Introduction To CFX: Domains and Boundary Conditions

Chapter 3 Domains and Boundary Conditions
Introduction to CFX
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-1
April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598
Boundary Conditions
Domains
Training Manual
Domains are regions of space in which the equations of fluid flow or heat transfer are solved
Rotor
Stator
e.g. A simulation of a copper heating coil in water will require a fluid domain and a solid domain.
e.g. To account for rotational motion, the rotor is placed in a rotating domain.
Only the mesh components which are included in a domain are included in the simulation
3-2
Boundary Conditions
How to Create a Domain (as shown earlier)

Define Domain Properties
Right-click on the domain and pick Edit Or right-click on Flow Analysis 1 to insert a new domain
Training Manual
When editing an item a new tab panel opens containing the properties. You can switch between open tabs.
Sub-tabs contain various different properties
Complete the required fields on each sub-tab to define the domain
Optional fields are activated by enabling a check box
3-3
Boundary Conditions
Domain Creation
General Options panel: Basic Settings
Location: Only assemblies and 3D primitives Domain Type: Fluid, Solid, or Porous Coordinate Frame: select coordinate frame from which all domain inputs will be referenced to
Not to be confused with the reference frame, which can be stationary or rotating The default Coord 0 frame is usually used
Training Manual
Fluids and Particles Definitions: select the participating materials
3-4
Boundary Conditions
Domain Creation Reference Pressure

General Options panel: Domain Models
Reference Pressure
Represents the absolute pressure datum from which all relative pressures are measured Pabs = Preference + Prelative Pressures specified at boundary and initial conditions are relative to the Reference Pressure Used to avoid problems with round-off errors which occur when the local pressure differences in a fluid are small compared to the absolute pressure level
Pressure Pressure Pref
Training Manual
Prel,max=100,001 Pa Prel,min=99,999 Pa
Prel,max=1 Pa
Prel,min=-1 Pa
Pref
Ex. 1: Preference= 0 Pa
Ex. 2: Preference= 100,000 Pa

3-5
Boundary Conditions
Domain Creation - Buoyancy

General Options panel: Buoyancy
When gravity acts on fluid regions with different densities a buoyancy force arises When buoyancy is included, a source term is added to the momentum equations based on the difference between the fluid density and a reference density SM,buoy=( ref)g ref is the reference density. This is just the datum from which all densities are evaluated. Fluid with density other than ref will have either a positive or negative buoyancy force applied.
See below for more on the reference density
Training Manual
The ( ref) term is evaluated differently depending on your chosen fluid:
3-6
Boundary Conditions

Full Buoyancy Model
Evaluates the density differences directly Used when modeling ideal gases, real fluids, or multicomponent fluids A Reference Density is required
Use an approximate value of the expected domain density
Training Manual
Boussinesq Model
Used when modeling constant density fluids Buoyancy is driven by temperature differences ( ref) = - ref (T Tref) A Reference Temperature is required
Use an approximate value of the average expected domain temperature
3-7
Boundary Conditions

Buoyancy Ref. Density
The Buoyancy Reference Density is used to avoid round-off errors by solving at an offset level The Reference Pressure is used to offset the operating pressure of the domain, while the Buoyancy Reference Density should be used to offset the hydrostatic pressure in the domain
The pressure solution is relative to rref g h, where h is relative to the Reference Location If rref = the fluid density (r), then the solution becomes relative to the hydrostatic pressure, so when visualizing Pressure you only see the pressure that is driving the flow
Training Manual
Absolute Pressure always includes both the hydrostatic and reference pressures Pabs = Preference + Prelative + rref g h
For a non-buoyant flow a hydrostatic pressure does not exist

3-8
Boundary Conditions
Pressure and Buoyancy Example

Consider the case of flow through a tank
The inlet is at 30 [psi] absolute Buoyancy is included, therefore a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists The outlet pressure will be approximately 30 [psi] plus the hydrostatic pressure given by r g h The flow field is driven by small dynamic pressure changes
NOT by the large hydrostatic pressure or the large operating pressure
30 psi
Training Manual
Small pressure changes drive the flow field in the tank
To accurately resolve the small dynamic pressure changes, we use the Reference Pressure to offset the operating pressure and the Buoyancy Reference Density to offset the hydrostatic pressure
~30 psi + r gh
Gravity, g
3-9
Boundary Conditions
Domain Creation
General Options panel: Domain Motion
You can specify a domain that is rotating about an axis When a domain with a rotating frame is specified, the CFX-Solver computes the appropriate Coriolis and centrifugal momentum terms, and solves a rotating frame total energy equation
Training Manual
Mesh Deformation
Used for problems involving moving boundaries or moving subdomains Mesh motion could be imposed or arise as an implicit part of the solution
3-10
Boundary Conditions
Domain Types
The additional domain tabs/settings depend on the Domain Type selected
Training Manual
3-11
Boundary Conditions
Domain Type: Fluid Models

