CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

Transpiration explains how water moves up the plant against gravity in tubes made of dead xylem cells without the use of a pump. Water on the surface of spongy and palisade cells (inside the leaf) evaporates and then diffuses out of the leaf. This is called transpiration. More water is drawn out of the xylem cells inside the leaf to replace whats lost. As the xylem cells make a continuous tube from the leaf, down the stem to the roots, this acts like a drinking straw, producing a flow of water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. Factors that speed up transpiration will also increase the rate of water uptake from the soil. When water is scarce, or the roots are damaged, it increase a plants chance of survival if the transpiration rate can be slowed down. Plants can do this themselves by wilting, or it can be done artificially, like removing some of the leaves from cutting before they have chance to grow new roots (Ismail et all, 2013). In their live activities, most amount of water are spread out by plant in steam form to atmosphere. The spread of water by plant in steam form has process which is called transpiration. Amount of water which have been transpired by plant is special phenomenon although difference happen between one species to another. Transpiration is done in stomata, cuticle and lenticel. Based on place which used to transpiration, there are famously known as stomata transpiration, cuticle transpiration, and lenticel transpiration(Sasmitamihardja et all,1996). Beside spread out water in steam form, plant can spread water in drops of water which famously called gutation using a tool called hidatoda, as a hole which put in the tip of nervatio of the leaf. In transpiration, the main organ which works this activity is leaf, because leaf has many stomata. If we compare it with other place, stomata get much role than other. Transpiration for plant is important in help it to increase the rate of carrying of water and mineral, regulates bodys temperature with reveals over excess heat and regulates optimum turgor in its cell(Sasmitamihardja et all,1996). The water lost by transpiration (and guttation) was determined by weighing the vessels and plants each time the medium and water was changed.

Control vessels without plants were treated identically to account for water loss due to aeration. The main open question is, how do plants manage their long distance mineral transport under conditions when the transpiration stream is reduced to very low levels? It is obvious, in the first place, that the same amount of ions can be translocated only with 1/10 of volume flow if the ion concentration in the xylem is increased accordingly. Because the actual mineral uptake is not affected by the decrease in transpiration. There exists transpiration-independent water flow in the xylem. Growth water (14) and Munchs counterflow (replacing, within the xylem, the water exported from source leaves by way of the phloem, Saftzirkulation; ref. 15), are minor fractions in heavily transpiring plants, but constitute a significant portion of water when transpiration is reduced(Beevers,2004). Most of the water a plant takes up is lost by evaporation, typically from stomata on the plants leaves and stems. The evaporation of water from aboveground plant parts, particularly at stomata, is called transpiration. Transpirations effect on water inside a plant is a bit like what happens when you suck a drink through a straw. Transpiration puts negative pressure (pulls) on continuous columns of water that fill the narrow conductive tubes of xylem. A column of water resists breaking into droplets as it moves through a narrow conduit such as a straw or a xylem tube. Why? Water molecules are connected by hydrogen bonds, so a pull on one pulls on all of them. Thus, the negative pressure created by transpiration (tension) pulls on the entire column of water that fills a xylem tube . Because of the waters cohesion, the tension extends from leaves that may be hundreds of feet in the air, down through stems, into young roots where water is being absorbed from soil. The movement of water through vascular plants is driven mainly by transpiration, but evaporation is only one of many other processes in plants that involve the loss of water molecules. Metabolic pathways that use water also contribute to the negative pressure that results in water movement (Starr, 2011).

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Beevers,H.2004.Transpiration, a prerequisite for long-distance transport of minerals in plant?, Vol.98, No. 16 (http://www.pnas.org/content/98/16/9443.full.pdf accessed on March 1 2013) Ismail et all. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM Sasmitamihardja et all. 1996.Fisiologi Tumbuhan.Bandung:Jurusan Biologi FMIPA ITB Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Vers, Lisa Starr. 2011. Biology: Concepts and Applications 8e. Canada: Nelson Education, Ltd.