INTRODUCTION Indiscriminate and injudicious use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has resulted in several associated adverse effects such

as environmental pollution, ecological imbalances, pesticides residues in food, fruits and vegetables, fodder, soil and water, pest resurgence, human and animal health hazards, destruction of biocontrol agents, development of resistance in pests etc. Therefore, Govt. of India has adopted Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as cardinal principle and main plank of plant protection in the overall Crop Production Programme since 1985. IPM is an eco-friendly approach which encompasses cultural, mechanical, biological and need based chemical control measures. The IPM approach is being disseminated through various schemes/projects at national and state level. Objectives: Maximise crop production with minimum input costs. Minimise environmental pollution in soil, water and air due to pesticides. Minimise occupational health hazards due to chemical pesticides. Preserve ecosystem and maintain ecological equilibrium. No or less use of chemical pesticides for minimum pesticide residues. To improve farming systems.

Activities Popularizing IPM approach among farming community. Conducting regular pest surveillance and monitoring to assess pest/disease situation. Rearing biological control agents for their field use and conservation of naturally occurring bioagents. Promotion of biopesticides and neem based pesticides as alternative to chemical pesticides. To play a catalytic role in spread of innovative IPM skills to extension workers, land farmers equally to resource-poor and resource-rich states. Human Resource Development in IPM by imparting training to master trainers, extension workers and farmers through farmers field schools (FFSs) through CIPMCs, KVKs, ICAR Institutes. Under the HRD programme short duration courses of two days and five days for pesticides dealers/NGOs/Graduates/Post-graduates/Pvt. Entrepreneurs and progressive farmers are being carried out. Season Long Training (SLT) programme on major agricultural/horticultural crops.

Department.of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC) in the Union Ministry of Agriculture promotes the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach under the scheme Strengthening & Modernization of Pest Management through 31 Central Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs) located in 28 States and one Union Territory. The mandate of these Centres is pest/disease monitoring, production and releases of biocontrol agents, conservation of biocontrol agents and Human Resource Development in IPM by imparting training to Agricultural Extension Officers and farmers at the grassroots levels by organizing of Farmers' Field Schools (FFSs) in the farmers fields. TOP ^

IPM AT A GLANCE Keeping in view ill effects of chemical pesticides such as development of pest resistance to commonly used pesticides, pest resurgence, outbreak of secondary pests, pesticide residues in food, fodder, soil, air and water resulting in human health hazards and ecological imbalances, Govt. of India, Deptt. of Agriculture & Cooperation has adopted Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as cardinal principle and main plank of plant protection technology in the country since 1985. The detail of which is as under: 1. Scheme STRENGTHENING & MODERNISATION MANAGEMENT APPROACH IN INDIA OF PEST

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

SubScheme/Compon PROMOTION OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) ent 1992, when Central Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs) were established by merging all Central Plant Commencement Protection Stations (CPPS), Central Surveillance Stations (CSS) and Central Biological Control Stations (CBCS). Promotion of IPM in Plant Protection under the overall crop production Mandate programme Maximise crop production with minimum input costs. Minimise environmental pollution in soil, water and air due to pesticides. Minimise occupational health hazards due to Objectives chemical pesticides. Preserve ecosystem and maintain ecological equilibrium. No or less use of chemical pesticides for minimum pesticide residues. To improve farming system. Monitoring of pests and diseases for forewarning Conservation of natural enemies in farmers fields. Production and field releases of biocontrol agents. Promotion of ecofriendly IPM inputs like biopesticides/neem Major Activities based pesticides. Human Resource Development by imparting IPM training to extension officers and farmers through FFSs/SLTPs/Short during IPM Prorgramme. Popularise IPM technology among farming community. Present Status of Central IPM 31 CIPMCs in 28 States and 1 UT Centres Pest Monitoring 8.016 lakhs ha Field releases of biocontrol agents 1665 million Annual Target (2010-11) Area Coverage 5.286 lakh ha

7.