Heat Transfer
Specify whether a heat transfer model is used to predict the temperature throughout the flow Discussed in Heat Transfer Lecture
Training Manual
Turbulence
Specify whether a turbulence model is used to predict the effects of turbulence in fluid flow Discussed in Turbulence Lecture
3-12
Boundary Conditions

Reaction or Combustion Models
CFX includes combustion models to allow the simulation of flows in which combustion reactions occur Available only if Option = Material Definition on the Basic Settings tab Not covered in detail in this course
Training Manual
3-13
Boundary Conditions

Radiation Models
For simulations when thermal radiation is significant See the Heat Transfer chapter for more details
Training Manual
3-14
Boundary Conditions
Domain Type: Solid Models

Solid domains are used to model regions that contain no fluid or porous flow (for example, the walls of a heat exchanger) Heat Transfer (Conjugate Heat Transfer)
Discussed in Heat Transfer Lecture
Training Manual
Radiation
Only the Monte Carlo radiation model is available in solids Theres no radiation in solid domains if it is opaque!
Solid Motion
Used only when you need to account for advection of heat in the solid domain Solid motion must be tangential to its surface everywhere (for example, an object being extruded or rotated)
Tubular heat exchanger
3-15
Boundary Conditions
Domain Type: Porous Domains

Used to model flows where the geometry is too complex to resolve with a grid Instead of including the geometric details, their effects are accounted for numerically
Training Manual
Images Courtesy of Babcock and Wilcox, USA

3-16
Boundary Conditions

Area Porosity
The area porosity (the fraction of physical area that is available for the flow to go through) is assumed isotropic
Training Manual
Volume Porosity
The local ratio of the volume of fluid to the total physical volume (can vary spatially) By default, the velocity solved by the code is the superficial fluid velocity. In a porous region, the true fluid velocity of the fluid will be larger because of the flow volume reduction
Superficial Velocity = Volume Porosity * True Velocity
This setting should be consistent with the velocity used when the Loss Coefficients (next slide) were calculated
3-17
Boundary Conditions

Loss Model
Isotropic: Losses equal in all directions Directional Loss: For many applications, different losses are induced in the streamwise and transverse directions. (Examples: Honeycombs and Porous plates) Losses are applied using Darcys Law
Permeability and Loss Coefficients
Training Manual
dp r U i K loss U i dxi K perm 2
dp r U i K loss U i dxi K perm 2

Linear and Quadratic Resistance Coefficients
dp CR1U i CR 2 U i dxi
3-18
Boundary Conditions
Materials
Create a name for the fluid to be used Select the material to be used in the domain Currently loaded materials are available in the drop down list Additional Materials are available by clicking
Training Manual
3-19
Boundary Conditions
Materials
Training Manual
A Material can be created/edited by right clicking Materials in the Outline Tree
3-20
Boundary Conditions
Multicomponent/Multiphase Flow
ANSYS CFX has the capability to model fluid mixtures (multicomponent) and multiple phases
Multicomponent (more details on next slide)
One flow field for the mixture Variations in the mixture accounted for by variable mass fractions Applicable when components are mixed at the molecular level
Training Manual
Multiphase
Each fluid may possess its own flow field (not available in CFD-Flo product) or all fluids may share a common flow field Applicable when fluids are mixed on a macroscopic scale, with a discernible interface between the fluids.
Creating multiple fluids will allow you to specify fluid specific and fluid pair models
3-21
Boundary Conditions
Multicomponent Flow
Each component fluid may have a distinct set of physical properties
Training Manual
The ANSYS CFX-Solver will calculate appropriate average values of the properties for each control volume in the flow domain, for use in calculating the fluid flow These average values will depend both on component property values and on the proportion of each component present in the control volume In multicomponent flow, the various components of a fluid share the same mean velocity, pressure and temperature fields, and mass transfer takes place by convection and diffusion
3-22
Boundary Conditions
Compressible Flow Modelling
Training Manual
Activated by selecting an Ideal Gas, Real Fluid, or a General Fluid whose density is a function of pressure Can solve for subsonic, supersonic and transonic flows
Supersonic/Transonic flow problems

