Unit 2: The Rise of the West to Global Dominance, 1800-1914 Part I: Africa, the Middle East, India The

Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Between 16th and 19th century 11 million Africans were sold into servitude British were major players o Helped their economy Enlightenment philosophes criticized Slavery May 27, 1787- 12 men formed the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade o Thomas Clarkson was the Anglican leader of the society Devoted his life to gathering information about the slave trade Interview many people Published his findings A Summery View of the Slave Trade and of the Possible Consequences of its Abolition o Raise awareness of the horrors of the slave trade 1785- William Wilberforce was a member of parliament and went to John Newton and asked what he could do to not waist his life and newton told him to abolish the slave trade May 12 1789- Wilberforce made first speech o First bill in 1791 but was turned down Tried many times for 18 years unsuccessfully because members of parliament had invested in the slave trade, the British people were content with the business because the bible did not condemn it, and French revolution scared the British people and they did not want that happening 1806- A bill was passed saying Britain could not economically aid countries that Britain was at war with o Napoleon occupied many territories and the British could no longer trade with them because they were at war with France This reduced the slave trade influence in Parliament February 23, 1807- Wilberforces abolition bill was passed Independent sates emerged in Africa

The European Presence in Africa before the Scramble for Africa Dark Continent referring to skin color and the absence of knowledge about continent Morality rates were high, referred to as White Mans Graveyard After slave trade was abolished the Europeans remained on the coast trading palm oil and Acacia gum Dutch create cape colony in South Africa o 2 tribes there but had nothing of interest to the Dutch so the cape became a supply base

o Crops grew well, farmers called Boers Colony grew 1806- British seize cape Colony o Did not wish to get in-between Boers and Xhosa o Established bad relationship with Boers 1836- Great Trek Boers expelled to northeast o Established 2 republics: Orange free state and South African Republic 1830- French invade Algeria

The Scramble for Africa, 1880-1914: Motives and Technologies Modern Colonization o Established colonies largely by migrated populations o Believed that imperial expansion and colonial domination were crucial for the survival of their states and societies- and sometimes the health of their personal fortunes o Cecil Rhodes made a fortune mining diamonds and gold and helped British imperialism Economy o Imperialism was in the economic interests of European societies as well as individuals o They were reliable sources of raw materials o Haven for migrants in an age of rapidly increasing European populations Political o Occupied strategic sites on the worlds sea lanes or supply stations o Imperialism was an attractive alternative to civil war Cultural o Converts to Christianity, spiritual campaigns o Rudyard Kipling defined the White mans burden as the duty of European and Euro- Americans peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands Tools o Transportation Steamships and railroads, iron clad ships with powerful guns Faster and could ignore winds New canals- Suez and Panama o Military Smoothbore, muzzle-loading muskets to breech-loading to rifled machine guns and the maxim gun o Communications Messages could be transferred faster with steamships and canals 1850s- submarine cables for messages across oceans

 1866- transatlantic cable o Medical Malaria was a problem until they discovered quinine which prevent causalities in Africa Motives for Late- 19th Century Imperialism: Primary Documents 1854- 1856 David Livingston- Religious- desire to spread faith 1861 King Leopold II of Belgium- political- expansionist 1871 Heinrich von Treitschke- political- those who do not participate in the great 1884 Prime Minster of France, Jules Ferry- Political/ military- need way point 1888 Joseph Chamberlain- Economic- we need the colonies to survive on Britain 1892 Cecil Rhodes- political- communications from cape town to Cairo 1893 Cecil Rhodes- cultural- Make the perfect race, racist, English is superior race rivalry play a minor role Late 19th Pear soap- Cultural- cleansing the societies 1899 Rudyard Kipling- The White Mans Burden-

The Scramble for Africa: Carving up the Continent 1875-1900- relationship between Africans and Europeans changed o Expeditions to explore the interior of Africa: Dr. David Livingstone and Henry Morton o King Leopold II of Belgium tried to establish a colony at the basin of Congo river called Congo Free State Rubber plantation with brutal working conditions, high taxes, to benefit him 1908- Belgium government took control of colony and named it Belgium Congo o 1882- British presence in Egypt Egyptian leaders borrowed heavily on European states o South Africa- Britain Discovered large mineral deposits in Afrikaner- populated territories Boer war- tension between British miners and Afrikaner 1902 Afrikaners lost 1910 British dominated their territory o 1884-1885- Berlin West Africa Conference Set ground rules for colonization of Africa o Indirect and direct rule

Direct- French- European personnel took government positions, removes strong kings, but shortage of European personnel, communications between were slow, language barrier Indirect- British- Exercised control over subject populations using local rulers, do what we say in treat of replacement, puppet

European Attacks on the Ottoman Empire 1768- Empress Catherine the Great of Russia launches an attack on Ottoman territory north of black sea 1770- Russian Baltic fleet sailed to the Aegean sea but was stopped at the Dardanelles 1774- Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca gave Crimea to Russia and gave Russian merchant ships free passage throughout the black sea 1789- Napoleon lead a French invasion into Ottoman Egypt to cut British trade routes to Asia o Battle of the pyramids- Ottoman Egyptian army lost o Battle of the Nile- British beat French at a sea battle 1799-Napoleon flees Egypt 1801- French surrender to the British in Egypt o Ottoman reoccupied Egypt with Mohammad Ali 1821- Greece erupts revolt for independence from the Ottomans 1830- Treaty of London, Greece is independent from the Ottomans formally 1804- Serbs started to fight for independence 1830- Serbs gain independence 1830- French gain Algeria from Ottomans 1853- Russians launch an invasion on the Romanian province (Crimean War) 1855- British, French, and Ottoman capture the Russian port of Sevastopol 1856- Treaty of Paris granted Romania to Ottoman control 1869- Suez canal 1881- British Seizure of Egypt 1877- Russia declared war on Ottoman in defense of Bulgarian Christians; Romanians declare independence; 1878- Russians almost capture Istanbul but Ottomans give up and they give up the provinces of Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro

The British in India 1600- Formation of the EIC o Mughal empire allowed them to stay at Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras o Sold cotton and gained a huge profit and tea and saltpeter and opium o Towns grew in size as a result

1700- Mughal empire was weak o Poor decisions drained the treasury 1739- the Persian King Nadir Shah raided the capital Delhi o The Persians won and the EIC still flourished o Nawabs, provincial governments, started to from 1756-Black Hole of Calcutta 1757- the Battle of Plassey o Nawab of Bengal vs. EIC The British Raj: 1857- 1947 o Capital at Calcutta., government to Simla o Brought order from the Muslim Hindu fighting o Army brought law and order with sepoys o Equality under the Law o Became the most profitable colony Jewel in the Crown o But food was always short because they encouraged Indians to grow cash crops Death by starvation o Made factories o Had to pay taxes to Britain to build infrastructure o Lord Macaulay and the education system o Outlawed Suttee o Solidified the caste system