(Augmentation & conservation of biocontrol agents)

IPM Trainings &

Farmers Field Schools (Nos)

12931

Demonstrations up to March, 2010

Agriculture Extension Officers to be Trained (Nos.) 54349 Farmers to be trained 388863 Pest Monitoring Field releases of biocontrol agents Area Coverage 123.78 lakh ha 27574 million 98.45 lakh ha

IPM Achievements 8. (since 1994 to March 2010)

(Augmentation & conservation of biocontrol agents)

IPM Trainings conducted (since 19942010)

Master Trainers Training courses (Seasons Long Trainings) conducted on Various Agricultural/Horticultural crops 48 Nos Master Trainers Trained through SLTs 1697 Nos Farmers Field Schools organized 12931 Nos byCIPMCs/KVKs/SAUs Agriculture/Horticulture Extension Officers Trained through FFS s 54369 Nos Farmers trained through FFSs 3,88,863 Nos Persons (Pesticide dealers, NGOs, lead farmers, private entrepreneurs etc.) trained under Human resource Developments Programmes (2&5 daysduration) on IPM skills 13730

These have been developed for the following 77 crops which includes IPM Package of Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Pigeon pea, Black Practices: gram/Green gram, Gram, Rajmah, Pea, Groundnut, Soybean, Rapeseed/Mustard, Sesame, Safflower, Castor, Sunflower, Potato, Onion, Tomato, Cruciferous Vegetables, Leguminous Vegetables, Cucurbitaceious vegetables, Brinjal, Okra, Chillies, Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Citrus, Pineapple, Sapota, Pomegranate, Grapes, Apple, Mango, Guava, Banana, Litchi, Papaya, Apricot, Peach, Pear, Cherry, Walnut, Ber, Amla, Small Cardamom, Large Cardamom, Black Pepper, Coriander, Cumin, Fennel (Saunf), Ginger, Coconut, Cashew, Arecanut, Oil Palm, Tea, Jack fruit, Spinach, Broccoli, Loquat, Strawberry, Olive, Watermelon, Lablab bean , Garlic, Betelvine. Fig, 9. Phalsa, Saffron, Custard apple, Persimmon, Kiwi, Passion fruit and Raspberry

Posters, Manuals & Farmers Field Guides

Manual in Hindi & English on Rice and Cotton for Subject Matter Specialists(SMS) Farmers field guide in Hindi & English on Rice and Cotton. Handbooks on diagnosis and Integrated Pest Management of cotton pests in English, Hindi, Punjabi, Telugu languages. Folders on IPM in Cotton in Hindi, English, Punjabi and Telugu Posters in Hindi & English in Cotton and Rice for recognition of

prepared:

pests and natural enemies.

10 Grants-in-aids . to States

To supplement the State efforts, grants-in-aid has been earmarked to the States/UTs for the establishment of 29 State Biocontrol Laboratories (SBCLs) @ Rs. 50.00 lakh per laboratory. So far, a sum of Rs. 1372.00 lakh has already been released to the States for construction of Laboratory building and procurement of equipment and vehicles. Statement showing funds allocated, amount spent and unspent balances against the States during VIII & X Plans for the establishment of State Biological Control Laboratories (SBCLs) under the scheme Strengthening and Modernization of Pest Management Approach in India . All the States except Jammu & Kashmir and Uttaranchal have made considerable progress in the construction work and commissioning of the laboratories. States may consider expeditious commissioning of the SBCLs so that additional infrastructure is created in the States for mass production of biocontrol agents. During 10th Five Year Plan Govt. of India, had approved grant in aid for establishment of more State Bio-control Laboratoriesy (SBCLs) in States. So far, Govt. of India has released Rs. 405 lakh @ Rs. 45 lakh per lab. to States of Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand, Haryana, Maharashtra and Uttaranchal. The States should put their full efforts for early establishment of these SBCLs. States are requested to furnish utilization certificates of funds released so far. Further, Grants-in-aid is proposed to be given to NGOs for setting up of State Bio-control Laboratories in the form of subsidy @ Rs, 5.00 lakh per Laboratory for purchase of equipments subject to the conditions given in guidelines. The guidelines have already been circulated to all the States. The same may be brought to the notice of all concerned. So far, administrative approval of competent authority for purchase of laboratory equipments have been issued to 19 NGOs while financial sanction and release of funds to 15 NGOs has been made.

Biocontrol 11 Laboratories/ . Units in India

CIPMCs 31 Nos. ICAR/SAUs/ DBT 48 Nos. State Biocontrol Labs 98 Nos Private Sector Labs 141 Nos. Total 318 Nos.

