plebeiaa

iii.

Virginity : Idea of it Virginius, Tribune,

among the heathens, i. 66. fummons Csefo before the people

i.

for

oppo-

345. Virginius, father of Virginia, kills her with his own hand, to fave her from the brutality of Appius, i. 401 . He goes to the camp, and lays his complaints before the ibldiers, who retire iirft to mount Aventine, and afterwards to the Sacred Mountain, 409. Elefted Tribune, 416. He accufes Appius, 417. Viriathus efcapes a general mafiacre of the Lufitanians, murdered by the deteftable perfidy of Galba, and from a Ihepherd becomes an heroic warrior, vi. 13. By various ftratagems he defeats the Romans on feveral occafions, 14. Fabius ^milianus marches againil him, 16, and gains feveral advantages, 18. Viriathus engages feveral people of Spain to take arms, ibid. His charafter and praifes, 20. After having defeated the Conful Fabius, he retires into Lufitania, 21. Peace concluded between He him and the Romans, 25. efcapes the purfuit of Csepjo by llratagem, 26. He in vain demands a peace, ibid. Csepio caufes him to be murdered treacheroufly, 28. How much he was lamented. His obfequies, his merit, 29. Viridomarus, King of the Gauls, killed by Marcellus, Who thereby obtains the Spolia Opima, iii. 291, 293. Vifceratio : What it was, ii. 369. Voconius Saxa ( Q^) propofes and pafles a celebrated law againft the women, with regard to inheritances, v. 313. Voconius Barba, Lieutenant of Lucullus. His negligence, vii. 262. Volcae, a people of Gaul, iii. 343. Volcatius Tullus (L ) Conful, vii. 387. He complains of Pompey, and propofes to fend Deputies to Csefar, ix. 28. He goes to the Senate with Csfar, 52. Volero, (Publius) Tribune of the people, pafles a law contrary to the authority of the Senate, i. 311. They are vanVolfci, make war with the Romans, i. 146, 220. Coriolanus goes over to quiihed, and feverely puni(hed, 221. them, and engages them to declare war againft the Romans, 274. They take advantage of the hatred of the foldiers for Appius They are defeated by their general, and defeat them, 318. Geganius, and obliged to pafs under the yoke, ii. 41. Bloody

fing the lex Terentilla,

biutle.

INDEX.
They are vanquifned by CoiTus the Di^ator, 187. defeated They are by Camillcs, 211. VoHcius, by a falfe evidence, caufes Csfo to be condemned to
battle, 69.

He is bo'nilhed himfelf, 369. banilhment, i. 347. VoHcinians, opprerfed by their flaves, innplore the affiilance of the
Romans,
iii.
1

14.

Voluninius (L) Conful, defeats the Salentines, ii. 442. Conful On receiving a letter from Appius for the fecond time, 4^9. He is ill his colleague he paiTcs into Hetruria with his army. received by Appius. His moderation. His troops oblige him He gains a vidory with his colleague, 464. to Hay there, 462. He returns into Samnium, defeats the Samnites, and takes from them the plunder they had got in Campania, 465. He caufes Fabius to be named Conful, and exprefles himfcif with a great
deal of vvifdom,
iii.

2.

Volumnius (P.) receives Atticus, who was profcribed, ix. 51Z. Volumnius, a buffoon, killed in the camp of Brutus, x. 37. Volufenus (C ) is fent by Cfar to reconnoitre the coaft of GreatEritain, viii. 302. His perfidy with regard to Comius, 452. He is deceived, and afterwards wounded by the fame Comius,
457.

Vows: Delicacy of
Ufipii, a

the

Romans with
iii.

regard to vows,

.. 11.

132.-

Refleflions on that fubjedl,

German viii. 292. See Germany and Csefar. Ufury What the Romans thought of it, ii. 306. Ufurers condemned to a fine, iii. 6. Driven out of Sardinia by Cato, iv.
_

396. nation, pafs the Rhine,

Regulations on that Subje<fl, v. 48. A Praetor aflaflina517. ted in the Forum by the faftion of the rich ufurers, vi. 424. Utica, a colony of Tyre, iii. 118. Scipio befieges it, and is obliged to fufpend the operations, iv. 395. It is given to the Romans, ^. 521. Importance of that place. Juba defires Cato to demolifh it, but he oppofes him, and repairs the city, (See Cato ix. 232. Caefar marches againll that city, 257.

and Casfar.) Uxellodunum, a

viii.

city of

Gaul befieged by
His

the lieutenants of Casfar,

453,

who

goes thither in perfon, and obliges the beficgecj

feverity to them, 454.

to furrender at difcretion.

W.

WAR:

Ceremonies obferved by the Romans in their declai. Form of the declaration, ^7. 67. Rewards given by the Romans in war, 375. Methods which they made ufe of to excite emulation, v. 361. Punic wars. See Carthaginians. Social war. Civil wars. See See Allies. Marius and Sylla, Csefar and Pompey.
rations of war,
:

Ways, (grand) magnificence of the Romans in that refpeft, ii. 269. Wills Manner of making them in the army, i. 247. Falcidian
law on the fubjed of Wills, x. 104. Women Their laws and privileges,
:

i.

26.

How

punifhed in
cafe

INDEX,
cafe of infidelity, 27.

They
the

are forbid drinking of wine, ibid.

power of their fathers, their broLaw, which excludes them from thers, or hufbands, v. 36, 45. inheritance, 313. Preference given to Rome by the Latine women, and to Latium by the Roman, i. 211. Women of the Ambrones, their courage, vi. 310. Courage and ferocity of

They were always under

thofe of the Cimbri, 320.

See Ladies.

X.

Rage of the capital of Lycia, befieged by Brutus. Xanthians, x. 9. Xantippus, the Lacedemonian, afiills the Carthaginians with He beats Regulus, troops, and revives their courage, iii. 182.

XAnthia,

and takes him prifoner, 183. He retires, i86. Xenophon, chief of the embafTy of Philip to Hannibal. Stratagem which he makes ufe of, in order to efcape out of the hands of the Romans, iii. 539. He is taken with the other EmbafTadors and fent to Rome, 543, where they arrive with the EmbafTadors
of Hannibal, who were alfo arrefted, 548. Xerxes, fon of Mithridates, led in triumph by Pompey,
viii.

36.

y.

Yoke 86.
:

In what confided tha ceremony of paffing under

pafs

it,

i.

(See Volfci pafs under it, $amnites, 405, and the Romans, vi. 228, 295.

The Romans Caudium.) The

under

it

at

Caudium,
ii.
.

iii.

397,

41, and the

ZAma,

a city In Numidia, near which was fought the famou? battle between Scipio and Hannibal, iv. 449. It is beIt refufes to receive Juba, and fieged by Metellus, vi. 238. ihuts its gates againft him, ix. 278.

Zarbienus, King of the Gordyenians, is put to death by Tigranes, vii. 296. Lucullus celebrates his obfequies, and erefts a monument to him, ibid. iSenobius, by order of Mithridates, treats in a cruel manner the ifland of Ohio, vji. 54. He is arretted and put to death by the Ephefians, 56. Zeno (llatue of) is the only part which Cato referved to himfelf, when he took the treafiires of Ptolemy, King of Cyprus, viii. 123. Ziela, or Zela, a city, famous in the Roman Hittory for the defeat of Triarius, vii. 308. ^ojiima, wife ofTigranes, led in triumph by Pompey, viii. 36.

ARE-

REGISTER
O F T H E

CONSULS
ADVERTISEMENT.
I Have
thought proper
to tnfert here

regijler

the foundation of Rome to the battle of ASlium.

pecially thofe luho ivroie

of the Confuls from The Latin authors^ ef

mark

the year

of their

of the time of the Republic, almoji alivays hijiory by the names of the Confuls ef that year
regijler includes not only the Confuls,

<which renders this regijler very ufefulfor pointing out any text contain-

ed in the

hiJlory.

This

but alfo

the Kings nvho preceded them.

And

after the ejlablijhment of the Con-

fidjhip, the other magijlrates nvhich

itsfuccejjion,

have from time

to

time interrupted
;

and

cottfequently

given their names

to the year

that

is to

fay, the Decemviri, and the Military Tribunes invejled

authority.

<v}ith confular

ROME
I Romulus King. Ant.C. 751 He reigned 37 years. Interregnum. A. R. 38 Ant.C. 714 Numafecond King. A. R. 39 Ant.C. 7 1 3 He reigned 43 years. A. R. 82 TullusHoftilius third Ant.C, 670 King. He reigned 32 years. A. R, 114 AncusMarcius fourth Ant.C. 638 King.

founded,
Before Chriji, 751.'

