1.

Basics of Lighting, Units & Measurements

BCA Academy (GMP) Programme Module: Efficient Eco-lighting systems (indoor & Outdoor)
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Green lighting
About 2/3 of all lighting currently installed globally is based on older, less energy-efficient technology (pre - 1970) There have been big strides in technology in the past 10-15 years. Switching the older lighting to the latest technology will bring huge savings in energy costs and CO2 emission. The current changeover rate to new lighting seems simply too slow.

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What is Light ?

Light is electromagnetic radiation (similar to Radio, Mobile phone or TV waves) travelling in space It creates the sensation of vision, when it enters our eyes It is thus a physical and perceived phenomenon & depends also on the sensitivity of eye

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Key Terminology & Definitions

Light Output Light Efficacy Luminous Intensity Illuminance Colour temperature Colour Rendering Index Life time
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Light Output (= Luminous flux) Total quantity of li ht emitted light itt d b by a light source per second Unit Symbol Lumens

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Light output (Examples)

Lamp Power (W) Light output (Lumens)
900 900 2500 3200 3300 54000

Incandescent Lamp Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Fluorescent tube Cool Daylight Fluorescent tube Tri-Phosphor Tri Phosphor Ceramic Discharge Metal halide High Pressure Sodium Tubular

GLS 75W PLEU 15W TLD 36W/54 TLD 36W/865 CDM-T 35W SON-T 400W

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Light Efficacy (examples)

Lamp Power (W) Light output (Lumens)
900 900 2500 3200 3300 54000

Efficacy (Lumens per W)

12 60 69 89 94 135

Incandescent Lamp Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Fluorescent tube Cool Daylight Fluorescent tube Tri-Phosphor Tri Phosphor Ceramic Discharge Metal halide High Pressure Sodium Tubular

GLS 75W PLEU 15W TLD 36W/54 TLD 36W/865 CDM-T 35W SON-T 400W

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Luminous Intensity
I

I = Luminous flux = Solid Angle (Steradian)

Light output in a certain direction, radiated di d per solid lid angle

Unit : Candela Symbol : I

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Illuminance
Luminous flux incident on a surface divided by the area of that surface : also called Lighting Level

Lumens

E = Lumens x (certain Factors*) Area Unit : Lux Symbol : E

Illuminance

Area( m2 )

* These factors will vary with the room dimensions, type of fitting used, reflectance of walls & ceiling, height of fitting suspension etc
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Inverse Square Law

11 lux

25 lux 100 lux

1m 2m 3m

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Inverse Square Law application

Spot Medium flood

1,5m 2,5m 3,5m 4m 2 m 1 m 0 1 m 2 m

1,5m 2,5m 3,5m 4m 2 m 1 m 0 1 m 2 m

1,5m 2,5m 3,5m 4m 2 m 1 m 0 1 m 2 m

< 20

20 40

> 40

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The human eye

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Visual Acuity Visual Acuity depends on : Quality Q lit of f the th eye Contrast Detection Observation Time Age has a negative effect on Visual Acuity

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Age Vs Illuminance (For some hours of working) ( g) 12 years = 40 years = 60 years = 200 lux 600 lux 3000 lux

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Lighting and Productivity

Productivity y and Task Illuminance

500

2000

Lux

Dr.D.Fischer, International Lighting Review 85/2

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Lighting and Errors

Errors and T k Task Illuminance

Lux
500 2000

Dr.D.Fischer, International Lighting Review 85/2

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Lighting and Fatigue

Fatigue and Task Ill Illuminance i

Lux
500 2000

Dr.D.Fischer, International Lighting Review 85/2

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Luminous flux (lumen) Luminance (cd/m2)

Intensity (candela)

Illuminance (lux)

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SS 531:2006 Lighting Code

Sl.No 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 35 3.5 3.6 3.7 Type of Interior Filing, copying Writing, reading, Data processing Technical drawings CAD work stations Conf&Meeting rooms Reception desk Archives E (Lux) UGR 19 19 16 19 19 22 25 CRI

300 500 750 500 500 300 200

80 80 80 80 80 80 80
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Light Spectrum

380nm Violet

800nm

Red Wavelength of 380nm - 800 nm is occupied by Light waves. It is identified by colours Violet to Red
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Colour Criteria

Colour Temperature of Lamp Colour Rendering of Objects

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Colour Temperature (Kelvin)

10 000 K Na atural light 6000 K North sky

Sun in the Zenith In the afternoon Twilight Sunrise/Sunset

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5000 K 2000 K

Colour Temperature (Kelvin)

4100 K

Mercury Neutral white

Halogen/CDM Crisp warm

Artificial lighting

3000 K

2700 K

Incandescent Cosy warm

Sodium

1950 K

Orange yellow
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Colour temperatures

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Colour temperatures

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Colour Rendering Index

The Perceiver GLS lamp The material

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Colour Rendering Index

Sodium Lamp

The Perceiver

The material
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Colour Rendering Index

Blue

Green

Yellow

Red

Sodium HP Lamp

Incandescent Lamp
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Colour Rendering Index

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Colour Rendering Index

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Colour Rendering Index

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CRI of typical lamps

Lamp Type y
Incandescent/ Halogen Fluorescent Colour 33 Fluorescent Colour 54 Fluorescent Colour 840 Fluorescent Colour 940
High Pressure Sodium(SON) S (SO ) High Pressure Mercury(HPL)

CRI
100 66 72 85 93 26 45 Nil

Low pressure Sodium(SOX)

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Tri-Phosphor powder

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Colour example Super 80 tubes

Lamp type TLD 36W / 827 TLD 36W / 830 TLD 36W / 840 TLD 36W / 850 TLD 36W / 865 TLD 36W / 54 Cool Daylight Output 3200 lm 3200 lm 3350 lm 3200 lm 3200 lm 2500 lm Color Temp 2700K 3000K 4000K 5000K 6500K 6500K CRI >80 >80 >80 >80 >80 72

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Life time of a lamp

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Life time of lamp

Manufacturers Published life is the 50% failure life At 3 hours of use per Start
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Light distribution

Defines how the Luminous Flux radiated by the Source is distributed in various directions in the space around it

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Light distribution beam shapes

Narrow Beam

Medium Beam

Wide Beam

Batwing distribution
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Light distribution diagram

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Different Light distributions

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