FAO-EU Project on IPM IN COTTON Duration : 5 years (2000-2004)

Trainings conducted External 12 Technical . Assistance No. No. No. trained/produced trained/produced organised/trained ToF Facilitators FToF Facilitators FFS Farmers FAO-EU 5 163 3 105 358 13836 Through 21 524 7 271 1098 21992 States Grant 26 687 10 376 * 1456 35828 Total ** * of these 25 were women ** this include 5854 female farmers

LIST OF REGISTERED BIOPESTICIDES & THEIR FORMULATIONS FOR USE IN THE COUNTRY up to March, 2010 Microbial biopesticides 1. Bacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis (a Serotype H-14, Strain 164, WP (b)Serotype H-14, Strain VCRC B17, slow release granules (c)Serotype H-14, Strain VCRC B17, WP (d)Serotype H-14, 12 AS (e)Serotype H14, Strain VCRC B17, 5 AS (f) Serotype H-14, 5% WP 2. Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki (a)Strain A-97, serotype H-3a, 35 WP (b)Serotype-(3a, 3b 3c), Strain DOR-bt-1, 0.5% WP (c) Serotype 3a, 3b, Strain HD-1 3.5% ES (d) Serotype 3a, 3b, Strain Z-52 3. Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae, Serotype 3a, 3b, Strain R 1593m 1.3% FC 4. Bacillus sphaericus Serotype 5a, 5b, Strain 1593m 1.3% EC 5. Beauveria bassiana 1% WP, 1.15% WP, 2.15% WP, 10% SC, 1.5% WP, (Strain Umiam) 5% WP (Strain AAI) 1.15% WP Stain T-stains 1.15%WP 6. Trichoderma viride (Strain TNAU) 1% WP, 0.5% WS, 1.5%

13 Registered . Biopesticides

WP, 0.5%WP (Strain KAU) (Strain T-4 (MP)) 7. 8. Verticillum lecanii (Strain: Umiam)

1% WP 5%WP 1.15% WP

NPV of Helicoverpa armigera (Strain:GBS/HNPV-01) 0.43% AS, 0.5% AS, 0.64% AS, 1.0% AS, 2% AS 9. NPV of Spodoptera litura 0.5% AS 10. Trichoderma harzianum (Strain: IIHR-Th-2) 1% WP, 2% WP, 0.5% WS 11. Metarrhizium anisopliae 1.0% WP, 1.15% WP 12. Pseudomonas fluorescence 0.5% WP, 1.0% WP, 1.25% WP, (Strain TNAU) 1.5% WP, 1.25% WP (Strain KAU) 0.5% WP 13. 14. WP 15. 16. 17. Verticillum chlamydosporium Paecilomyces lilacinus 1% WP 0.5% WP, 1.15% WP,1.0 %

(Strain: IIHR) Ampelomyces quisqalis 2 % WP Bacillus subtilis 1.5 % AS Photorhabdous luminescens akhurstii strain K-1 52% (w/v) EC

Botanical biopesticides 18. Azadirachtin EC, 1% EC, 1%, 2.5%, 25% 19. Pyrethrum/Pyrethrin Agarbatti, 0.2% 0.2% DP, 0.2% PH, 2% EC & 2.5% EC 0.03% EC, 0.3% , 0.1% EC, 0.15% 0.2% Aerosol, 0.4% Mat, 0.3% Coil, 0.05% Spray, 25% Extract,

Consumption of 14 biopesticides/N . eem based pesticides (MT)

Year 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99

Neem 83 128 186 354 411

Bt 40 47 33 41 71

G. Total 123 175 219 395 482

1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Demand and Supply of Biocontrol Agents (Estmiated) in India Biocontrol Agents Trichogramma spp.

739 551 736 632 824 965 1717 1191 1563 1235 1131

135 132 166 143 157 139 203 158 131

874 683 902 775 981 1104 1920 1191 1563 1394 1262

15 .

Production Demand Area covered 14,241.64 14,312.90 approximate (in million Nos) Trichoderma spp.(in Kg) 4,504.00 36,100.00 {43} lakh ha. NPV (LE) 21,715.00 2,07,700.00

BIOPESTICIDE/ BIOPESTICIDE** PESTICIDE* BIO CONTROL AGENT COST (RS)/Ha COST (RS.)/Ha B. thuringiensis @ 1 864 350-500 kg/ha. NPV 213 350-500 NEEM PRODUCTS 500 350-500 LADY BIRD BEETLES 900 350-500 Cost of CHRYSOPA SPP. 410 350-500 biopesticides/bi TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. 450 350-500 16 ocontrol agents (COTTON) . V/s pesticide TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. 150 350-500 (endosulfan) (SUGARCANE) application *Requires repeated application resulting in destruction of beneficial. ** Except neem products, biopesticides are self perpetuating / reproducing agents in nature and do not require repeated applications.

