Women of the Bible - Hagar

A Woman Who Raised a Wild Donkey of a Man

by Kathryn Capoccia

I. Introduction

A. Prayer Requests

B. Review of Last Week's Lesson/Verse

II. Character Profile: Hagar, A Woman Who Raised a Wild Donkey of a Man

A. Who Was She? (read GEN 12:16,20; 16:1-16; 21:8-21; 25:12-18; GAL
4:24,25).

1. When Did She Live? In the time of the Patriarchs @1800 B.C.

2. Where Did She Live? GEN 16:1, she had lived in Egypt but had
lived in Canaan and other places with Sarah and Abraham after
becoming part of their household.

3. What Was Her Name? Hagar, an Egyptian name meaning "flight" or

"fugitive" or "immigrant".

4. Who Were Her People? GEN 16:1, she was an Egyptian. If she was
given to Abraham as a gift (GEN 12:16) from Pharaoh she would
probably been one of the more cultured slaves.

a) Egypt was culturally advanced.

1) ACT 7:22 "Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the

Egyptians..."

a] literature, astronomy, mathematics (arithmetic,

geometry, trigonometry), architecture, and music were
subjects for school.

b] medical science and dentistry, anatomy, chemistry and

embalming techniques were areas of knowledge.

2) metallurgy was practiced- they had gold mines and copper

mines, and were familiar with iron and bronze.

*this information came from "Manners and Customs of Bible

Lands" by Fred H. Wight, Moody press (1953), pg. 113.

3) religious beliefs and practices were firmly established,

as were religious festivals.

4) the arts had been raised to great heights:

a] the Old Kingdom (2686-2180) produced the pyramids and

the Sphinx, elaborate royal temples of granite and
alabaster, and statuary in the round that was equal to
 that of the later Greeks.

b] the Middle Kingdom (2180-1551) produced highly

developed wisdom literature which stressed right moral
character.

b) Egypt was stable politically:

-again united north and south.

- and massive brick forts guarded her borders (along the

Sinai) and trade and gold mining interests.

*this information came from "The Zondervan Pictorial

Encyclopedia" vol.2, pgs. 236,237.

5. What Did She Do For A Living? GEN 16:1; she was Sarah's
maidservant, "shiphchah"- a female servant or slave.

a) Egyptian slaves wore a distinctive haircut and bore a stamp

of ownership from their masters; Babylonian slaves also were
tattooed and wore small tablets around the wrist, ankle or
neck.

b) slaves became slaves:

1) as war captives (NUM 31:26f; DEU 21:10). Thousands of men,

women and children were reduced to servitude as the result
of having been taken prisoner during some military
conquest. Near Eastern Codes and O.T. law tried to protect
these people from brutality (DEU 23:15,16).

a] A slave taken to become a wife by a Hebrew soldier was

to be treated as a free person (DEU 21:10-14).

b] A Hebrew's wife, who was a former slave, could not be

sold back into slavery if he was tired or displeased
with her.

2) as purchased property:

a] slaves could be bought in slave markets (LEV 25:44-46).

i] kidnapped foreigners could be sold as slaves.

*this brought the death penalty in Israel if the
deed were to be revealed (EXO 21:6; DEU 24:7).

ii] family members could be sold as slaves to pay a debt

(EXO 21:7; NEH 5:5; 2KI 4:1).

iii] people could be sold into slavery to repay a theft

debt.

iv] men and women could sell themselves into slavery

(LEV 25:39; DEU 15:12-17).

-- such a slave could be redeemed by his relatives

or himself when he acquired the money.
 -- by law in Israel such a person was freed after
six years of service with presents of cattle and
fruit (DEU 15:12-14).

-- by law in Israel a slave who refused his freedom

in the seventh year (because he did not want to
leave his family or he loved his master) would
become a lifelong slave with an awl pierced ear to
show his status (DEU 15:17).

-- in LEV 25 a Hebrew who was a lifelong slave was to

be freed in the year of Jubilee or after fifty
years of servitude, whichever came first.

b] the price of slaves varied from as little as three

shekels to fifty shekels, according to the age and sex
of the slave (LEV 27:3-7).

i] a young man would cost twenty shekels (see GEN 37:28

for the story of Joseph).

ii] the average price was forty shekels (2 MACC 8:11).