^he Tear of the World 3 2 S^.

A. R.

A. R. 220 Tarquin the Proud Ant.C. 532 feventh King.

He reigned

35 years.

CONSULS.
A. R. 245 L.Junius Brutus. He Ant.C. 507 was killed, and ia his room was appointed Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinu5.

He reigned He

24 years.
Prifcus

He
his

died,

A. R. 138 Tarquinius Ant.C. 614 fifth King.

and was

in

room

fubftituted,

reigned 38 years. A. R. 176 Servius Tullius fixth

M.

Horatius Pulvil-

lus.

Ant.C. 576

King.

He reigned 44 years.

L. Tarquinius Collatin us. He was

obliged

A Register
obliged to abdi-

of the

Consuls.

and room was

cate,

in his
fubfti-

tuted,

P.

Valerius,

who

A. Virginius. A. R. 260. Ant. C. 492 T. Veftufius. A. R. 261 Pofthumius ComiAnt. C.491 nius II. Sp. Caflius II.
Eftablifhment of the Tribunes of the People.

obtained the furname of Publicola.

A. R. 246
Ant. C. 506

P. Valerius Pablicola II.

T. Lucretius.
A. R. 247
Ant. C.505
P. Lucretius, or ac-

cording to Dionyfius Halicarn.

M.

Horatius

Pul-

A. R. 262 T. Geganius. Ant. C. 490 P. Minucius. A. R. 263 M. Minucius 11. Ant. C. 489 /i Sempronius II. A. R. 264 Q;_ Sulpicius CaAnt. C. 488 merinus.
Sp. Lartius Flavius
II.

villus II.

P. Valerius Publicola III.

A. R. 248 Sp. Lartius. Ant. C. 504 T. Herminius. A. R. 249 M. Valerius.

Ant. 0^503 P. Pofthumius. A. R. 250 P. Valerius Publicola IV. Ant. C. 502

T.
A. R. 251

Lucretius

II.

AgrippaMenenius.

A. R. 265 Ant. C. 487 A. R. 266 Ant. C. 486 A. R. 267 Ant. C. 485 A. R. 268 Ant.C. 484 A. R. 269

C.

Julius.

P. Pinarius. Sp. Nautius, Sex. Furius.

T.

Sicinius.
-

C. Aquillius.

Sp. Caffius III. Proculus Virginius. Ser. Cornelius.

Ant. C. 501 P. Pofthumius II. A. R. 252 Opiter Virginius. Ant. C. 500 Sp. Caflius. A. R. 253 Pofthumius Cominius. Ant. C. 499

T.
A. R. 254

Lartius.

Ser. Sulpicius.

Ant. C.498 Man. TuUius. A. R. 255 P. Veturius GemiAnt. C. 497

nus.

A. R. 256 Ant. C. 496 L. Cloelius.

Firft Diftator

T. iEbutius Elva. T. Lartius II.

Ant. C.483 Q^Fabius. L. .^Emilius. A. R. 270 Ant. C.482 Caefo Fabius. A. R. 271 M. Fabius. Ant.C. 481 L. Valerius. A. R. 272 Q^ Fabius II, Ant. C. 480 C. Julius. A. R. 273 Casio Fabius II. Ant. C.479 Sp. Furius, A. R. 274 M. Fabius II. Ant. C. 478 Cn. Manlius. A. R. 275 Caefo Fabius III.

T. Lartius.
Sempronius Atratinus.

A. R. 257 Ant. C. 49;

Ant.C. 477 A, R. 276 Ant. C. 476 A. R. 277 Ant. C. 475

T.

Virginius.

L. .iEmilius II. C. Servilius. C. Horatius. T. Menenius.

M.i.Minucius.

A. R. 258 A. Pofthumius. Ant. C. 494 T. Virginius.

Battle of the

Defeat of the Fabii near Cremera.

Lake of Regillx.

A. R. 259 AiU.C.493

Ap. Claudius. P. Servilius.

A. R. 278 Ant. C. 474 A. R. 279 Ant. C. 473

Sp. Servilius.

A. Virginius.
C. Nautius. P. Va'crius.
L. Fu-

A Register
A. R. 280 Ant. C. 472 A. R. 281 Ant. C.471
L. Furius.

of the

Consuls,

A. Manlius.
L. A^milius JII. Opiter Virginius, or, according to other Authors
Vopil'cus Julius.

A. R. 298 Ant. C. 454 A, R. 299 Ant. C. 453 A. R. 300 A-nt. C. 452 A. R. 301

A. R. 282
Ant. C. 470 A. R. 283 Ant. C. 469

L. Pinarius P. Furius. Ap Claudius. T. Quintius Capitolinus.

M. Valerius, Sp. Virginius. T. Romilius. C. Veturius. Sp. Tarpeius. A. Aterius. P. Curiatius. Ant. C. 451 Sex. Quintiiius.
nus.

A. R. 302 C. Menenius. Ant. C.450 P. Seftius Capitolt-

A. R. 284 L. Valerius II, Ant. C. 468 Ti. j^milius. A. R. 285 T. Numicius PrifAnt. C. 467
cus Virginius. T. Quintius Capi-

DECEMVIRI.
A. R. 303 Ap. Claudius. Ant. C. 449 P. Seftus Capitolinus,
Ser. Sulpicius,

A. R. 286
Ant. C. 466

tolinus II.

T. Romilius,
L. Valerius,

Q^
A. R. 287
A. R. 288

Servilius.

Ti. iErr.iliusII. C, Ant. 465 Qj^Fabius.

T. Genutius,
Sp. Pofthumius,

Q^ Servilius

II.

Ant. C. 464 Sp. Pollhumtus. A. R. 289 Q. Fabius II. Ant. C.463 T. Quintius Capitolinus HI. Pollhumius. A R. A. 290 Ant. C.462 Sp, Furius. A. R. 291 L. ^butius Ant. C. 461 P. Servilius. A. R. 292 L. Lucretius Tricipitinus. Ant. C.460

A. Manlius, C. Julius,
P. Horatius.

A. R. 304 Ap. Claudius II. Ant. C. 448 M, Cornelius Maluginenfis,

L. Minucius, Man. Rabuleias,

Casfo Duilius,

Q^ Fabius
nu5,

Vibula*

T. Veturius Geminus.

M.

Servilius,

T. Antonius.
Q;^Poetiliu?,

A. R. 293 P. Volumnius. Ant. C. 459 Ser. Sulpicias. A. R. 294 C. Claudius. Ant. C. 458 P. Valerius II.
was
killed,

Sp.

Oppius

Cor-

nicen.

He
and

A, R. 305 Ant. C. 447

The fame Decemviri

continued.

in his

room was

fubllituted

The

Confullliip rellored.

L.

Quintius Cincinnatus.
III.

A. R. 295
Ant. C.457 A. R. 296 Ant. C, 456 A. R. 297 Ant. C.455

Q^ Fabius

A. R. 306 L.Valerius Potitus, Ant. C. 446 M. Horatius Barbatus.

L. Cornelias. L. Minucius. C. Nautius II. Q^ Minucius.

C, Horaiius,

A. R. 307 Lar. Herminius, Ant. C. 445 T. Virginius. A. R. 308 M. Geganius MaAnt. C. 444 cerinus,

C. Ju.

A Register
C. Julius. A. R. 309 T. Quintius Capitolinus IV, Ant. C. 443 Agrippa Furius; A. R. 310 M. Genucius, Ant. C. 442 C. Curtius.
Firft Military

of the

Consuls.
L.
Quintlas Cincinnalus.

A. R. 318
Ant.

M. Geganius Macerinus III,

C.434

L. Sergius Fidenas.

A. R. 319 Ant. C. 433 A. R. 320 Ant. C. 432 A. R. 321 Ant. C. 431 A. R. 322
Ant.

M.

Cornelius

Ma-

luginenfis,

Tribunes with the Confular Power,

L. Papirius Craflus. C.Julius II, L. Virginius.

A. R. 311

A. Sempronius, Ant. C. 441 T. Cloelius, L. Attilius,

Thefe abdicated, and in their room were fubftituted
the Confuls,

C. Julius III. L. Virginius II. M. Fabius Vibulanus,

C.430

L. Sergius
nas,

Fide-

M. Foiflius.

L. Papirius Mugilanus,

L. Sempronius Atratinus.

A. R. 323 L. Pinarius Mamcrcinus, Ant. C. 429 Sp. PolthumiusAIbus,

A. R.

M.