YEAR Consumption of 17 Chemical . Pesticides in India 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

QUANTITY MT (Tech. Grade) 61,357 61,260 56,114 52,239 49,157 46,195 43,584

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

47,020 48,350 41,020 40,672 39773 41515 43630 43860 41822

Sources: States/UTs Zonal Conferences on inputs. Crop yield increased from 6.72 40.14% in rice and 22.7 26.63% in cotton in IPM fields compared to nonIPM fields. Chemical pesticide sprays were reduced to the extent of 50-100% in rice and 29.96 to 50.5% in cotton. 18 Impact of IPM . Use of biopesticides/neem based pesticides increased from 123 MT during 1994-95 to 1262 MT during200910. Over all consumption of chemical pesticide in the country reduced from 75033 MT (Tech. grade) during 1990-91 to 41822 MT (T.G.) during 2009-10.

TOP ^ COMPONENTS OF IPM The major components of IPM in increasing order of complexity are as under: 1. Cultural practices. 2. Mechanical practices. 3. Genetical practices. 4. Regulatory practices. 5. Biological practices. 6. Chemical practices. Cultural practices:

Cultural methods of pest control consists of regular farm operations in such a way which either destroy the pests or prevent them from causing economic loss. The various cultural practices have been grouped as under.

a.

Preparation of nurseries or main fields free from pest infestation by removing plant debris, trimming of bunds, treating of soil and deep summer ploughing which kills various stages of pests. Proper drainage system in field be adopted. Testing of soil for nutrients deficiencies on the basis of which fertilizers should be applied. Selection of clean and certified seeds and treating seeds with fungicide or biopesticides before sowing for seed borne disease control. Selection of seeds of relatively pest resistant/tolerant varieties which play a significant role in pest suppression. Adjustment of time of sowing and harvesting to escape peak season of pest attack. Rotation of crops with non-host crops. It helps in reduction of incidence of soil borne diseases. Proper plant spacing which makes plants more healthy and less susceptible to pests. Optimum use of fertilizer. Use of FYM and biofertilizers should be encouraged. Proper water management (alternate wetting and drying to avoid water stagnation) as the high moisture in soil for prolonged period is conducive for development of pests especially soil borne diseases. Proper weed management. It is well known fact that most of weeds besides competing with crop for micronutrients also harbour many pests. Setting up yellow pan sticky traps for white flies and aphids at far above canopy height. Synchronized sowing. Here community approach is required to sow the crops simultaneously in vast area so that pest may not get different staged crops suitable for its population build up and if pest appears in damaging proportion, control operation could be applied effectively in whole area.

b.

c.

d.

e. f.

g. h. i.

j.

k.

l.

m. Growing trap crops on the borders or peripheries of fields. There are certain crops which are preferred more by a pest species are known as trap crops for that pest. By growing such crops on the border of the fields, pest population develop there which can be either killed by using pesticides or its natural enemies are allowed to develop there for natural control. n. o. Root dip or seedling treatment in pest infested area. Inter-cropping or multiple cropping wherever possible. All the crops are not preferred by each pest species and certain crops act as repellents, thus keeping the pest species away from preferred crops resulting in reduction of pest incidence. Harvesting as close as to ground level. This is because certain developmental stages

p.

of insect pests/diseases remain on the plant parts which act as primary inoculum for the next crop season. Hence, harvesting crops at ground level will lessen the incidence of pests in next season. q. Before planting, nursery plants be sprayed/dipped in copper fungicide/biopesticide solutions to protect the plants from soil borne diseases. While pruning fruit trees, remove crowded/dead/broken/diseased branches and destroy them. Do not pile them in the orchards which may act as source of pest infestation. Large pruning wounds should be covered with Bordeaux paste/paint to protect the plants from pest/disease attack. For excellent fruit set, pollinizer cultivars should be planted in required proportion in the orchards.

r.

s.

t.