*Jesus was sold for thirty pieces of silver (MAT

26:15; 27:3).

c] children were sold into slavery under terms of a

conditional contract:

i] young unmarried Hebrew girls who were sold as slaves

by law (EXO 21:11) had to become the wife or
concubine of the master or one of his sons when she
matured.

ii] freedom was to be granted to a Hebrew woman who had

been sold as a child if no male member of her
master's family wanted her as a wife (EXO 21:11).

3) as gifts from another- non-Hebrew slaves could be received

as gifts (GEN 29:24).

4) as an inheritance- non-Hebrew slaves could be passed down

from one generation to another (LEV 25:46).

5) as those born into slavery- the children of slaves became

the master's property; even if the parents or father was
later freed the children remained (EXO 21:4; LEV 25:54).

c) Hebrew slaves could be freed:

1) by purchasing their freedom or working out the time of

contract.

2) by becoming maimed by their masters (EXO 20-23).

3) by reaching the year of Jubilee (the 50th yr.)

 d) slaves owned by Hebrews were generally domestic servants or
field workers who worked along side the master and his family.

*this information came from "The Zondervan Pictorial

Encyclopedia of the Bible", vol.5, pgs. 454-460; and "Manners
and Customs of Bible Lands" by Fred H. Wight, Moody Press
(co. 1953), pgs. 290,291.

6. Was She Married? No; she became Abram's concubine later.

WHAT IS A CONCUBINE?

A concubine is a woman who co-habits with a man or functions as a

second wife without the legal standing of a full wife.

B. What Did She Do?

1. She Bore A Son To Abram.

a) Hagar was given to Abram (GEN 16:3).

1) under the Code of Hammurabi, a Babylonian codification of

law, the Nuzi Tablets and old Assyrian marriage contracts,
a woman could give her maid to her husband as a second
wife, a common practice of the time (NIV study notes, pg.
29).

2) Sarai gave Hagar to Abram to acquire a child through her

for herself (GEN 16:2).

a] Sarai recognized the sovereignty of God over her womb

and that He had "prevented her from bearing children"
(GEN 16:2).

b] Sarai thought that she could make spiritual things

happen through fleshly efforts, i.e. have a child
through someone else, and everything would be blessed of
God.

b) Hagar conceived (GEN 16:4).

1) Abram accepted her as a wife and had relations with her.

a] he did this to please his wife- because Sarai asked it

of him.

b] he did this because his faith was weak- he wanted to get

the "promised child" of GEN 15, which he had
unsuccessfully waited ten years to have with Sarai (GEN
16:3; MAL 2:15).

GEN 15:4 "Then the word of the LORD came to him: '...a
son coming from your own body will be your heir.'"

2) Hagar forgot her place (GEN 16:4,5).

a] She "despised" Sarai (GEN 16:4,5).

 i] despised means "to be slight," i.e. to hold one in
contempt or to treat one with light esteem.

-- to be barren was a great grief to Hebrew women and

considered a sign of God's disfavor (GEN 30:1; 1SA
1:6; LUK 1:36-58).

-- as a fertile woman Hagar may well have seen

herself as being superior to Sarai, and thus
ridiculed her.

b] She "wronged" Sarai (GEN 16:5).

i] wronged means "to do evil".

ii] as the bearer of Abram's heir she may have thought

that she would displace Sarai, and thus treated her
with disrespect.

PRO 30:21-23 "Under three things the earth trembles,

under four it cannot bear up: a servant who becomes
king, a fool who is full of food, an unloved woman
who is married, and a maidservant who displaces her
mistress."

*Abram's heir would receive a tremendous inheritance:

-- Abram was already extremely wealthy

I. he had vast herds and flocks (GEN 13:2,7)

II. he had 318 trained home-born soldier/slaves

(GEN 14:14).

III. he lived in tents (GEN 12:8; 18:1).

A. tents were probably constructed like modern

Bedouin Arab's are: the tent itself was made
of a coarse, heavy cloth woven from black
goat's hair (which protected from winter
winds and were lifted up in summer to allow
air circulation).

B. in a large encampment the leader's tent was

the largest- a wealthy man would have had
several tents: one for himself and guests,
one for his wives and female servants, and
one for his animals. All would be pitched in
a circular arrangement around an open space
(this allowed flocks to be protected within
the circle).