Geganius Ma-

L. Furius Medullinus.

Ant. C. 440

cerinus II.

T. Quintius Capitolinus V.
Eftablilliment of the Cenforfhip.

A. R. 313 M. Fablus Vibulanus, Ant. C. 439

Pofthumus iEbutius Cornicen.

A. R. 324 T. Quintius Pennus Cincinnatus, Ant. C. 428 C. Julius Mento. A. R. 325 L. Papirius Craffus, Ant. C. 427 L. Julius. A. R. 326 L. Sergius Fidenas II, Ant. C. 426
Hortus
Lucretius
Tricipitinus.

A. R. 314 C. Furius Pacilus, Ant,C.433 M. Papirius Craffus.

A. R. 327 A Cornelius Coflus, Ant. C. 425 T. Quintius Penrus Cincinnatus

II.

A. R. 315 Proculus Geganius Macerinus, Ant. C. 437 L. MeneniusLanatus.

A. R. 328 C. Servilius Ahala, Ant. C. 424 L. Papirius Mugilanus.

A. R. 316 T. Quintius Capitolinus VI. Ant. C. 436

Agrippa Menenius
Lanatus.

A. R. 329 T. Quintius Pennus, Ant. C. 423

M.
JEm'i-

Pofthumius,

A. R. 317
Ant. C. 435

Mamercus
lius,

C. Furius, A, Cornelius Coffus.

L. Julius,
*

During the fuccceding years the Confuls and military Tribunes are intermixt ; but ihey may cafily be diltinguifhcd by the difference of the number, there being never above two Confuls, nor
lefs

than three Tribunes.

A. Stm-

A Register
A. R. 330 A. Sempronius Atratinus, Ant. C. 422

of the

Consuls.
Sp. Rutilius Craffus.

L. Furius Medullinus,

A. R. 339 A. Sempronius Atratmus Ilf, Ant. C. 413

L.Quintius Cincinratus II,

Qi Fabius
nus,

Vibula-

L. Horatius Barbatus.

M.

Papirius

Mugl-

lanus II,

A.R.

331

Ap. Claudius Craffus,

Sp. Nautius Rutilus II.

Ant. C.421

L. SerglusFidenas, Sp. Nautius Rutilus,

A. R. 340 P.Cornelius Coflus, Ant. C. 412 Q;_ Quintius Cincinnatus,

Sex. Julius lulus.

A.R. 332
Ant. C. 420

C. Sempronius Atratinus,

(^Fabius Vibulanus.

A. R. 341 Ant. C. 411

C.Valerius Potitus, Numerius Fabius Vibulanus. Cn. Cornelius Cof^

fus,

A.R. 333
Ant. C. 419

L. Manlius Capitolinus,

Q^Fabius Vibulanus II, L. Valerius Potitus, M. Pofthumius Regillenfis.^

L. Papirius Mugilanus,

Q^

Antonius

MeA. R. 342 Ant. C. 410

renda.

M.

Cornelius Cof-

Fabius A. R. 334 Vibulanus, Ant. C. 418 L.Quintius Cincinnatus III,

Numerius

fus,

L. Furius MeduUinus.

T.

Quintius Capi-

A. R. 343 Ant. C. 409

Q^
M.

Fabius Ambuf-

tus,

tolinus,

C. Furius Pacilus,

L. Furius Medullinus.

A. R. 344 Ant, C. 408

A. R. 345

Papirius Atra-

tinus,

A- R. 335 Ant. C. 417

M.

Manlius, Sempronius A-

C. Nautius Rutilus.

Man. ^milius Mamercinus, C.ValeriusPotitus. Cn. Cornelius Coffus,

tratiuus.

Ant. C. 407

A. R. 336 Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, Ant. C. 416

Sp. Nautius,

A. R. 346 Ant. C. 406

P.Lucretius Tricipitinus.

C.

Servilius.

L. Sergius Fidenas, R. 337 Ant. C. 415 C. Servilius,

M.

Papirius

Mugi-

L. Furius Medullinus 11. C. Julius lulus, A. R. 347 Ant. C. 405 C. Servilius Ahala, P.Cornelius Coffus. A. R. 348 L. Furius Medulli-

lanus.

Ant.C. 404

nus.

A.R.

338 Agrippa Menenius Lanatus II, Ant. C. 414

P. Lucretius Tricipitinus If,

Num.

Fabius Vi-

bullanus,

C. V^alerius Potitus
II,

Seri'ilius Struc-

C.

Servilius Alia'a

tus.

U.
P. Cor-

A Register
A. R. 349 P. Ant. C. 403
Cornelius
fus,

of the

Consuls.
Man. ^milius Mamercins
III,

Cof-

Num.

Fabius

Am-

buftus,

Caefo Fabius buflus II,

Am-

Cn. Cornelius Coffus,

M.

Furius

Camil-

lus,

L. Valerius Podtus
II.

Cn. Cornelius Coffus n,

L. Julius lulus.
Firft

A. R. 350 T. Quintius CapiAnt. C. 402 tolinus,

C. Julius lulus II. L. Furius Medul
linus,

Plebeian military Tribunes.

L.

Quintius
cinnatus,

Cin-

A. R. 355 P. Lucinius Calvus^ Ant. C. 397 L. Titinius,

L. Furius Medulllnus, P. Maenius, P. Mjelius,
S.

A. Manlius, Man. ^miliu6 MaA. R. 351

Ant. C. 401
mercinus. C. Valerius Potitus
III,

Publilius
cus.

Volf-;

P. Cornelius
ginenfis,

Malu-

Csefo Fabius
buftus,

Am-

Man.
nas,

Sergius Fide-

A. R. 356 M. Veturius, Ant. C. 396C. Duilius, Cn. Genucius^ M. Pomponius, Volero Publilius,
L. Atilius.

Cn. Cornelius Coffus,

Sp. NautlusRutilus
III.

A. R. 357 L. Valerius Potitul V, Ant. C. 395

M.
MaM.

Valerius

Maxi>

A. R. 352 Man. iEmilius 400 mercinus II, Ant. Ap. Claudius Craf-

mus,
Q^ServiliusFidenas,

Furius Camillus

fU3,

L. Julius lulus,

L. Furius Medullinus, Q^ Sulpicius Came-'

rinus
II,

L. Valerius Potitus
111,

M. M.
A. R. 353 C.
Ant. C. 399

Quintilius

Va-

rus,

Poflhumius.
Servilius

A. R. 358. L. Julius lulus II, Ant. C. 394 L- Sergius Fidena?,

P. Cornelius
ginenfis II,

Ahala

Malu-

in,
L. Virginius,

L. Furius Medullinus,

A. Manlius

II,

Q^ Q^

Servilius,

A. Pofthumius Regillcnfis.

Sulpicius,

Man.
nas

Sergius FideII.

A. Manlius

III.

A. R. 359. P. Licinius Calvils,

Ant. C. 393 P. MzeniusII, Cn. Gcuucius II, L. Ti-

A. R. 354 L- Valerius Potitus Ant. C. 398 IV,

'

A Register
L. Titinius II, P. Ma:Iius II,
L. Atilius
II.

of the

Cowsuto.
A
Manlius, L. Pofthumius.

A. R. -^S-i T. Quintiui, Ant. C. 385 cinnatus,

Cin-

Siege of Veil.

L
A. R. 360. P. Cornelius Coffiis, Ant. C. 392 M. Valerius Maxi-

L. Julius lulus, Lucretius Tricipitinus,

mus
nus,

If,

Q_, Servilius Fidenas V,

L. Furius MedulliP. Cornelius Scipio, Czefo Fabius AmbuftusIII,

A. R. 368 Ant. C. 384 C. Sergius, L. Menenius,

L. Aquilius Corvusi Ser.SulpiciusRufus. L. Papirius Cuifor,'

A. R. 361
Ant. C. 391

Q^ Servilius III. M. Furius Camillus

III,

C. Cornelius, L. ^Emilius Jf, L. Valerius Publicola III.

C. ^milius,
Sp. Pollhumius, L. Furius Medullinus, L. Varius Publicola, P. Cornelius Scipio
11.

A. R. 369 Ant. C. 383

M.
Q^

lus

Furius IV.

CamilFide-

Servilius

nas VI,

Li Horatius Pulvillus,

Lucretius Flavus, Ant.C. 390 Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus. A. R. 363 L. Valerius Potitus,

A. R. 362

Ser. Cornelius
.

MaCin-

luginenfis II,

L.

Quintius
cinnatus,

Ant. C.

389M.

A. R. 364
Ant. C. 388

Manlius. L. Lucretius,

A, R. 370
>^nt.

