The Faculty Guide to Referencing and Bibliographical Citation 2009/10

Faculty of Health & Human Sciences

August 2009

Acknowledgements

Thank you to members of the Faculty Learning, Teaching and Assessment Group (FLTAG) who kindly reviewed this edition and to all staff and Schools who contributed to former editions of the Faculty Referencing Guidelines.

Every effort has been made to ensure the information within this document is correct; however, if you notice any inaccuracies or have any questions or queries regarding the guidelines please do not hesitate to contact me.

Sue Murray Deputy Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching) Faculty of Health and Human Sciences August 2009

The Faculty Guide to Referencing and Bibliographical Citation: Contents

Introduction Plagiarism and Academic Integrity Referencing 1 1 2

Section 1: Use of References in Text (Citations of References)

1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 Citing sources in the text: examples Correctly citing a reference in the text Correctly citing a direct quotation Example of plagiarism Citation of one author Citation of two authors Citation of three or more authors Citation of two or more publications Citing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year Citing two or more authors with the same surname in the same year Citing authors with compound surnames Citation from an edited book Citations from a religious text Direct quotations Citations from individual work/pages on the World Wide Web Citations from Government or other organisation publications Citations from organisations or institutions as authors Citations from dissertations and theses Citations from conference material Citations from company literature Citations from unpublished work and personal communication Citations from films, videos and broadcasts Citations from newspaper articles Citations from CD-ROMs Citations from electronic mail Citations from StudyNet Citations from lecture notes Citations from legal materials Citations from dictionaries Citations from pamphlets/advice sheets Secondary references 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12

Section 2: Reference and Bibliography List

2.0 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.1.8 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21

Presentation of the reference/bibliography list Referencing a book One author Two authors Three, four or five authors Six or more authors Referencing an edited book Referencing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year Referencing two or more authors with the same surname and same initial in the same year Referencing an individual author and one by the same individual with another co author Referencing a journal Referencing two or more publications from one author in different years Referencing an author with a compound surname Direct quotations Referencing individual work/pages on the World Wide Web Referencing discussion groups/e-mail lists Referencing personal e-mails Referencing StudyNet Referencing Government publications Referencing organisations or institutions as authors Referencing religious texts Referencing dissertations and theses Referencing conference material Referencing company literature Referencing unpublished work and personal communication Referencing films, videos and broadcasts Referencing newspaper articles Referencing CD-ROMs Referencing legal materials Referencing dictionaries Referencing pamphlets/advice sheets Referencing secondary references

13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24

Section 3: Endnote Web Guide References

The Faculty Guide to Referencing and Bibliographical Citation

Introduction This handbook provides information on writing and citing references; there are many versions of the Harvard referencing system and this guide has been developed using the American Psychological Association [APA] guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2001) and the British Standard Recommendations for References to Published Materials (British Standards Institution [BSI] 2002). It is important that you adopt this system for assignments, referencing material consistently and accurately in the format required by all Programmes1 within the Faculty.

Referencing all sources of information within written work is an important part of academic integrity as it tells the reader where you have found your information, how up to date it is, and the extent, depth and appropriateness of your reading relevant to your assessment. It also helps the reader to differentiate between your personal thoughts and experiences and those of others. Failure to acknowledge the work of others results in the loss of academic integrity and can result in a student being found guilty of academic misconduct. Plagiarism and Academic Integrity Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty and has no place in academic writing. The University regulations define plagiarism as the representation by an individual, whether intentionally or otherwise, of another persons work as their own or use of another persons work without acknowledgement (University of Hertfordshire, 2008, p. 114). There are severe penalties for plagiarism. Key aspects are summarised below:

All written work (prose or text) must be written by you in your own words followed by acknowledgement of the source material (referenced), thus conveying your understanding of the information. The only exception to not using your own words would be when using an exact quotation from another authors work. This must be recognised by using quotation marks. Any figures, tables, or diagrams in your work should be devised and produced by you, except where you give due acknowledgement to others.

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Academic staff marking your work will always watch for academic integrity and evidence of plagiarism and collusion. If this is detected, your case will be reported to the Faculty Academic Conduct Officer (FACO).

Referencing In your writing, any reader should be able to follow an audit trail to the source of the information. The reader needs to be able to verify the truth of what is being stated. Referencing requires you to do two things: cite sources in your written text and, at the end of your work, provide a list of references that were referred to in your text. Note, if you have consulted other relevant material but NOT referred to it in the text, this must be listed in a separate Bibliography, which follows the same rules for listing the references; note: the Bibliography is placed after the reference list.

These guidelines are divided into three sections. The first section demonstrates how to present your references within the main body of your work. The second section shows how the reference list (and separate bibliography if used) should be presented at the end of your work. The third section is a guide to using EndNote Web. EndNote Web enables you to cite references in your coursework in the correct format and will automatically draw up a reference list/bibliography for you. It also enables you to store and manage your references appropriately. If you get used to using EndNote Web for referencing it will save you a lot of time and will ensure you are referencing correctly.

Note in special cases where students are undertaking modules administered by or associated with other Faculties or Schools, there may be a requirement to adopt an alternative system, e.g. Oxford System for English Case Law as required by the School of Law. Where this is the case, the module assessment guide will indicate this.

