Muhammad zeeshaan javed

Experiment No.9
Objective:
To perform the hardness tests using Rockwell Testing machine.

Apparatus:
Rockwell Testing Machine, Article (type B) and Intender

Procedure:
The article of mild Steel type B was placed onto the bed of the Rockwell testing machine. And the machine intender was also implanted. The wheel screw was used to adjust and tighten the intender and the article. Now the machine was turned on by the help of the starting lever and the intender was pushed into the article material and the gauge of the Rockwell testing machine moved and gave the reading of the hardness of the material of the article.

Theory: Hardness:
Resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. However, the term may also refer to stiffness or temper or to resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. Hardness is the property of a material to resist permanent indentation. Because there are several methods of measuring hardness, the hardness of a material is always specified in terms of the particular test that was used to measure this property. Rockwell, Vickers, or Brinell are some of the methods of testing. Of these tests, Rockwell is the one most frequently used. The basic principle used in the Rockwell testis that a hard material can penetrate a softer one. We then measure the amount of penetration and compare it to a scale Hardness is the measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a force is applied

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Measuring hardness:
The hardness of the material can be measured in the following ways. Scratch hardness Indentation hardness Rebound hardness

Indentation Hardness:
Indentation hardness measures the resistance of a sample to permanent plastic deformation due to a constant compression load from a sharp object; they are primarily used in engineering and metallurgy fields. The tests work on the basic premise of measuring the critical dimensions of an indentation left by a specifically dimensioned and loaded indenter.

Types of Indentation Hardness Method:

There are three types of tests used with accuracy by the metals industry; they are the Brinell hardness test, the Rockwell hardness test, and the Vickers hardness test. Since the definitions of metallurgic ultimate strength and hardness are rather similar, it can generally be assumed that a strong metal is also a hard metal. The way the three of these hardness tests measure a metal's hardness is to determine the metal's resistance to the penetration of a non-deformable ball or cone. The tests determine the depth which such a ball or cone will sink into the metal, under a given load, within a specific period of time. The followings are the most common hardness test methods used in today`s technology: Rockwell hardness test Brinell hardness Vickers Knoop hardness Shore

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Rockwell Hardness Test:

The Rockwell Hardness test is a hardness measurement based on the net increase in depth of impression as a load is applied. Hardness numbers have no units and are commonly given in the R, L, M, E and K scales. The higher the number in each of the scales means the harder the material. The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on the indentation hardness of a material. The Rockwell test determines the hardness by measuring the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load compared to the penetration made by a preload.[1] There are different scales, which are denoted by a single letter, that use different loads or indenters. The result, which is a dimensionless number, is noted by HRX where X is the scale letter
Scale Abbreviation Load Indenter Use

HRA

60 kgf 120 diamond cone

Tungsten carbide

HRB

100 kgf

1/16 in diameter steel sphere

Aluminium, brass, and soft steels

HRC

150 kgf

120 diamond cone

Harder steels

HRD

100 kgf

120 diamond cone

HRE

100 kgf

1/8 in diameter steel sphere

HRF

60 kgf

1/16 in diameter steel sphere

HRG

150 kgf

1/16 in diameter steel sphere

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Brinell Hardness Testing:

Brinell hardness is determined by forcing a hard steel or carbide sphere of a specified diameter under a specified load into the surface of a material and measuring the diameter of the indentation left after the test.The Brinell hardness number, or simply the Brinell number, is obtained by dividing the load used, in kilograms, by the actual surface area of the indentation, in square millimeters. The result is a pressure measurement, but the units are rarely stated

Brinell hardness numbers Material Softwood (e.g., pine) Hardwood Aluminium Copper Mild steel 18-8 (304) stainless steel annealed Glass Hardened tool steel Rhenium diboride Hardness 1.6 HBS 10/100 2.67.0 HBS 1.6 10/100 15 HB 35 HB 120 HB 200 HB 1550 HB 15001900 HB 4600 HB

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Vicker Hardness Testing:

It is the standard method for measuring the hardness of metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces: the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length of time by means of a pyramid-shaped diamond. The diagonal of the resulting indention is measured under a microscope and the Vickers Hardness value read from a conversion table. The Vickers test can be used for all metals and has one of the widest scales among hardness tests. The unit of hardness given by the test is known as the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV) or Diamond Pyramid Hardness (DPH).
Examples of HV values for various materials..

Material

Value

316L stainless steel

140HV30

347L stainless steel

180HV30

Carbon steel

55120HV5

Iron

3080HV5

Knoop Hardness:
The relative micro hardness of a material is determined by the Knoop indentation test. In this test, a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter with apical angles of 130 and 17230? (Called a Knoop indenter) is pressed against a material. Making a rhombohedra impression with one diagonal seven times longer than the other. The hardness of the material is determined by the depth to which the Knoop indenter penetrates.

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The conversion Table is available for conversion of Rockwell into Brinell Shore etc and vice versa

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Disadvantages and Advantages:

Advantages of the Rockwell hardness method include: Disadvantages include many arbitrary non-related scales and possible effects from the specimen support anvil (try putting a cigarette paper under a test block and take note of the effect on the hardness reading! Vickers and Brinell methods don't suffer from this effect). Problems related to accuracy, repeatability, and/or correlation usually Can be traced to one or more of five causes: a) Machine b) Operator c) Environment d) Sample prep e) Calibration. Extremely accurate readings can be taken, and just one type of indenter is used for all types of metals and surface treatments. Although thoroughly adaptable and very precise for testing the softest and hardest of materials, under varying loads, the Vickers machine is more expensive than the Brinell or Rockwell machines. Also available in optical, digital as well as computerized models Temperature does not have any influences on the measuring devices, and therefore there is no need to adjust the measuring distance. The direct Rockwell hardness number readout and rapid testing time. When testing metals, indentation hardness correlates linearly with tensile strength. This important relation permits economically important nondestructive testing of bulk metal deliveries with lightweight, even portable equipment.

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Observations and Calculations:

Minor Load=10kg

No Of Observations

Major Load
kg

Type of Indenter

Hardness (HRB)

1 2

100 100

B(Red Scale) B(Red Scale)

41 38

Practical Applications:
In tool making and construction shops In differentiation of z. B. steel alloy On hardened steel Exhaust systems and engine components in automotive, defense, aircraft and propulsion systems Military applications Biomedical implants Bearings in the aerospace, marine, automotive and rail industries Pumps, pump impellers, valves, mixers, spray nozzles and rotary equipment for paints and sealants, chemical equipment, general manufacturing and biopharmaceutical equipment Cutting tools End plates for fuel cells and fuel injectors Semiconductor valve components

Muhammad zeeshaan javed

Comments:
The Reading should be taken carefully Hardness is dependent on ductility, elasticity, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. Shore hardness is a measure of the resistance of material to indentation by 3 spring-loaded indenter. The higher the number, the greater the resistance The highest precision and accuracy is guaranteed by the digital measuring system The Brinell test is the predecessor to the Rockwell test. Indentation hardness measures the resistance of a sample to permanent plastic deformation The well known correlation links hardness with tensile strength The hardness testing of plastics is most commonly measured by the Rockwell hardness test The hardness of a metal limits the ease with which it can be machined, since toughness decreases as hardness increases Knoop uses lower indentation pressures than the Vickers hardness test