Towards an understanding of ICT access and use in Africa

Use of New Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to Consolidate Peace-building in Africa
Hosted the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (World Bank), the Safety and Violence Initiative (University of Cape Town) and the Institute for Security Studies

Dr. Alison Gillwald Executive Director: Research ICT Africa Adjunct Professor - University of Cape Town, GSB, Management of Infrastructure Reform and Regulation Programme

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Basic Content
Ubiquity - critical mass - network effects Access Use Applications Platforms

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Network a response to the research vacuum on the continent in relation to ICT policy and regulation and dearth of capacity to respond to redress it.

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ICT Ecosystem

Integrated perspective of markets, networks, services, services, applications and content and determining governance, legal and regulatory frameworks
Global/regional Governance ITU, ICANN, WTO National/industry formations (unions, industry associations, NGOs)
n pl Em
Multilateral Agencies (WB, AfDB, International Donors Global players and associations Google, Facebook, GSMA

Services CLOUD Affordability Users Consumers Citizens Access

H

Market Structure (competitiveness)

In n

ov t
Institutional Arrangements (NRA, CC, USF)

Apps

Content

en

In v

es

tm

Networks

at io um m op el ev s) D ki l l an (e-s en

oy en m

Policy & Legal Framework State Constitution

Adapted from Gillwald (2012)

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Table 1 General sample statistics of randomly selected individual

Average individual income US $ All

Botswana Cameroon Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Namibia Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Tanzania Uganda 270 52% 72 45% 27 55% 87 62% 85 57% 194 47% 102 50% 28 54% 402 54% 35 44% 52

Average income US$ ppp

Average age

% with a bank account All

48.4 10.9 3.7 29.4 44.5 56.3 30.5 16.3 58.9 6.2 15.2 52.4 10.8 4.3 35.5 57.6 51.1 39.8 17.4 62.7 7.4 18.7

340 94 39 117 119 279 151 36 617 45 59

222 52 12 63 64 130 47 21 221 26 42

All
460 145 69 183 154

579 189 101 244 214

378 104 30 134 116 34 33 34 34 28 40 34 30 36 34 31

45.6 10.9 3.0 24.5 36.4 60.3 20.0 15.2 55.7 5.1 10.7

ICT Access and Usage 270 387 181 2011 Survey

171 57 595 89 126 252 72 914 115 144 78 42 328 68 102

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share&of&main&ac-vity&engaged&in...&
student$/$pupil$ unpaid$work$/$housewife$ reOred$ unemployed$ disabled$and$unable$to$work$ employed$ selfPemployed$

Botswana$ South$ Africa$ Namibia$ Nigeria$ Cameroon$ Ghana$ Ethiopia$ Rwanda$ Tanzania$ Kenya$ Uganda$

12.2$ 16.3$ 13.8$ 15.5$ 17.3$ 19.1$ 14.4$

4.8$ 4.4$ 7.8$ 7.9$ 9.9$ 20.9$ 16.7$ 4.7$

27.7$ 35.9$ 31.1$ 6.0$ 7.6$ 11.8$ 28.2$ 22.4$ 14.7$ 5.4$ 15.1$ 4.8$ 4.1$ 14.7$ 3.3$ 34.8$ 10.1$ 10.8$

47.8$ 27.4$ 26.0$ 41.6$ 49.7$ 45.8$ 47.3$ 16.2$ 58.6$ 25.6$ 39.1$ 22.6$

5.6$ 7.7$ 9.1$

21.3$ 9.6$ 16.6$ 23.3$ 16.6$ 9.6$

10.8$ 12.5$ 16.1$

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Table 2 Gender disaggregated educational sample statistics

Highest Education: Tertiary All

Botswana Cameroon Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Namibia Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Tanzania Uganda 20.5%