u. Keeping bee hives or placing flower bouquets of pollinizer cultivars facilitate better
pollination and subsequent fruit set. Mechanical practices: Removal and destruction of egg masses, larvae, pupae and adults of insect pests and diseased parts of plants wherever possible. Installation of bamboo cage cum bird perchers in the field and placing parasitized egg masses inside them for conservation of natural enemies and withholding of pest species wherever possible. Use of light traps and destruction of trapped insects. Use of rope for dislodging leaf feeding larvae e.g. caseworm and leaf folders. Installation of bird scarer in the field where required. Installation of bird perchers in the field for allowing birds to sit and feed on insects and their immature stages viz., eggs, larvae and pupae. Use of pheromones for mating disruption and kill zone creation. Use of pheromone traps for monitoring and suppression of pest population. Use of pheromen traps fr mass traping. Genetical practices: Selection of high yeilding varieties for different crops Selection of comparatively pest resistant/tolerant varieties Use of genetically modified seeds e.g. B.t. cotton Release of sterile males of insects in sufficient number in field to compete with fertile males. Sterility in males is induced in laboratory either through chemosterilants or a.

b.

c. d. e. f.

g. h. i.

a. b. c. d.

through radiation. Regulatory practices:

In this process regulatory rules framed by Govt. are brought into force under which seeds and infested plant materials are not allowed to enter the country or from one part to other parts of the country. These are known as quarantine methods and are of two types i.e. domestic and foreign quarantine. Biological practices:

Biological control of insect pests and diseases through biological means is most important component of IPM. In broader sense, biocontrol is use of living organisms to control unwanted living organisms (pests). In other words, deliberate use of parasitoids, predators and pathogens to maintain pest population at level blow those causing economic loss either by introducing a new bioagent into the environment of pest or by increasing effectiveness of those already preset in the field. Parasitoids: These are the organisms which lay eggs in or on the bodies of their hosts and complete their life cycles on host bodies as a result of which hosts die. A parasitoid may be of different type depending on the host developmental stage in or on which it completes its life cycle. For example, egg, larval, pupal, adult, egg-larval and larval pupal parasitoids. Example are different species of Trichogramma, Apanteles, Bracon, Chelonus, Brachemeria, Pseudogonotopus etc. Predators: These are free living organisms which prey upon other organisms for their food. Examples are different species of spiders, dragon flies, damsel flies, lady bird beetles, Chrysopa species, birds etc. Pathogens: These are micro-organisims which infest and cause diseases in their hosts as a result of which hosts are killed. Major groups of pathogens are fungi, viruses and bacteria. Some nematodes also cause diseases in some insect pests. Important examples of fungi are different species of Hirsutella, Beauveria, Nomurae and Metarhizium which have been reported to infest and kill large number of insects (upto 90%) in the fields. Among viruses, most important examples are of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and granulosis viruses. Outbreak of viruses in armyworms, cut worms, leaf folders, hairy caterpillars and plant hoppers have been reported many times. Among bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and B. popillae are very common examples. Diseases of pests can be mass multiplied in the laboratory at a low cost in liquid or powdered formulations that can be sprayed like ordinary chemical pesticides. These formulations are known as biopesticides. The different types of biocontrol practices are grouped as under:-

a. Introduction
In this process, a new species of bioagent is introduced into a locality for its establishment against its host. This is done only after thorough laboratory examination and field trials for its efficacy. b. Augmentation

In this process, the population of natural enemies already present in the area is increased

by releasing either laboratory reared or field collected bioagents of same species in such number as would require to suppress the pest population in that area. c. Conservation

This is most important component of biological control and plays a major role in pest suppression. In this process, natural enemies present in the nature are protected from being killed. The different practices required to protect the natural enemies are as below. Collection of parasitised egg masses and placing them in bamboo cage-cum-bird perchers for allowing emergence of parasitoids and withholding of pest larvae. Educating farmers through field days, radios & TV to differentiate pests and defenders and sparing the defenders during field sprays. Chemical spray should be adopted as last resort and that too after observing pest defender ratio and economic threshold level (ETL). Use of broad spectrum pesticides should be avoided. Only selective and relatively environmental friendly (REF) pesticides should be used where necessary. As far as possible strip or spot application of pesticides be carried out. Adjustment of time of sowing and harvesting to avoid the peak season of pest attack. Growing trap crop on the borders of main fields before the actual sowing of crop to trap pest and develop natural enemies. Root dip/seedling treatment for gall midge prone area. Crop rotation and inter-cropping also help in conservation of defenders. Recommended dose and concentration of pesticides should be used. Chemical practices:

Use of chemical pesticides is the last resort when all other methods fail to keep the pest population below economic loss. Although there is a great advancement in pest management research, yet pesticides would continue to play an important role in crop protection in view of complexity of pest problems. Therefore, use of pesticides should be need based, judicious, based on pest surveillance and economic threshold level (ETL) to minimise not only the cost involved, but also to reduce associated problems. While going for chemical control, we must understand thoroughly what to spray, when to spray, where to spray and how to spray, keeping in mind the following points. ETL and pest defender ratio must be observed

Relatively safer pesticides should be selected e.g. neem based and biopesticides. If pest is present in strips or isolated patches, whole field should net be sprayed.

