Introduction To The Second Law of Thermodynamics Understanding of Thermal Efficiency

Prepared by PM Muhammad Abd Razak 1 FKM UiTMPP

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The 2nd law of thermodynamics is a natural law that states that processes can occur in a certain direction, not in just any direction
Gases expand from a high pressure to a low pressure. Heat flows from a high temp. to a low temperature.

No heat engine is able to convert completely all the heat supplied into work output and there must be some heat rejection at a lower temperature than the source.

Heat Engine An energy conversion system which: operates in a thermodynamic cycle operates between two heat reservoirs where net heat is transferred net work is delivered. Heat (Thermal) Reservoir a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium has finite amounts of heat can be transferred without any change in its temperature. high temperature heat reservoir : a heat source. low temperature heat reservoir : a heat sink .
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Example of a heat engine : Steam Plant

Thermal Efficiency, th the index of performance of a heat engine defined by the ratio of the net work output to the heat input

Desired Result th = Required Input

th =

Wnet , out Qin

where

Wnet , out = Wout Win Qin Qnet

thermal efficiency is 0 < < 100 %

Applying the 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Qnet , in Wnet , out = U

0 for cyclic process

Wnet , out = Qnet , in Wnet , out = Qin Qout

Then

th =

Wnet , out Qin

Qin Qout = Qin Qout = 1 Qin

or

QL th = 1 QH

Refrigerator & Heat Pump operates in a thermodynamic cycle absorbs heat from a low temperature body and delivers heat to a high temperature body must receives external energy (work or heat) from the surroundings. refrigerator : extracts heat from low-temperature media. heat pump : rejects heat to the high-temperature media.

Coefficient of Performance, COP index of performance of a refrigerator & heat pump is in terms of the coefficient of performance, COP, the ratio of desired result to input larger than 1 and the COP to be as large as possible.

Desired Result COP = Required Input

For a refrigerator or an air conditioner Heat is transfered from the low temperature reservoir. Then

QL COPR = Wnet , in
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From the 1st Law Equation

(QL QH ) (0 Win ) = U cycle = 0 Win = Wnet , in = QH QL

Then

QL COPR = QH Q L

For a heat pump heat is transfered to the high temperature system, then

COPHP

QH QH = = Wnet , in QH Q L

We can also show that

COPHP = COPR + 1

The Carnot Cycle Sadi Carnot (1769-1832) was among the first to study the principles of the 2nd law of t/dynamics on cyclic operations devised a reversible cycle composed of four reversible processes: two isothermal and two adiabatic.
T

Process 1 2 : Reversible adiabatic expansion (in turbine). System produces work, Wout The working fluid temperature decreases from TH to TL.

TH

TL

Process 2-3 : reversible isothermal heat rejection QL (in a condenser) 10

A vapour cycle

Process 3-4: reversible adiabatic compression (in a compressor)

QH

system receives work input, Win working fluid temperature increases from TL to TH Process 4-1: reversible isothermal heat addition, QH (in a boiler)

QL

Note that the Carnot power cycle operates in the clockwise direction when plotted on a process diagram.(T-v, P-v, T-s) for a refrigerator & heat pump, the Carnot cycle is reversed, the cycle operates in the counter clockwise direction.
A gas cycle

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Again, the thermal efficiency is

QL th = 1 QH
For a reversible heat engine, the energy transfer ratio QL/QH can be replaced by ratio of absolute temp TL/TH

th , rev

TL = 1 TH

This is the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine operating between two heat reservoirs at constant temperatures TH and TL.
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The Kelvin scale, relates the heat transfers in a reversible device between the high and low-temperature heat reservoirs at constant temperature as

QL TL = QH TH

QH QL = TH TL

Summarising all heat in and heat out

i =1

Qi Qo = o =1 Ti To

in

out

For a cyclic process

Q
T

=0
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The term Q/T depends only on the initial & final states, not on the process. Thus it is a point function or property defined as entropy, s Then

Q ds = T rev
Q = T ds

s 2 s1 =
1

Q
T

[kJ/kgK]

Then

[kJ/kg]

Q12 = T(s2 s1)

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