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Section 1: Citations in the Text

1.1 Citing sources in the Text Examples of correct use of references can be found throughout this document; however this section contains an example of; referencing material in the text, a direct quotation and plagiarism. Please take time to read these examples carefully, if you still are unsure of the difference, please see your personal tutor. Remember, if the members of staff marking your work are querying your academic integrity, i.e. that you have copied work either from a published source or another student they WILL investigate and if evidence confirms academic dishonesty you will be referred to the Faculty Academic Conduct Officer. Examples of how this text may be used within an assignment The original text: (not from a published source but will be referred to as Fletcher, 2005) Selection of equipment to prevent pressure ulcers is a complex task. Information about the patients lifestyle and the environment in which they are to be cared for is as important as the determination of their level of risk. A wide variety of systems are available for both bed and chair allowing for 24 hour provision of equipment. Any patient who is provided equipment for the bed and spends part of the day sat out (whether in a chair or wheelchair) should also have the relevant seating provided as in the sitting position the body weight is supported on a far smaller surface area and is therefore at greater risk. Most manufacturers suggest which level of risk their equipment is suitable for, but it is important that the practitioner has a clear understanding of how the equipment works and why it is suggested for that level of risk. 1.1.1 Correctly citing a reference in the text Fletcher (2005) suggests that there are a variety of factors to consider when selecting equipment; amongst which are the patients lifestyle and care environment. It is important to address equipment provision in an holistic way, clinical, psychological and environmental issues should be considered (Fletcher, 2005). Tip: Remember to put the full stop after the bracketed reference (see above). 1.1.2 Correctly citing a direct quotation in the text (see also page 7) Fletcher (2005) states that Information about the patients lifestyle and the environment in which they are to be cared for is as important as the determination of their level of risk (p.2). When caring for Mrs X the size of her bedroom and amount of additional furniture in the room was the most difficult aspect of selecting her equipment. Example of Plagiarism Mrs X required specialist pressure ulcer prevention equipment. Selection of equipment to prevent pressure ulcers is a complex task. Information about the patients lifestyle and the environment in which they are to be cared for is as important as the determination of their level of risk. A wide variety of systems are available for both bed and chair allowing for 24 hour provision of equipment. Most manufacturers suggest which level of risk their equipment is suitable for, but it is important that the practitioner has a clear understanding of how the equipment works and why it is suggested for that level of risk. The nurses caring
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Or

1.1.3

for Mrs X had only limited experience of equipment selection and therefore requested help from the Tissue Viability Nurse. In this example you can see that sentences (as highlighted) have been copied directly from the original text and more importantly no reference is made to the original source. If you fail to acknowledge the source and/or fail to show by using appropriate presentation (see section 1.11 on page 7) that this is a direct quotation, you are guilty of plagiarism; an unacceptable academic misconduct offence.

1.2 Citation of sources in text: one author Whenever reference is made to one author, the authors name and the year of the publication of the document cited are given as follows: Examples: A study used citation analysis to determine which core journals were used by physiotherapists (Bohannon, 1999). Thornes (1991) maintains that the starvation of patients can lead to physiological consequences, which can exacerbate anxiety. Three of the outbreaks involved dairy products, namely pasteurised milk (Fleming, 1985); Mexican-style soft cheese (James, 1985) and a Swiss regional-type soft cheese (Billie, 1988).

1.3 Citation of two authors Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. Examples: Bale and Jones (1997) report that the assessment of a wound requires the nurse to have an underlying knowledge of the factors that may affect the healing process. The assessment of a wound requires the nurse to have an underlying knowledge of the factors that may affect the healing process (Bale & Jones, 1997). Tip: When citing references in running text, you should join multiple author citations by the word and, whereas in the reference list or in bracketed citations, you should join the names by an ampersand &.

1.4 Citation of work by multiple authors For citations of three, four or five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations of the same reference, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year. Example (First citation): Long, Jones, Peters and Brown (1995) report that there are a number of factors which may influence health promoting behaviours and these include the individuals perception, cognitive ability and demographic characteristics.
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(Subsequent citation of same reference) Long et al. (1995) suggest that health promoting behaviours are the most significant factors. Tip: Include a full stop after al as it is an abbreviation, i.e. et al. Example: (First citation): Damage to the frontal cortex caused significant behavioural changes in patient RM (Myers, Baker & Marshall, 1995). (Subsequent citation of same reference) RM performed at chance levels on short term memory tasks (Myers et al., 1995). Tip: When citing the reference at the end of the sentence, remember to put a full stop after the al. plus a comma before stating the year. Exception: If two references with the same years shorten to the same form (e.g. Martin, Butler and Jamieson, 1994, and Martin, Jamieson, Butler and Penn, 1994, shorten to Martin et al., 1994), cite the surnames of the first authors and as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references. Example: Martin, Butler, et al. (1994) and Martin, Jamieson, et al. (1994) For citations of six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. (see page 13). If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references. Example: If you had entries for the following references: Rand, Marple, Mead, Ade, Pacey and Mangle (2005) Rand, Marple, Mangle, Ade, Pacey and Jones (2005) In the text you would cite them as such: The role of the multi-disciplinary team has become increasingly important within the modern health service (Rand, Marple, Mead et al., 2005). Communication between members of the multi-disciplinary team is essential (Rand, Marple, Mangle et al., 2005). Examples: As Baker and Ridley (1997) demonstrated, mistakes can be made when considering very small numbers. It is important to recognise the limitations of working with very small numbers (Baker & Ridley, 1997).
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1.5 Citation of two or more publications If two or more documents support your statement, the citations are listed in alphabetical order by the first authors surname and are separated with semicolons. Example: Damage to the perirhinal cortex can cause impairments on delayed non-matching to sample tasks (Brown et al., 1995; Gaffan & Buckley, 2001; Zola, 1998).