M. ^milius,
Agrippa Furius,
Ser. Sulpicius,

P.Valerius Potitus. A. Manlius II, C. 382T. Quintius Capitolinus,

L. Papirius Curfor
II,

L. Furius Medullinus,

P. Cornelius,

C. ^milius II. A. R. 365 The three Fabii, Ant.C. 387 Q^ Servilius IV, Q:_ Sulpicius Longus,
Ser. Cornelius
luginenfis.

L. Quintius Capitolinus,

C. Sergius

II.

Ma-

A. R. 371 Ser. Cornelius MaAnt. C. 381 luginenfis III, M. Furius Camillus

V,
C, Pdpirius
Crafl"uj

Battle of AUia, followed by the

fiege of

P. Valerius Potitus
I[.

Rome.

Ser.

Sulpicius

RuCin-

A. R. 366 Valerius Publicola

Ant. C. 386
II.

fus II,

T. Quintius

P. Cornelius, L. -^milius,

L. V^irginius,

cinnatus II. A. R. 372 L. Valerius PubiiAnt. C. 380 cola IV,

Vol. X.

Ser.

^ iSi
in.

r'i R of the
Rufus

u L
IV,

s.

Ser. Sulplcius

P. Valerius Potitus
Ser. Sulpicius II,

L. ^milius

III, III,

A. Manlius

C.

Quintius
cinnatus.

Cin-

L. Lucrethis Tricipitinus II,

M.

Trebonius.

A. R. 373 Sp. Papirius, Ant. C. 379 Ser. Cornelius Maluginenfis IV,

Ser. Sulpicius,

A. R. 379 L. Papirius, Ant. C. 373 Ser. Sulpicius, L. Menenius.^

Ser. Cornelius.

Five years pafs without Curule

Magiftrates,

L. Papirius,
Q^Servillus, L. .^milius IV. A. R. 374 M. Furius Camillas

A. R. 385 L. Furius, Ant. C. 367 Ser. Sulpicius

III,

Ant. C. 378

VI,

P. Valerius Potitus

A. Pofthumius Regillenfis,

V, A. Manlius,
Ser. Cornelius,

L. Lucretius Tricipitinus III,

L. Furius, L. Pofthumius Regillenfis,

A. R. 386 Ant. C. ^66

M.
M.

C, Valerius. Fabius Ambuftus II,

C. Veturius

11,

M.
A. R. 375
Ant. C. 377

Fabius Ambuf-

Cornelius,

tus,

L. Vaflerius Publicola

V,
III,

C. Sergius

Sp. Papirius Curfor, P. Valerius Potitus

A. R. 387 Ant. C. 365

Q^Servilius III, A. Cornelius, Q^ Quintius. T. Quintius,

Ser. Sulpicius

IV,

L. Papirius,
Ser. Cornelius,

HI, L. Menenius
luginenfis

II,

Ser. Cornelius

Ma-

V.

A. R. 376

P. Manlius,

Apt. C. 376 L. Julius,

M.

Albinius,

Sp. Servilius, L. Veturius. A. R. 388 A. Cornelius, Ant. C. 364 M. Geganius, L. Veturius II, M. Cornelius II,
P. Manlius II, P. Valerius Potitus

;.

C. Manlius, C. Sextilius, L. Antiftius.

Firft

VI.
Plebeian Conful.

A. R. 377 Sp. Furius, Ant. C. 375 C. Licinius,

M.

Horatius, Q^Servilius II,

P. Clcelius,

Eftablifliment of the Praetorflilp

and of

the Curule ^dilelhip-

L. Leganius. A. R. 378 L. iEmilius V. Ant. C. 374 C. Veturius, L. Quintius Cincinnatus,

A. R. 389 L. Emilius MamerAnt. C. 363 cinus, L. Sextius Lateranus.

A. R. 390 L. Genucius, Ant. C. 362 Q. Servilius Ahala.

C. Sui-

A Register
A; R. 391
Anc. C. 361 C. Sulpiclus
cus,
Paeti-

of the

CoNst/Ls,

C. Licinius Stolo. A. R. 392 Cn. Genucius, Ant. C. 36oL.-(^milius Mamercinus

II.

A. R. 407 M.Valerius Corvus Ant. C.34<;M. Popilius La.'nas IV.

A.R.408 T.
Ant
C. 344

iManlius quatus,

Tor-

A. R. 393

Q:. Servilius

Ahala

n,
Ant. C. 359 L. Genucius II. A. R. 394 G. Sulpicius PjctiAnt. C. 35S cus II, C. Licinus Stolo II. A. R. 395 C. Poetelius Balbus, Ant. C. 357 M. Fabius Ambuftus.

A. R. 396

Popllius Lsenas,

C. Plautius. A. R. 409 M. Valerius Corvuj Ant. C. 343 II, C. Poetelius. A. R. 410 M. Fabius Dorfo, Ant. C. 342 Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus. A. R. 411 C. Marcius Rutilus Ant. C.341 III, M. Manlius Torquatus II,

Ant. C 356 Cn. M?nlius. A. R. 397 C. Fabius, Ant. C. 355 C. Plautias. A. R. 39i C. Martius Rutilus, Ant. C. 354 Cn. Manlius II. A. R. 399 M. Fabius AmbufAnt. C. 353 tus H,

War

with the Samnites.

M.
A. R. 400 C.
Ant. C. 352

Popilius

Lsnas

A. R, 412 M.Valerius Corvus Ant. C. 340 III, A.Cornelius CofTus. A. R. 413 C. Marcius Rutilus Ant. C. 339 IV,

II.

Q^ Servilius.
A. R. 414 C. PlaHtius Ant. C. 338 L.^Emilius
cinus.
If,

Sulpicius Paiticus
III,

Mamer-

M.
A. R.401
Ant. C. 351

Valerius Publi-

cola.

M.

Fabius Ambuf-

tus III,

T. Quintius. A. R. 402 C. Sulpicius Ant. C. 350 cus IV,

pjEti-

A. R. 415 T.ManliusTorquaAnt. C. 337 tus, P. Dccius Mus. A. R. 416 Ti. ^milius MaAnt. C. 336 mercinus,

Q^
Publi-

Publilius Philo.

M.
A. R. 403 Ant. C. ^49
P.

Valerius PubliII.

cola
cola,

Valerius

A, R. 417 L. Furius Camillus, Ant. C. 335 C. Moenius. A. R. 418 C.SulpiciusLongus,

Ant. C. 334P. iElius Pstus. A. R. 419 L. Papirius Cralfus, Ant. C. 333 Ca;fo Duilius. A. R. 420 M. Valerius Corvus Ant. C. 332 IV, M. AtiliusReguIus. A. R. 421 T. Veturius, Ant. C. 331 Sp. Pofthumius. A. R. 422 A. Cornelius CofTus Ant. C. 330 II,

C. Marcius Rutilus
II.

A. R. 404 C, Sulpicius PstiAnt. C. 348 cus V, T. Quintius Pennus.

A. R. 405 M. Pcpilius Lsenas Ant. C. 347 III, L.CorneliusScipio A. R. 406 L. Furius CamilAnt. C. 346 lus, Ap. Claudius Craffus.

Cn. Domitr'us. A. R. 423 M. Claudius MarAnt. C. 329 cellus, C. Valerius Potitas. m2 L. r-

A R-EeisTER
A. R. 424 L. Papirius Curfor, Ant. C. 328 C, Poetelius Libo. A. R. 425 L. Papirius Craffus Ant. C. 327 ir, L. Plautius Venno. A. R. 426 L. ^milius MaAnt. C. 326 mercinus II,
C. Plautius. P.PIautiusProculus, Ant. C. 325 P. Cornelius Scapula. A. R. 428 L. Cornelius Lentu-

of the

Consuls.

A. R. 439 L. Papirius Cuifof Ant. C. 313 IV,

Q^

Publilius Philo

A. R. 427

A. R. 440 M. Poetilius, Ant. C. 312 C. Sulpicius Longus III. A. R. 441 L. Papirius Curfor Ant. C. 3 1 1 V, C. Junius Bubulcus
II.

Ant. C. 324

lus,

Q, Publilius Philo
II.

A. R. 429
Ant. C. 323

C.
II,

Poetelius

Libo

A. R. 442 M. Valerius, Ant.C. 310 P. Decius Mus. A. R. 443 C. Junius Bubulcus Ant. C. 309 III. Q^-^milius Barbula
II.

L. Papirius Mugilanus.

A. R. 430 L. Furius Camillus Ant. C. 322 II,

D.
A. R. 43
1

Junius

Brutus

Scsva.

