BIOLOGY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3) www.allonlinefree.com ============================================================ THEORY Question: Define Biodiversity? What is its importance?

Diversity means variety within a species and among species. Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. Importance of Biodiversity: Biodiversity plays important role in making and maintaining ecosystems. Biodiversity regulates the chemistry of atmosphere and water supply. Biodiversity is directly involved in recycling of nutrients. Biodiversity provides food for humans. Drugs are derived from biological sources. Many industrial materials derived from plants e.g. Fibres, dyes, resins, rubber and oil etc. Question: Define Classification. What are its aims and principles? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups and sub-groups. The branch of biology that deals with classification is called taxonomy. And the branch with deals with classification and also traces the history of organism is known as systematics. Aims of Classification: i) To determine similarities and differences between organisms. ii) To find the evolutionary relationships among organisms. Basis of Classification: Classification is based on relationship amongst organisms. These relationship got through similarities in characteristics. For example sparrows are more closely related with pigeons than insects. When biologists classify organisms they see the internal and external structures of organisms. Taxonomic Hierarchy: The groups into which organism are classified are called taxonomic categories or taxa (singular taxon). The taxa form a ladder, called taxonomic hierarchy. Kingdom is largest taxon. Other taxons are as under: Kingdom: Closely related phylum are grouped together into kingdom. Phylum: Closely related classes are grouped together into phylum. Class: Closely related orders are grouped together into class. Order: Closely related families are grouped together into order. Family: Closely related genera are grouped together into family. ============================================================ BIOLOGY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3) www.allonlinefree.com ============================================================ Genus: Different but closely related species are grouped together into genus. Species: -

Basic unit of classification is species. All members of a species have same number of chromosomes in their cells. E.g. all human belongs from same species. Question: Give biological classification of Human being? Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo Sapiens Question: Give biological classification of Pea? Kingdom Plantae Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Genus Pisum Species Pisum sativum Question: What are infertile offspring? Explain? OR Which organism can cross breed under artificial conditions? Two organisms related to two different but closely related species can cross-breed under artificial conditions. In such unnatural crosses they produce infertile offspring. For example a cross between male donkey and a female horse produce mule. Question: Discuss in detail the history of classification systems. Also describe all of them? Aristotle: First system of classification comes from Greek philosopher Aristotle. He classified all living organisms into plantae or in animalia Abu-Usman Umer Aljahiz: In 700, he described the characteristics of 350 species of animals in his book. Ibn Rushd (Averroes): In 1172, he translated the book of Aristotle de Anima (On the Soul) into Arabic. Following are the systems of classification: 1) Two Kingdom System: It is the oldest system of classification. It has following two types: Plant Kingdom (Plantae) All the plants, which can prepare their food and have cell wall, are placed in this kingdom. ============================================================ BIOLOGY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3) www.allonlinefree.com ============================================================

Animal kingdom (Animalia) All the organisms without cell wall are placed in this kingdom. Objection: This system could not get much attention because some unicellular organisms like Euglena have both plant like and animal like characteristics. 2) Three Kingdom System: In 1866, Ernst Hackel solved the first objection and proposed a third kingdom (protista) to accommodate euglena like organism. He also included bacteria in protista. Objection: This system did not clear the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some biologists disagreed about position of fungi in kingdom plantae because fungi have not cell wall made up of cellulose, but of chitin. 3) Five Kingdom System: In 1967 Robert Whittaker introduced the five kingdom system. This system is based on: i) The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic and multicellular eukaryotic ii) The principal modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion On these basis organisms were classified in 5 groups: i) Monera: All the prokaryotes are placed in it. E.g. bacteria, cyanobacteria, blue green algae. ii) Protista: All the eukaryotes are placed in it. E.g. protozoa and aquatic organisms. iii) Plantae: All the plants having cell wall of cellulose and chlorophyll are placed in it. E.g. Rose, palm and mango etc. iv) Fungi: The fungi differ from plants as it contain cell wall of chitin therefore it is placed fungi kingdom. v) Animalia: All the organism with lack of cell wall and chlorophyll are placed in it. They are mostly multicellular. They cannot prepare their food. In 1988, Margulis and Schwartz modified this system. They considered genetics along with cellular organization and mode of nutrition in classification. Status of Viruses in 5 kingdom system: Virus shows the characteristics of both living and non living. They are not considered as organisms and hence they are not included in this system. Prions and viroids are also acellular particles and not included in this system. ============================================================ ============================================================ Question: What is binomial nomenclature? Describe its significance? Assigning scientific name to living organisms is called nomenclature. According to this system all living things are given a scientific name, which consists of two parts. i) First part of the name is genus. It is written in capital letter. ii) Second part of the name is species. It is written in small letter. For example the scientific name of frog is Rana tigrina, and scientific name of human being is Homo sapiens. Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus first introduced this system. Significance: Some plants may be known as difference common local names in different