1.6 Citing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year If two or more documents have the same author and year, they are distinguished by lower case letters (a, b, c etc.), following the year within brackets. They are ordered by their appearance in the text, i.e. the first article/book cited is a and so on. Example: Edwards (1997a, 1997b) states that health professionals must have a clear understanding of physiological principles in order to accurately record both blood pressure and temperature measurements. In order to record blood and temperature measurements, health professionals must have a clear understanding of physiological principles (Edwards, 1997a, 1997b).

1.7 Citing two or more authors with the same surname in the same year If two or more authors have the same surname, they are distinguished by the authors forename initial. Include the first authors initial in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Examples: I. Edwards (1997) states that conformity to group norms brings psychological rewards through the acceptance by and support of other members. The presence of others may sometimes inhibit individual performance (F. Edwards, 1996).

1.8 Citing authors with compound surnames Some authors have compound surnames e.g. von Toller or ter Riet, although the first part of the surname may be presented in lower case it is an integral part of the surname and would be included in the reference in the text. Example: In a systematic review of diagnostic and screening tests ter Riet (2001) simplified two main issues.

1.9 Citation from an edited book Only the author of the chapter is cited within the text; the editors are acknowledged within the reference list. The page or chapter numbers are included in the citation.

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Examples: Ruston and Wells (1999, p.45) describe the use of a change management team to introduce leg ulcer management guidelines. Isolation is essential to prevent the spread of disease (Jones, 1976, chap. 2).

1.10 Citation from a religious text Most religious texts do not have a date as this can not be agreed upon, therefore a citation within the text would reference the author of that chapter/book without giving a date. Example: It is arguable that light is one of the most critical sources of energy. Earliest history refers to the sun (light) and in the first book of the Bible it says let there be light (Genesis 1:3)

1.11 Direct quotations If a direct quotation is used from another authors work, this should be placed in double quotation marks and the authors name, publication date and the page number of the quote should be included. Single page numbers are denoted by p., multiple pages by pp.. Examples: Balaskas (1990) states many women underestimate the sheer hard work, dedication and patience involved in caring for a baby (p. 13). If the direct quotation extends over more than one page, the range of pages should be acknowledged using pp.. ... where full disclosure would inevitably lead to biased responses some degree of covert data collection is feasible, particularly when dealing with sensitive aspects of subjects behaviour (Clarke, 1996, pp. 434-435). The three dots in the above example indicate the beginning of the sentence in the original has been omitted from the quotation. If you add anything to the direct quotation in order to improve the readers understanding, this must be included within square brackets. Many such defects [congenital] are not serious and may go unnoticed for a lifetime (Tortora & Derrickson,2008, p.752). If the direct quotation exceeds more than 40 words the quotation should form a separate indented paragraph, double spaced, without double quotation marks. Example: Redman (1976) found the following: A major purpose of stating objectives specifically is to help the learner understand them and become self-directive. Self-direction is also served by
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having the teacher explain the goals and provide a model of the correct behaviour, as in demonstrating catheter care and indicating what the learner should be able to do and when (p 90).

Tip: All types of direct quotations should be used SPARSELY; they should only be used to accentuate significant points. It is not acceptable for your work to consist of a large number of direct quotations.

1.12 Citations from individual work/pages on the World Wide Web To cite material from the web the author or organisation, rather than the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) needs to be cited. Example: The Board, in responding to the Governments strategy relating to the resistance of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents continues to encourage all education providers to ensure that infection control and the related issue of antibiotic use remain important themes through education programmes (ENB, 1999). Tip: Care must be taken when accessing information available on the World Wide Web (WWW) through the Internet, as information is often not reviewed and may lack academic validity.

1.13 Citations from Government or other Organisation publications There is a range of Government publications that you may wish to cite in your work. These include Acts of Parliament, Command Papers, Statutory Instruments, Bills and Committee Reports. In citing such material the country of origin, the name of the department who issues the publication and the date should be cited. Example Acts of Parliament: Community care is now high on the agenda in the NHS (UK Department of Health, 1990). Example of Command Papers: An employer has a duty to ensure that the health and safety of the workforce is maintained at all times (UK Committee for Health and Safety at Work, 1972). Example of Statutory Instruments: An accurate record of accidents and dangerous occurrences should be maintained in the workplace (UK Statutory Instrument, 1980). Example of Bills: All members of a workforce are entitled to be become a Trade Union member (UK Parliament, 1984). Example of Committee Reports: Proposals for the restructuring of senior personnel within the NHS were published in 1980 (UK Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department, 1980).
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Example of a Health Service Circular: The single assessment process will lead to a more efficient assessment process and more effective care services for older people (UK Department of Health HSC, 2002). Example of Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Bulletins (formerly the Medical Devices Agency): Trusts should identify medical electrical systems, assess risks and take remedial action as is required (UK Medical Devices Agency, 2003).