C. Sulpicius Longus
II,

Ant. C. 321

Q^Aulius Cerretanus.

A. R. 444 Q^ Fabius II, Ant.C. 308 C. MarciusRutilus. A. R, 445 Q^ Fabius III, Ant.C. 307 P. Decius Mus II. A. R. 446 Ap, Claudius, Ant.C. 306 L. Voluranius. A. R. 447 P. Cornelius ArviAnt. C. 305 na, Q^Marcius Tremulus.

A. R. 432 Q^ Fabius, Ant. C. 320 L. Fulvius. A. R. 433 T. Veturius CalviAnt. C. 319 nus II,
Sp. Pofthumius Albinus II.
Difafter at

A. R. 448 L. Pofthumius MeAnt. C. 304 gellus, Ti. Minucius. A. R. 449 P. Sulpicius SaverAnt. C. 303 rio, P. Sempronius SoA. R. 450

Caudium.
Papirius Curfor

phus. L. Geniicius,

A. R. 434 L.
Ant. C. 318

II,

Q^
A. R. 435
Ant. C. 317

Publilius Philo

III.

L. Papirius Curfor
III.

Q^Aulius Cerretanus
II.

Ant.C, 302 Ser. Cornelius. A. R. 451 M. Livius, Ant.C. 301 L. ^milius. A. R. 452 M. Valerius Corvus Ant. C. 300 V, Q^Appuleius. A. R. 453 M.FulviusPastinus, Ant. C. 299 T. Manlius Torqiratus. He died of
a fall from ahorfe,

A. R. 436 M. Foflius Ant. C. 316 nator,

Flacci-

L. Plautius Venno. A. R. 437 C.Junius Bubulcus, Ant. C. 315 Q^yEmiliusBarbula. A. R. 438 Sp. Nautius,

and was

in

his

ftead

fubftituted,

Ant.C.3i4M.

Popillius.

A. R. 454 Ant.C. 298 Cn. Fulvius.

M. Valerius Corvus VI. L. Cornelius Scipio,

Q:, Fabius

A Register
A. R. 455 Q^ Fabius Maximus Ant. C. 297 IV,
P.

of the

Consuls.
War
with Pyrrhus.

A. R. 456 Ant.C. 296 Ap. Claudius II. A. R. 457 Qi^Fabius Maximus V, Ant. C. 295

DeciusMusIII. L. Volumnius II,

A. R. 472 P.Valerius Lsvinus, Ant.C. 280 Ti. Coruncanius.

P.DeciusMusIV.
A. R. 458 L. Polthumius MeAnt. C. 294
gellus II,

A. R. 47^ P.Sulpicius Saverrio Ant.C. 279 P. Decius Mus. A. R, 47:}. C. Fabricius LufciAnt. C. 278 nus II,

AtiliusRegulus. Curfor, Papirius LA. R. 459 Carvilius. Sp. Ant.C. 293

M.

A. R. 460

Q^Fabius
ScEeva.

G urges.

Q^^miiius Papus. A. R. 475 P. Cornelius Rufinus If, Ant. C. 277 C. Junius Brutus II. A. R. 476 QJFabiusGurgeslI, Ant.C. 27^ C. Genucius Clepfina.

Ant. C. 292 D.

Junius

Brutus

A. R. 461
Ant. C. 291

L. Polthumius
gellus III,

Me-

A. R. 477 Man. Curius DenAnt. C. 275 tatus II, L. Cornelius Lentulus.

C. Junius Brutus,
Cornelius RufiA. R. 462 nus, Ant. C. 290 Man. Curius DentaP.
tus.

A. R. 478 Man. Curius DentaAnC. C. 274 tiis III, Ser. Cornelius Lentulus.

'a. R. 463

M.

Valerius Corvl-

Ant. C. 2S9

nus,

A. Pv. 479 C. Fabius Dorfo, Ant.C. 273 C. Claudius Canina

II.

QX^sediciusNoiflua.

A. R- 464 .Q^MarciusTremuAnt. C. 288

lus,

A. R. 465 Ant. C. 287

P.Cornelius Arvina. M. Claudius Marcelius,

C. Nautius.

A. R. 466 M. Valerius Potitus, Ant.C. 286 C. ^lius Pretus. A. R. 467 L.Claudius Canina,
Ant.C. 285

M.

iEmilius Lepi-

A. R. 468 Ant.C. 284 T. C^cilius Metellus.

dus. C. Servilius Tucca,

A. R. 480 L. Papirias Curfcr Ant. C. 272 If, Sp. Carvilius II. A. R. 481 L. Genucius, A.nt. C.271 C. Quintius. A. R. 482 C. Genucius, Ant.C. 270 Cn. Cornelius. A. R. 4S3 C. Ogulnius Gdllus, Ant.C. 269 C. Fabius Pidor. A. R. 484 P. Sempronius SoAnt. C. 268 phus, Ap. Claudius Craf^
fus.

A. R- 469 Ant. C. 283

P- Cornelius Dolabella,

Cn Domitius
viiius.

Cal-

A. R. 470 Q^^milius Papus, Ant.C. 282 C. Fab;icius Lufcinus.

A. R. 485 M. Atilius Regulus, Ant.C. 267 L. Julius Libo. A. R. 486 Num. Fabius, Ant.C. 266 D. Junius. A. R. 487 Q_ Fabius Gurges ill, Ant. C. 265

L
Firft

MamiliusVituIus.

Punic war.

A. R. 471
Ant. C. 281

L.

^Smilius
bula,

BarPhilip-

Q^Marcius
pus.

A. R. 488 Ap. Claudius CauAnt. C' 264 dex,

M.

Fulvius Flaccus.

Man.

A Register
A. R. 4S9
Ant. C.
',63

of the
1

Consuls.
P. Servilius

Man. Valerius Maximus,

A. R. 504 C. Aurelius Cottft Ant. C. 248 II,

Man.OtaciliusCraffus.

Gemi-

A. R. 490 L. Pofthumius MeAnt. C. 262 gellus, Q^ Mamilius Vitulus,

nus II. A. R. 505 Ant, C. 247 L. Caecilius Metellus II,

A. R. 491 L. Valerius Flaccus, Ant.C. 261 T. Otacilius Craffus,

A. R. 492 Cn. Cornelius Sgipio Ant. C. 260 Afina,

C. Duilius.

A, R. 493 L. Cornelius Scipio, Ant.C. 259 C. Aquilius Florus. A. R- 494 A. Atilius CalatiAnt. C. 258
nus,

Fabius Buteo. A. R. 506 Man. Otacilius Cr^ffus II, Ant. C. 246 M. Fabius Licinus. A. R. 507 M. Fabius Buteo, Ant. C. 245 C. Atilius Bulbus. A. R. 508 A.ManliusTorquaAnt. C. 244 tus Atticus, C. Sempronius Blaefus.

Num.

C. Sulpicius Patercuius.

A. R. 495 C. Atilius Regulus, Ant.C. 257 Cn.CorneliusBlafio. A. R. 496 L. Manjius Vulfo, Ant.C. 2560^ Cxdicius. He dies, and in his room was fubllituted,

A. R. 509 C. Fundanius Fundulus, Ant. C. 243 C. Sulpicius Gallus, A.\R. 510 L. LutatiusCatulus, Ant. C. 242 A. Pofthumius Albinus.

A. R. 5 1 1 L. Lutatius Cerco, Ant. C. 241 A, Manlius Torquatus Atticus II, A. R. 512 C. Claudius Centho, Ant. C. 240 M. Sempronius Tuditanus.

M.
A, R. 497
Ant. C. 255

Atilius Regulus

IL
Ser. Fulvius Paetinus

A. R. 513 C. Mamilius Turinus, Ant. C. 239

Nobilior,

Q^ Valerius

Falto.

M. ^miliusPaulus.
A. R. 498 Cn. Cornelius SciAnt. C. 254 pio Afina II, A. Atilius Calatinus
II.

A. R. 514 Ti. Semproni.GraCf chus, Ant. C. 238

P. Valerius Falto.

A. R. 499

Cn.ServiliusGa;pio,
Blaefus,

Ant. C. 253 C. S.;rnpronius

A. R. 500 C. Aurelius
Ant. C^252P.
Servilius

Cotta,

Gemi-

nus.

A. R. 515 L. Cornelius LentUr lus Caudinus, Ant. C. 237 Q^Fulvius Flaccus. A. R. 516 P. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus, Ant, C. 236 C. Licinius Varus. A. R. 517 C. Atilius Bulbus If, Ant.C. 235 T. Manlius Torquatus.