C. an Oriental tent is, and probably was,

comprised of an oblong divided into two or
three rooms by goat hair curtains- the first
apartment is the men's/reception room, the
next the women's apartment, and the last an
apartment for servants or cattle. The roof
 is one large piece of goat hair fabric held
up by poles and tied at its ends with cords
fastened to the ground with pegs: the sides
are each separate pieces of cloth.

D. inside the tent mats of goat hair, straw, or

rugs cover the ground; at night carpets or
mats are used for bedding. If possible,
camel furniture is used for sitting upon.
Shoes are removed before entering the tent.

E. cooking is done outside the tent, weather

permitting; if not, a hole with a stone lip
serves as a hearth inside the tent- cooking
utensils are placed on the stones over the
fire.

*this information came from "Manners and

Customs of Bible Lands" by Fred H. Wight,
Moody Press (1953), pgs.14-17, and "The
Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the
Bible", vol.5, pg. 676.

-- Abram had been promised an inheritance of the land

of Canaan.

3) Hagar ran from Sarai.

a] Sarai sought justice.

i] she went to Abram to complain (GEN 16:5).

GEN 16:5 "Then Sarai said to Abram, 'You are

responsible for the wrong I am suffering. I put my
servant in your arms, and now that she knows she is
pregnant, she despises me. May the LORD judge between
you and me.'"

ii] she received a "carte blanche" from Abram to handle

it any way she wanted (GEN 16:6).

GEN 16:6 "'Your servant is in your hands,' Abram

said. 'Do with her whatever you think best.'"

-- he gave Hagar back to Sarai.

-- he reminded her that as a slave Hagar was hers to

do with as she pleased.

b] Sarai "treated Hagar harshly" (GEN 16:6).

*we are not told what Sarai did to Hagar but "harshly"
means "to afflict":

i] she apparently reduced Hagar to her former slave

status, her legal right.

ii] she made life hard for Hagar.

 -- she could have done this with physical or mental
abuse.

-- she could have done this through the tasking she

gave Hagar.

c] Hagar tried to flee (GEN 16:6).

i] she was "on the road to Shur" (GEN 16:7)

*a bondwoman was lawfully forbidden to run away from

her mistress.

-- she was on the road that ran from Hebron past

Beersheba to Shur (the present Jifar, the
north-western portion of the desert of Arabia) and
thence on to Egypt, her homeland.

-- she was at a spring of water in the wilderness

(GEN 16:7).

ii] she was ordered to return to Sarai (GEN 16:9).

-- "the angel of the LORD" found her by a spring of

water in the wilderness (GEN 16:7).

WHO WAS THE ANGEL OF THE LORD?

Scholars would call this angelic visitation a

theophany, a self-manifestation of God because:

-He speaks authoritatively as God

-He identifies Himself with God

-He claims to exercise the prerogatives of God

In Joshua chapter five another theophany occurred

when Joshua encountered a "man" who called Himself
the captain of the LORD'S host and who commanded
that Joshua remove his sandals "for the place
where you are standing is holy" (JOS 5:15); this
was just as God had commanded Moses to do at the
"burning bush" in Genesis chapter three (GEN 3:5).
See also Judges chapter thirteen for another
theophany.

*After the incarnation of Christ the angel of the

LORD does not appear in scripture- it is inferred
that the angel of the LORD is, in fact, a
preincarnate appearance of Jesus, the second
member of the Trinity.

-- the angel of the LORD commanded that Hagar, "Go

back to your mistress and submit to her."

I. "mistress" means "lady", "queen", or "mistress"

 II. "submit" means "to be bowed down" or
"afflicted".

-- the angel of the LORD gave her hope (GEN

16:10-12):

I. he promised to "greatly multiply her

descendants".

II. he said she would bear a son called Ishmael,

or" God hears" because God had "given heed to
her affliction".

A. he would be "a wild donkey of a man"- he

would be untamable or perhaps would roam the
deserts freely like a wild donkey.

B. his hand would be against everyone's and

everyone's would be against him.

C. he would live in hostility toward his

brothers or to the east of his brothers.

*the enmity between Arabs, the descendants

of Ishmael, and Jews continues to this day.
iii] she recognized that a deity had spoken to her.

