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A machine is a device for multiplying forces or simply changing the direction of forces. Many machines can increase the speed with which work is done.
The Lever
The law of conservation of energy applies to all machines!
At the same time we do work on one end of the lever, the other end does work on the load.
The Lever
We see that the direction of the force is changed. If we push down, the load is lifted up.
More importantly, the small force we use has been multiplied into a much larger force.
The Lever
In this example, the small force this person exerts on the car jack handle has been multiplied so much it can lift the weight of the car. The price you pay for this is that you have to exert your force over a much larger distance.
When the handle moves down 25 cm, the car moves up only 0.25 cm.
Energy Conservation
Input work = output work
input force x input distance = output force x output distance
d =Fx d
1 class lever
The first class lever places the pivot point (fulcrum) in the middle.
st
FR
Examples: the playground see-saw, the pry bar, scissors, and car jack
FE
2 class lever
The second class lever places the load (resistance force) in the middle.
nd
FR
An example would be a wheelbarrow.
FE
3 class lever
In the third class lever, the input force (effort force) is in the middle.
rd
FR FE
An example would be a tennis racket.
What advantages and disadvantages can you identify for each class of lever?
Pulleys
Another type of simple machine is the pulley.
Like the lever, pulleys can also multiply force and change its direction. REMEMBER: No simple machine can multiply energy!
Pulleys
Can you see that a pulley is just a lever in disguise? This is a single fixed pulley. It acts like a lever with equal arms. It changes only the direction of the input force.
When the person pulls down on the rope, the load is lifted up.
Pulleys
This is a single movable pulley.
The advantage here is that the load can be lifted with an input force that is only half of the load's true weight.
Mechanical Advantage
Many people say that simple machines make work seem easier to do.
Just count the number of strands of rope that directly support the load. In this case it is 4. Therefore, the IMA is 4.
the screw
the wedge
No machine can create energy; it can only transfer energy or transform it from one form to another.
Simple Machines
A machine is a device for multiplying forces or simply changing the direction of forces. Many machines can increase the speed with which work is done.
The Lever
The law of conservation of energy applies to all machines!
At the same time we do work on one end of the lever, the other end does work on the load.
2
The Lever
We see that the direction of the force is changed. If we push down, the load is lifted up.
More importantly, the small force we use has been multiplied into a much larger force.
3
The Lever
In this example, the small force this person exerts on the car jack handle has been multiplied so much it can lift the weight of the car. The price you pay for this is that you have to exert your force over a much larger distance.
When the handle moves down 25 cm, the car moves up only 0.25 cm.
Energy Conservation
Input work = output work
input force x input distance = output force x output distance
d =Fx d
input work = output work only when there is no friction. In the real world, input work is greater than output work. The difference is the energy dissipated away due to friction. Nevertheless, the input force is less than the output force and the advantage of using the machine is still there.
FR
Examples: the playground see-saw, the pry bar, scissors, and car jack
FE
FR
An example would be a wheelbarrow.
FE
The advantage of this arrangement is that the input force (effort force) is much farther from the fulcrum than the resistance force. That means that the effort force is multiplied by how many times it is farther from the fulcrum than the resistance force.
FR FE
An example would be a tennis racket.
What advantages and disadvantages can you identify for each class of lever?
8
Pulleys
Another type of simple machine is the pulley.
Like the lever, pulleys can also multiply force and change its direction. REMEMBER: No simple machine can multiply energy!
9
Pulleys
Can you see that a pulley is just a lever in disguise? This is a single fixed pulley. It acts like a lever with equal arms. It changes only the direction of the input force.
When the person pulls down on the rope, the load is lifted up.
10
Pulleys
This is a single movable pulley.
The advantage here is that the load can be lifted with an input force that is only half of the load's true weight.
Mechanical Advantage
Many people say that simple machines make work seem easier to do.
12
Notice here that you have traded off distance for force. You have to pull down 20 cm of rope for every 10 cm you wish the load to rise up in the air.
Notice here that you have traded off distance for force. You have to pull down 20 cm of rope for every 10 cm you wish the load to rise up in the air.
Notice here that you have traded off distance for force. You have to pull down 20 cm of rope for every 10 cm you wish the load to rise up in the air.
Notice here that you have traded off distance for force. You have to pull down 20 cm of rope for every 10 cm you wish the load to rise up in the air.
AMA =
F R 100 N = = 3.33 F E 30 N
Notice that the effort distance is still 4 times longer than the distance the load moves up. The ratio of the distance is always equal to the IMA, even when a lot of friction is present.
Just count the number of strands of rope that directly support the load. In this case it is 4. Therefore, the IMA is 4.
19
the screw
the wedge
22
No machine can create energy; it can only transfer energy or transform it from one form to another.
23