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Workshop on Measuring Social Protection Statistics Indonesia - Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 14 - 16 May 2013
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
Willem Adema
Senior Economist, Social Policy Division, OECD
2. Trends in social expenditure 3. Social spending after tax 4. Re-distribution 5. The ageing challenge
Public : financial flows controlled by General Government (central + local governments + social security funds)
Private
Means-tested Voluntary participation Employer-provided Tax-advantaged benefits, benefits, social in public insurance sickness benefits, e.g., individual retirement insurance benefits programmes. Selfbenefits accruing from accounts, occupational employed opting in mandatory contributions, pensions, employerto obtain insurance to, for example, pension provided health plans coverage. or disability insurance. Benefits from government managed individual saving schemes Non tax-advantaged actuarially fair pension benefits Exclusively private: Benefits accruing from insurance plans bought at market prices given individual preferences.
The shaded cells reflect benefits that are NOT classified as social.
1. Old Age 2. Survivors 3. Incapacity-related benefits 4. Health 5. Family 6. Active labour market programmes 7. Unemployment 8. Housing 9. Other social policy areas
France
35 150 30
%
35
140 130
120
140
130
30 25 20 15
10
25
120
110
100
20 110 15
10
100 90
80
70
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
35 30
140 130
25
120
25 20
15 10
20 110
100
90
15 10
5
100
90
80
80
70
70
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Public spending on family benefits and labour market programmes went up during the crisis
Public spending on family benefits in percentage of GDP, 2007 Increase 2007-2009 Public spending on labour market programmes in percentage of GDP, 2007 Increase 2007-2009
3.6 3.7 3.4 2.7 2.5 2.3 -0.3 2.8 1.3 0.2 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
United Kingdom France Sweden Germany Australia OECD Netherlands1 Japan Greece United States2 Korea
0.5 0.3
2.3
1.8 2.1 0.2 1.2 0.5 0.1
0.2
0.6
0.7
2.2
0.5 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6
0.4
-1
1.Due to reform in 2007/8, public spending on home-help services decreased in the Netherlands. 2. Available indicators underestimate the extent of public spending on childcare for Federal countries (e.g. the United States), as relevant spending by local governments is not fully reported to Federal authorities. Source: OECD Social Expenditure database (SOCX, www.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure).
Health and Pension spending are key social policy areas in the OECD
Public social expenditure by broad social policy area, % GDP, in 2009
Tax systems and social spending Gross and net social expenditure
The redistributive nature of tax and (cash) transfer systems varies across the OECD
Gross public transfers paid to househlods A. Average B. Share of C. Transfers ratio of public to lowest househlod transfers paid quintile disposable to lowest (A*B/100) income quintile 12.0 42.7 5.1 30.1 17.1 5.1 26.7 22.0 5.9 32.2 11.2 3.6 23.6 13.9 3.3 5.0 24.3 1.2 19.4 29.4 5.7 27.3 27.0 7.4 19.4 25.3 4.9 12.6 21.9 2.8 Redistributive effect Direct taxes and asocial security contributions D. Average E. Share of F. Taxes from Gini Percentage difference through ratio of taxes paid by lowest quintile coefficient at transfers and taxes between househlod lowest quintile (D*E/100) disposable Gini at market income and disposable income disposable income income Around 2010s Around 2000s 18.1 0.4 0.1 0.334 29% 33% 15.1 2.3 0.4 0.303 40% 41% 35.8 2.6 0.9 0.286 42% 44% 31.0 5.6 1.7 0.337 35% .. 22.4 5.1 1.1 0.336 31% 22% 8.9 5.6 0.5 0.310 9% .. 45.5 5.6 2.5 0.288 32% 31% 32.2 5.4 1.7 0.269 39% 46% 25.6 2.5 0.6 0.341 35% 31% 24.8 1.3 0.3 0.380 24% 25%
Australia France Germany Greece Japan Korea Netherlands Sweden United Kingdom United States
OECD-31 OECD-18
23.6 ..
21.7 ..
4.7 ..
26.8 ..
4.3 ..
1.2 ..
0.306 ..
35% 35%
.. 33%
Populations are ageing and the old-age support ratio will halve in the OECD
Source: OECD (2011), Pensions at a Glance, OECD Publishing, Paris (www.oecd.org/els/social/pensions/PAG); United Nations, World Population Prospects - 2008 Revision.
Greece France Germany OECD-28 Netherlands Sweden United Kingdom Korea Australia United States
13.6 14.6 10.8 8.4 6.8 9.6 7.7 0.9 3.6 4.6 0 2 4 6 8
Source: OECD (2012), OECD Pensions Outlook 2012, OECD Publishing, www.oecd.org/daf/pensions/outlook.