Incoterms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoterms

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tasks, costs, and risks associated with the transportation andPLEASE delivery of goods. HELP The Incoterms rules are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of most commonly used terms in international trade. They are intended to reduce or remove altogether uncertainties arising from different interpretation of the rules in different countries. As such they are regularly incorporated into sales contracts[1] worldwide. First published in 1936, the Incoterms rules have been periodically updated, with the eighth versionIncoterms 2010having been published on January 1, 2011. "Incoterms" is a registered trademark of the ICC.

Contents
1 History 2 Incoterms 2010 2.1 Any mode of transport 2.1.1 EXW Ex Works (named place of delivery) 2.1.2 FCA Free Carrier (named place of delivery) 2.1.3 CPT Carriage Paid To (named place of destination) 2.1.4 CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination) 2.1.5 DAT Delivered at Terminal (named terminal at port or place of destination) 2.1.6 DAP Delivered at Place (named place of destination) 2.1.7 DDP Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination) 2.2 Sea and inland waterway transport 2.2.1 FAS Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment) 2.2.2 FOB Free on Board (named port of shipment) 2.2.3 CFR Cost and Freight (named port of destination) 2.2.4 CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination) 3 Allocations of costs buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010 4 Previous terms from Incoterms 2000 eliminated from Incoterms 2010 4.1 DAF Delivered at Frontier (named place of delivery) 4.2 DES Delivered Ex Ship (named port of delivery) 4.3 DEQ Delivered Ex Quay (named port of delivery) 4.4 DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination) 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

History
The Incoterms rules genesis can be traced to 1921, with the formation of the idea by the International Chamber of Commerce.[2] In 1936, the first set of the Incoterms rules was published.[3] The first set remained in use for almost 20 years, before the second publication in 1953. Additional amendments and expansions followed in 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, and 2000. The 8th and current version of the Incoterms rulesIncoterms 2010was published on January 1, 2011.[4][5][6]

Incoterms 2010

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The eighth published set of pre-defined terms, Incoterms 2010 defines 11 rules, reducing the 13 used in Incoterms 2000 by introducing two new rules ("Delivered at Terminal", DAT; "Delivered at Place", DAP) that replace four rules of the prior version ("Delivered at Frontier", DAF; "Delivered Ex Ship", DES; "Delivered Ex Quay", DEQ; "Delivered Duty Unpaid", DDU).[7] In the prior version, the rules were divided into four categories, but the 11 pre-defined terms of Incoterms 2010 are subdivided into two categories based only on method of delivery. The larger group of seven rules applies regardless of the method of transport, with the smaller group of four being applicable only to sales that solely involve transportation over water.

National Incoterms chambers.

Any mode of transport

The 11 rules defined by Incoterms 2010 for any mode(s) of transportation are:EXW Ex Works (named place of delivery) The seller makes the goods available at its premises. The buyer is responsible for uploading. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligations on the seller. The Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has the goods ready for collection at his premises (works, factory, warehouse, plant) on the date agreed upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and also bears the risks for bringing the goods to their final destination. The seller doesn't load the goods on collecting vehicles and doesn't clear them for export. If the seller does load the good, he does so at buyer's risk and cost. If parties wish seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on departure and to bear the risk and all costs of such loading, this must be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. FCA Free Carrier (named place of delivery) The seller hands over the goods, cleared for export, into the disposal of the first carrier (named by the buyer) at the named place. The buyer pays for carriage to the named point of delivery, and risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first carrier. CPT Carriage Paid To (named place of destination) The seller pays for carriage. Risk transfers to buyer upon handing goods over to the first carrier at place of Import. CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination) The containerized transport/multimodal equivalent of CIF. Seller pays for carriage and insurance to the named destination point, but risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first carrier. DAT Delivered at Terminal (named terminal at port or place of destination) Seller pays for carriage to the terminal, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks up to the point that the goods are unloaded at the terminal. DAP Delivered at Place (named place of destination) Seller pays for carriage to the named place, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks prior to the point that the goods are ready for unloading by the buyer. DDP Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination) Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The buyer is responsible for unloading. This term is often used in place of the non-Incoterm "Free In Store (FIS)". This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the

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buyer.