Set the heat transfer option to Total Energy Generally more difficult to solve than subsonic/incompressible flow problems, especially when shocks are present
Click to load a real gas library
3-23
Boundary Conditions
3-24
Boundary Conditions
Defining Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
You must specify information on the dependent (flow) variables at the domain boundaries
Specify fluxes of mass, momentum, energy, etc. into the domain.
Defining boundary conditions involves:

Identifying the location of the boundaries (e.g., inlets, walls, symmetry) Supplying information at the boundaries
The data required at a boundary depends upon the boundary condition type and the physical models employed
You must be aware of types of the boundary condition available and locate the boundaries where the flow variables have known values or can be reasonably approximated
Poorly defined boundary conditions can have a significant impact on your solution
3-25
Boundary Conditions
Available Boundary Condition Types

Inlet
Velocity Components Normal Speed Mass Flow Rate Total Pressure (stable) Static Pressure -Static Temperature (Heat Transfer) -Total Temperature (Heat Transfer) -Total Enthalpy (Heat Transfer) -Relative Static Pressure (Supersonic) -Inlet Turbulent conditions
Training Manual
Outlet Wall Inlet
Outlet
Average Static Pressure Velocity Components Static Pressure -Normal Speed -Mass Flow Rate
Opening
Opening Pressure and Dirn Entrainment Static Pressure and Direction Velocity Components -Opening Temperature (Heat Transfer) -Opening Static Temperature (Heat Transfer) -Inflow Turbulent conditions
Symmetry
Opening
Wall
No Slip / Free Slip -Adiabatic (Heat Transfer) Roughness Parameters -Fixed Temperature (Heat Transfer) Heat Flux (Heat Transfer) -Heat Transfer Coefficient (Heat Transfer) Wall Velocity (for tangential motion only)
Symmetry
No details (only specify region which corresponds to the symmetry plane
3-26
Boundary Conditions
How to Create a Boundary Condition

Right-click on the domain to insert BCs
Training Manual
After completing the boundary condition, it appears in the Outline tree below its domain
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598
3-27
Boundary Conditions
Inlets and Outlets
Training Manual
Inlets are used predominantly for regions where inflow is expected; however, inlets also support outflow as a result of velocity specified boundary conditions
Velocity Specified Condition
Inlet Inflow allowed
Outflow allowed
Pressure or Mass Flow Condition

Velocity specified inlets are intended for incompressible flows

Using velocity inlets in compressible flows can lead to non-physical results
Pressure and mass flow inlets are suitable for compressible and incompressible flows The same concept applies to outlets
3-28
Boundary Conditions
Openings
Training Manual
Artificial walls are not erected with the opening type boundary, as both inflow and outflow are allowed You are required to specify information that is used if the flow becomes locally inflow Do not use opening as an excuse for a poorly placed boundary
See the following slides for examples
Pressure Specified Opening
Outflow allowed
3-29
Boundary Conditions
Symmetry
Used to reduce computational effort in problem. No inputs are required. Flow field and geometry must be symmetric:
Zero normal velocity at symmetry plane Zero normal gradients of all variables at symmetry plane Must take care to correctly define symmetry boundary locations
Training Manual
Can be used to model slip walls in viscous flow
symmetry planes
3-30
Boundary Conditions
Specifying Well Posed Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
Consider the following case in which contain separate air and fuel supply pipes Air Three possible approaches in locating inlet boundaries: 1
1 Upstream of manifold
Can use uniform profiles since natural profiles will develop in the supply pipes Requires more elements
2 Nozzle inlet plane

Requires accurate velocity profile data for the air and fuel
3 Nozzle outlet plane

Requires accurate velocity profile data and accurate profile data for the mixture fractions of air and fuel
Nozzle Manifold box
Fuel
3-31
Boundary Conditions

If possible, select boundary location and shape such that flow either goes in or out
Not necessary, but will typically observe better convergence
Training Manual
Upper pressure boundary modified to ensure that flow always enters domain.
Should not observe large gradients in direction normal to boundary

Indicates incorrect boundary condition location
This outlet is poorly located. It should be moved further downstream
3-32
Boundary Conditions