Highest Education: Secondary All

53.9% 53.9%

Highest Education: Primary All

18.7% 19.3%

21.9%

19.4%

54.0%

18.2%

7.4% 2.1% 10.5% 26.2% 7.1% 14.8% 1.2% 13.3% 1.4% 9.1%

8.6% 2.4% 15.8% 32.7% 8.4% 19.5% 1.7% 18.0% 1.5% 11.2%

6.2% 1.8% 6.2% 22.3% 6.1% 9.6% 0.7% 9.1% 1.2% 6.3%

22.8% 1.8% 36.6% 41.4% 27.8% 37.8% 15.3% 65.3% 11.1% 29.9%

19.2% 1.3% 38.9% 41.1% 24.3% 40.3% 16.8% 65.8% 14.9% 33.3%

26.2% 2.4% 34.8% 41.7% 30.4% 34.9% 13.7% 64.8% 7.8% 25.6%

30.6% 13.1% 27.3% 27.4% 45.2% 18.7% 58.4% 17.0% 72.0% 44.2%

30.7% 16.4% 25.3% 22.8% 42.4% 18.1% 59.4% 13.2% 73.3% 44.6%

30.6% 8.9% 28.9% 30.2% 47.4% 19.3% 57.4% 20.2% 70.9% 43.7%

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Africas Digital Divide Household data analysis

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Percentage of households with electricity still very low in many African countries, some even saw a decline
2007/8 2011/12
89% 77%

73%

46,6% average
45% 42%

58% 48%

60% 47%

60%

65% 57%

63%

10%

13% 5%

16%

18%

19% 13%

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South Africa

Namibia

Ethiopia

Nigeria

Cameroon

Uganda

Botswana

Rwanda

Tanzania

Ghana

Kenya

Radio still main source of information TV luxury good in several countries

Households with Radio Kenya Uganda Rwanda Namibia Ghana Nigeria Botswana Tanzania South Africa Ethiopia Cameroon
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Households with TV
South Africa Botswana Kenya Ghana Nigeria Cameroon Namibia Tanzania Uganda Ethiopia Rwanda
18% 13% 10% 9% 59% 54% 54% 53% 44% 41% 78%

81% 77% 72% 72% 72% 70% 66% 63% 62% 41% 34%

Share of households with xed-lines

2007/8 South Africa Namibia Botswana Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Cameroon Tanzania Uganda Rwanda Nigeria
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2011/12
18.2% 18.0% 17.4% 11.5% 11.0% 15.0% 7.6%

4.0% 2.6% 1.8% 2.3% 0.6% 1.8% 2.2% 0.9% 0.4% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3%

Fixed-lines on the way out except Botswana, Cameroon, Uganda and Rwanda

Share of households with a working computer

South Africa Botswana Namibia Kenya Cameroon Ghana Nigeria Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Ethiopia
2.2% 2.0% 1.6% 0.7% 8.6% 8.5% 6.6% 15.7% 14.7% 12.7% 24.5%

Share of households with a working Internet connection

South Africa Kenya Namibia Botswana Nigeria Ghana Cameroon Uganda Tanzania Rwanda Ethiopia
3.4% 2.7% 1.3% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.5% 12.7% 11.5% 8.6% 19.7%

Less than a quarter of households have a computer and even fewer Internet access
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15+ Owning a mobile

South Africa Botswana Kenya Nigeria Ghana Namibia Uganda Cameroon Tanzania Rwanda Ethiopia
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15+ Owning a mobile that is capable of browsing the Internet

84% 80%

South Africa Kenya Namibia Botswana Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Rwanda Uganda Cameroon Ethiopia
7% 32% 31% 30% 29% 23% 19% 19% 15% 15%

51%

74% 66% 60% 56% 47% 45% 36% 24% 18%

Individual Access and Usage

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15+ Owning a mobile

South Africa Botswana Kenya Nigeria Ghana Namibia Uganda Cameroon Tanzania Rwanda Ethiopia
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Share of those with a mobile that own one that is capable of browsing the Internet
South Africa Kenya Namibia Botswana Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Rwanda Uganda Cameroon Ethiopia
7% 32% 31% 30% 29% 23% 19% 19% 15% 15% 51%