Relevance of IPM practices are more important in vegetable and fruit crops because of their unique mode of consumption by human being. Pesticides which are generally highly toxic and are known to have toxic residual effects could not be recommended off hand. To get more profit, farmers do not wait until waiting periods of pesticides and harvest the crop to market the same. This leads to pesticides poisoning, chronic effects, in some cases even deaths. Thus, we have to be more careful and cautious in applying pest control practices in field crops. TOP ^ SUCCESSFUL BIOCONTROL PROGRAMMES Sugarcane pyrilla: There was a severe outbreak of sugarcane pyrilla during 197273 in the states of Punjab, Hyrana, U.P. and Bihar which was successfully controlled by utilization of potential biocontrol agents like egg parasitoid Tetrastichus pyrillae and nymphal predator Epipyrops melanoleuca on the advise of Cental Govt. team headed by Dr. S.N. Banergee then PPA to the Govt. of India. This saved the Government Exchequer to the tune of Rs.11.00 crores. Similarly during 1987, there was again outbreak of this pest in some sugarcane growing states of the country, when again utilization of its potential bioagents saved Govt. exchequer to the tune of Rs.16.00 crores. In 1994, severe incidence of this pest in Karnataka was successfully controlled by its potential biocontrol agents. Apple woolly aphid and Sanjase scale: These two dreaded pests of apple plants are under check by their bioagents like Aphelinus mali, Syrphus confrater, Chrysopa scelestes etc. in case of apple woolly aphid and Encarsia perniciosi, Aphytis spp., Chilocorus bijugus, Pharoscymnus spp. etc. in case of sanjose scale in apple growing states of the country Water hyacinth: This weed is fully under control in Southern states of India through its two exotic phytophagous weevils i.e. Neochetina eichhorniae and N. Bruchi. Sugarcane white woolly aphid(Seratovacuna lanigera) : Incidence of this pest is now under check by its potential natural enemies viz. Dipha aphidivora, Chrysoperla spp., coccinellid beetles, Syrphid flies and some spiders in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka, where its outbreak during 2003-04 had caused considerable economic damage to the farmers. Helicoverpa armigera: Use of Nuclear Polyhidrosis virus (NPV) has given considerable success in control of this dreaded pest of cotton, pulses, vegetables, oilseeds etc.

Major incidence of Pests / Diseases on different crops reported during 2006- 07, 200708,2008-09 and 2009-10

CROP DAMAGE DUE TO MAJOR PEST&DISEASE IN 2006-07

S.NO. STATE DISTRICT/BLOCK NAME OF CROP PEST/DISEASE

INTENSITY Moderate Severe Moderate ModerateSevere Moderate Severe Moderate Severe

Faridabad 1. Haryana Hissar Gurgaon, Faridabad Srinagar, Anantnag 2. J&K Baramulla Jammu 3 Jharkhand Ranchi

Jowar Cotton Cauliflower Apple Rice Potato Rice

Grasshopper Heliothis spp. Diamond back moth Sanjose-scale Blast Late blight Neck blast

Tamilnadu

Trichy

Groundnut

Red hairy caterpillar

Moderate

Aligarh 5 U.P Gorakhpur 6 A&N Andman Palakkad 7 Kerala Pathanamthita 8 Punjab Jallandhar

Cauliflower Sugarcane Brinjal Rice Coconut Potato

Diamond back moth Top borer Fruit & Shoot borer Stem borer Rhinoceros beetle Late blight

Severe Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Gujarat

Vadodara

Cotton

Mealy bug

Moderate

10

C.G.

Raipur

Chickpea

Gram pod borer

Moderate

11

A.P

East Godavari

Rice

Stem rot

Severe

CROP DAMAGE DUE TO MAJOR PEST&DISEASE IN 2007-08

S.NO. STATE DISTRICT/BLOCK NAME OF CROP PEST/DISEASE INTENSITY

1.

