The Incidence of Solo Parent Among Teenagers in Barangay Cabug, Bacolod City

University of Negros Occidental Recoletos College of Arts and Sciences Bacolod City

JUVELYN M. IEZ ANABEL L. CORNELIO RONALIE B. SALES

March 2013

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the incidence of Solo parent among teenagers in Barangay Cabug, Bacolod City, year 2013. A descriptive research design was used in the study particularly the survey method utilizing _____ participants. The mean, the t-test of independent mean, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Pearson Product Moment of Correlation were used to treat the data. Finding revealed that the incidence of solo parent among among teenagers when taken as a whole and in terms of poor school performance, monthly family income and single parents, was ________________. Moreover, ______________ was found in the level of solo parent among teenagers when they were grouped according to age and grade/year level.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Teenage pregnancy is still a rampant and important public-health problem in India with unfavorable perinatal outcomes and needs to be tackled on a priority basis. (Chaudhurie & et. al., 2010) What is the risk of early pregnancy among young women who have both a sister and a mother who had a teenage birth, relative to the risk among young women who have neither? Is having a mother who had a teenage birth associated with a greater risk of pregnancy than having a sister who had a teenage birth? Is having a sister and a mother who had a teenage birth associated with a greater risk of pregnancy than having only one or the other? Do family socioeconomic factors or mothers' parenting qualities and attitudes explain the link between a family history of teenage births and youths' greater risk of adolescent pregnancy? Does the level of young women's companionship, warmth and closeness, rivalry or conflict with an older sister or with a sister who had a teenage birth increase their likelihood of early pregnancy? (East & et. al., 2007)

According to Ornstein and Hunkins (1993) ( Psycho educational approach to teen pregnancy would not only provide them with pertinent medical and biological information but would also operate to motivate them to avoid pregnancy and expand their interests to other areas of life by providing them with improved capacity and abilities to do so. Carter, Felice, Rosoff and Zabin (1994) provided a comprehensive review of the literature on adolescent pregnancy prevention. According to the authors, in terms of preventing pregnancy, psycho educational approaches have been found to be much more successful than approaches that focus merely on the biophysical factors or on providing information regarding contraception and abortion services.

Statement of the Problem This study seeks to determine the incidence of solo parents among teenagers in Barangay Cabug , Bacolod City. Specifically, it seeks answers to the following problem: 1. What is the extent of incidence of solo parents as a whole and in terms of: a.)age , c.) monthly family income, and d.) single parents? 2. Is there a significant difference in the extent of incidence of solo parents among teenager when they are group in terms of: a) age and b) grade/year level? 3. Are the forms of incidence of solo parents among teenager correlated with one another? Hypotheses The following hypotheses are purported to answer the foregoing problems: 1. There is no significant difference in the extent of solo parents when they are group in terms of: a) age and b) grade/year level. 2. The forms of incidence of solo parents among teenager are not correlated with one another. Theoretical Background

Teenage pregnancy is a worldwide problem bearing serious social and medical implications relating to maternal and child health (Chaudhuri, R N; Paul, Bhaskar. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 28. 5 (Oct 2010): 494-500). A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken to compare the different sociodemographic characteristics and perinatal outcomes of teenage primigravida mothers with those of adult primigravida mothers in a tertiary-care hospital in eastern India. A sample of 350 each in cases and comparison group comprised the study subjects. Data were collected through interviews and by observations using a pretested and predesigned schedule. Results revealed that the teenage mothers had a higher proportion (27.7%) of preterm deliveries compared to 13.1% in the adult mothers and had low-birthweight babies (38.9% vs 30.4% respectively). Stillbirth rate was also significantly higher in teenage deliveries (5.1% vs 0.9% respectively). The teenage mothers developed more adverse perinatal complications, such as preterm births, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, and delivered low-birthweight babies, when compared with those of the adult primigravida mothers.

Widom, Cathy Spatz; Kuhns, Joseph B. American Journal of Public Health 86. 11 (Nov 1996): 1607-12. Objectives. This study examined the extent to which being abused and/or neglected in childhood increases a person's risk for promiscuity, prostitution, and teenage pregnancy. Methods. A prospective cohorts design was used to match, on the basis of age, race, sex, and social class, cases of abused and/or neglected children from 1967 to 1971 with nonabused and nonneglected children; subjects were followed into young adulthood. From 1989 to 1995, 1196 subjects (676 abused and/or neglected and 520 control subjects) were located and interviewed.