84% 80% 74% 66% 60% 56% 47% 45% 36% 24% 18%

sending cash with someone preferred way of sending money

Means of sending and receiving money that the business uses Mobile Money Uganda Tanzania Rwanda Ethiopia Ghana Cameroon Nigeria Namibia Botswana 16% 14% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 2% Post Ofce 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% 25% 16% Western Union etc 2% 0% 1% 0% 1% 26% 0% 1% 3% Banks 17% 5% 10% 5% 12% 4% 11% 41% 27% send cash with someone 81% 93% 70% 55% 54% 75% 77% 86% 73%

Some mobile money use in East Africa

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Internet Access & Usage

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2007/8
Ethiopia Tanzania Rwanda Uganda Ghana Cameroon Namibia Nigeria Kenya Botswana South Africa
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2011/12
3% 4% 6% 8% 13% 13% 14% 16% 18% 15% 26% 29% 15% 34%

1% 2% 2% 2% 6%

Internet use (15+) more than doubled within 4 years

9%

6%

ITU data: Percentage of individuals using the Internet

!30!! !25!! !20!! !15!! !10!! !5!! !"!! 1996! 1997! 1998! 1999! 2000! 2001! 2002! 2003! 2004! 2005! 2006! 2007! 2008! 2009! 2010!
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Botswana! Ethiopia! Kenya! Namibia! Rwanda! Tanzania!

Cameroon! Ghana! Mozambique! Nigeria! South!Africa! Uganda!

Using mobile to browse the Internet

South Africa Kenya Namibia Botswana Nigeria Rwanda Ghana Cameroon Uganda Tanzania Ethiopia
28% 25% 24% 23% 16% 15% 13% 8% 8% 5% 5%

Internet use among mobile phone owners: Social networking more popular than email in some countries
Using mobile for emailing
South Africa Kenya Botswana Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Ghana Cameroon Uganda Tanzania Ethiopia
17% 20% 17% 12% 15% 13% 10% 4% 6% 5% 10%

Using mobile for Facebook etc.

South Africa Kenya Botswana Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Ghana Cameroon Uganda Tanzania Ethiopia
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25% 25% 18% 17% 16% 14% 11% 8% 7% 5% 2%

Daily Internet use increased in past 4 years

South Africa Kenya Namibia Ghana Botswana Tanzania Ethiopia Uganda Nigeria Rwanda Cameroon
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56% 41% 35% 32% 31% 19% 15% 15% 13% 11% 11% 19% 28% 34% 57% 52% 47% 43% 55% 53% 59%

64%

2007/8 2011/12

Where was the Internet used rst?

Computer Cameroon Rwanda Botswana Ghana Kenya South Africa Namibia Tanzania Nigeria Ethiopia Uganda
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Mobile phone
17.9% 29.2% 29.4% 29.5% 31.1% 34.9% 49.9% 54.2% 54.8% 66.7% 71.8%

82.1% 70.8% 70.6% 70.5% 68.9% 65.1% 50.1% 45.8% 45.2% 33.3% 28.2%

Where the Internet was used in past 12 months

Mobile phone Work Place of education Internet cafe

74% 85% 58% 32% 51% 33% 21% 36% 52% 50% 31% 63% 24% 45% 45% 20% 29% 75% 39% 31% 72% 51% 42% 21% 17% 81% 55% 23% 36% 48%

51% 80% 35% 20% 10% 30% Cameroon 61% Ghana

64% Botswana

71% South Africa

71% Rwanda

75%

78%

81%

87%

Tanzania

Ethiopia

Kenya

Uganda

Nigeria

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Namibia

Internet Access Models

Old Internet
Hardware Billing Skill requirement Electricity Location Computer / Laptop Postpaid (monthly Internet subscription) High (Windows + Internet explorer + Viruses) electricity mostly required at location of Internet use Work, school, Internet cafe

New Internet
Mobile Prepaid Low no required at home Anywhere

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Internet access: 2007/08 VS 2011/12

2007/8 Ethiopia Tanzania Rwanda Uganda Ghana Cameroon Namibia Nigeria Kenya Botswana South Africa
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2011/12

0.7% 2.7% 2.2% 3.5% 2.0% 6.0% 2.4% 7.9% 5.6% 12.7% 13.0% 14.1% 8.8% 16.2% 18.4% 15.0% 26.3% 5.8% 29.0% 15.0% 33.7%

