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The sphere being the most symmetrical of all objects, the simplest of the bodies circular in section, and without appreciable foreshortening in its apparent outline, is take:, as the beginning point of a practical course in object drawing. A sphere is a solid, bounded by an evenly curved surface, every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called its center. In every possible position and at every visible distance, the sphere appears so nearly circular that its outline must always be represented as the circumference of a perfect: circle. This is the only object in which no possible foreshortening can take place in the drawing of its outline. Objects similar to a sphere may be slightly foreshortened in their outlines, depending on the relative position to the eye of the observer.
of the circle, such part of the circle may have the appearance of a parabola or an hyperbola ; but these cases are so rare that they need not be dwelt upon in elementary model drawing. When well understood, by abundant illustration and the performance of many experiments similar to those on page 18, the student, unless quite young, should fix in his mind or commit to memory the following or similar statements :
Appearances of a Circle.
The eye is said to be in a plane, when if the plane were extended far enough, it would pass through the eye. 1. When the eye of the spectator is in the plane of a circle, its circumference will appear as a straight line. 2. When the line of direction is at right angles to the plane of a circle, its circumference will appear as the outline of a perfect circle. 3. When the line of direction is oblique to the plane of a circle, its circumference will appear as the circumference of an ellipse. When the circumference of a circle appears as a straight line, or as the outline of a perfect circle, no special directions for drawing these forms are necessary beyond what are given for drawing them in general. That appearance of the circle, however, which is most frequently seen, and therefore the most important of all, as well as the most difficult to execute, and the one to which we shall now give especial attention, is the ellipse.
2. When the eye of the spectator is in the plane of a circle and outside of its circumference, the short diameter of the ellipse appears as a point, and as the eye varies or departs from the A plane of the circle, the short diameter increases in apparent length until it may appear equal to the long diameter, which can only be true when the line of direction is at right angles to the plane of the circle. 3. The real center. of the ellipse and its long diameter do not coincide with the real center. and the diameter of the circle which it represents, being a little nearer the eye of the spectator. In the diagram, Fig. 6, Pts. A B represents the long diameter of the ellipse, 1 2 the diameter of the circle which the A 9 ellipse represents. This result is owing to the fact that the nearer half of a circle appears a little larger than the farther half.
4. When a circle is horizontal, its short diameter always appears vertical ; but when a circle is not horizontal, the apparent slant of the short diameter of the ellipse which represents it may always be found by joining with an imaginary line the nearest and the farthest points of the circle ; and the apparent slant of the long diameter will be at right angles to that of the short one.
Related Circles.
Circles may be related to one another in three ways : 1. They may have the same axis ; that is their planes may be at right angles to the same straight line passing through their centers and at different distances from the eye of the spectator. See Fig. 7.
2. They may be in the same plane and at different distances from the eye of the spectator. B See Fig. 8.
3. They may be concentric ; that is, they may all have the same center. See Fig. 9.