1.14 Citations from organisations or institutions as authors (corporate authorship) Where the publication is not the work of individuals, the name of the organisation/institution should be used with the year of publication. Example: Every community nurse should have training in child protection policies and procedures (Health Visitors Association, 1994)

1.15 Citations from dissertations and theses Material cited from theses and dissertations is treated in the same way as books, journals and documents. Example: A study was undertaken to explore patients self-monitoring of postoperative pain (Fordham, 1985).

1.16 Citations from conference material Material cited from published conference proceedings is treated in the same way as books or journals. Example 1: Greenwood and Butcher (1997) describe how lasting change was achieved in a busy surgical environment utilising the skills of existing nurse specialists. Whenever unpublished conference material is cited reference should be made to the authors surname and the phrase unpublished conference paper/poster. Example 2: Curriculum development requires systematic, advanced planning (Pendleton,1999, unpublished conference paper).

1.17 Citations from company literature References to company literature should be avoided where possible. However where necessary the company name should be stated followed by the year of publication. If no date is available n.d. should be used.
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Example: This company producing pressure relieving equipment is becoming increasingly aware of the diversity of their market, offering bespoke products tailored to meet individual patients needs (Karomed, n.d.).

1.18 Citations from unpublished work and personal communication Personal communication may be letters, memos, some electronic communications, personal interviews and telephone conversations. References to unpublished material or personal communication should be kept to a minimum, since they cannot be followed-up easily by anyone reading the piece of work. Personal communications and unpublished material is not included in the reference list so are cited within the text only. The initials and surname of the communicator should be given along with an exact a date as possible. Example 1: Patient involvement in care is a concept which must be addressed by all members of the multidisciplinary team (I.T. Smith, unpublished work, May 4, 2005). Example 2: I have found that a skills laboratory provides a secure environment for the teaching of clinical skills (J.M. Humphries, personal communication, August 1,2003).

1.19 Citations from films, videos and broadcasts (podcasts) Most films, videos and broadcasts are normally produced by a group of individuals. When citing this type of material the transmitting organisation with the date of production/transmission should be used. Examples: The impact of undiagnosed post-natal depression can often have adverse effects on all family members (British Broadcasting Corporation, 1995). Breast feeding is recommended for at least the first four months of life, to enable the best possible start, as it protects against respiratory diseases and gastro-enteritis (Royal College of Midwives, 1990)

1.20 Citations from newspaper articles To cite material from a newspaper article where the authors name is evident, the authors name and year of the publication are given in the text. Example 1: ... Journal publication is seen as a significant element in maintaining a research culture (Prestwich, 1999). To cite material from a newspaper where no author is indicated, the name of the newspaper and year of publication is given in the text.

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Example 2: The first full-time paramedic science degree course in the country was launched with a visit from MP Baroness Helene Hayman (Welwyn and Hatfield Times, 1999).

1.21 Citations from CD-ROM This refers to CD-ROMs, which are works in their own right and not bibliographic databases. The author/editor should be given followed by the year and type of medium in brackets. Example: Hawking (1994, CD-ROM) describes his theory of the beginning of the universe.

1.22 Citations from electronic mail Material from e-mail correspondence should be cited as personal communication (see section 1.18) and should not appear in the reference list. Example: You might like to consider making reference to relevant government policy in this assignment (P. Brown, personal communication, May 29, 1999)

1.23 Citations from StudyNet Where possible these should be avoided. However if it is necessary they should be cited giving the author(s) of the work where it is known, the date either as stated on the information (for example some lecturers will put a reference at the bottom of the document saying their name and the date or date updated) . Example: Fletcher (2000) suggests a range of mechanisms by which the presence of necrotic tissue may delay wound healing.

1.24 Citation from your own lecture notes Citations from the notes you make from an oral presentation and/or lecture should not be used.

1.25 Citation from legal materials References from legal materials should be treated like references with no authors. Materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation should be cited by the first few words of the reference and the year, thus enabling the reader to identify the reference within the reference list. Court decisions should be cited by giving the name of the case in italics and the year of the decision. If two or more years are given, cite those years as well. Example 1: Court case Leonard v. Smith (1985) set a precedent for the rights of individuals. Example 2: Statute Individuals that pose a risk to themselves or others may be sectioned (Mental Health Systems Act,1988).
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Example 3: Resolutions The bill which was initially passed by the House of Representatives was then resolved by the senate (Senate Resolution 106, 1998).

1.26 Citation from dictionaries Within the text, the title of the dictionary (or chapter if appropriate) should be given followed by year of publication.

1.27 Citation from pamphlets/advice sheets If there is a date of publication, follow the guidance in section 1.14 above; if there is no date, use the guidance in section 1.17.

1.28 Secondary references The use of secondary references is not encouraged. Where access to the primary source is available the original material should be consulted. However, where a secondary reference is unavoidable, it should be cited as follows in the text: Examples: Winter (1962, cited in Thomas, 1990) demonstrated that in pigs superficial acute wounds that were kept moist healed more rapidly. In pigs, superficial acute wounds that are kept moist heal more rapidly (Winter, 1962, cited in Thomas, 1990)

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Section 2.0 Presentation of a Reference/Bibliography List

References are listed at the end of the text, followed by the Bibliography list (if used) BEFORE appendices (if there are any). Important things to note are: Lists should have a hanging indent; Entries are arranged in alphabetical order of originator; Chronological order is used if there is more than one reference by the same author.

