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http://electrica l-engineering-po rta l.co m/types -a nd-a pplica tio ns -o f-o vercurrent-rela y-1 jigupa rma r June 3, 2013
Types of protection
Protection schemes can be divided into two major groupings: Unit schemes Non-unit schemes
Unit type schemes protect a specific area of the system, i.e., a transformer, transmission line, generator or bus bar. T he unit protection schemes is based on Kirchhoffs Current Law the sum of the currents entering an area of the system must be zero. Any deviation from this must indicate an abnormal current path. In these schemes, the effects of any disturbance or operating condition outside the area of interest are totally ignored and the protection must be designed to be stable above the maximum possible fault current that could flow through the protected area. Go back to Index
T he non-unit schemes, while also intended to protect specific areas, have no fixed boundaries. As well as protecting their own designated areas, the protective zones can overlap into other areas. While this can be very beneficial for backup purposes, there can be a tendency for too great an Types, applications and connections of Overcurrent relay (on photo: Transmission lines from Gillam to area to be isolated if a fault is detected by Churchill) different non unit schemes. T he most simple of these schemes measures current and incorporates an inverse time characteristic into the protection operation to allow protection nearer to the fault to operate first. T he non unit type protection system includes following schemes: T ime graded overcurrent protection Current graded overcurrent protection Distance or Impedance Protection Go back to Index
T his is the simplest of the ways to protect a line and therefore widely used. It owes its application from the fact that in the event of fault the current would increase to a value several times greater than maximum load current. It has a limitation that it can be applied only to simple and non costly equipments. Go back to Index
T he general practice is to employ a set of two or three overcurrent relays and a separate overcurrent relay for single line to ground fault. Separate earth fault relay provided makes earth fault protection faster and more sensitive. Earth fault current is always less than phase fault current in magnitude. T herefore, relay connected for earth fault protection is different from those for phase to phase fault protection. Go back to Index
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relays can be used to protect practically any power system elements, i.e. transmission lines, transformers, generators, or motors. For feeder protection, there would be more than one overcurrent relay to protect different sections of the feeder. T hese overcurrent relays need to coordinate with each other such that the relay nearest fault operates first. Use time, current and a combination of both time and current are three ways to discriminate adjacent overcurrent relays. OverCurrent Relay gives protection against: Overcurrent includes short-circuit protection, and short circuits can be: Phase faults Earth faults Winding faults Short-circuit currents are generally several times (5 to 20) full load current. Hence fast fault clearance is always desirable on short circuits. Go back to Index
T he protection should not operate for starting currents, permissible overcurrent, current surges. T o achieve this, the time delay is provided (in case of inverse relays). T he protection should be co-ordinate with neighboring overcurrent protection. Overcurrent relay is a basic element of overcurrent protection. Go back to Index
Speed Fast operation to minimize damage and danger Discrimination Isolate only the faulty section Dependability / reliability Security / stability Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards Go back to Index
In order for an overcurrent protective device to operate properly, overcurrent protective device ratings must be properly selected. T hese ratings include voltage, ampere and interrupting rating. If the interrupting rating is not properly selected, a serious hazard for equipment and personnel will exist. Current limiting can be considered as another overcurrent protective device rating, although not all overcurrent protective devices are required to have this characteristic Voltage Rating: T he voltage rating of the overcurrent protective device must be at least equal to or greater than the circuit voltage. T he overcurrent protective device rating can be higher than the system voltage but never lower. Ampere Rating: T he ampere rating of a overcurrent protecting device normally should not exceed the current carrying capacity of the conductors As a general rule, the ampere rating of a overcurrent protecting device is selected at 125% of the continuous load current. Go back to Index
Definite current relay operate instantaneously when the current reaches a predetermined value.
Operates in a definite time when current exceeds its Pick-up value. Its operation criterion is only current magnitude (without time delay). Operating time is constant. T here is no intentional time delay. Coordination of definite-current relays is based on the fact that the fault current varies with the position of the fault because of the difference in the impedance between the fault and the source T he relay located furthest from the source operate for a low current value T he operating currents are progressively increased for the other relays when moving towards the source. It operates in 0.1s or less Application: T his type is applied to the outgoing feeders. Go back to Index
Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay - Definite Current
In this type, two conditions must be satisfied for operation (tripping), current must exceed the setting value and the fault must be continuous at least a time equal to time setting of the relay. Modern relays may contain more than one stage of protection each stage includes each own current and time setting. For Operation of Definite T ime Overcurrent Relay operating time is constant Its operation is independent of the magnitude of current above the pick-up value. It has pick-up and time dial settings, desired time delay can be set with the help of an intentional time delay mechanism. Easy to coordinate. Constant tripping time independent of in feed variation and fault location.
Definite time of overcurrent relay
Drawback of Relay:
T he continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event of fault. T ime lag is provided which is not desirable in on short circuits. It is difficult to co-ordinate and requires changes with the addition of load. It is not suitable for long distance transmission lines where rapid fault clearance is necessary for stability. Relay have difficulties in distinguishing between Fault currents at one point or another when fault impedances between these points are small, thus poor discrimination.
Application:
Definite time overcurrent relay is used as: Back up protection of distance relay of transmission line with time delay. Back up protection to differential relay of power transformer with time delay. Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay setting. Go back to Index
In this type of relays, operating time is inversely changed with current. So, high current will operate overcurrent relay faster than lower ones. T here are standard inverse, very inverse and extremely inverse types. Discrimination by both T ime and Current. T he relay operation time is inversely proportional to the fault current. Inverse T ime relays are also referred to as Inverse Definite Minimum T ime (IDMT ) relay. T he operating time of an overcurrent relay can be moved up (made slower) by adjusting the time dial setting. T he lowest time dial setting (fastest operating time) is generally 0.5 and the slowest is 10. Operates when current exceeds its pick-up value. Operating time depends on the magnitude of current. It gives inverse time current characteristics at lower values of fault current and definite time characteristics at higher values An inverse characteristic is obtained if the value of plug setting multiplier is below 10, for values between 10 and 20 characteristics tend towards definite time characteristics. Widely used for the protection of distribution lines. Based on the inverseness it has three different types: Go back to Index
Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
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T he accuracy of the operating time may range from 5 to 7.5% of the nominal operating time as specified in the relevant norms. T he uncertainty of the operating time and the necessary operating time may require a grading margin of 0.4 to 0.5 seconds. Its used when Fault Current is dependent on generation of fault not fault location. Normal inverse time Overcurrent Relay is relatively small change in time per unit of change of current. Application: Most frequently used in utility and industrial circuits. especially applicable where the fault magnitude is mainly dependent on the system generating capacity at the time of fault. Go back to Index
T he main application of long time overcurrent relays is as backup earth fault protection. When the power system is not radial (source on one side of the line), an overcurrent relay may not be able to provide adequate protection. T his type of relay operates in on direction of current flow and blocks in the opposite direction. T hree conditions must be satisfied for its operation: current magnitude, time delay and directionality. T he directionality of current flow can be identified using voltage as a reference of direction. Go back to Index
Distribution Protection: Overcurrent relaying is very well suited to distribution system protection for the following reasons: It is basically simple and inexpensive. Very often the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is required. It is possible to use a set of two O/C relays for protection against inter-phase faults and a separate Overcurrent relay for ground faults. Go back to Index