J&K

Baramulla

Apple

Pinhole borer

Severe

Gorakhpur 2. U.P Ghaziabad, Meerut, Agra, Muradabad Kollam, Earnakulam 3 Kerala Palakkad, Alappuzha

Sugarcane

Pyrilla

Moderate

Sugarcane Coconut Rice

White grub Leaf rot, Root wilt Leaf folder, Stem borer

Moderate Moderate -Severe Moderate

Abhohar Bhatinda, Abhohar Faridkot, Muktsar, Firozpur, Bhatinda, Barnala Faridabad 5 Haryana Faridabad 6 Karnataka Hassan Latur, Usmambad, Shola Pur 7 Maharashtra Jalgaon Wardha 8 9 Jharkhand Rajasthan Ranchi Sriganganagar

Cotton Cotton

Mealy bug White fly

Moderate Moderate -Severe

Punjab

Cotton

Mealy bug

Moderate

Sorghum Sugarcane Potato

Grasshopper Pyrilla Blight

Moderate -Severe Moderate Moderate

Pomegranate Banana Citrus Potato Mustard

Oily spot Sigatoka Gimmosis Late blight Alternaria leaf blight, White rust

Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate -Severe Moderate

CROP DAMAGE DUE TO MAJOR PEST&DISEASE IN 2008-09

S.NO. STATE DISTRICT/BLOCK Nagpur,Wardha ;Chanderpur , 1. Maharashtra Nagpur, Katol, Saoner, Umred, Dhiwapur Wardha,Nagpur Mysore, Mandya 2. Karnataka Dharwad, Haveri Maize Stemborer Moderate Soybean Gram Rice Tobacco caterpillar Helicoverpa spp. Rice blast Moderate Severe L-Moderate Moderate NAME OF CROP PEST/DISEASE INTENSITY

Citrus

Gummosis

Moderate

Palakkad 3 Kerala Alappuzha Rice

BPH,Bacterial leaf blight,Brown Moderate

Leaf spot,
Trace-Mode. Leaf spot,Bacterial leaf streak Brow Plant Hopper,White Backed Plant Hopper Bacterial leaf spot,A.Leaf spot, Root rot,Wilt. Moderate Severe

Sonipat,(Khadar belt )

Rice (Basmati)

Hissar,Bhiwani, Guar M.Garh,Sirsa. 4 Haryana Karnal, Sonipat, Panipat, Kurukshetra, Yamuna Nagar Faridabad, Palwal, Panchkula Gurgaon,Mewat,Sohna, Nuh

Moderate

Sugarcane

White grub

Moderate Severe

Sorghum

Grasshopper

Moderate

Mustard

Aphids

Low-Mode.

Faridabad,Gurgaon,Sohna

Calu flower

Dimond back moth(D.B.M)

LowModerate

Guegaon,Sohna,Sonipat, Panipat,Karnal

Wheat

Brown rusat,

TraceModerate Moderate Severe

Tamil Nadu

Trichy, Dhinamalur

Cotton

Mealy bug

Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh

Cotton

Mealy bug

Moderate

Alwar, Churu, Dausa 6 Rajsthan

Sorghum

Grasshopper

Moderate

Alwar, Churu, Dausa Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh

Bajara

Grasshopper

Moderate

Gram Karoli,Churi,Sirohi, &Bikaner Muzaffar Nagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad

Gram pod borer, (Helicoverpa armigera)

TraceModerate

U.P

Sugarcane

White grub

Moderate Severe

H.P

Kullu, Manali Srinagar

Apple

Fungal disease

Moderate

J&K

Apple

Canker, Leaf spot

Moderate

Jammu,Kathua

Wheat

Yellow rust Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) Girdle beetle Late Blight of Potato

Trace-Mode.

10

Chhattisgarh

Durg

Soybean

Moderate

11

W.B

Hoogly,Howrah, Burdhwan,24

Potato

L-Mode.

PGS,Murshidabad

12

Punjab

Kapurthala

Tomato

Late blight

Moderate

Jalandhar,Kapurthala

Wheat

Yellow rust

Trace-Mode.