2.1

Referencing a book

The basic order of elements in normal references should be: Author's surname and initials; they are separated by a comma and are followed by a full stop e.g. Author, A. A. Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (1999). Title (in italics and lower/sentence case, i.e. only the first word begins with a capital letter), followed by a full stop e.g. Principles of drug action. Edition (in brackets and abbreviated to ed.) followed by a full stop (only included when it is a second or subsequent edition) E.g. (2nd ed.). (N.B. Do not forget to put a full stop after ed. within the bracket as it is an abbreviation and also do not forget to put a full stop after the bracket. Place of publication followed by a colon: Production (publisher or equivalent) followed by a full stop. 2.1.1 Books with one author: examples

Hayward, J. (1975). A prescription against pain. London: Royal College of Nursing. Mitchell, N. (1981). Social attribution: A primer in obvious psychology. (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. 2.1.2 Book with two authors: example Remember to use an ampersand (&) between the two names rather than and. Bale, S. & Jones, V. (1997). Wound care nursing. A patient centred approach. London: Baillire Tindall. 2.1.3 Book with three, four or five authors: example

Short, B. C., Smith, W. J. & Beaufort, V. L. (2000). Assessment: A structured approach. London: Mosby. 2.1.4 Book with six or more authors provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. Croft, H. M., Martin, P. L., Range, K. A., Peters, S. Z., Burton, L. R., Right, D. V., et al. (1985). Physiology for beginners. (4th ed.). London: Baker.
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2.1.5 Referencing an edited book An edited book is one where each chapter is written by different authors. If referencing the whole book the basic order of elements is the same as the examples given above. When referencing a single chapter this should be done using the author of the chapter. The title of the chapter needs to be given alongside the book in which it is published. The author(s) and title of the chapter are presented and followed by a full stop. Then the word In followed by the editor(s) and title of the book. The page numbers of the chapter must be included followed by the place of publication and the publisher. Example 1: Ruston, A. & Lawes, M. (1999). The management of leg ulcers in the community: A multi-disciplinary experience in primary care. In D. Humphris, & P. Littlejohn (Eds.), Implementing clinical guidelines: A practical guide. (pp. 63-75). Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical Press. Example 2: Botham, I. T. & Argyle, M. (1972). Staring you in the face. In M. Thatcher (Ed.), If it had teeth: Fifteen years of research into non-verbal communication. (pp. 315-337). New York: Academic Press.

2.1.6 Referencing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year The basic order of elements is the same as the examples given above; however the references are presented in the alphabetical order of the lower case letters. Examples: Department of Health. (1989a). Caring for people. London: HMSO. Department of Health. (1989b). Working for patients. London: HMSO.

2.1.7

Referencing two or more authors with the same surname and same initial in the same year The basic order of elements is the same as each of the examples given above; however the references are presented in the alphabetical order of the lower case letters. Examples: Walsh, M., & Jones P. (1987a). The way forward. London: McKnight. Walsh, M., & Jones P. (1987b). Processes explained. Glasgow: Abersham. 2.1.8 Referencing an individual author and one by the same individual with another co author List the individual author first, then the reference with the co-author. Examples: Hoskin, P. J. (2006). Radiotherapy in practice. External beam therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hoskin, P.J. & Coyle, C. (2005). Radiotherapy in practice: brachytherapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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2.2 Referencing a journal When a reference originates from a journal the basic order of elements should be: Author's surname and initials (separated by a comma and followed by a full stop) e.g. Brown, A. & Green, A. Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (2006). Title of article (in lower/sentence case) e.g. The effects of locus of control on causal attributions. Title of the journal (in italics and title case, i.e. each word begins with a capital letter) and followed by a comma e.g. Trend in Microbiology, Volume number (in italics this is separated from the title by a comma) Issues number (where relevant in brackets) followed by a comma, o If the issue number is included there is no punctuation between volume number and issue number (N.B. remember that the volume number should be in italics but the issue number should not). Page numbers of the article (note that the page numbers are not preceded by pp as they are for book chapters) followed by a full stop. Tip: when referring to electronic journal publications, you still must reference the article as a journal article even though you have accessed it on line. You do not reference it as a Web reference therefore you do not need to state retrieved on and do not need to provide the URL. Even though the journal article is accessible online, it has been peer reviewed and published. There may be occasions where an article has been accepted for publication and is available via the electronic journal but has not yet been allocated a volume, issue or page number. In place of the missing information, use the term in press. Examples with one author: Edwards, S. L. (1998). Malnutrition in hospital patients: Where does it come from? British Journal of Nursing, 7(16), 954-974. Martin, P. (2007). Exercise fatigue in sport students. Journal of Physiology, In press. Example with two authors: Ridley, R. M. & Baker, H. F. (1999). Big decisions based on small numbers: Lessons from BSE. The Veterinary Quarterly, 21(3), 86-92. Example with three, four or five authors: Cowley, S., Bergen, A., Young, K. & Kavanagh, A. (1996). Identifying a framework for research: The example of health needs assessment. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 5(1), 53-62. When referencing a journal article with six or more authors provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. Example of a journal with six or more authors Lee, A. C., Buckley, M. J., Pegman, S.J., Spiers, H., Scahill, V. L., Gaffan, D., et al. (2005). Specialization in the medial temporal lobe for processing of objects and scenes. Hippocampus. 15(6), 782-797.

