ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

PLANE STRESS
Transformation Equations

Given the (1) normal stresses, x, and, y, and (2) shear stress, xy, acting on an element, this worksheet can be used to calculate and graph (1) the normal, x1, and, y1, and shear, x1y1, stresses acting on an element inclined at an angle from the original element, and (2) the principal stresses, 1, and, 2, principal angles, p1, and, p2, and maximum and minimum shear stress max, and, min, and shear stress angles, s1, and, s2. by the transformation equations for plane stress.

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Sign conventions: (1) Right-hand face of the element is the positive x face. The top face is the positive y face. (2) Normal stress, , tension is positive and compression is negative. (3) Shear stress, , is positive when directions associated with subscripts are plus-plus or minus-minus. (4) Inclination, , is positive when it is in a counterclockwise angle from original orientation.

Positive Inclination Convention

Normal stress on x face : Normal stress on y face: Shear stress on x and y faces: Inclination of element:

x := 50 psi y := 10 psi xy := 40 psi := 45 deg

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Transformation Equations for Plane Stress Let us write the transformation equations as functions of inclination . Normal stress on x face:
Function x ( ) := x + y 2 + x y 2 cos( 2 ) + xy sin( 2 )

Normal stress on y face:

y ( ) := x + y 2 x y 2 cos( 2 ) xy sin( 2 )

Shear stress on xy face:

xy( ) :=

x y ( ) sin 2 + xy cos( 2 ) 2

Graph of Given Element Stresses To better understand normal and shear stresses, the given stresses and the stresses as a function of element inclination are plotted below. The angle of inclination in is defined as a Mathcad range variable. Minimum angle of inclination: min := 45 deg
Range Variable

Maximum angle of inclination: max := 360 deg Plotting range increment: Plotting range:
:= max min 100

in := min , min + .. max

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The stresses are graphed below on an x-y plot .

ELEMENT NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESS
60

x-y Plot
40

20

Click on the graph to see the arguments being plotted.

stress

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60

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100

100 angle

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400

Normal stress on inclined x faces Normal stress on inclined y faces Shear stress on inclined x and y faces Given normal stress on x face Given normal stress on y-face Inclined Element Normal and Shear Given shear stress on x and y faces

Stresses

The normal stresses, x1, y1, and shear stress, x1y1, on the inclined element are calculated using the transformation equations for plane stress defined above. Normal stress on inclined x face.
x1 := x ( ) x1 = 60 psi

Normal stress on inclined y face.

y1 := y ( ) y1 = 20 psi

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Shear stress on inclined x and y face.

x1y1 := xy( ) x1y1 = 30 psi

Graph the normal and shear stress on the inclined element.

INCLINED ELEMENT NORMAL & SHEAR STRESS
60

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0 stress 20 40 60 80

100

100 angle

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Normal stress on inclined x faces Normal stress on inclined y faces Shear stress on inclined x and y faces Normal stress on inclined x face Normal stress on inclined y face

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Shear stress on inclined x and y faces

Principal Stresses The principal stresses, ,and 2, are calculated from equation derived from the transformation equations. Largest principal stress:
x + y 2

1 :=

x y 2 + + xy 2

1 = 30 psi

Smallest principal stress:

x + y 2

2 :=

x y 2 + xy 2

2 = 70 psi

The shear stresses, x1y1, on the principal planes is zero. Principal Angles The principal angle p1 associated with the largest principal stress, 1, is found by finding the angle that uniquely satisfies two equations below. These equations are derived from the transformation equations.

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The two equations are solved simultaneous using a Mathcad solve block. First quantity R must be defined: Initial solution estimate:
Given 0 deg p1 180 deg cos 2 p1 =

Solve Block

x y 2 R := + xy 2
p1 := 89.99 deg

x y 2 R xy R

sin 2 p1 =

p1 := Find p1 p1 = 116.6 deg

( )

Conditional If

The principal angle p2, associated with principal stress 2 is 90o larger or 90o smaller than p1. The text usually reports a positive value for p2. To be consistent with the text, a conditional if statement will be used to add or subtract 90o from p1 to insure that a positive number for p2 is found.

p2 := if p1 90 deg , p1 + 90 deg , p1 90 deg p2 = 26.6 deg

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Graph the principal stresses.

PRINCIPAL STRESSES
60 1 40 psi

20

stress

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40 2 60 psi

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Normal stress on inclined x faces Normal stress on inclined y faces Shear stress on inclined x and y faces Larger principal stress Smaller principal stress

Maximum and Minimum Shear Stress Maximum, max, and minimum, min, shear stress can be calculated from the principal stresses, 1, and, 2. Maximum shear stress:
max := 1 2 2

max = 50 psi

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Minimum shear stress:

min := max min = 50 psi

The normal stress on the planes of maximum and minimum s stress equals the average normal stress, aver.
aver := x + y 2

aver = 20 psi

Maximum and Minimum Shear-Stress Angle The planes of maximum and minimum, s1 and s2, are 90o apart and occur 45o from the principal planes p1, p2. Maximum shear-stress plane orientation:
s1 := p1 45 deg s1 = 71.6 deg

Minimum shear-stress plane orientation:

s2 := s1 + 90 deg s2 = 161.6 deg

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Graph the maximum and minimum shear stresses.

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS
60 max psi

40

20

stress

20 min 40 psi

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100

100 angle

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Normal stress on inclined x faces Normal stress on inclined y faces Shear stress on inclined x and y faces Maximum shear stress Minimum shear stress

System parameters:
x = 50 psi xy = 40 psi y = 10 psi = 45 deg

Normal and shear stresses:

x1 = 60 psi x1y1 = 30 psi y1 = 20 psi

Principal stresses and angles:

1 = 30 psi p1 = 116.6 deg 2 = 70 psi p2 = 26.6 deg

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Maximum and minimum shear stresses, angles, and average normal stress:
max = 50 psi s1 = 71.6 deg aver = 20 psi min = 50 psi s2 = 161.6 deg

This worksheet can be used to calculate normal and shear stresses on an inclined element, principal stresses and angles maximum and minimum shear stresses and angles, and graph results. Here are a few suggested applications: (1) Explore normal and shear stress on an element by choosi your own System Parameters. (2) Use x = 50 psi, y = 0 psi, xy = 0 psi, and = 0 deg and confirm that the maximum shear stress occurs on a plane 45o from the x axis as discussed in Section 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections (3) Use this worksheet to work Examples 7-1 through 7-6 (4) Use this worksheet to solve Problems 7.2-1 through 7.2-9 7.3-1 through 7.3-8, and 7.3-10 through 7.3-17.

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