Boundaries placed over recirculation zones
Poor Location: Apply an opening to allow inflow
Opening
Training Manual
Better Location: Apply an outlet with an accurate velocity/pressure profile (difficult)

Outlet
Ideal Location: Apply an outlet downstream of the recirculation zone to allow the flow to develop. This will make it easier to specify accurate flow conditions
Outlet
3-33
Boundary Conditions
Specifying Well Posed Boundary Conditions Turbulence at the Inlet
Training Manual
Nominal turbulence intensities range from 1% to 5% but will depend on your specific application. The default turbulence intensity value of 0.037 (that is, 3.7%) is sufficient for nominal turbulence through a circular inlet, and is a good estimate in the absence of experimental data. For situations where turbulence is generated by wall friction, consider extending the domain upstream to allow the walls to generate turbulence and the flow to become developed
3-34
Boundary Conditions

External Flow
Training Manual
In general, if the building has height H and width W, you would want your domain to be at least 5H high, 10W wide, with at least 2H upstream of the building and 10 H downstream of the building. You would want to verify that there are no significant pressure gradients normal to any of the boundaries of the computational domain. If there are, then it would be wise to enlarge the size of your domain.
w
Concentrate mesh in regions of high gradients 5h
h
10w At least 2H
10H
3-35
Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
Symmetry Plane and the Coanda Effect Symmetric geometry does not necessarily mean symmetric flow Example: The coanda effect. A jet entering at the center of a symmetrical duct will tend to flow along one side above a certain Reynolds number
Coanda effect not allowed
No Symmetry Plane
Symmetry Plane
3-36
Boundary Conditions

When there is 1 Inlet and 1 Outlet
Training Manual
Most Robust: Velocity/Mass Flow at an Inlet; Static Pressure at an Outlet. The Inlet total pressure is an implicit result of the prediction.
Robust: Total Pressure at an Inlet; Velocity/Mass Flow at an Outlet. The static pressure at the Outlet and the velocity at the Inlet are part of the solution. Sensitive to Initial Guess: Total Pressure at an Inlet; Static Pressure at an Outlet. The system mass flow is part of the solution Very Unreliable: Static Pressure at an Inlet; Static Pressure at an Outlet. This combination is not recommended, as the inlet total pressure level and the mass flow are both an implicit result of the prediction (the boundary condition combination is a very weak constraint on the system).
3-37
Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
At least one boundary should specify Pressure (either Total or Static)

Unless its a closed system Using a combination of Velocity and Mass Flow conditions at all boundaries over constrains the system
Total Pressure cannot be set at an Outlet

It is unconditionally unstable
Outlets that vent to the atmosphere typically use a Static Pressure = 0 boundary condition
With a domain Reference Pressure of 1 [atm]
Inlets that draw flow in from the atmosphere often use a Total Pressure = 0 boundary condition (e.g. an open window)
With a domain Reference Pressure of 1 [atm]
3-38
Boundary Conditions

Fully developed flow is not achieved You cannot specify a mass flow profile
Training Manual
Mass flow inlets result in a uniform velocity profile over the inlet
Mass flow outlets allow a natural velocity profile to develop based on the upstream conditions Pressure specified boundary conditions allow a natural velocity profile to develop
3-39

Introduction To CFX: Domains and Boundary Conditions

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Chapter 3 Domains and Boundary Conditions

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

How to Create a Domain (as shown earlier)

Sub-tabs contain various different properties

Complete the required fields on each sub-tab to define the domain

Optional fields are activated by enabling a check box

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Fluids and Particles Definitions: select the participating materials

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Creation Reference Pressure

Ex. 2: Preference= 100,000 Pa

Domain Creation - Buoyancy

The ( ref) term is evaluated differently depending on your chosen fluid:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Creation - Buoyancy

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Creation - Buoyancy

For a non-buoyant flow a hydrostatic pressure does not exist

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Pressure and Buoyancy Example

Small pressure changes drive the flow field in the tank

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Type: Fluid Models

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Type: Fluid Models

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Type: Fluid Models

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Type: Solid Models

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Type: Porous Domains

Images Courtesy of Babcock and Wilcox, USA

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Type: Porous Domains

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

Domain Type: Porous Domains

dp r U i K loss U i dxi K perm 2

dp r U i K loss U i dxi K perm 2

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

A Material can be created/edited by right clicking Materials in the Outline Tree

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002598

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.