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2.2.1 Referencing two or more publications from one author in different years The basic order of elements is the same; references are placed in chronological order. Example: Moffatt, C. (1994). Tissue Viability Society. Auditing a leg ulcer service. Nursing Standard, 8(48), 52. Moffatt, C. (1997). Know how. Four-layer bandaging. Nursing Times, 93(16), 82-83. Moffatt, C. (1998). The principles of assessment prior to compression therapy. Journal of Wound Care, 7(7 suppl), S6-S9.

2.2.2 Referencing an author with a compound surname The basic order of the elements is unchanged; the first part of the surname is presented in lower case and the second part with usual capitalisation. Example: ter Riet, G., Kessels. A. G. & Bachmann, L. M. (2001). Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. Two issues were simplified. British Medical Journal, 323(7322), 1188, (letter).

2.3 Referencing direct quotations If using a direct quotation in a text, the basic order is the same as each of the examples given for books and journals. However, when quoting from a book the page number is omitted in the reference list because it has been included in the text at the point of citation.

2.4 Referencing individual work/pages on the World Wide Web Please note that most web pages are updated on a regular basis. The date of publication is the date the pages were last updated. Where the date is not obvious click on View and page source to check when last modified. If no publication date is given write n.d. for no date. Only mention an edition if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated. The accessed date is when the document was viewed/down loaded. This is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if the page is no longer available. A copy of all potentially temporary sources should be kept in case it is needed to substantiate information provided. When the reference originates from the World Wide Web the basic order of elements is as follows: Authors/editors surname, initial (separated by a comma and followed by a full stop). Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (1999). Title of article (in lower/sentence case) e.g. The effects of locus of control on causal attributions. Title of source (in italics) followed by a full stop. Edition (if appropriate) followed by a full stop. State date of retrieval (Month, Day, Year) separated by commas e.g. Retrieved August 17, 2007 Place of publication (if appropriate) Publisher (if appropriate) or URL address followed by a full stop.
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Examples: English National Board. (1999). Educational Issues, Infection Control: Latest Government Strategy. Retrieved June 28, 1999, from http://www.ENB.org.uk/32infect.htm. Fletcher, J. (2001). A practical approach to dressing wounds in difficult positions In, S. Ashurst, M. Bradbury & J.P. Cruickshank (Eds.), Aspects of Skin and Wound Care Nursing. London: Mark Allen. Retrieved June, 17, 2002, from http://www.quaybooks.com/ebooks.

2.5 Referencing discussion groups/e-mail lists These discussion lists generate e-mail messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Some, but not all, archive the messages sent; for this reason a local copy should be kept by the recipient who is giving the citation and a note added to this effect. References to these messages should be treated in a similar way to journal references using the list name in place of the journal title (but not in italics) and subject line of the message in place of the article title. These details together with the author will appear in the message header. Examples: Sandall, J. (2001, May 24). Midwifery-research. Message posted to Free web-based virtual midwifery library, archived at http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwiferyresearch.html. Clarke, D. & Young, J. (2001, June 8). Substance misuse resource. Message posted to UK.sci.med.nursing, archived at news:uksc.med.nursing.

2.6 Referencing personal e-mails If reference is made to a personal e-mail it is cited in the text only and is not included in the reference list. See section 1.22.

2.7 Referencing StudyNet Where reference is made to work from StudyNet the author date and title of the document are referenced as for a book, this should then be followed by StudyNet, the module name and code in brackets with the semester and year. Example: Fletcher, J. (2001). How necrosis delays healing. Retrieved August 21, 2007, from StudyNet (Problem Wounds 3NMH 0025). Semester A 2004/2005.

2.8 Referencing Government Publications When including Government publications in a reference list/bibliography, Acts of Parliament, Command Papers, Statutory Instruments, Bills and Committee Reports should be cited as follows: Act of Parliament The basic order of elements should be: Country of origin.
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Originating department. Year (in brackets). Title of Act (in italics and title case). Place of publication: Publisher. Example: United Kingdom. Department of Health. (1990). National Health Service and Community Care Act. London: HMSO. A Command Paper: The basic order of elements should be: Country of origin. Originating committee. Year (in brackets). Command paper title (in italics and title case). Place of publication: Publisher. Committee chairman (in brackets): Command paper number (in brackets). Example: United Kingdom. Committee for Health and Safety at Work. (1972). Report 1970-1972. London: HMSO. (Chairman Lord Robens): (Cmd.5034) . A Statutory Instrument: The basic order of elements should be: Country of origin. Statutory Instrument. Year (in brackets). Title of the Statutory Instrument (in italics and title case). Place of publication: Publisher. Statutory Instrument number (in brackets). Example: United Kingdom. Statutory Instrument. (1980). Health and Safety: The Notification of Accidents and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations. London: HMSO. (S.I. No. 5081). A Bill: The basic order of elements should be: Country of origin. Originating body. Year (in brackets). Title of Bill (in italics and title case) Place of publication: Publisher.
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Example: United Kingdom. Parliament. (1984). Trade Union Bill. London: HMSO. A Committee Report: The basic order of elements should be: Country of origin. Originating body. Year (in brackets). Title of Committee Report (in italics and title case). Place of publication: Publisher. Committee chairman (in brackets). Example: United Kingdom. Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department. (1980). Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Structure. London: HMSO. (Chairman B. Salmon).

A Health Service or Local Authority Circular: The basic order of elements should be: Originating body. Title of circular (in title case). Circular Series Number (in brackets) Example: Department of Health. The Single Assessment Process for Older People. (HSC 2002/001).

A Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Bulletin (Formerly the Medical Devices Agency): The basic order of elements should be: Agency name in full (in title case). Reference number of bulletin (in brackets). Title of bulletin (in lower/sentence case). Example: Medical Devices Agency. (MDA/2003/015). All medical electrical equipment.

2.9 Referencing organisations or institutions as authors (corporate authorship) Where the publication relates to organisations/institutions as authors the basic order of elements is: Organisation/institution. Year (and month, if given)(in brackets). Title of the published work (in lower/sentence case and italics). Place of publication: Name of publisher. Example: Health Visitors Association. (1994). Protecting the child - an HVA guide to practice and procedures. London: HVA.
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2.10 Referencing Religious Texts If an editor/guide/translator is known then this should be given as the author. Where this is not known no author is presented (do not write anonymous or unknown unless it is specifically stated in the text that that is the correct way to acknowledge the author). The basic order of the elements should be: Author (if known). Title (in italics). Author of Chapter/Book. Number of Chapter/Book. Verse. Translation/Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Examples: Text without a designated author: Holy Bible. Isaiah 55. 6-7. King James version. Bhagavadgita. (1993). E. Arnold, (Trans.). New York: Dover Publications Inc. Texts with a designated author: Nooruddin, A. (Guide). (1990). The Holy Quran. Korea: New Foundation International Inc.

2.11 Referencing dissertations and theses These are treated like books, as far as possible, but as they are unpublished this needs to be stated, alongside the level of thesis and the name and place of the educational institution. Example: Fordham, M. (1985). Deconditioning and reconditioning following elective surgery. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of London, London.

2.12 Referencing conference material Whenever published conference material is cited in the reference list/bibliography the following basic order of elements should be used: Author surname and initials. Year (in brackets). Title of conference material (in lower/sentence case). In Editor(s) (Ed. Or Eds.), Proceedings of ... Conference title (in italics and title case) Pages (pp.). Place of publication Publisher If no author or editor is given on the title page the name of the conference is cited first in italics

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Example: Greenwood, D. & Butcher, M. (1997). Bringing the issue of documentation to the ward staff. In D. Leaper, C. Dealey, P.J. Franks, D. Hofman & C. Moffatt (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Advances in Wound Management. (pp.134-136). Cambridge: University Press. Whenever printed but unpublished conference material (for example a poster) is cited in the reference list/bibliography the following basic order of elements should be used: Author surname and initials. Year and month (in brackets). Title of conference material (in lower/sentence case). Type of material. Conference title (in italics and title case). Place of conference. Example: Walker, Z. (1998, March). Promoting teenage health in primary care. Poster session presented at The 6th Annual Public Health Forum. Lancaster.

2.13 Referencing company literature Most company literature has a title or is tied into a particular product campaign. As much detail as possible should be given to allow the material to be identified in future. As the campaign may change it is suggested that a copy of the material is held by the student. Where a date is given, this should be included; where there is no apparent date (n.d.) should be stated. The company will appear as both the author and publisher.The phrase company literature should appear at the end of the citation. Example: Karomed. (n.d.). Support Services Bespoke Products. Karomed. Company Literature.

2.14 Referencing unpublished work If citations are from unpublished work the following basic order of elements should be used: Author surname and initials. Year (in brackets) - if known. Title of unpublished work (in italics and sentence case) Include the phrase Unpublished manuscript. Example: Smith, M. (1999). A diary of a practice nurse. Unpublished manuscript.

2.15 Referencing films, videos and broadcasts (podcasts) Most films, videos and broadcasts are normally produced by a group of individuals. When citing this type of material the transmitting organisation with the date production should be used.

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If citations are from films, videos and broadcasts, the following basic order of elements should be used: Name of director/producer/production team. Year (in brackets). Title of production (in italics and title case). In square brackets include as is appropriate the phrase [Video], [Motion Picture] or [details of the programmes transmission]. Place of production: Name of production company Examples: British Broadcasting Corporation. (1995). Panorama: Baby Blues. [Television broadcast] London: British Broadcasting Corporation. Aaron Sorkin. (Writer). (2003). The West Wing [Television series] New York: New York Broadcasting Company Royal College of Midwives. (1990). Helping A Mother To Breastfeed: No Finer Investment. [Video]. London: Healthcare Productions.

2.16 Referencing newspaper articles If citations are from a newspaper article where the authors name is evident, the following basic order of elements should be used: Authors name and initials. Year and date (in brackets). Title of article (in lower/sentence case). Title of newspaper (in italics and title case). Page number Example: Prestwich, P. (1999, May 18). Researchers keep their heads in history. The Guardian, p.2. If citations are from a newspaper where no author is indicated, the following basic order of elements is used: Title of the material or article (in lower/sentence case). Year and date (in brackets). Title of newspaper (in italics and title case). Page number. Example: Baroness praises paramedic course. (1999, May 26). Welwyn and Hatfield Times, p.7.

2.17 Referencing CD-ROMs The following order of basic elements should be used: Author/Editor. Year in brackets. Title of the material (in lower/sentence case)
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[CD-ROM]. Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Hawking, S.W. (1994). A Brief History of Time. [CD-ROM]. London: Crunch Media.