A. R. 501 L. Csecilius Metelhis, Ant. C. 251

A. R. 502
Ant. C.
2;jO

C. Furius Pacilus. C. Atilius Regulus

II,

The

temple of Janus fhut.

L.M.ini;us Vulfo II. R. A. 503 P. Claudius fulchtr, Ant. C. 249 L. Junius PuUus.

A. R. 518 L. Pofthumius Albir nils, Ant. C. 234

Sp. Carvilius Maxinius.

QiFabiiis

A Register
A. R. 519 Q^Fabius Maximus Verrucofus, Ant. C. 233 Pomponius Man. Matho. A, R. 520 M. ^milius LepiAnt. C. 232
dus,

of the

Consuls.

A. R. 531^ Cn. Servillus Geminus, Ant.C. 217 C. Flaminius II.

He is killed
Battle
his {lead

in the

of Thrafymenus, and in
is

M.
A. R. 521
Ant. C. 231

Publicius Mal-

fublli-

leolus.

tuted,

M. Pomponius Matho,

M.

Atilius

Repulus

II.

A. R. 522
Ant. C. 230

C. Papirius Mafo. M. ^milius Barbulus,

A. R. 536 C. Terentius Varro, Ant.C. 2i6L. .^milius Paulus

II.

Junius Pera. A. R. 523 L. Pofthumius Albinus II, Ant.C. 229 Cn. Fulvius Centumalus. A. R. 524 Sp. Carvilius Maxi-

M.

A. R. 537 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, Ant.C. 215 L. Pofthumius Albinus in. He died before he entered upon his charge, and in his

Ant.C. 228

mus II, Q^Fabius Maximus

room was
tuted,

fubfti-

Verrucofus II. A. R. 525 P. Valerius Flaccus, Ant.C. 227 M. Atilius Regulus. A. R. 526 M. Valerius Meffal-

M.

Claudius MarHe abdicated, and in his

cellus II.

Ant.C. 226
L.

la,

room was
tuced,

fublli-

Apuflius FuUo.

War

with the Cifalpine Gauls.

CV^Fabius Verrucofus
I

If.

A. R. 527 L. yEmilius Papus, Ant.C. 225 C. Atilius Regi lus. A. R.528 T. Manlius Torquatus II, Ant. C. 224

A. R. 538 Q^Fiibius Maximus Ant.C. 214 Veniicofus IV, M. Claudius Mar-,

cellus III,

Q^

Fulvius Flaccus

A.R,539 Q^FabiusMaximus,
Ant.C. 213 Ti. Se.mpronius Gracchus il. A. R. 540 Q^ Fulvius Flaccus Ant.C. 212 III, Ap. Claudius Pulcher.

II.

A. R. 529 C. Flaminius. Ant C. 223 P. Furius Philus. A. R. 530" M. Claudius Marcellus, 222 Ant. Cn. Cornelius Sci-

A. R. 531 Ant.C. 22) M. MinuciusRufus. A. R. 532 L. Veturius,

Ant.C. 220 C. Lutadus. A. R. 533 M. Livius, Ant.C. 2^9 L ^milius Paulus. Second Punic war.

pio Calvas, P. Cornelius,

A. Pv. 541 Cn. Fulvius Centumalus. Ant.C. 21 1 Pi Sulpicius Galba. A. R. 542 M. Claudius MarAnt. C.''2 10
csllus IV,

M.

Valerius Lasvi-

A. R. 534 P. Cornelius Scipio, Sempronius Ant.C. 218 Ti.

Lor.gus.

nus R. Q__Fabius Maxirrius A. 543 Verrucofus V, Ant.C. 209 Qj^ Fulvius Flaccus IV. m4 M. Claudius

A Register

of the

Consuls,

A. R. 544 M. Claudius Marcellus V, Ant.C. 208 T. Quintlus Crifpinus.

A. R. 560 L. Quintius Flatnininus, Ant.C. 192 Cn. Domitlus Ahenobarbus.

A. R. 54? C. Claudius Nero, Ant.C. 207 M. Livius II. A- R. 546 L- Veturius, Ant.C. 206 CL Csecilius Metellus.

War

againft Antiochus.

A.R. 547

P. Cornelius Scipio,

A. R. 561

Ant.C. 205 P, Licinius Craffus. A. R. 548 M. Cornelius Cethegus, Ant.C. 204

P. Sempronius ditanus.

Ant.C. 191

P. Cornelius Scipio Nafica,

Man.

Acilius Gla-

biio.

Tu-

A. R. 549 Cn.ServiiiusCaepio, Ant.C. 203 C. Servilius Geminus.

A.R. 550 MAnt.C. 201

Servilius,

Ant.C. 202 T. Claudius. A. Pv 551 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus,

P. JElias Fxtus.

War

againft Philip.

A. R. 562 L. Cornelius Scipio, Ant.C. 190 C. La:liu6. A. R. 563 M. Fulvius Nobilior, Ant.C. 189 Cn. Manlius Vulfo. A. R. 564 M. Valerius Meffalla, Ant.C. 188 C. Livius Salinator. A. R. 565 M. ^milius Lepidus, Ant.C. 187 C. Flaminius. A. R. 566 Sp. Pofthumius Albinos, Ant.C. 186

A. R..552 Ant.C. 200

A. R. 553 Ant.C. 199

P. Sulpicius
II,

Galba

Q^Marcius
pus.

Philip-

C. Aurelius Cotta. L- Cornelius Lentalus,

A. R. 567 Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Ant.C. 185 M. Sempronius Tuditanus.

P. Villius Tapulus.

A. R. 554 Sex. ^Vms Partus, Ant.C. 198 T. Quintius Flamininus.

A. R. 555 Ant.C. J 97

C.Cornelius Cethe-

Q^Minucius Rufus. A. R. 556 L. Furius Purpureo, Ant.C. 196 M, Claudius Marcellus.

A. R. 568 P.Claudius Pulcher, Ant.C. 184 L. Porcius Lucinus. A. R. 569 M. Claudius Mar-, cellus, Ant.C. 183 Q^Fabius Labeo. A. R. 570 Cn. Babius Tamphilus, Ant.C. 182

A. R. 571
Ant.C. 181

L. ..^milius Paulus. P. Cornelius Cethegus,

A.R. 557

L.Valerius Flaccu?, Ant.C. 195 M. Fortius Cato. A. R. 558' P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus II, Ant.C. 194 Ti Semproniui Longus.

M. Baibius Tamphilus.

A. R, 572 A.Polihumius Albinus Lufcus, Ant.C. i8o

C. Calphurnius Pifo. He died, and in his room was eleiled,

A. R. 559 L. Cornelius Merula, Aat.C. 193 Q^ Minucius Thermos.

Q^ Fulvius

Flaccns.

Qj^ Fuiviu?

A Register
A. R. 573 Q^Fulvius Flaccus, Ant.C. 179L. Manlius Acidinus.

of the

Consuls.
T.
Manlius

A. R. 587
A.nt.C. 165

Tor-

quatus,

Thefe two Confuls

were brothers.

A. R. 588* Ant.C. 164

Cn. Odavius. A Manlius Torquatus,

A. R. 574 M. Junius Brutus,

Ant.C. 178 A. Manlius Vulfo,

(^CaffiusLonginus,

A. R. 575. C. Claudius Pulcher, Sempronius Ant.C. 177 Ti. A. R. 576

Ant.C. 176
Gracchus. Cn. Cornelius Scipio
Hifpalus.

A. R. 589 Ti. Sempronius Ant.C. 163 Gracchus 11.

Man.

Juvencius

Thalna. A. R. 59c P. Scipio Nafica, Ant.C. 162 C. Marcius Fipulus. Thefe Confub abdicated, and in their room were
eledled,

and was
nus.

in

Hedied his room

elefted,

G. Valerius Lsevi-

Q^

Petillius

Spuri-

P. Cornelius Lentulus,

nus.He was killed inWaragainft the

Ligurians.

Cn. Domitius Ahe-

A. R. 577 P. Mucius Scsevola, Ant.C. 175 M. Emilias Lepidus.

591 Ant.C. 161

Pv.

M.

nobarbus. Valerius
lalla,

Mef-

A. R. 578 Sp. Pofthumius Albinus, Ant.C. 174

C. Fannius Strabo. A. R. 592 L. Anicius Gallus, Ant.C. 160 M.Cornelius Cethegus.

Q^Mucius
A. R. 579 Ant.C. 173

Sca^vola.

L
M.