TOP ^

MAJOR A CROP DAMAGE PEST & DISEASE FOR THE YEAR 2009-10
Washim, Katol Saoner, Umred Dhiwapur,Wardha, Chanderpur Neemtala , Balar Belguon Shimoga 2. Karnataka Uttar Karnataka Chittradurga Cuddapa Rice Groundnut Maize BPH,blast Red hairy caterpillar Downey mildew, Spdoptera,Green,Semi looper, caterpillar, Mealy bug, thrips, Cotton boll worm Fruit & Shoot borer Papaya mealy bug Mealy bug Helicoverpa Moderate Moderate Moderate Spodoptera Soybean Above,ETL,

Maharastra

Hairy cater piller

Green semi looper

Moderate
M-S Moderate Moderate

Soyabean Maize

Spodoptra Dwony Mildew

Andhra Pradesh

Adilabad

Soyabean

Moderate

Nellore 4 5 Haryana Tamil Nadu Faridabad Coimbatore Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh Dugarpurr,Banswara

Cotton Brinjal Mulberry Cotton Gram

Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate moderate

Rajsthan 6 -do-

U.P

Muzaffar Nagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad Bagpat, Shaharanpur, Bulandsahar Solan, Kandaghat

Sugarcane

White grub

Moderate

H.P

Potato

Late blight, White fly

Moderate

J&K

Baramulla

Apple

Scab Jassid,Mealy bug, White fly NAME OF CROP Rice PEST/DISEASE rmy worm

Moderate

10

AP

Warangal

BT cotton

Severe

S.NO.

STATE

DISTRICT/BLOCK Nagpur,Bartha,Bhandara,Chanderpur, Washim

INTENSITY Moderate Above,ETL,

1.

Maharashtra

Nagpur, Katol, Saoner, Umred,

Dhiwapur,Wardha ,Chanderpur , Neemtala , Balar , Belguon 2. Karnataka Shimoga Uttar Karnataka Chittradurga

Soybean

Spodoptera, Hairycaterpiller Green semi looper

Moderate
M-S Moderate

Soyabean Maize Rice Groundnut Maize Soyabean Cotton

Spodoptra Downy mildew BPH, Rice blat Red hairy caterpillar Downey mildew Spdoptera,Green Semi loopr ,Red hairy caterpillar Mealy bug,thrips,Wilt,Boll worm Red hairy caterpillar,Helicoverpa armigera Helicoverpa armigera, Semi looper Rice blast,Stem borer

Moderate

Cuddapa Adilabad Nellore

Moderate

Andhra Pradesh

Groundnut Nellore Sunflower Cuddapa

Cuddapa Rice

Moderate Moderate
Moderate Moderate

Haryana

Faridabad

Brinjal

Fruit & Shoot borer

Moderate

Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore

Mulberry

Papaya mealy bug

Moderate

Rajsthan

Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh

Cotton

Mealy bug

Moderate

U.P

Muzaffar Nagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad Bagpat, Shaharanpur, Bulandsahar Solan, Kandaghat Baramulla

Sugarcane

White grub

Moderate

8 9

H.P J&K

Potato Apple

Late blight, White fly Scab

Moderate Moderate

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STATE BIOCONTROL LABORATORIES (SBCLs) IN STATES & UTs ESTABLISHED UNDER GRANTS-IN-AID BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DURING VIII & X PLAN
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. States Andhra Pradesh A & N Islands Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Ela Farm, Old Goa 2. R.K. Mission Road, Ulubari, Guwahati7. Mithapur, Patna Raipur Location Nidadavola West Godavari Haddo, A&N Admn., Port Blair Naharlagun, Papumpore, Itanagar

1. Dalgaon, Distt. Darrang

Farmers Training Centre,

1. Gandhinagar
8. Gujarat 2. Navasari Agril. University, Navasari-396450

1. Sirsa
9. Haryana 2. Chandigarh

1. Holta, Palanpur, Distt. Kangra

10. Himachal Pradesh 2. Distt. Mandi, H.P.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

J&K Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Mizoram Manipur Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Total No. SBCLs

Lal Mandi Campus, Srinagar Ranchi Kotnur D, Gulbarga-585102

1. Mannuthy, Thrissur-680655
2. Thiruvananthapuram Andrott Islands

1. Aurangabad Distt.
2. Nandurbar Distt. Barkheri Kalan, Bhadbhada, Bhopal P.O. Nonglyer, Upper Shillong-793009, East Khasi Hill Neihbawih, Siphir Mantripukhri, Imphal Metziphema, Kohima

Baramunda,
Post Delta Colony, Bhubaneshwar-751003 KVK Kurumbapett-9 Mansa Durgapura, Tonk Road, Jaipur Tadong, Gangtok Vinayapuram, Melur Taluk, Madurai Dutta Tilla, Badharghat, P.O. Arundhuti Nagar, Tripura West799003 Moradabad

1. Haldwani
2. Dhakrani, Dehradun 230A, Neta ji Subhash Chandra Road, Kolkata-700040 38 TOP ^