2.18 Referencing legal materials Legal periodicals cite references differently to the APA 5th referencing system. Legal periodicals cite th references in footnotes, whereas the APA 5 system locates all references, including reference to legal materials, in the reference list. The following order of basic elements should be used for statutes and other legislation A title or name of the legislation, Section number and source of the statute, (abbreviations for sources are acceptable e.g. United States Code; U.S.C.) Year in brackets (this is the publication date which may be different from the year in the name of the act). Example: Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. 9401 (1988). The following order of basic elements should be used for cases The title or name of the case (usually one party versus another), Volume, Source and Page of the reporter (books which record court decisions) (abbreviations for sources are acceptable e.g. Federal Reporter; F.) Jurisdictions of the court writing the decision plus the date of the decision in brackets. (abbreviations for jurisdictions are acceptable e.g. Western District of New York; W.D. N.Y. 1953) Example: Leonard v. Smith, 354 F. 189 (W.D. N.Y. 1953).

2.19 Referencing dictionaries When listing the reference at the end, books without authors should list the Title (in italics). Author of Chapter/Book (if appropriate) Translation/Version/Edition Place of Publication: Publisher.

2.20 Referencing pamphlets/advice sheets If there is a date of publication, use the list suggested in section 2.9. When there is no date, use the guidance in section 2.13.

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2.21 Referencing secondary references Only the source of work accessed should be included in the reference list. Example: The citation in the text is Winter (1962, cited in Thomas, 1990). However only the secondary source should appear in the reference list. Thomas, S. (1990). Drugs and their actions. London: The Pharmaceutical Press.

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Section 3: End Note Web Guide:

What is EndNote Web? EndNote Web is a reference management system. It helps you to reference material efficiently and consistently and enables you to create your bibliography correctly. How to create an EndNote Web Account Connect to www.myendnoteweb.com and click the Sign Up for an account link. To install the Toolbar for Word to enable Cite While You Write You can cite references as you are typing your coursework using the EndNote Web toolbar within Word. As you cite your references, EndNote Web will automatically create a bibliography based on the references you are citing. In order to use the EndNote Web toolbar in Word, you need to install the plugin available from the Download Installers link at the bottom of the myendnoteweb.com screen once you are logged in to your account. Saving references in EndNote Web In order to cite references and create a bibliography, you need to collect and store your references in your EndNote Web account. You can add references to your account in a number of different ways. The easiest of which, is to use an online search. Add References using Online Search Only free databases are available for searching via the Online Search feature such as PubMed, ISI Web of Science and library catalogues (e.g. U of Hertfordshire). If the database requires a password, use the Import option below. To make online searching easier, it is sensible to create a list of favourite databases: 1. Select Connection Files from the left hand menu. 2. Select one or more Connection Files in the All Connection Files list. 3. Click the Copy to Favourites button. When you then go to Online Search, you will be able to collect references from the databases you have selected. Add References using Import (use this method when importing references from Scopus or if a database requires a password (e.g. PsycINFO)) To select the databases you need to import from: 1. Select Import Filters from the left hand menu 2. Select one or more Import Files in the All Import Filters list. 3. Click the Copy to Favourites button. When you are ready to search your chosen database, Log onto your chosen database through the direct web site.

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1. Find the references you want and save them to a file on your hard drive. (For databasespecific instructions about saving records, go to the EndNote Web Help link and select the "Import Formats" link under "Managing References"). 2. From the EndNote Web Collect References section on the left menu, select Import. 3. Browse your files to locate the downloaded file containing the references. 4. Select the type of file (i.e., select the import filter that corresponds to the database you used to obtain the citation records). 5. Click the Import button. Add References using Direct Export You can import references directly into your EndNote Web account from databases on that are part of Web of Knowledge. These include: Web of Science, BIOSIS, Medline, and Zoological Record. You can access these databases at www.isiknowledge.com. 1. Perform a search in the database. 2. Select the records you want to keep. 3. Select the Save to My EndNote Web button on the right hand column. Entering reference information manually 1. Select New Reference from the left hand menu. 2. Select the reference type from the drop down menu (i.e., journal article). 3. Enter the reference information and click Save. Managing and organising your references You can organise your references into folders. To create a new folder, select that option from the left menu. To add references to a folder: 1. Select View all of my references from the left menu. 2. Check the boxes next to the references you want to put in the folder. 3. From the Move to drop down menu at the top of the window, select the folder name. Using your references in your coursework Reference lists and bibliographies must be written in the APA 5th style. To select this bibliographic style in your EndNote Web: 1. Select Output styles from the left hand menu in EndNote Web. 2. Select APA 5th from the list of bibliographic styles and select copy to favourites. Open a document in Word and start writing your coursework assignment. When you need to cite references in the text, go to the EndNote Web toolbar, and log in to your EndNote Web account. th 1. Check that the Style in the toolbar is APA 5 2. Place the cursor where you want to insert the citation and select Find Citations from the tool bar and search for the reference from your EndNote Web folder. 3. Select the reference and click Insert Search for the reference you want to cite. th 4. You will note that the reference is inserted using the APA 5 style and a reference list is automatically created in the style. 5. If you need to insert a specific page number, select Edit Citation from the EndNote Web toolbar. Select the relevant cited reference and add the page number. Click the OK button.

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If you require further help using EndNote Web you can watch a training guide via the following web site. http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/ Alternatively, there are a number of tutorials available from the EndNote Web site: http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/

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References
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American psychological association (5th ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association. British Standards Institution. (2002). British standard recommendations for references to published material - BS 1629. London: British Standards Institution.

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