languages. E.g. Turnip, Shaljam, Thippar and gongloo are the names of same plant. This confusion can be avoided by giving each organism a scientific name which is standard in all over the world. Some Scientific Names are: Onion = Allium cepa Common Sea Star (Starfish) = Asterias rubens House Crow = Corvus splendens Question: What are extinct & endangered species? A species is called extinct when there is no doubt that the last individual of that species has died in that ecosystem. A species is called endangered species when it is at risk of extinction in near future. Question: What is the rate of growth of human beings in universe? More than 260,000 people added to world population daily. OR 180 people for every minute. Question: What are the threats of biodiversity on earth? Habitat Loss is the greatest threat. Others are deforestation, over-hunting, introduction or removal of species, pollution and climate change. Question: What are the causes and effects of deforestation? Causes: i) Deliberate removal of forests for wood, agriculture or urban development ii) Utilization of forests products, including timber and fuel, wood are the main causes of deforestation. Effects: i) Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in atmosphere. ii) Deforestation causes more chances of soil erosion. iii) Heavy rainfall washes soil into rivers and rivers becomes choked up with mud. iv) Deforestation results into less transpiration, which lessens cloud formation. Question: What are the steps for the conservation of biodiversity? Conservation of biodiversity has become a global concern. ============================================================ BIOLOGY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3) www.allonlinefree.com ============================================================ Biologists urge the national policy makers to state the set of rules necessary to protect species which are going to extinct in near future. Following is an example of environmental work in order to conserve species and habitats: 1- National Conservation Strategy: In 1980s, IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) and Govt. of Pakistan formulated the National Conservation Strategy. 2-UN Convention on Combating Desertification (CCD): This is an international treaty against damage and poverty in drylands. Pakistan signed it in 1997. 3-Himalayan Jungle Project (HJP): It started in 1991 in Palas Valley, in KPK. It aimed at protecting one of the richest areas of biodiversity in Pakistan. 4-Conservation of biodiversity of the Suleiman Range, Balochistan: Range Chilghoza Forest is the largest Chilghoza forest in the world. In 1992, the WWF-P (World Wildlife Fund - Pakistan) started its conservation program. 5-Northern Areas Conservation Project: The NACP is a project of WWF-P which is successful in implementing a ban on the hunting of the species lived in this region. 6-Conservation of migratory birds in Chitral, KPK: WWF-P initiated efforts to reduce the hunting pressure in 1992. These efforts

proved successful for migrated birds in chitral. 7-Conservation of Chiltan Markhor: WWF-P developed the management plan for Hazarganji National Park in Quetta which is only remaining habitat for Chiltan Markhor. 8-Ban on Games: Foreigners visit northern areas and play several games in which bears are used. WWF-P banned such practices. Question: Write names of the endangered species in Pakistan? i. Indus Dolphin ii. Marco Polo Sheep iii. Houbara bustard =*=*=*=*= www.allonlinefree.com ============================================================