East, Patricia L; Reyes, Barbara T; Horn, Emily J. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 39. 2 (Jun 2007): 108-15. We used a sample of adolescent females-many of whom had a family history of teenage births and all of whom were studied prospectively from early adolescence (ages 12-14) to late adolescence (ages 18-20)-to address the following questions: In addressing these questions, we seek to contribute to the literature in three important ways. First, unlike earlier studies, ours examines the risk of pregnancy associated both with having a sister and with having a mother who had a teenage birth. Second, whereas previous studies compared adolescent women who had a teenage childbearing sister with the general population of adolescent women, many of whom did not have an older sister or even a sibling,1,5 we restricted our sample to those who had an older, coresidential, biologically related teenage sister. Thus, our study can provide a more accurate estimate of the pregnancy risk associated with having a sister who had a teenage birth versus having a sister who did not. Third, we examined associations between socioeconomic and parenting risk factors and youths' risk of pregnancy under scenarios reflecting different family histories of teenage births (that is, when only the mother, only a sister or both had had a teenage birth). Such models can reveal how socioeconomic and parenting characteristics might operate in explaining the cooccurrence of early pregnancy within a family.

Leiner, Marie; Villa, Hazel; Singh, Namrata; Medina, Irma; Shirsat, Pratibha. The Journal of School Health 77. 3 (Mar 2007): 101-2.

In the children of teenage mothers, prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure has been associated with reduced birth weight, miscarriages, sudden infant death syndrome, asthma, and other respiratory problems.1-4 Despite all the information available, some teenage mothers continue smoking during pregnancy; some expose babies to secondhand smoke.5,6 Little is known about how much pregnant teenagers and teenage mothers understand about the risks associated with smoking during and after pregnancy. During a school district citywide event for teenage mothers and pregnant teenagers (75% Hispanics) held in El Paso, TX, we asked teenage mothers (n = 98) and pregnant teenagers (n = 81) to respond to a brief questionnaire (n = 179) about their knowledge of the risks to their baby associated with smoking during and after pregnancy. The study's goals were to (1) determine whether respondents felt they were informed about risks, (2) identify the sources of information on smoking, and (3) determine how knowledgeable respondents were about risks of smoking during pregnancy and after pregnancy.

Ornstein and Hunkins (1993) describe the psycho educational approach as an instructional effort that focuses on providing students with information aimed at strengthening their psychological and emotional skills as they relate to a given course topic. For example, the psycho educational approach to teen pregnancy would not only provide them with pertinent medical and biological information but would also operate to motivate them to avoid pregnancy and expand their interests to other areas of life by providing them with improved capacity and abilities to do so. Carter, Felice, Rosoff and Zabin (1994) provided a comprehensive review of the literature on adolescent pregnancy prevention. According to the authors, in terms of preventing pregnancy, psychoeducational approaches have been found to be much more successful than approaches that focus merely on the biophysical factors or on providing information regarding contraception and abortion services. According to the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a nonprofit agency that focuses on sexual and reproductive health research, policy analysis, and public education, teenage pregnancy has adverse consequences for the parents, the child, and society. Pregnant teens are less likely to complete high school and attend college than teenagers who avoid pregnancy. Many teenage parents live below the poverty level and rely on welfare. The children of teenage parents receive

inadequate medical care, have more problems in school, and spend more time in prison than children of adult parents. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (NCPTP) claims that teenage childbearing costs society about $6.9 billion annually; this estimate includes welfare and food stamp benefits, medical care expenses, lost tax revenue (teenage childbearing affects the parents work patterns), incarceration expenses, and foster care. In an effort to reduce teenage pregnancy and the problems associated with it, policymakers have recently focused on what causes the widespread poverty and welfare dependence that teen moms experience and have attempted to devise solutions to these problems. Teenage Pregnancy is a problem that has developed because of the disintegration of the traditional family.

Significance of the Study This study is significant to the following

SOLO PARENT.