Internet access double in three years

Frequency of Internet daily use: 2007/08 VS 2011/12

2007/8 South Africa Kenya Namibia Ghana Botswana Tanzania Ethiopia Uganda Nigeria Rwanda Cameroon
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2011/12 64% 53% 59%

56% 41% 35% 32% 31% 19% 15% 15% 13% 11% 11% 19% 28% 34% 57% 52% 47% 43% 55%

15+ Internet users

Signed up for social network
Rwanda Cameroon Ghana Kenya Tanzania Nigeria Uganda Namibia Botswana South Africa Ethiopia
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with email address

Rwanda Cameroon 97% 94% 90% 88% 86% 81% 80% 79% 78% 66% 59%

88% 61% 81% 81% 63% 50% 59% 81% 73% 75% 41%

Ghana Kenya Tanzania Nigeria Uganda Namibia Botswana South Africa Ethiopia

main%reasons%for%using%the%mobile%phone...%
Female% Male%

Missed%Call/Please%Call%Me%%

86.5%% 85.7%% 88.2%% 85.2%% 42.7%% 46.3%% 34.9%% 27.5%% 16.0%% 21.5%% 12.9%% 18.2%% 11.7%% 16.1%%

Sending/receiving%text%%

Playing%games%

Sending/receiving%money%

Browsing%the%Internet%

Downloaded%applica8ons%

Reading/wri8ng%Emails%

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share&of&reasons&why&individuals&do&not&have&a&mobile&phone...&
Female% Male%

Cannot%aord%it%

83.7%% 81.3%% 55.8%% 57.7%% 18.8%% 21.4%% 16.4%% 19.9%% 19.3%% 19.1%% 8.0%% 7.5%%

No%electricity%at%home%to%charge%%

My%phone%got%stolen%

No%coverage%where%I%live%

Don't%have%anyone%to%call%

My%phone%is%broken%

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decisions need to be made regarding hardware, operating system, payment facilities and distribu these describe an m-app ecosystem where developers and customers meet. The general es prices for mobile voice, text (SMS) and data, as well as handset prices and availability (Figure emUp is a to substructure developers, generally hardware manufactures, and payment syste a two linking line subtitle, used to distribution describe the uretakeaway 6). for the slide

Mobile/wireless app ecosystem

Figure 5: Mobile Application Ecosystem

31 layed in Figure 6 that allows the classification and analysis of m-app ecosystems. The analysis beg
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M-apps ecosystem
Mobile Operating Systems such as iOS include an application programming interface (API), which is a software specication used as an interface between different software components. For example, the latest version of the Android OS, Jellybean, provides several public APIs that allows developers to integrate their applications with the OS. Platforms allow other software to be built on top. Examples of platforms include Facebook and emerging market social networking platforms such as Mxit in South Africa. A platform provides uniform standards and payment mechanisms - these standards are used by developers to develop and sell applications. A platform sits on top of an operating system. Mobile Applications run on mobile phones, either on the operating system or on a platform such as Mxit or Facebook, that themselves run on an operating system like iOS, Android or Symbian OS.

iOS

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Figure 6: Conceptual framework for business modeling

Conclusions
The mobile is closing the voice and the data gap in Africa First wave of Internet access through PCs and xed-line /modem dial-up. Mostly through work, school or public access (Internet cafes) Second wave is through mobile phones
Easier to use Cheaper equipment compared to computers Prepaid (modem dial-up was postpaid) No electricity at home needed

Internet enabled mobile phones, low bandwidth applications, and social networking are the key drivers Mobile Internet reduces the cost of communication: Facebook Zero, whatsapp, Mixit

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References
Calandro, E Stork,C and Gillwald, A (2012) Internet Going Mobile, Policy Brief available at www.researchICTafrica.net RIA (2012) Mobile@the Base of the Pyramid,http://www.infodev.org/en/ Publication.1193.html

THIS RESEARCH IS MADE POSSIBLE WITH THE GENEROUS SUPPORT OF THE

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www.researchICTafrica.net
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