Aqueous Acid-Base Equilibria and Titrations

Chapter 14 Sections 14.1 14.7 Chapter 15 Section 15.3

Acid and Base Theories

Arrhenius Theory 1884
Assumes all acids have H+ and all bases have OH- (problem) Strong electrolytes dissociate completely upon dissolving Weak electrolytes dissociate partly upon dissolving Neutralization makes water (problem)

Brnsted-Lowry Theory 1923

Acids are proton (p+ or H+) donors and bases are proton acceptors Neutralization may make water or salts

Lewis Theory
Lewis acids accept an electron pair via an empty orbital whereas Lewis bases donate an electron pair

Brnsted-Lowry Theory (Practice) Example:

Conjugate acid acid formed by the addition of a proton to a base Conjugate base base formed by the removal of a proton from an acid Conjugate pair set of base and corresponding conjugate acid or the set of acid and corresponding conjugate base Amphiprotic compound that may accept or donate a proton, i.e. may be an acid or a base Polyprotic compound that may donate more than one proton per molecule Monoprotic compound that is capable of only donating (or accepting) 1 proton per molecule

Ionization

(Practice) Examples: Section Exercises:

Strong acids and bases ionize or dissociate completely Weak acids and bases ionize/dissociate partially
Are at equilibrium, favoured side based on relative strengths Acid ionization constant (Ka) Base ionization constant (Kb)

[ A ][H + ] Kw Ka = = [HA] Kb

[BH+ ][OH ] Kw Kb = = [B] Ka

Water may self-ionize/autoionize

Ion product of water (Kw) Hydronium ion = H3O+ = essentially the same thing as H+ Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 M at 25oC Kw = (Ka)(Kb)

pH, pOH, pK
pH

(Practice) Examples: Section Exercises:

Method of describing [H3O+] potential of hydrogen ion pH = - log[H3O+] [H3O+] = 10-pH

pOH = - log[OH-]
[OH-] = 10-pOH

pK = - logK
K = 10-pK

pKw = pH + pOH = 14.00

Percent Hydrolysis and (Practice) Examples: Section Exercises: Salts Table:

Percent ionization or percent dissociation or percent hydroylsis
Strong acids/bases are 100% ionized Weak acids/bases have increased ionization at lower concentrations

Salts

[ H 3O + ] % ionization = 100 % [ HA ]
no pH effect acidic effect basic effect depends on Ka

Strong acid + strong base Strong acid + weak base Weak acid + strong base Weak acid + weak base and Kb

Structure and Recognition

Molecular structure relationship to strength
Oxyacids Carboxyic acids Binary acids Amines Zwitterions
(Practice) Examples: Tables: Section Exercises:

Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves

Titration Curve
Plot of pH vs amount of titrant added

Titrant
The solution that is added to the beaker where the neutralization reaction takes place/has indicator

End Point
When the indicator changes colour

Equivalence or Stoichiometric point

When the stoiciometric amount (in mol) of acid is the same as the amount of base (neither are in excess)

Mid Point
When the amount (in mol) of titrant is that of the solution Also known as the half equivalence point

Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves

Indicators
Display colour changes with different pHs Very little is required and used Need ~90% in the acid or base form to get that colour and may have intermediate colours May be prepared as a paper or as a solution Is approximate pH

Standardization
To find the solution concentration by the use of another solution with a known concentration

Neutralization Figures: Reactions and Section Exercises: Titration Curves

Strong acid + Strong base

(Practice) Examples:

Drastic change in pH at the equivalence point

Weak acid + Strong base

Has an acidic buffer region with a less drastic change in pH at the equivalence point

Weak acid + Weak base

Has an acidic buffer region and a basic buffer region and is difficult to identify the equivalence point

Weak polyprotic acid + Strong base

Has multiple acidic buffer regions and more than one equivalence point