Parents. The

parents may be provided with insights so that they can provide a

wholesome and harmonious family life that will give teens love, care, understanding, guidance, moral and material security. Guidance Counselor. Social workers. The social workers may be provided with insights so that they can conduct an in-depth assessment on the situation of the teens, can assist the teens to have a counseling, psychosocial services, recovery and rehabilitation programs appropriate to the needs and for the personal growth of the teens and can coordinate with other agencies in the provision in rehabilitation services including aftercare.

Future Researchers. The future researchers may be motivated to conduct more investigations on incidence on teen pregnancy using other participants and methods.

Scope of the study This study was mainly concerned with to determination of the extent of adolescence pregnancy among teenagers year 2012. These participants were the adolescence pregnancy teenagers aged 11 years old to 17 tears old at the Brgy. Cabug, Bacolod City. The independent variable were aged and year/grade level. The dependent variable were poor school performance, monthly family income, and single teen parents. Definition of terms The following terms are either conceptually or operationally designed for the readers: Adolescence. The period of life from puberty to maturity terminating legally at the age of majority. Pregnancy Incidence Teenager Poor school performance Family income Single teen

Parents. Parents. The parents may be provided with insights so that they can provide a wholesome and harmonious family life that will give teens love, care,

understanding,guidance, moral and material security.

Chapter 2 METHOD This chapter discusses the research design to be used in this study, the participants, the measures, the procedures and the data analysis. Research Design

This study uses the descriptive research design utilizing the survey method. According to David (2005) a descriptive research is one that describes an existing condition or situation at the present time. In as much as this study wants to determine the solo parent among teenagers in Barangay Cabug, Bacolod which is phenomenon that exists in the present time, the researchers believe that the descriptive design is appropriate to use.

Participants

The participants of this study are Solo parent among teenagers who got pregnant from 2010 2012. These participants are residents of Barangay Cabug, Bacolod City. A purposive sampling technique will be used in this study. Measures This study will use a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises 2 parts. Part 1 includes the demographic variables of the respondents. Part 2 is the questionnaire proper. The questionnaire consists a ___item tests reflecting the incidence of solo parent among teenagers in .Brgy. Cabug. The following scale will be used to interpret the responses of the respondents: Numerical Scale 5 4 3 2 1 Verbal Interpretation Always done Done Sometimes done Seldom done Never done

Validity of the Questionnaire Validity refers to the ability of the test to measure what it intends to measure (Sevilla, et al 2007). To establish the validity of the questionnaire, the researchers are going to represent it to three jurors who are experts in their chosen fields. These jurors are going to make corrections and give suggestions to improve the questionnaire.

Likewise, the jurors are going to use the Good and Skates Jury Validation Form to rate the questionnaire. Thus, the validity rating is ___reflecting a ___validity index. Reliability of the Questionnaire Reliability refers to the consistency of scores that an individual obtains in a given test ( Shaughnessy 2007) To establish the reliability of the questionnaire, the researchers are going to conduct a dry-run to 10 solo parents who got pregnant from year 20102013. After the administration of the test, the questionnaire will be retrieved,

categorized and treated using the Cronbach Alpha Formula. The reliability rating is _____ which reflected the _______ reliability index. Procedures To gather data for this study, the researchers are going to send a letter to barangay captain asking permission that a study on the incidence of solo parents among teenagers in Barangay Cabug will be conducted. After the approval is sought, the researchers are going to ask the consent of the respondents. Then they are going to administer the tests. The data will be gathered, classified and entered into a data matrix. Data Analysis The following statistical tools will be used to treat the data: Problem 1 which seeks to determine the incidence of solo parent among teenagers as a whole and when they are grouped in terms of age, grade/year level, and monthly family income, the percentile will be used.

Problem 2 which seek to determine the significant difference in the incidence of solo parent among teenagers when they are grouped in terms of age, grade/year level, and monthly family income, the chi square of independence will be used .

Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents and discusses the findings of the study.
Results

Problem 1 sought to determine the extent of adolescent pregnancy among teenagers as a whole and in terms of poor school performance, monthly family income and single teen parents.

References Chambers, D, & Wedel, K (2005). Social policy and social programs: a method for the practical public policy analyst. and Bacon. (Teen, 2007). teenpregnancy.org. Retrieved February 24, 2007, from The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Web site: http://www.teenpregnancy.org/policy/