Pofthumius
binus,

Al-

Popillius Lsenas.
Pupillius La;nas,

A. R. 580 C.

Ant.C. 172 P. ^lius Ligur.

A. R. 593 Cn. Cornelius DoAnt. C. 159 labella, M.FulviusNobilior. A. R. 594 M. ymilius LepiAnt.C. 158 dus,
C. Popillius Lsenas.

War

againft Perfia,

A. R. 581 P. Licinius CrafTns, Ant.C. 171 C.Cafiius Longinus. A. R. 582 A. Holtilius Mancinus, Ant.C. 170 A. Atilius Serranus.

A. R. 595 Sex. Julius Caelar, Ant.C. 157 L. AureliusOreftes. A. R. 596 L. Cornelius LentuAni.C. 156 lus, C. Marcius Figulus
II.

A.R.

5S3

Q^Marcius
pus
11,

Philip-

A. R. 597 P. Cornelius Scipio Ant.C. 155 Nafica II, M. Claudius Marcellus II.

Ant.C. 169

A. R. c;84 Ant.C. j68

A. R. 585 Ant.C. 167 A. R. 586 Ant.C. 166

Cn.Servilius Ca;pio. L. -t^milius Paulus

11.

A. R. 598 Qj,Opimius, Ant.C. 154 L. Pofthumius Albinus.

L. Licinius Crallus.
Q^^y^lius Pa:tus,

M.

Junius Peniius.

C. Sulpicius Gallus. M. Claudius Marcellus.

A. R. 599 Q^FuIviusNobilior, Ant.C. 153 T. Annius Lufcus. Theie Confuls entered on their charge the firft of January,and their
ex-

A Register
example pa fled
terwards
rule.
af-

of the

Consuls.
M. ^milius
dus,

into

A. R. 615 Ant.C. 137

Lepi-

C. Hoftilius Mancinus.

A. R. 600 M. cellusIII, Ant.C. 152 A. R. 601

Ant.C. 151

Claudius Mar-

L. Valerius Flaccus. L. Licinius Lucullus,

A. R. 616 P. FuriusPhilus, Ant.C. 136 Sex. Atilius Serranus

A. R. 617 Ser.FuIvius Flaccus,

Ant.C. 135 C.CalphurniusPifo. A R. 618 P. Cornelius Scipio Ant.C. J 34 Africanus ./Emilianus II, Fulvius Flaccus, A. R. 619 P. Mucius Scavola, Ant.C. 133 L. Calphurnius Pifo Frugi.

A.Pofthumius Albinus.

A. R. 602 T. Quintius Flamininus, Ant.C. 150

Man.AciliusBalbus.

"^

The

third Punic war.

A. R. 603
Ant.C. 149

L. Marcius Cenforinus,

Man. Manlius.
A. R. 604 Sp. Pofthumius AlAnt.C. 148
binus,

Sedition of Ti. Gracchus.

A. R. 620 Ant.C 132

P. Popillius Laenas,

P. Rupilius. P.

L.Calphurnius

Pifo.

A.R. 621
Ant.C. 131
A.

Licinius Craflus

A. R. 605 P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus ^miAnt.C. 147

lianus,

Mucianus,
L. Valerius Flaccus.
p. Perperna,

622

A. R. 606
Ant.C. 146

C. Livius Drufus. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus,

Ant C 130 C.Claudius Pulcher.

A. R. 623 C. Sempronius Tuditanus, Ant.C. 129

L.

Mummius.

Man

Aquillius.

A. R. 607 Q^Fabius Maximus ^milianus, Ant.C. 145 L. Hollilius Mancinus.

A. R. 608 Ser.SulpiciusGalba, Ant.C. 144 L. Aurelius Cotta, A. R. 609 Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Ant.C. 143
Q^Cascilins Metellus Macedonicus. A. R. 610 L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus, Ant.C. 142

A. R. 624 Cn. Oftavius, Ant.C. 128 T. Annius Rufus. A. R. 625 L.Caflius Longinus, Ant.C. 127 L. Cornelius Linna. A. R. 626 Man. ^milius Lepidus, Ant.C. 126
L. Aurelius Orelles. A. R. 627 M. Plaut. Hypfaeus, Ant.C. 125 M. Fulvius Flaccus. A. R. 628 C.Caffius Longinus, Ant C. 124 C. Sextius Calvinus. A R. 629 Q^ Caecilius Metel-

Q^Fabius Maximus
Serviiianus.

Ant.C. 123

lus Balearicus,

Quintius Flamininus.

A. R. 611 Ant.C. 141 A. R. 612 Ant.C. 140 A, R. 613 Ant.CX 139 A. R. 614 Ant.C. 138

Cn.Servilius Cxpio,

Q^Pompeius.
C. Lxlius Sapiens, Q^Servilius Ceepio.

A. R. 630 Cn. Domitius Ahcnobarbus, Ant.C. 122

C. Fannius.

Cn. Calphurn. Pifo, M.PopilliosLaenas. P. Cornelius Scipio

Nafica,

D. Junius Brutus.

A. R. 631 Q^Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, Ant.C. 121 L. Opimius. A. R. 632 P. Manlius, Ant.C. 120 C. Papirius Carbo. L. Cjcci-

A Register
A. R 633 L. Cascilius Metellus Calvus, Ant.C. 119
L. Aurelius Cotta.

of the

Consuls.

A. R. 634 M. Porcius Cato, Ant.C. 118 Q^Marcius Rex. A. R. 635 L. Cscilius MetelAnt.C. 117 lus Dalmaticus,

Q^Mucius Scasvola. A. R. 636 C. Licinius Geta, Ant.C. 116 Q^Fabius Maximus

A. R. 637

A. R. 649 Ant.C. 103 A. R 650 Ant.C. 102 A. R. 651 Ant.C. loi A. R. 652 Ant.C 100
Ant. A. R. 654 Ant. C. 98

C Marius

IIT,

L. Aurelius Orefles. C. Marius IV,

C Marius V,
Man.

Q^Lutatius Catulus.
Aquilius.

C. Marius VI,

A.R. 653 M.

L. Valerius Flaccus. Antonius, A. Pofthu. Albinus. 99

M -^miliusScaurus,
M.
Cxcilius Metellus.

iiburnus.

Q^ Caecilius
lus

Metel-

Nepos,

Ante.
Ant

115

T. Didius.
A. R. 655 Cn. Cornelius LenAnt. tulus, 97

A. R. 638

Man.AciliusBalbas,

C. 114. C. Porcius Cato. A. R. 639 C. Caecilius Metel-

P. Licinius Craflus.

A.R. 656 Cn. Domitius AheAnt. C. 96

Ant.C. 113

lus Caprarius,
Cii.

CapiriusCarbo.

C Caffius Longinus.
C

nobarbus,

A. R. 640 M. Livius Drufiis, Ant.C. 112 L. Calpurnius Pifo

Caefonius.

A. R. 657 L. Licinius CrafTus, Ant. 9; Q^Mucius Scsvola. A.R. 658 Coelius Caldus, Ant. C.'94 L. Domitius Aheno-

War

with Jugurtha.

barbus.

A. R. 641 P. Cornelius Scipio Ant.C. Ill Nafica, L. Calphurn. Beftia. A. R. .642 M.MinuciusRufus, Ant. Clio Sp. Pofthumius Albinus.

A. R. 659 Ant. g^ A. R. 660 Ant. C. 92 A. R. 661

Ant.

C 91

C. Valerius Flaccus, M. Herennius. Claudius Pulcher, M. Perperna. L, Marcius Philip-

A. R. 643 Q__ Cscilius MetelAnt.C. 109 ius Numidicus,

Junius Silanus. A: R. 644 Ser.SulpiciusGalba, Ant.C. 108 (^ Hortenfius, was named Conful, and died. In his

pus, Sex. Julius Csefar.

'

M-

The

Social

War.

room was
A. R. 645 Ant.C. 107 A. R. 646 Ant.C 106 A. R. 647 Ant.C. 105

elefted,

C 90 A. R. 663 Ant. C 89
Ant.

A. R. 662

L. Julius Cxfar,

R. Rutilius Lupus. Cn. Pompeius Strabp,

M.AureliusScaurus.
L. Caffius Longinus, C. Marias. C. Atilius Serranus, Q^Servilius Cspio.
P. Rutilius E.ufus,

A. R. 664

L. Portius Cato. L. Cornelius Sylla,

Ant. C. 88 Q^Pompeius Rufus.

Exploits of Sylla againft Mithridales.

Cn. Mallius.
A. R. 665 Cn. Oaavius, Ant. C. 87 L. Cornelius ^inna.