-- she called Him "You are the God Who sees me"

-- she marveled that she had seen God and lived

(because there was a belief was that no one could
see God and live: see Exodus 33:20 and Judges
13:22).

-- the well where she met God was called "Beer Lahi
Roi", or "well of the Living One Who sees me"

c) she gave birth to her son (GEN 16:15,16).

GEN 16:15,16 "So Hagar bore Abram a son, and Abram gave the
name Ishmael to the son she had borne. Abram was eighty-six
years old when Hagar bore him Ishmael."

1) Hagar gave birth.

a] she had returned to camp in obedience to God's command

and completed her pregnancy term there.

b] she probably brought Ishmael forth sitting upon a "birth

stool" (lit. "two stones"), a double seated stool used
by Egyptian women, which utilizes the force of gravity
to enhance the birth process (EXO 1:16). It was
customary for a woman in labor to be attended by
midwives to assist her delivery (GEN 35:17; EXO 1:19).

2) Abram named him "Ishmael".

 a] this presupposes that Hagar told Abram everything that
the angel of the LORD had told her, including the name
of his son, which he obediently used.

b] Abram regarded Ishmael as his heir (GEN 17:18), and

regarded him thusly until thirteen years later, when
Abraham was ninety-nine yrs. old and God appeared to him
to announce His conditional covenant to Isaac through
Abraham.

3) Abraham circumcised Ishmael when Ishmael was thirteen years

old (GEN 17:23).

WHAT IS CIRCUMCISION?

It is the surgical removal of the foreskin of a male's

penis- it signifies total commitment to the Lordship of God
and membership in the community of God's people.

a] He circumcised Ishmael to obey God (GEN 17:10-14).

b] He circumcised Ishmael to include him in God's covenant

(GEN 17:14).

i] God promised to bless Ishmael and greatly increase

his numbers (GEN 17:20).

ii] God promised to make him the father of twelve rulers

and make him into a great nation (GEN 17:20).

*some Arab's still observe circumcision on the 13th

birthday of their sons as a ceremonial rite of
passage from childhood to adulthood.

2. She Was Cast Out With Her Son.

a) Ishmael ridiculed Isaac.

1) Isaac was weaned (GEN 21:8).

a] Hebrew children were weaned at two to three years of age

(if Isaac was two this would have made Ishmael about
sixteen yrs. old).

b] Isaac was given a great feast to celebrate the occasion

(GEN 21:9).

i] the feast would have had special food:

-- the best lambs of the flock and stall-fed calves

would have been slaughtered and cooked.

-- special wine was drunk.

-- bread would have been baked and served with olive

oil.

-- vegetables and fruits would also have been served.

 -- milk products would probably have been available.

ii] the feast might have had special entertainment of

dancing and/or music

*this information came from "Manners and Customs of

Bible Lands" by Fred H. Wight, Moody Press (1953),
pgs. 44-54,65,66.

2) Ishmael "was mocking" (lit. "to laugh") (GEN 21:9).

GEN 21:9 "But Sarah saw that the son whom Hagar the
Egyptian had borne to Abraham was mocking"

*Ishmael was scorning Isaac as the heir of Abraham-

WHY WOULD HE DO THIS?

GAL 4:29 "At that time the son born in the ordinary way
persecuted the son born by the power of the Spirit. It is
the same now."

a] Ishmael was persecuting Isaac, the son of the promise.

i] Ishmael is spoken of as being of the Old Covenant of

Law, not grace, and was therefore not saved, not
regenerated, and a slave to sin and to Satan who
persecutes the saints (GAL 4:24-28; JOH 8:44).

ii] Ishmael was fulfilling the prophetic word concerning

him, "he will be a wild donkey of a man" and "his
hand will be against his brother".

b] Ishmael duplicated Hagar's scornful attitude toward

Sarah in his attitude toward Isaac, the true heir.

GEN 22:2 "Take your son, your only son, Isaac, whom you
love..."

*Ishmael should have accepted the will of God as Eliezer

of Damascus did when he lost Abram's inheritance to
Ishmael and Isaac (GEN 15:2; chap. 24).

b) Sarah requested that Hagar and Ishmael be expelled (GEN

21:10).

