Optimisation of integrated energy conversion systems

Dr. Franois Marechal Computer aided energy system analysis and synthesis group Laboratoire dnergtique industrielle (LENI) Ecole Polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne http://leniwww.epfl.ch mailto:francois.marechal@epfl.ch

Example : Thermo-economic modeling of power plants

Thermodynamic models

Thermo-economic models , P , T => Size ,W m

i i i i i

Costi = f ( Sizei , Pi )
System Performances

i NG , m CO2 , " W m
i

i NG * CGN + m CO2 * TCO2 # Cel * " W OC = m

i

System investment
!
Flowsheets and models

IC = " Costi
i

Superstructures Equipments options

Low Nox burner, O2 burning

Equipments selection

1 / 2 gas turbines, CO2 separation

Equipments interconnection
draw-off, heat exchangers

System integration
heat exchange system

Optimisation

Decision variables
Continuous Variables i , Ti , Pi m Integer Variables Optioni , equipmenti

Objective functions Op. cost Total cost Investment Emissions Efficiency

Solving methods

Multi-objective optimisation Decision variables

Continuous Variables i , Ti , Pi m Integer Variables Optioni , equipmenti

Objective functions
Op. cost Total cost Investment Emissions Efficiency

Multi-objective optimisation (MOO) ! Evolutionary algorithm ! Mixed Integer Non Linear Prog. ! Clusters of solutions

Pareto Curves

Emissions (kgCO2/kWh)

Min Investment for a max emission Performances System configuration Equipment design specifications Min Emissions for a max Investment

Infeasible

Performances System configuration Equipment design specifications Investment Cost ($/kW)

Pareto Curves
1GT/2P level

Emissions (kgCO2/kWh)

1GT/SQ+3P level + reheat

For each conguration Selected equipments Operating conditions : T, P, m Interconnections Sizes

"E "Inv

Technically inaccessible region

CO2 capture solutions

!
Calculations for 1 plant size

Investment Cost ($/kW)

Typification Map GT & NGCCs based on ALSTOM Catalogue1

50.7% 3 GT11 530 MW 2 GT11 350 MW 1 GT13 250 MW 1 GT11 175 MW

3 GT13 770 MW

simple combustion Effelec=56.6%; 3p ST Tfiring = 1367C, PR=18 2 GT26 Effelec=58.7%; 3p with RH ST 850MW Tfiring = 1421C, PR =21 seq comb. Effelec=58.8%; 3p with RH ST Tfiring = 1387C, PR =24

2 GT13 510 MW

53%

1 GT26 420MW

seq comb. Effelec=59.5%; 3p with RH ST Tfiring = 1425C, PR =31

1Based

on public data from ALSTOM Website

Denition of technology port-folio Typification Map

GT & NGCCs based on ALSTOM Catalogue1

Emissions (kgCO2/kWh)

Competing options Different markets Different objectives Market identication For a given technology For a given goal
E.g. CO2 emissions

800 3 GT11 2 GT11 1 GT11 700 600 3 GT13 2 GT13 1 GT13 500 400 300

CDM Potential Effect of CO2 value ! ! wrt to baseline

2 GT26

Investment Cost ($/kW) 200

1 GT26

Specific Investment cost including gas supply subsystem (US$/kWh)

1

Based on public data from ALSTOM Website

Typification Through Thermoeconomic Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimization Natural Gas Price Sensitivity Analysis(1)
Natural gas price: 1 UScents/kwh, Annual operating hours: 7500, Depreciation period: 15 years

Optimal Configuration 57.9 % 849 MW

Optimal Configuration 57.16 % 419 MW With 1 GT26 With 2 GT26

Typification Through Thermoeconomic Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimization Natural Gas Price Sensitivity Analysis (2)
Natural gas price: 2 UScents/kwh, Annual operating hours: 7500, Depreciation period: 15 years

58.39 % 856 MW With 2 GT26

58.08 % 426 MW With 1 GT26

Typification Through Thermoeconomic Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimization Natural Gas Price Sensitivity Analysis (3)
Natural gas price: 3 UScents/kwh, Annual operating hours: 7500, Depreciation period: 15 years

58.45 % 857 MW With 2 GT26

58.14 % 426.3 MW With 1 GT26

Cost of Electricity vs CO2 Emission Rate NGCCs based on ALSTOM Catalogue

800 3 GT11 2 GT11

1 GT11

700

600 3 GT13 1 GT13 1 GT13 500

400

2 GT26

300 1 GT26 200

Sensitivity analysis : CO2 impact

1 1 From technology data base GT & NGCCs based on ALSTOM Catalogue NG C i NG + Oi + i I i ) # LEC ref ,i E (m " NG [ kg / s] m ref ,i CO # m CO m 800
3 GT11

Typification Map

3 GT13

500 400

%CO2 abatement

[ kW ] 1 GT11 E 2 GT11 I[$] ! 1 GT13 m [ kg / s] 2 GT13 CO2

!

700 600

ref ,i " m CO2 m CO

2

Country i

ref ,i m
CO 2

2 GT26

1 GT26

300 200

Country 2 Country 1 CO2 abatment cost [$/tonCO2]

!
1

Specific Investment cost including gas supply subsystem (US$/kWh)

Based on public data from ALSTOM Website

The same system in different context

Configuration with 2 GT 26

Advanced power plants

CO2 Sequestration Subsystem

Transportation and Storage

GAS TURBINE SUBSYSTEMS

GAS SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM

STEAM CYCLE SUBSYSTEMS

Project : Supply 400 MW to a community Min (COEav, RCO2av) =

subject to

Average Cost of Electricity COEav [US$/kWh]= (Annual Capital Cost + Annual O&M Cost + Annual Fuel Cost + Annual MEA Solvent and CO2 Disposal Cost + Power Importation Cost) / Total Annual Power Demand Average CO2 Emission Rate RCO2av [gCO2/kWh] = (Annual CO2 Emission from NGCC combustion + Annual CO2 Emission Due to Natural Gas Leakage + Annual CO2 Emission due to Power Importation) / Total Annual Power Demand

Pareto Optimization Frontier (POF) Of A 400 MW Power Supply Project in Germany

All Power Imported from the Grid 400MW NGCC

176MW

Natural gas price is of 1 UScents/kWh; Electricity importation price is of 3.8 UScents/kWh

NG ptu ca O2 e h C Siz wit ing CC row G

CO2 emission limitation CO2 emission limitation CO2 emission limitation

400MW 400MW NGCC with MEA

NGCC with CO2 capture

re

Sensitivity Analysis (I) Different CO2 Tax Levels

Baseline: Full Power Imported from the Power Grid 0 US$/tonCO2 30 US$/tonCO2

RCO2av (gCO2/kWh)

A1 400MW
B2

A1
B2 C1176MW C1 CO2 emission limitation

400MW NGCC NGCC with CO2 capture + Grid Power Importation D1 400MW D2 D2 400MW NGCC with CO2 capture

D1

COEav (UScents/kWh)

Alternative Presentation: Relative CO2 Abatement Cost For a given baseline (Reference Case) CO2 abatement cost (ABC) [US$/tonCO2]
ABC = (COEav COEbaseline) [US$/kWh] (RCO2av RCO2baseline) [tonCO2/kWh]

CO2 abatement percentage (AP) [%]

AP = (RCO2av RCO2baseline) [gCO2/kWh] RCO2baseline [gCO2/kWh]

CO2 Abatement Percentage vs CO2 Abatement Cost

BASELINE: Full Electricity Importation from Power Grid

Non-Profitable Further financial aid is needed

Profitable