Bloody defeat of the Romans by the Cimbri.

He is depofed,and
in his
iefted,

A. R. 648 Marius II, Ant.C. 104 C. Flavius Fimbria.

room

is

e-

L.Cornelius Merula.

C.

Ma-

A Register
A. R. 666 C. Marius. He dies, and in his room is Ant. C. 86
eledled,

of the

Consuls.

L. Valerius Flaccus. L. Corn. Cinna II. A. R. 667 L. Corn. Cinna III, Ant. C. 85 Cn. Papirius Carbo. A. R. 668 L. Corn. Cinna IV, Ant. C. 84 Cn. Papirius Carbo
II.

A. R. 682 Cn. Pomp. M^gnuf, Ant. C. 70 M, Licinius Craffus. A. R. 683 Q^ Hortenfius, Ant. C. 69 Q^Cscilius MetelluS Creticus.

A. R. 684 L. Ca;cilius MetelAnt. C. 68 lus, Q^Marcius Rex. A. R. 685 C. Calphur .lusPifo,

Aht. C. 67

Man.

Acil. Glabrio.

A. R. 669 L Cornelius Scipio, Ant. C. 83 C. Norbanus. A. R. 670 C, Marius, Ant. C. 82 Cn. Papirius Carbo
III.

Pompey conqueror of che

Pirates.

A. R. 686 M. ^milius Lepidus, Ant. C. 66

L.Volcatius Tullus.

A. R. 687 L. Auielius Cotta,

SvUa made
A. R. 671

Diftator;

Decula, Cornelius DoAnt. C. 81 C>'.

labella.

M. ToUius

Ant. C. 65 A. R. 688 Ant. C. 64 A. R. 689 Ant. C. 63

L. Manl. Torquatus. L. Julius C^lar, C. Marcius Figulus.

M.Tullius Cicero,
C. Antouius.
Mithridatfes.

A. R. 672 L. CoMielius Fslix If, Ant. C. 80

Sylla

Death of

Q^Cffioilius Metellus Pius.

A. R. 673 P. Ifauricus, Ant. C. 79 Ap. Claud. Pulcher. A. R. 674 M. ^miiius LepiAnt. C. 78

das,

Servilius

Vatia

Q^Lutatius Catulus,

A. R. 675 D. Junius Brutus, Ant. C. 77 Mam. JEmilius Lepidus Livianus. A. R. 676 Cn. Odlavius, Ant. C. 76 C. Scribonius Curio,

A. R. 690 D. Junius Silanus, Ant. C, 62 L. Licinius Murjena. A. R. 691 M. Pupius Pifo, Ant. C. 61 M. Valerius Meffalla Niger. A. R. 692 L. Afranius, Ant. C. 60 Q^Metellus Celer. A. R. 693 C. Julius Cajfar, Ant. C. 59 M. Calphur. Bibulus.

War

with the Gauls.

A. R. 677 L. Odavius, Ant. C. 75 C. Aurelius Cotta. A. R. 678 L.LiciniusLucuUus, Ant. C. 74 M. Aurelius Cotta. A. R. 679 M- Terentius Varro Lucullus, Ant. 73 C- Caffius Varus. A. R. 680 L.Gellius Poplicola, Ant. C. 72 Cn. Cornelius Len-

A. R. 694 li. Calphurnius Pifo, Ant. C. 58 A. Gabinius. A. R. 695 Cn. Cornelius LenAnt. C, 57
tulus Spinther,

Q^

Caecilius Metel-

lus

Nepos.

tulus Clodianus.

A-R. 681

C. Aufidius Oreftes,
lus Sura.

LenA. R. 696 Cn. tulusMarcellinus, Ant. C. 56 L. Marc. Philippus. A. R. 697 Cn. Ponipcius MagCorr>lius

Ant. C. 71 L. Cornelius Lentu-

Ant. C. 55

nus

II,

M.

Licin.CrafTus II,

Ww

A Register
War
of CraiTus againft the Parthians.

of the

Consuls.
Q^Pedius. Hedi'e*. and in his room is
elefled,

A. R. 698 Ant. C. 54

L. Domitlus Ahenobarbus, Ap. Claud. Pulcher.

P. Ventidius.

A. R. 699 Cn.DomU.Calvinus, Ant. C. 53 M. Valerius MefTala. A. R. 700 Cn. Pompeius Magnus Illy Ant. C. 52 C. Ca;cilius Metellus Scipio.

Triumvirate of Lepidus, Antony and Oftavius.

Profcription.

A. R. 701 Ant. C. 51 A. R. 702 Ant. C. 50

Civil

Ser.Suipicius Rufus,

M.Claud. Marcel! us.

L. -(Emilias Paulus, C.Claud. Marcellus.

A. R. 710 M.^mi.Lepidusir, Ant. C. 42 L Munatius Plancus. A. R. 711 L. Antonius, Ant. C. 41 P. Servilius Vatia Ifauricus.

A. R. 712 Cn.Do.Calvinusir, Ant. C. 40 Alinius PolJio.

War

between Ca^far and

Pompey.
A. R. 703 Ant. C. 49 A. R. 704 Ant. C. 48
C.Claud. Marcellus, L. Cornel. Lentulus.
C. Julius Casfar 11, P. Servilius Vatia
Ifauricus.

Caefar Didlator.

A. R. 713 Ant. C. 39 A. R. 714 Ant. C. 38 A. R. 715 Ant. C. 37 A. R. 716 Ant. C. 36 A. R. 717 Ant. C. 35

L.Marc.Cenforinus, C.CalvifiusSabinus. Ap. Claud. Pulcher, C. Norban. Flaccus. M. Agrippa, L. Canidius Gallus.
L.Gellius Poplicola, M. Cocceius Nerva. L. Cornificius, Sex. Pompeius.

Q^FufiusCalenus, Ant. C. 47 P. Vatinius. A. R. 706 C. Julius Casfar III, Ant. C. 46 M.^miliusLepidus. A. R. 707 C. Julius C^farlV, without a ColAnt. C. 45

A. R. 705

A. R. 718 M. Antonius II, Ant, C. 34 L. Scribonius Li bo. A. R. 719 C. Julius C^far Oc-

Ant.C. 33

tavius II,

league,

A. R. 708 C. Ant. C. 44

Julius

He
by

is

killed,

CsefarV. and

L. VolcatiusTulIus. A. R. 720 L.Do. Ahenobarbus, Ant. C. 32 C. Sofius. A. R. 721 C. Julius Casfar OcAnt. C. 31 tavius III,
.

M.

Valerius MeHal-

la Corvinus.

his place fupplied

Battle of

Aaium.

P. Corn. Dcilabella,

M.

Antonius.

A. R. 709 A. Hirtius, Ant. C. <^3 C. Vibius Panfa. Thefe two Confuls are killed, and in
.

A. R. 722 C. Julius CsfarOcAnt. C. 30 tavius IV.

M. Licinius
A. R. 723

Craffus.

Death of Antony.
C.Jul. C-ef.Oaavi.

their

room

are e-

lefted,

V,
Ant. C. =9 Sex. Apuleius.

C.Julius Ccefar Octavius.

Triumphs of Odlavius.

FINIS.

A List
to

of the

Roll in' s

Maps and C o p p e r-P l a t e S Roman History in Ten Vols.

Vol.
I.

8vo. with Diredions for placing them.

Pag

Head of Mr. Rollin,

to face the Title

Map

of the Country about

Rome
_ -

Plan of Ancient

Rome
.

j^

The Combat

of the Horatii and the Cuf iatii

-

Death of Virginia

82 ^^5

Vol.

II.

M.

Curtius devoting himfelf for his Country, to face the Title Italy, properly fo called l

Map
the

of Italy,

properly fo called, defigned to fhew

_
_

Roman Ways

269

Vol.

III.

Vol. VI.
Page
Bocchus delivering Jugurtha into the hands of Sylla,
to face the Title

Map of the Roman

Marius
fitting

Province in Gaul

179

on the Ruins of Carthage

459

Vol. VII.

Pompey when Conful,

Cenfors,

paffing

in reviev/ before the to face the Title

Map

of

Armenia and Media

278

Vol.
Cicero in his Exile,

VIII.
to face the Title

Map

of Gaul

Caefar's Bridge over the

Rhine

159 298

Vol. IX.
Death of
Julius Caefar,
.

Caefar's Paflage of the

Rubicon
-

to face the Title 2$

Death of Cicero

503

Vol. X.
Death of Mark Antony,
to face the Title

.."..'^o

"

'^

m-^.