GEN 21:10 "...and she said to Abraham, 'Get rid of that slave
woman and her son, for that slave woman's son will never share
in the inheritance with my son Isaac.'"

WHY WOULD SARAH REQUEST SUCH AN ACTION?

1) maternal jealousy may have precipitated this outburst.

2) unresolved resentment about Hagar may have moved Sarah to

use this incident as an opportunity to rid herself of her
rival.
 3) prompting by the Holy Spirit may have moved Sarah to remove
Hagar and Ishmael from Abraham and Isaac; as John the
Baptist said of himself and Christ, "He must become
greater; I must become less" (JOH 3:30). In order for God
to deal with Abraham and Isaac as He wished Ishmael and
Hagar had to be put out of the way.

c) Abraham sent Hagar and Ishmael away (GEN 21:11-14).

1) Abraham was distressed (lit. "to be bad" i.e. grieved) (GEN

21:11).

a] Abraham was concerned for his son.

i] Ishmael was his son, whom he loved, and it grieved

Abraham to think of losing him.

ii] Ishmael had been promised prosperity and blessing and

banishment did not seem to fit that.

b] Abraham was concerned for legal custom- a man was

forbidden from arbitrarily sending away a concubine and
her son (from "The NIV Study Bible" notes, pg. 36).

2) Abraham was reassured (GEN 21:12,13).

a] God spoke to Abraham.

i] He told Abraham to "listen to whatever Sarah tells

you" (GEN 21:12).

ii] He reminded Abraham that it was to be through Isaac

that the covenant promises would be fulfilled.

iii] He assured Abraham that He would indeed bless

Ishmael, because Ishmael was Abraham's son.

-- that meant that Ishmael would surely survive in

the desert.

-- that meant that God remain faithful to His

promises.

b] Abraham complied with Sarah's request (GEN 21:14).

i] he made preparations for them:

-- he gathered some food and a skin of water.

-- he set the supplies on Hagar's shoulders.

ii] he sent them off early in the morning.

*this means that he promptly obeyed God's command,

but also that he showed them compassion because they
could travel in the cool of the day.
3) they prospered in the desert (GEN 21:14-21).

a] God protected them in the wilderness of Beersheba

(the wilderness of Beersheba is located in the Negev of
Israel).

i] He knew of their needs (GEN 21:17-19).

-- they had wandered in the desert until their water

was gone (GEN 21:14,15).

-- they were weeping and waiting to die (GEN

21:16,17)

I. Hagar had put her son under the shelter of a

shade bush when he could travel no farther (GEN
21:15).

II. Hagar could not bear to abandon her son, nor

could she bear to be near him to watch him die,
so she moved to a place opposite him to wait
(GEN 21:16).

A. the place was "about a bow shot away" or as

far as archers put their targets away from
them.

B. the weeping she did means "to weep, to

bewail, to sob".

WHAT SHOULD SHE HAVE BEEN DOING?

A WOMAN OF FAITH WOULD HAVE BEEN PRAYING TO

GOD AND ASKING FOR HIS INTERVENTION.

*It was very selfish of Hagar to have

separated herself from her son because she
thought, "I cannot watch the boy die" (GEN
21:16). She was thinking of her needs, not
her sons'- Ishmael would not have wanted to
have died alone.

-- God heard the boy crying (not Hagar)

*WHY DO YOU THINK THE BOY WAS CRYING?

I. the angel of God spoke to Hagar (GEN 21:17,18).

A. he spoke from heaven (in GEN 22:11 the angel

of the LORD spoke to Abraham from heaven).

B. he spoke words of reassurance:

GEN 21:17 "God heard the boy crying, and

the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven
and said to her, 'What is the matter, Hagar?
Do not be afraid; God has heard the boy
 crying as he lies there.'"

II. the angel ordered her to "lift the boy up and

take him by the hand, for I will make him into
a great nation" (GEN 21:18).

A. she was ordered to continue to care for

Ishmael.

B. she was given assurance that Ishmael would

survive and prosper.

ii] God showed Hagar a well of water (GEN 21:19).

GEN 21:19 "Then God opened her eyes and she saw a
well of water. So she went and filled the skin with
water and gave the boy a drink."

-- He "opened up her eyes" so that she could see the

well that was there.

-- she filled the water skin with water and

ministered to Ishmael.

b] God was with Ishmael for Abraham's sake.