Sea and inland waterway transport

The four rules defined by Incoterms 2010 for international trade where transportation is entirely conducted by water are: FAS Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment) The seller must place the goods alongside the ship at the named port. The seller must clear the goods for export. Suitable only for maritime transport but NOT for multimodal sea transport in containers (see Incoterms 2010, ICC publication 715). This term is typically used for heavy-lift or bulk cargo. FOB Free on Board (named port of shipment) The seller must load the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer. Cost and risk are divided when the goods are actually on board of the vessel. The seller must clear the goods for export. The term is applicable for maritime and inland waterway transport only but NOT for multimodal sea transport in containers (see Incoterms 2010, ICC publication 715). The buyer must instruct the seller the details of the vessel and the port where the goods are to be loaded, and there is no reference to, or provision for, the use of a carrier or forwarder. This term has been greatly misused over the last three decades ever since Incoterms 1980 explained that FCA should be used for container shipments. CFR Cost and Freight (named port of destination) Seller must pay the costs and freight to bring the goods to the port of destination. However, risk is transferred to the buyer once the goods are loaded on the vessel. Insurance for the goods is NOT included. This term is formerly known as CNF (C&F). Maritime transport only. CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination) Exactly the same as CFR except that the seller must in addition procure and pay for the insurance. Maritime transport only.

Allocations of costs buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010

Carriage Loading Loading Carriage Unloading (Sea Unloading Exportcharges on Carriage Import Incoterm to port of truck Freight/Air charges in Import Customs in port truck in to place of Insurance customs taxes 2010 of in port of Freight) to port of declaration of port of destination clearance export export port of import export import import EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT CIP DAT DAP/DDU DDP Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Seller

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Previous terms from Incoterms 2000 eliminated from Incoterms 2010

DAF Delivered at Frontier (named place of delivery) This term can be used when the goods are transported by rail and road. The seller pays for transportation to the named place of delivery at the frontier. The buyer arranges for customs clearance and pays for transportation from the frontier to his factory. The passing of risk occurs at the frontier. DES Delivered Ex Ship (named port of delivery) Where goods are delivered ex ship, the passing of risk does not occur until the ship has arrived at the named port of destination and the goods made available for unloading to the buyer. The seller pays the same freight and insurance costs as he would under a CIF arrangement. Unlike CFR and CIF terms, the seller has agreed to bear not just cost, but also Risk and Title up to the arrival of the vessel at the named port. Costs for unloading the goods and any duties, taxes, etc are for the Buyer. A commonly used term in shipping bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, dry chemicals - - - -and where the seller either owns or has chartered, their own vessel. DEQ Delivered Ex Quay (named port of delivery) This is similar to DES, but the passing of risk does not occur until the goods have been unloaded at the port of destination. DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination) This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer to the named place of destination in the contract of sale.

See also
Commercial law International trade International trade law Uniform Commercial Code United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods

References
1. ^ "ICC Guide to Incoterms 2010" (http://www.iccbooks.com/Product/ProductInfo.aspx?id=657) . ICC. http://www.iccbooks.com /Product/ProductInfo.aspx?id=657. Retrieved January 29, 2013. 2. ^ "History of the Incoterms rules" (http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms_history/) . ICC. http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms_history/. Retrieved May 16, 2011. 3. ^ Morrissey, Joseph F.; Jack M. Graves (March 2008). International Sales Law and Arbitration: problems, cases and commentary. Kluwer Law International. p. 148. ISBN 978-90-411-2654-2. 4. ^ Economic Times: ICC updates Incoterms (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international-business/ICC-updates-Incoterms /articleshow/6632863.cms) (September 27, 2010) 5. ^ "Incoterms" (http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms) . Iccwbo.org. January 1, 2011. http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms. Retrieved April 5, 2011. 6. ^ Pierre David, Richard Stewart (2010). International Logistics: the management of international trade operations (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 113. 7. ^ "From the introduction of Incoterms 2010" (http://www.iccwbo.org/Incoterms/index.html?id=40772) . ICC. http://www.iccwbo.org /Incoterms/index.html?id=40772. Retrieved May 16, 2011.

External links
Official website (http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms/) ICC Incoterms(R) 2010 (http://www.iccbooks.com/Product/ProductInfo.aspx?id=653) ICCBooks USA Incoterms (http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?DocumentID=4070) International Commercial Terms used in Export Import (http://www.comxport.com/dic/incoterms_eng.htm) Comxport Trade

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