GEN 21:20 "God was with the boy as he grew up. He lived
in the desert and became an archer."

i] they continued to live in the desert.

ii] Ishmael became an archer (lit. "to become much

bowman").

-- bows had developed into weapons which were made of

glued layers of animal hide and thin layers of
wood with tendons and horns of animals which would
pull to 100 lbs. and shoot an arrow through most
armor.

-- a bowman developed his skills through practice

from childhood with stronger bows at longer and
longer distances until he was proficient.

*Esau was also a bowman, hunting game with his bow

(GEN 25:27, 27:3).

* this information came from "The Zondervan

Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible", vol.1, pgs.
286, 318.

c] Hagar got a wife for him from Egypt

GEN 21:21 "While he was living in the Desert of Paran,

his mother got a wife for him from Egypt."

WHY?
 i] they lived in the wilderness of Paran near Egypt:

-- this is the large desert that stretches along the

southern border of Canaan and along the frontier
of Egypt, called et-Tih today.

-- the northern edge of the wilderness is Beersheba,

the southern part is near the mountains of Horeb,
the eastern is by the desert of Shur, and the
western is the fringes of the Arabah.

*this information came from "the Commentary on the

Old Testament" by Keil-Delitszch, vol.1, pgs.
245,246.

ii] Hagar was Egyptian.

-- she was rooted in Egypt: she always wanted to

return to Egypt when faced with a need or crisis.

-- her heart had not been touched to value godly

things or to seek a believing wife for Ishmael.

d] Ishmael headed a family.

i] he had sons- twelve sons:

GEN 25:13-16 "These are the names of the sons of

Ishmael, listed in the order of their birth: Nebaioth
the firstborn of Ishmael, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam,
Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish and
Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael, and these
are the names of the twelve tribal rulers according
to their settlements and camps."

ii] he had daughters:

-- Mahalath (GEN 28:9).

-- Basemath (GEN 36:3).

e] Ishmael remained a son of Abraham.

i] Ishmael received gifts from Abraham before Abraham's

death (these were given in lieu of an inheritance GEN
25:6).

ii] Ishmael buried his father with Isaac (GEN 25:9).

*Although Ishmael kept his ties to Abraham he never

came under the umbrella of the covenant. As Esau was
later to be a godless man, outside of the blessings
of the covenant though he was a son of Isaac, so
Ishmael was outside of the covenant, though he was a
son of Abraham. (See also MAT 3:9).

GAL 3:7 "Understand, then, that those who believe

are children of Abraham."
 GAL 3:9 "So those who have faith are blessed along
with Abraham, the man of faith."

*Hagar was never considered the wife of Abraham,

though she bore his son; Sarah was his wife alone,
and it was she and her son who were included in God's
covenant to Abraham. Hagar could only raise a child
lost under the Law because she herself was outside of
the covenant, spiritually insensitive to the things
of God. Though she encountered God twice the
Scriptures do not say that she was converted by those
experiences. Every time she faced a crisis in her
life she "tried to go back to Egypt" even as the
Israelites would try to do in the Exodus when they
rejected God (EXO 16:3; NUM 11:5,18).

C. What Can We Learn From Her?

1. A person can miss salvation though he or she be constantly in

the presence of a saved person or family, or even have
personally encountered God if his or her heart is hard and loves
sin. (See Judas in the Gospels or the rich young ruler of MRK
10:17.)

2. Salvation cannot be ascribed to us without our repentance, faith

and submission to the lordship of God through Christ.

3. An unsaved person walks by the flesh and can only teach the
things of the flesh to others (1CO 2:14).

4. God keeps His promises: He kept His promises to Abraham and He

will keep His to us.

III. What Fruits of the Spirit Do We See in Her? None.

IV. Memory Verses: GAL 3:26 "You are all sons of God through faith in
Christ Jesus"

GAL 3:29 "If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's seed, and
heirs according to the promise."

Young Adults Sunday School Class

All Scripture references are taken from the HOLY BIBLE: NEW
INTERNATIONAL VERSION (C) 1978 by the New York Bible Society, used by
permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers.

© Copyright Kathy Capoccia 2000. This file may be freely copied, printed out,
and distributed as long as copyright and source statements remain intact,
and that it is not sold.